Migrant worker wearing yellow holding a notebook and a pen

Project

STREAM - Extending Social Protection to migrant workers and their families in the South Asia-Gulf Corridor

Migrant worker in India. February 21, 2015 © ILO
Content also available in: العربية
Project details

1 January 2021 - 30 October 2024

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the European Union and the Ford Foundation

INT/24/01/MUL, RAB/20/01/CHE, RAB/25/02/EUR

Overview

Access to social protection is a fundamental human right, central to the dignity of work, income security, and social justice. Yet, millions of migrant workers around the world — particularly those moving between South Asia and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries— remain excluded or underserved by national social protection systems. Legal restrictions, administrative hurdles, limited portability of benefits, and widespread informality leave many migrant workers and their families vulnerable to poverty, exploitation, and exclusion.

The South Asia–Gulf migration corridor represents one of the world’s most dynamic and complex labour migration routes. In the GCC, migrant workers make up between 76% and 95% of the workforce, predominantly in low-paid, or precarious employment. Despite their central contribution to economic development most face severe obstacles in accessing even basic protections like health care, maternity benefits, unemployment insurance, or compensation for work injuries.

These challenges are further compounded by gender disparities. Women migrant workers, often employed as domestic workers or caregivers, are disproportionately affected by lack of legal protections, fragmented service delivery, and discriminatory practices. Their experience of migration is shaped by intersecting barriers that reduce access to benefits and heighten risk.

The STREAM programme was developed in direct response to these structural inequities.

  • STREAM - Extending Social Protection to Migrant Workers and their Families in the South Asia–Gulf Corridor is a development cooperation initiative aimed at transforming the social protection landscape for migrant workers across one of the world’s most significant migration corridors.
  • STREAM is a multi-country multi-partners initiative designed to expand inclusive, gender-responsive, and rights-based social protection coverage to migrant workers. Spanning across countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and four countries in South Asia - Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and India - , STREAM promotes an inclusive and rights-based approach to social protection.
  • STREAM seeks to foster long-term change, strengthen institutions, and build resilient systems that uphold the rights and dignity of migrant workers and their families. STREAM aims to create a world where every migrant worker – no matter their gender, status, or sector - can access the social protection they deserve to live and work in dignity.

Rooted in international labour standards and global development commitments, STREAM seeks to address longstanding gaps in protection for migrant workers, particularly for those engaged in low-wage, informal, or precarious employment, and especially women, who face systemic barriers and disproportionate risks throughout the migration cycle.

STREAM aims to foster long-term change, strengthen institutions, and build resilient systems that uphold the rights and dignity of migrant workers and their families. STREAM is about advancing a new paradigm where migrant workers, regardless of gender, status, or sector, can access the social protection systems they need and deserve to live and work in dignity.

Project details

News and stories

Ageing migrant populations require new approaches to social protection
General shots of shopkeepers and street hawkers in different markets in Delhi, India.

Voices and insights on social protection and migration in the South Asia–Gulf corridor

Ageing migrant populations require new approaches to social protection

Sri Lanka moves to shield migrant workers from crises through enhanced social protection
A worker wearing a high-visibility vest sweeps a paved road in a vast desert landscape, with towering sandstone cliffs in the background.

Sri Lanka moves to shield migrant workers from crises through enhanced social protection

Cross-regional dialogue platform launched on social protection for migrant workers along the Asia–Gulf corridor
Women and men standing together

Cross-regional dialogue platform launched on social protection for migrant workers along the Asia–Gulf corridor

Publications

Investing in care leave and services for a more gender equal world of work

Care at work in Oman

Investing in care leave and services for a more gender equal world of work

Introducing STREAM: Advancing Social Protection for Migrant Workers in the South Asia–Gulf Corridor

Introducing STREAM: Advancing Social Protection for Migrant Workers in the South Asia–Gulf Corridor

Unlocking the transformative potential of lifecycle social protection through an integrated and multi-tiered system

Report

Unlocking the transformative potential of lifecycle social protection through an integrated and multi-tiered system

Employer perspectives on social protection for expatriate workers in Kuwait

Employer perspectives on social protection for expatriate workers in Kuwait

Reforming end-of-service indemnity for migrant workers in Member States of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Reforming end-of-service indemnity for migrant workers in Member States of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Extending social protection to migrant workers in the Arab region

Extending social protection to migrant workers in the Arab region

Review of National Social Protection Legislation and Legal Frameworks for Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries

Review of National Social Protection Legislation and Legal Frameworks for Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries

Access to social protection for Nepalese migrant workers in countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Access to social protection for Nepalese migrant workers in countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Social protection for migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A regional mapping of provisions on paper and in practice

Social protection for migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A regional mapping of provisions on paper and in practice

Past events

Bridging social protection, humanitarian, and labour market policies
Baheera, a Syrian refugee works within the handicraft sector at the ‘Oasis Center for Resilience and Empowerment of Women and Girls’ operated by UN Women in the Za’atari refugee camp in Jordan

Arab Social Protection Compass Webinar series: Part XIII

Bridging social protection, humanitarian, and labour market policies

Lessons and innovations from Africa and Asia to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) labour migration corridor
Young woman working at a construction site in Sri Lanka.May 19, 2015

Advancing wage and social protection for migrant workers

Lessons and innovations from Africa and Asia to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) labour migration corridor

The Right to Social Security in the Arab Region: Insights from the OHCHR–ILO Factsheet
Visit to agricultural farms benefiting from projects supported by the ILO. Tunisia. 2016-02-23

Arab Social Protection Compass Webinar series: Part XII

The Right to Social Security in the Arab Region: Insights from the OHCHR–ILO Factsheet

In partnership and with financial support from:

SDC logo
EU co funded logo
Ford foundation

Precursor project (2021-2024)

From 2021 to 2024, the ILO implemented a regional project: Extending social protection to migrant workers: Exploratory Research and Policy Dialogue in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries, with funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). This initiative laid the groundwork for the STREAM programme by providing evidence, fostering dialogue, and identifying pathways for reform.

The project addressed the exclusion of migrant workers—particularly women and low-wage workers—from social protection systems in six GCC countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. It responded to the urgent need for more inclusive, rights-based social protection, highlighted by the vulnerabilities exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Contact

Join the STREAM Network for updates, events, and opportunities for collaboration

Join the STREAM Network for updates, events, and opportunities for collaboration

Related content

Far-reaching reforms in Oman set new benchmark for social protection in the region
Two young Omani men sit in front of computers in a computer lab

Far-reaching reforms in Oman set new benchmark for social protection in the region

Ground-breaking reforms in Oman pave the way for a new social protection model in Gulf Cooperation Council countries

Ground-breaking reforms in Oman pave the way for a new social protection model in Gulf Cooperation Council countries

ILO Strategy on extending social protection to migrant workers, refugees and their families
Cover_Ilo strategy on extending social protection to migrant workers

Social protection

ILO Strategy on extending social protection to migrant workers, refugees and their families

World leaders renew commitments to social protection for migrant workers across the Gulf, South Asia and Africa
Migrant worker wearing yellow holding a notebook and a pen

Second World Summit for Social Development

World leaders renew commitments to social protection for migrant workers across the Gulf, South Asia and Africa

New ILO programme set to advance social protection for migrant workers across the South Asia–Gulf corridor
Panellists at the WSSD Solution session “From Origin to Destination”

New ILO programme set to advance social protection for migrant workers across the South Asia–Gulf corridor

Oman’s labour reform momentum sets a strong example for the region, says ILO Director-General
Director-General Houngbo meeting with DPM for Defence Affairs Sayyid Shihab bin Tariq Al Said, receiving on behalf of the ILO the Sultan of Oman’s Medal in recognition of strong Oman-ILO partnership. Muscat 15/12/25

Oman’s labour reform momentum sets a strong example for the region, says ILO Director-General

Saudi Arabia and ILO seal new phase of joint work to advance decent work reforms
(L to R) Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Human Resources and Social Development Ahmed AlRajhi and ILO Director-General Gilbert F. Houngbo sign the third phase of the joint Programme of Cooperation. Geneva 4/6/2025

Development cooperation programme

Saudi Arabia and ILO seal new phase of joint work to advance decent work reforms

ILO expands FAIRWAY programme to advance decent work for African migrant workers in the Arab States
Participants stand for a group photo during the launch of the 2nd phase of the ILO's FAIRWAY programme

FAIRWAY migration

ILO expands FAIRWAY programme to advance decent work for African migrant workers in the Arab States

ILO and Sri Lanka expand cooperation on social protection for migrant workers
Young woman working at a construction site in Sri Lanka.May 19, 2015

South Asia–GCC migration corridor

ILO and Sri Lanka expand cooperation on social protection for migrant workers

Bangladesh and ILO join forces to strengthen social protection for migrant workers
a group photo of participants of STREAM Programme briefing for national stakeholders in Bangladesh, 20 October 2025, Dhaka

South Asia–GCC migration corridor

Bangladesh and ILO join forces to strengthen social protection for migrant workers