Project
STREAM - Extending Social Protection to migrant workers and their families in the South Asia-Gulf Corridor
Duration
1 January 2021 - 30 October 2024
Development partner(s)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the European Union and the Ford Foundation
Reference
INT/24/01/MUL, RAB/20/01/CHE, RAB/25/02/EUR
Contact
Overview
Access to social protection is a fundamental human right, central to the dignity of work, income security, and social justice. Yet, millions of migrant workers around the world — particularly those moving between South Asia and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries— remain excluded or underserved by national social protection systems. Legal restrictions, administrative hurdles, limited portability of benefits, and widespread informality leave many migrant workers and their families vulnerable to poverty, exploitation, and exclusion.
The South Asia–Gulf migration corridor represents one of the world’s most dynamic and complex labour migration routes. In the GCC, migrant workers make up between 76% and 95% of the workforce, predominantly in low-paid, or precarious employment. Despite their central contribution to economic development most face severe obstacles in accessing even basic protections like health care, maternity benefits, unemployment insurance, or compensation for work injuries.
These challenges are further compounded by gender disparities. Women migrant workers, often employed as domestic workers or caregivers, are disproportionately affected by lack of legal protections, fragmented service delivery, and discriminatory practices. Their experience of migration is shaped by intersecting barriers that reduce access to benefits and heighten risk.
The STREAM programme was developed in direct response to these structural inequities.
- STREAM - Extending Social Protection to Migrant Workers and their Families in the South Asia–Gulf Corridor is a development cooperation initiative aimed at transforming the social protection landscape for migrant workers across one of the world’s most significant migration corridors.
- STREAM is a multi-country multi-partners initiative designed to expand inclusive, gender-responsive, and rights-based social protection coverage to migrant workers. Spanning across countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and four countries in South Asia - Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and India - , STREAM promotes an inclusive and rights-based approach to social protection.
- STREAM seeks to foster long-term change, strengthen institutions, and build resilient systems that uphold the rights and dignity of migrant workers and their families. STREAM aims to create a world where every migrant worker – no matter their gender, status, or sector - can access the social protection they deserve to live and work in dignity.
Rooted in international labour standards and global development commitments, STREAM seeks to address longstanding gaps in protection for migrant workers, particularly for those engaged in low-wage, informal, or precarious employment, and especially women, who face systemic barriers and disproportionate risks throughout the migration cycle.
STREAM aims to foster long-term change, strengthen institutions, and build resilient systems that uphold the rights and dignity of migrant workers and their families. STREAM is about advancing a new paradigm where migrant workers, regardless of gender, status, or sector, can access the social protection systems they need and deserve to live and work in dignity.
Project details
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News and stories
Voices and insights on social protection and migration in the South Asia–Gulf corridor
Ageing migrant populations require new approaches to social protection
Sri Lanka moves to shield migrant workers from crises through enhanced social protection
Cross-regional dialogue platform launched on social protection for migrant workers along the Asia–Gulf corridor
Publications
Care at work in Oman
Investing in care leave and services for a more gender equal world of work
Introducing STREAM: Advancing Social Protection for Migrant Workers in the South Asia–Gulf Corridor
Report
Unlocking the transformative potential of lifecycle social protection through an integrated and multi-tiered system
Employer perspectives on social protection for expatriate workers in Kuwait
Reforming end-of-service indemnity for migrant workers in Member States of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
Extending social protection to migrant workers in the Arab region
Review of National Social Protection Legislation and Legal Frameworks for Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries
Access to social protection for Nepalese migrant workers in countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
Social protection for migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A regional mapping of provisions on paper and in practice
Past events
Arab Social Protection Compass Webinar series: Part XIII
Bridging social protection, humanitarian, and labour market policies
Advancing wage and social protection for migrant workers
Lessons and innovations from Africa and Asia to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) labour migration corridor
Arab Social Protection Compass Webinar series: Part XII
The Right to Social Security in the Arab Region: Insights from the OHCHR–ILO Factsheet
In partnership and with financial support from:
Precursor project (2021-2024)
From 2021 to 2024, the ILO implemented a regional project: Extending social protection to migrant workers: Exploratory Research and Policy Dialogue in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries, with funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). This initiative laid the groundwork for the STREAM programme by providing evidence, fostering dialogue, and identifying pathways for reform.
The project addressed the exclusion of migrant workers—particularly women and low-wage workers—from social protection systems in six GCC countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. It responded to the urgent need for more inclusive, rights-based social protection, highlighted by the vulnerabilities exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Working through three interconnected pillars of technical assistance, policy dialogue, and evidence-based research, the project achieved the following:
- Produced legal and policy assessments of social protection entitlements for migrant workers in the GCC, including gender analysis and returnee surveys in countries of origin.
- Initiated policy dialogues and technical engagements with governments, social partners, and institutions in Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE.
- Supported major reforms, including new maternity benefits for non-nationals in Saudi Arabia, the establishment of provident funds in Bahrain and Oman, and the development of healthcare and social insurance packages in multiple countries.
- Promoted a migration corridor approach, linking destination and origin countries—like Nepal and Bangladesh—for joint responsibility in protecting migrant workers’ rights.
The project’s findings, tools, and regional collaborations have become the foundation for the STREAM programme and continue to inform efforts to ensure migrant workers in the GCC can access, on both ends of the corridor, effective, gender-responsive, and sustainable social protection.
Contact
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