Working papers
ILO Working paper 117
Women and aviation: Quality jobs, attraction and retention
This paper includes information on some of the current issues faced by women in civil aviation. Through a sectoral gender lens, it examines employment, women’s career cycles and the main decent work opportunities and challenges in the sector. It...
ILO Working Paper 116
Addressing gender-based violence and harassment in a work health and safety framework
This report looks at the implications of addressing gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) under a work health and safety (WHS) framework.
ILO Working Paper 115
Imbalances between supply and demand Recent causes of labour shortages in advanced economies
This paper examines recent labour shortages by analysing imbalances between labour supply and demand. It explores key drivers, including demographic change, shifting worker preferences and sectoral developments, and discusses how labour market...
ILO Working paper 114
Institutional and labour relations regimes promoting decent working conditions for Local and Regional Government (LRG) Workers in Croatia,...
This publication presents a comparative analysis of the Local and Regional Government (LRG) sector workforce in five European countries: Croatia, Germany, Greece, Spain, and Sweden.
ILO Working paper 113
Financing gap for universal social protection: Global, regional and national estimates and strategies for creating fiscal space
The primary aim of the study is to provide updated estimates of the financing gap to attain universal coverage for social protection floors. This estimation encompasses 133 low- and middle-income countries, and includes five income security...
ILO Working paper 112
New technologies, e-government and informality
This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and informality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscriptions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal...
ILO Working paper 111
Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s
This paper examines the evolution of educational and income mobility in the US since the 1960s, showing increased upward mobility for low-income individuals and decreased downward mobility for children of college graduates, highlighting the role of...
ILO Working paper 110
Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys
This study analysed data covering a full decade of Thai economic activity. It is critical to recognize just how much has changed in the country over the intervening decade. Demographic change has resulted in overall population decline as well as a...
ILO Working paper 109
Working conditions of subnational government workers in selected African countries
This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the institutional and labour relations regimes in six African countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, and South Africa with a special emphasis on promoting decent working conditions...
ILO Working paper 108
Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets
Youth employment challenges are always a critical concern for policymakers. There is recurring and mounting evidence that labour market challenges, such as unemployment, informality, lack of social protection and inactivity, disproportionately...
ILO Working paper 107
Employment and wage disparities between rural and urban areas
This study uses household survey data from 58 countries around the world to compare the labour market outcomes of rural and urban workers, taking into account the specific socio-demographic characteristics of rural populations. It also provides an...
ILO Working paper 106
Are platform workers willing to unionize? Exploring survey evidence from 14 European countries
This study contributes to the understanding of unionization in the platform economy, both in terms of membership rates among different groups of platform workers and the potential for unionization among those who are not yet members. Findings are...
ILO Working paper 105
What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? – The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills
This paper assesses the drivers of wealth inequality. While inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is due to differences in educational attainment, within-group inequality is due to differences in productivity across firms. Workers in more...
ILO Working Paper 103
New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China
This paper provides a panoramic description and analysis of the diversity of the new forms of employment that have been emerging in China, with the focus on their background, the main types, the status quo of labour rights protection, and the...
ILO Working paper 102
A Technological Construction of Society: Comparing GPT-4 and Human Respondents for Occupational Evaluation in the UK
The paper systematically compares GPT-4's evaluations of occupations with those from a high-quality human survey in the UK, finding high correlation but also highlighting the potentials and risks of using LLMs in sociological and occupational...
ILO Working paper 101
An unfinished task? Matching the Platform Work Directive with the EU and international "social acquis"
This paper seeks to explore the key emerging regulatory dimensions of platform work. It contextualizes the challenges associated with platform work as an expression of the consolidated features that, in the past decades, have been transforming the...
ILO Working paper 100
The platform economy and transformations in the world of work: The case of delivery platform workers in Santiago, Chile
This paper examines the experiences of delivery workers on digital labor platforms in Chile and analyses the implications of the platform business model. It highlights challenges in working conditions and algorithmic management practices, which are...
ILO Working paper 99
Digital labour platforms and national employment policies in China: Studying the case of food delivery platforms
This paper takes the food-delivery platforms as a case study to examine the impact of digital labour platforms on employment and labour market in China. It reviews the recent employment policies in the digital economy including policies of labour...
ILO Working paper 98
Mortality from COVID-19 in the US : Did unions save lives?
This paper combines data from the NVSS with the CPS into a unique dataset to answer the question on whether unions saved lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic. It finds that if the United States had the union density of 35 percent that it had in 1954...
ILO Working Paper 97
A global fund for social protection. Lessons from the diverse experiences of global health, agriculture and climate funds
This study aims to understand the experiences of setting up global funds across the health, climate and agriculture sectors and identify lessons to be learned from them that can guide further thinking about the implementation of a prospective global...