Promoting and enforcing compliance with labour provisions in trade agreements: Comparative analysis of Canada, European Union and United States approaches and practices

International trade has long been viewed as an engine of growth and economic development. Through the opening up of new markets and global sourcing, trade allows firms to expand and their operations to become more cost-effective, thereby increasing their productivity. Workers may, as a result, benefit from more employment opportunities and better incomes. Nevertheless, there are concerns about the impacts of trade on firms and workers, especially on micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups, such as low-skilled workers, women and workers operating in the informal economy. Such concerns, which are shared by governments, the social partners and broader civil society worldwide, are not new. Indeed, it has long been a matter of debate how international trade – especially between countries with different standards, including labour standards – might affect workers and firms. It is therefore no coincidence that trade is included alongside broader societal goals in international agendas, regional frameworks and domestic trade policies.