The decision to enlarge the European Union by ten (eventually thirteen) countries has surprisingly not been accompanied by much discussion of the implications for Social Europe. This has led to criticisms that enlargement is a purely economic process that will sweep aside important social considerations: Will the much lower labour costs and social standards in the applicant countries – especially those from Central and Eastern Europe – lead to ‘unfair’ competition or ‘social dumping’? Will this process in turn encourage current EU member-states to run-down their own social provisions in order to be able to compete with the newcomers? Do the specific features of this new accession wave – the largest enlargement so far and including markedly less-developed countries – threaten the global survival of the so-called ‘European Social Model’? What policies should be implemented in order to avoid a weakening of current European social standards? These are the main questions this book attempts to answer, on the b