Globalization of economic relations is posing new challenges to national and international policy-makers. The reformulation of policy to address the rapidly changing nature, patterns, and causes of social disadvantage has not kept up with the global changes. There is a need for new approaches to social issues that take account of globalization and which integrate economic and social aspects. With this objective in view, the ILO's International Institute for labour Studies has carried out a research project on social exclusion. This has resulted in a series of publications on social exclusion in developing and transitional countries. These describe and analyse patterns and processes of social exclusion, of individuals and groups, from sources of livelihood and from citizenship rights.