ILO Working paper 50

Crowdwork for young people: Risks and opportunities

21 February 2022

ILO Working paper 38

Freelance platform work in the Russian Federation: 2009–2019

26 July 2021

This paper traces the development of freelance platform work in the Russian Federation based on unique data from four online surveys conducted over the period 2009 and 2019 via the leading platform for creative and knowledge-based work and analyses the working conditions and well-being of the workers.

ILO Working paper 32

Digital Work in Eastern Europe: Overview of Trends, Outcomes, and Policy Responses

25 May 2021

This paper presents the emergence and growth of digital labour markets in Eastern Europe over the period 1999-2019. It presents the profiles of digital workers, their working conditions and discusses how these are shaped by the business models of digital labour platforms.

ILO Working paper 27

Platform work and the employment relationship

31 March 2021

This working paper analyses national and supranational case law and legislation about the employment status of platform workers. It does so by referring to the ILO Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (No. 198). It finds that this Recommendation provides for a valuable compass to navigate the issues that emerge from the analysis of the existing case law and legislation about platform work.

ILO Working paper 25

Homeworking in the Philippines: Bad job ? Good job ?

09 March 2021

This report focuses on two categories of homeworkers in the Philippines: industrial homeworkers, who assemble or fabricate goods for factories, retailers or their agents under subcontracting arrangements; and online workers, who render services to their clients or employers via telecommunications technologies and digital platforms.

ILO Working paper 24

Online digital labour platforms in China: Working conditions, policy issues and prospects

02 February 2021

This paper summarizes the results of an ILO survey, conducted in 2019, of workers’ characteristics and working conditions on three major digital labour platforms in China.

ILO Working paper 22

Home-based work and homework in Ghana: An exploration

22 January 2021

This research report explores the nature and character of home-based work and the more narrow concept of homework in Ghana.

ILO Working paper 21

Home bounded - Global outreach: Home-based workers in Turkey

18 December 2020

This report focuses on industrial home-based pieceworkers and IT-enabled remote workers, who are commonly referred to in Turkey as “freelancers”.

ILO Working Paper 11

Digital Labour Platforms and Labour Protection in China

13 October 2020

This paper explores the implications of the digital labour platforms for labour regulation in China and the potential applicability of existing laws and regulations to platform work.

ILO Working paper 1

"System needs update":Upgrading protection against cyberbullying and ICT-enabled violence and harassment in the world of work

13 February 2020

The term ‘cyberbullying’ has been used to describe aggressive conducts carried out through information and communication technologies (ICT), and can involve picture/video clips, emails, or social network sites, among others.