Botswana

Title: Household Income and Expenditure Survey ( HIES )

GENERAL INFORMATION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Background

Further information is available from Central Statistics Office of Pibag 0024 Gaborone Bostwana, phone: 267 3188 500, fax: 267 3188 610, e-mail: dbuthall@gov.bw.
Data have been collected by household survey since 1974. 1

2. Purpose and coverage

The following purposes are considered to be very important or of some importance:

Geographic coverage: National without any specific geographic areas excluded.

Population coverage:
The following types of household are included in the data collection:
The following types of household are excluded in the data collection:

Units:
Dwelling units are used in the sample selection and are characterised by:
Data are recorded for the household unit which is characterised by:
Data are recorded for the income unit which is characterised by:
Data are recorded for the consumer unit, expenditure unit or spending unit which is characterised by:

Unit members: Usual residents temporarily living away from the dwelling are included, if away continuously for less than 15 days. Visitors (not usual residents) temporarily living in the dwelling are included, if staying continuously for more than 15 days. Domestic staff living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit. Renters living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit. Boarders living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit.

Head of unit: 2
The concept of head of household/other unit is used in this survey and is characterised by:

3. Reference periods

The time period to which income and/or expenditure statistics refer when released/published is from 11/93 to 02/95. These data are collected in the period from 11/93 to 02/95. This survey is conducted 10-yearly. The statistics are published 10-yearly.

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

4. Sample design

The Primary, Secondary and Ultimate Sampling Units are enumeration area/district, none and household respectively.

Stratification:
Areas/districts were stratified using the following criteria:
Households/Consumption Unit, Income Unit, Family Unit were stratified using the following criteria:

The sampling frames for the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Ultimate Sampling Unit (USU) were the list of Census enumeration areas and a separate listing exercise respectively. Primary Sampling Units (PSU) were selected using probability proportional to size and Ultimate Sampling Units (USU) were selected using systematic sampling. The sample size was 3800 households or other units. Errors/biases were minimized by using an increased sample size.

Enumeration procedure: Enumeration uses a single round survey design in which each reporting unit is enumerated only once. No action is taken to select a smaller set of reporting units for more detailed questioning.

DATA COLLECTION, CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

5. Income data

Income data are collected. Receipts do not have to be regular and recurring to be considered as income. Income includes receipts resulting from the sale or reduction of assets and/or from incurring liabilities are included in income. Income excludes receipts that are not currently available to the unit.

The following receipts are collected separately:
The following receipts are collected but not separately:
The following receipts are not collected:
The following receipts are classified as income from paid employment:
The following receipts are classified as income from self-employment:
The following receipts are classified as property income:
The following receipts are classified as transfer income but not employment-related:
The following receipts are classified as other employment-related income:
The following receipts are classified as other income but not employment-related:
The following receipts are excluded for other reasons:
The following receipts are collected using the last week as the reference period:
The following receipts are collected using the last month as the reference period:
The following receipts are collected using the last 12 months as the reference period:

Income data were collected separately for each person receiving income. Components of income for an individual were collected directly from the individual. 3 Negative values (business losses) were included when computing self-employment income.

6. Expenditure data

Data collection method:
Diaries are used to collect expenditure data and are maintained for one month.

Diaries are used to collect expenditure on the following items:

Interviews are used to collect expenditure data with the respondent completing the interview by a mix of recall and using documentation.

Data for the following expenditure items are collected by referring:
The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Household consumption expenditure':
The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Actual Household consumption':
The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-consumption household expenditure':
The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-household expenditure':
The following types of expenditure items are excluded for other reasons:
The following types of expenditure items are collected on an 'acquisitions' basis:
The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'use' basis:
The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'payments' basis:

Classification: A national classification is used for classifying expenditure and has an unspecified number of separate categories at the finest level. The classification is consistent with COICOP at the Group (3 digit) level.

7. Other Data Collection Issues

The following other topics are covered:

Households are not requested to indicate whether durable goods are new or second-hand when their acquisition is recorded.

Non-response: There is no substitution for non-response, whether by non-contact or by refusal.

Non-response is reduced using more than one repeat visits. Reporting errors are reduced using careful instrument design.

DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION

Answers are pre-coded on data collection forms to the extent possible.

The responses are edited office staff.

Extreme values are amended. In-kind receipts and consumption of own production are included in the estimates. In-kind receipts are valued using: the respondent's estimate. Consumption of own production is valued using: the respondent's estimate.

Treatment of owner-occupied housing: Values of owner-occupied housing are included in the total income/expenditure estimates and are valued using the rental equivalent net of housing costs usually paid by owners.

The following information is used in this valuation:

Treatment of selected groups/values in analysis: Some households/units are excluded from analysis because of incomplete response. Missing values are imputed only on some occasions when other detail information is available. Supplementary sources are used to adjust estimates for under- or over-reporting. Etnic groups are excluded from data analysis.

Weighting:
Weighting factors are used to adjust for:4

Sampling errors: Sampling errors are computed for major aggregates and these sampling errors are available on request.

Tabulation and Analysis: Statistics are presented showing averages per month and statistics are analysed and tabulated for households only.

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of income statistics:
The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of expenditure statistics:

Documentation and Dissemination:
Published survey reports: Household income and expenditure survey, 12/95
Published methodological information: Household income and expenditure survey, 12/95

Additional statistics (or special tables on request) are available for public use, free of charge. Separate tables are published for households with wages/salaries as main source of income. Files of unidentifiable unit data are available (or available on request) for public use, free of charge.


(1) At that time the survey was conducted only for income. (2) Provided the head of household is present during survey month. (3) Components of income are also collected from one person who reports for all individuals. (4) To weights must yield close estimates of demographic variable to those from census.