All publications: Health and social services

Syria’s Surviving Social Insurance System: Anchoring an Accelerated Recovery and why it Needs Support

Syria's social insurance system remained operational throughout the country’s conflict, preserving continuity, trust, and institutional capacity at a time of profound disruption. This Spotlight Brief argues that strengthening this surviving system...

Social Protection Coverage in Ethiopia A Fact-Finding Report Based on the ILO-Social Security Inquiry (SSI) Data Collection Tool

This fact-finding report provides a comprehensive baseline of the country's social protection schemes, expenditures, and institutional frameworks by utilizing the International Labour Organization's (ILO) Social Security Inquiry (SSI) data...

ILO Working Paper 175

Does a General-Purpose Large Language Model Improve Physicians’ Clinical Reasoning?

This working paper examines whether access to a general-purpose large language model can improve physicians’ clinical reasoning, drawing on a randomized trial involving doctors in Indonesia, Kenya and the Netherlands. It also explores how such tools...

ILO Working Paper 170

AI systems @ work: a changing psychosocial work environment

This working paper examines how AI systems are transforming the psychosocial work environment, focusing on their effects on workers’ mental and social well-being. It explores emerging workplace risks linked to digitalization, including surveillance,...

ILO Working Paper 168

Nursing and Artificial Intelligence in the Republic of Korea

This working paper explores how artificial intelligence is being introduced into nursing work in the Republic of Korea and what this means in practice. It highlights the gap between technological innovation and frontline needs, pointing to the...

ILO key messages for the EU Global Health Resilience Initiative

The International Labour Office has contributed to the European Commission’s consultation on the EU Global Health Resilience Initiative. This brief highlights key elements for such an initiative.

ILO Working paper 161

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Nursing Profession in Germany

This working paper explores how artificial intelligence is being introduced into the nursing profession in Germany and what this means for working conditions and job quality. Drawing on survey data, it assesses current levels of AI adoption and...

Getting Skills Right

Flexible Learning Pathways into Healthcare Occupations

World of Work series

Employment and Social Trends 2026

The Employment and Social Trends 2026 report examines the state of global labour markets, highlighting stable headline employment alongside stalled progress in job quality and widening inequalities. The report analyses productivity, demographic and...

A Toolkit for Training of Trainers

Ensuring Policy Coherence in Health and Labour Migration

Compendium

Compendium on recognizing the skills of migrant workers in the health sector

Factsheet

Creating opportunities and promoting decent work for all in Iraq

This factsheet presents the results of the first phase of the PROSPECTS project in Iraq.

Kingdom of Eswatini

National Occupational Safety and Health Policy

Kingdom of Eswatini

National Workplace Wellness Policy for the Kingdom of Eswatini

Botswana National Occupational Safety and Health Policy

Sudan National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF)

Assessment of institutional arrangements and analysis of income and expenditure as of 2022

Social protection

Coordination mechanisms between social protection and occupational health services in Viet Nam

This publication provides an overview of the existing coordination mechanisms between Viet Nam’s national social protection system and the national occupational health services system, while also highlights the current gaps that need to be...

Social protection

China’s experience in pursuing universal health coverage

China’s experience in pursuing universal health coverage: In recent years, China has made significant strides in extending health coverage. This technical report systematically summarizes China’s experience developing and strengthening its health...

Brief

Mind the gap: Why women in Pakistan earn less than men and what we can do about it

Despite global efforts, women in Pakistan still earn 25 per cent less per hour than men, with disparities widening for older and lower-income workers. This policy brief highlights key barriers, including discrimination, weak compliance with labour...

ILO Policy brief

Protection in Action: Building Social Protection Floors for All

Expanding Social Health Protection to Refugees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia