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• Iron and compounds

2009

CIS 09-817 Bourgkard E., Wild P., Courcot B., Diss M., Ettlinger J., Goutet P., Hémon D., Marquis N., Mur J.M., Rigal C., Rohn-Janssens M.P., Moulin J.J.
Lung cancer mortality and iron oxide exposure in a French steel-producing factory
A total of 16,742 men and 959 women ever employed for at least one year in a French steel mill between 1959 and 1997 were followed up for mortality from 1968 to 1998. Occupational exposures were assessed by a factory-specific job-exposure matrix validated with atmospheric measurements. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed using local death rates (external references). Poisson regressions were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) for occupational exposures (internal references), adjusted on potential confounding factors. Among men, mortality was lower than expected for lung cancer compared to the local population (SMR 0.89) and higher than expected compared to the French population (SMR 1.30). A significant bladder cancer excess was observed among workers exposed to oil mist (RR 2.44). Other findings are discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 2009, Vol.66, No.3, p.175-181. 32 ref.

CIS 09-816 Bourgkard E., Wild P., Courcot B., Diss M., Ettlinger J., Goutet P., Hemon D., Marquis N., Mur J.M., Rigal C., Rohn-Janssens M.P., Moulin J.J.
Lung cancer mortality and iron oxide exposure in a French steel-producing factory
Mortalité par cancer du poumon et exposition aux oxydes de fer dans une usine sidérurgique française [en francés]
The objective of this study was to highlight a possible relationship between exposure to iron oxides and the risk of lung cancer among workers of a French steel mill producing carbon steel. A historical cohort comprising all workers having ever worked for at least a year between 1959 and 1997 was constituted. Causes of death were determined from death certificates, while occupational exposures were evaluated with the help of a plant-specific job-exposure matrix developed by a panel of eight experts and validated by atmospheric sampling. The cohort consisted of 16,742 men and 959 women, followed-up for mortality from 1968 to 1998. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed using local death rates. Poisson regressions were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) for occupational exposures, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Among men, mortality was lower than expected for lung cancer compared to the local population (SMR 0.89) and higher than expected compared to the French population (SMR 1.30). A significant bladder cancer excess was observed among workers exposed to oil mist (RR 2.44). Other findings are discussed.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 2nd Quarter 2009, No.118, p.209-220. 32 ref.
http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TF%20180/$File/TF180.pdf [en francés]

2007

CIS 08-667 Flesch F., Tournoud C., Thaon I., Benhassine E.
Iron poisoning
Intoxications par le fer [en francés]
Most acute intoxications caused by iron are the result of ferrous salt ingestion, either accidentally in children or more rarely in suicidal attempts among adults. The main toxic mechanism of iron is related to its capacity to induce the formation of free radicals, followed by lipid peroxidation. Classically, five clinical phases have been identified: gastrointestinal toxicity; transitory relative stability; systemic toxicity with shock, metabolic acidosis and coma; hepatotoxicity with coagulopathy; gastrointestinal scarring. Therapy includes supportive care, whole bowel irrigation and the use of deferoxamine, a specific iron chelator. Activated charcoal is ineffective. Chronic exposure to iron occurs primarily in occupational settings and causes pneumoconiosis following the inhalation of dust and iron oxides. Ocular siderosis is a chronic disease that may lead to a vision loss. It occurs when a particle containing iron penetrates in the eye.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Toxicologie-Pathologie professionnelle, 1st Quarter 2007, No.154, 6p. 53 ref.

2002

CIS 03-771 Zhang Q., Huang X.
Inducción de ferritina y peroxidación de los lípidos - muestras con distinta prevalencia de neumoconiosis entre los mineros del carbón. El papel del hierro en los minerales del carbón
Induction of ferritin and lipid peroxidation by coal samples with different prevalence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis: Role of iron in the coals [en inglés]
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si los distintos niveles de hierro biodisponible pueden ser responsables de la variabilidad regional observada en términos de prevalencia y gravedad de los casos de neumoconiosis de los mineros del carbón (NMC). Para ello, se recogieron 29 muestras de carbón en distintas regiones mineras de Utah (UT), Virginia Occidental (WV) y Pensilvania (PA), cuyas tasas de NMC objetivadas in vitro en células pulmonares humanas son del 4%, 10% y 26%, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran un orden creciente UT American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Sep. 2002, Vol.42, No.3, p.171-179. Illus. 30 ref.

1999

CIS 01-850 Flesch F., Thaon I.
Intoxicaciones por hierro
Intoxications par le fer [en francés]
La mayoría de las intoxicaciones por hierro son el resultado de una ingestión de sales ferrosas, sea accidentalmente entre los niños, sea, en muy pocas ocasiones, con fines suicidas, en adultos. El mecanismo tóxico principal del hierro radica en su capacidad para facilitar la formación de radicales libres, y tiene como consecuencia una peroxidación lipídica. La intoxicación por hierro evoluciona en 4 fases: transtornos digestivos; mejora clínica transitoria; hepatitis; shock y acidosis, y secuelas digestivas en forma de estenosis. Además del tratamiento sintomático, el tratamiento de fondo está dirigido a lograr la descontaminación digestiva con lavado intestinal y el tratamiento quelador mediante deferoxamina. El carbón activado es ineficaz. La exposición crónica al hierro aparece principalmente en entornos profesionales y se manifiesta como una neumoconiosis de sobrecarga, consecutiva a la inhalación de polvos y de óxidos de hierro.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Toxicologie-Pathologie professionnelle, 2^o trimestre 1999, n°123, 4p. 28 ref.

1997

CIS 98-631 Crinquand A., Boudret G., Laureillard J., Joly N., Gillet A., Iwatsubo Y., Brochard P., Choudat D., Ameille J.
Estudio de la morbilidad respiratoria de los pulidores de metales expuestos al polvo de hierro cristalino
Etude de la morbidité respiratoire de polisseurs de métaux exposés à des poussières de fer cristallin [en francés]
Temas tratados: afecciones respiratorias; aspectos estadísticos; capacidad vital; duración de la exposición; encuesta por cuestionario; estudio caso-control; fabricación de instrumentos musicales; Francia; fumadores; óxido de hierro; óxidos metálicos; radiografía torácica; siderosis; trabajadores varones; volumen respiratorio máximo por segundo.
Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail, dic. 1997, vol.58, n°8, p.648-653. 14 ref.

1996

CIS 96-1770 Morvai V.
Efectos cardiovasculares de los metales
Cardiovascular effects of metals [en inglés]
Revisión de los efectos cardiovasculares tóxicos de los metales para los animales y para el hombre, en particular los efectos del arsénico, el bario, el cadmio, el cobalto, el cobre, el hierro, el plomo, el níquel y el vanadio. A pesar de los numerosos datos disponibles, aún permanece oscuro el papel exacto que representan los metales en la etiología de las patologías cardiovasculares. Se comentan los complementos de investigación necesarios.
Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1996, vol.2, n°2, p.115-145. 194 ref.

1995

CIS 95-1508 Fichas técnicas de radioprotección para la utilización de radionucleidos en fuentes no selladas
Fiches techniques de radioprotection pour l'utilisation de radionucléides en sources non scellées [en francés]
Estas fichas técnicas de radioprotección están dirigidas a los responsables y el personal de laboratorios de servicios médicos, hospitales, farmacias, universidades, industrias, etc., donde se manipulan radionucleidos, así como a todas las personas dedicadas a la prevención en este campo. Estas fichas recogen los datos esenciales para llevar a cabo los programas de radioprotección al utilizar radionucleidos en fuentes no selladas. Las siete fichas publicadas en esta nota informativa se refieren al cromo-51, cobalto-57, hierro-59, molibdeno-99, tecnecio-99m, yodo 123 y talio 201.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 1^er trimestre 1995, n°158, p.85-100. 5 ref.

1993

CIS 94-332 Wibowo A.A.E.
Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid
Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit for arc welding fume particles not containing chromium and nickel
Evaluation of the health hazards of exposure to arc welding fume particles not containing chromium and nickel. Attention is given to: identity, physical and chemical properties, monitoring; sources of exposure; environmental levels and human exposure; guidelines and standards; toxicokinetics; effects in animal experiments and observations of adverse effects in humans; previous evaluations by (inter)national bodies; evaluation of human health risks; recommendations for research. It is found that for either MIG-MAG/MS or MMA/MS welding fume particles, three elements dominate the composition from the health assessment point of view: iron oxide, manganese dioxide and silicon oxide. The most important health effects of exposure to welding fumes can be observed in the respiratory tract and (in the case of MS welding fumes) in the reduction of the male reproductive capacity. Based on the data available a limit of 1mg/m³ total fume particles, 8h-TWA is recommended for 'inert' welding fume particles. Detailed summary in Dutch.
SDU Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat, Afdeling Verkoop Publikaties Arbeidsinspectie, Postbus 20014, 2500 EA Den Haag, Netherlands, 1993. 69p. 88 ref. Price: NLG 30.00.

1988

CIS 89-1544 Rudolph A.
Contribution to the safe operation of induction furnaces
Beitrag zur Betriebssicherheit von Induktionsöfen [en alemán]
Induction furnaces sometimes release molten iron along with cooling water into a pit, which frequently leads to damage by explosion. An explosionproof pit is described, consisting of a 25-30cm layer of granulated slag with a particle diameter of 0.5-3mm, through which the water runs off quickly while molten iron is retained through sintering of the top slag. The slag is kept in place by a perforated sheet of clay-graphite.
Giesserei, Oct. 1988, Vol.75, No.22, p.656-657. Illus.

1985

CIS 85-941 Goller J.W., Park N.W.
A comparison of iron oxide fume inside and outside of welding helmets
Airborne iron-oxide fume concentrations were determined simultaneously at 4 body locations (left and right front shoulders, front chest, inside the helmet) during a normal welding task. The fume concentrations in the actual breathing zone inside the helmet were 36 to 71% lower than outside concentrations, depending on the type of welding and the welder's posture.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1985, Vol.46, No.2, p.89-93. Illus. 7 ref.

1984

CIS 84-1552 Stokinger H.E.
A review of world literature finds iron oxides non carcinogenic
Critical examination of reports and studies linking cancer of the respiratory tract with exposure to iron oxide of workers in iron ore mining, iron and steel production, foundries and welding. This investigation, data obtained from animal studies and experience gained in the manufacture of magnetic tapes all indicate that iron oxide is not carcinogenic. In most cancer cases studied, iron oxide particles seem to have acted as carrier for known carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or dimethylnitrosoamine.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1984, Vol.45, No.2, p.127-133. 39 ref.

CIS 84-1535 Peltier A., Demange M., Boulet A., Elcabache J.M., Guillemin C.
Prevention of siderosis. A survey of controls in enterprises, 1971-1982
Prévention de la sidérose. Bilan des contrôles en entreprises de 1971 à 1982 [en francés]
More than 2000 samples were taken between 1971 and 1982 in 514 French enterprises where there was a risk of siderosis. The results of the analyses are presented by year and activity, and are related to the TLV (5mg/m³ for respirable dust and for ferric oxide). The TLV was exceeded in 29% of the cases, and in 42% of the samples connected with welding. Conclusions: prevention of siderosis must be pursued with determination; iron might constitute - in most metalworking activities - an initial "tracer" of pollution, permitting a quick evaluation of pollution in the workplace.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd quarter 1984, No.115, Note No.1477-115-84, p.193-196. 3 ref.

1983

CIS 84-637 Taguchi T., Suzuki S.
Health effects of ferrite and the raw materials dust
42 workers manufacturing ferrite cores for television tubes and 33 controls were studied. 19 of them were exposed to a mean concentration of 9mg/m³ of a mixture of ferric, zinc, magnesium oxides and manganese carbonate, and 16 of them to 3mg/m³ spinelled (cubically crystallised) ferrite dust. X-rays showed small round opacities in 4 of 33 subjects exposed for ≥5 years. Exposed workers had significantly higher rates of coughing, respiratory disease, and hospital visits than controls.
Industrial Health, 1983, Vol.21, No.1, p.1-9. 23 ref.

CIS 83-1998 Lovejoy F.H.
Chelation therapy in iron poisoning
This editorial reviews the use of deferoxamine as a chelator in the treatment of iron poisoning. The action of deferoxamine, the rate of administration, the dose to be used and the duration of therapy are discussed.
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, 1982-83, Vol.19, No.8, p.871-874. 19 ref.

1982

CIS 84-768 Suenaka T.
Urinary excretion of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu) following injection of Ca-EDTA
Oral administration and infusion of calcium-EDTA were compared, as means of therapy in workers exposed to lead (Pb), by monitoring urinary excretion of Pb, iron, copper, and zinc (Zn), after administration. Urinary excretion of these metals in toto was 10 times greater after infusion than after oral administration. Comparison of daily infusion for 3-8 days and infusion 6 times with 2 week intervals revealed no significant difference in total urinary excretion of the metals. As the excretion of Pb decreased, that of Zn increased. The method of administration and intervals used in Ca-EDTA therapy should be considered in the light of these findings.
Proceedings of the Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Edition of Industrial Health, Sep. 1982, Vol.20, p.23-26. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 84-58 Prilipko V.A.
Effect of ferrite dust on the body and establishment of hygienic standards for ferrite levels in workplace air
K voprosu o vlijanii pylej ferritov na organizm i gigieničeskoe normirovanie ih soderžanija v vozduhe rabočej zony [en ruso]
Five chemically different ferrites showed weak pneumoconiotic effects and were toxic in chronic inhalation experiments with rats and mice. The ferrites altered protein and nucleic acid metabolism and liver function and produced morphological alterations in internal organs. The extent of the effects depended on the physico-chemical properties of the individual ferrites. Recommended MACs for dusts are: magnesium-manganese and manganese-zinc ferrites, 1mg/m³; nickel-zinc and nickel-copper ferrites, 2mg/m³; barium ferrites, 4mg/m³.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Apr. 1982, No.4, p.23-26. 4 ref.

1981

CIS 82-1551 Guest L.
Quantitative determination of the exogenous and endogenous storage iron content of haematite workers' lungs
Mössbauer spectroscopy was used for the determination of the haematite and storage iron content of formalin-fixed lungs. The lungs were categorised according to whether they had been exposed to occupational dust or not. Those with no occupational dust exposure were classified as normal, tubercular and bronchitic. Lungs with occupational dust exposure were grouped according to occupation: coalworkers, foundry workers, pottery workers and haematite workers. Significant amounts of storage iron were found in all of the occupational lungs, including simple and complicated pneumoconiotic lungs, and in the group of bronchitic lungs (total iron contents from 1.31 to 11.20% of dried lung).
Analyst, June 1981, Vol.106, p.663-675. Illus. 40 ref.

1980

CIS 80-1927 Leleu J.
Hazardous chemical reactions - 75. Elements in Group VIII
Réactions chimiques dangereuses - 75. Eléments du Groupe VIII. [en francés]
Description, with examples from the literature, of hazardous chemical reactions of iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, alone or in the presence of other substances or compounds.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 3rd quarter 1980, No.100, Note. No.1272-100-80, p.421-426.

CIS 80-1781 Kalliomäki K., Kalliomäki P.L., Kelha V., Vaaranen V.
Instrumentation for measuring the magnetic lung contamination of steel welders.
A technique and the required instrumentation for routine mapping of magnetic lung contamination in vivo is described. The apparatus consists of a patient chair which moves during the mapping between 2 transducers; 2 magnetising coils producing a magnetic field to magnetise the lung contaminants; a minicomputer for control, calculations, and recording. Measurements of lung contamination in mild steel and stainless steel welders are reported. Resolution is 0.1nT, corresponding to a sensitivity better than 1mg of magnetic contaminants in the form of iron oxides. The magnetic properties of welding fumes produced in these welding processes are reported.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1980, Vol.23, No.2, p.175-184. 17 ref.

1979

CIS 79-1570 Loriot J., Félix M., Gacouin J.C., Proteau J.
Pulmonary siderosis of arc welders in the form of fatal diffuse interstitial fibrosis
Sidérose pulmonaire du soudeur à l'arc à forme de fibrose interstitielle diffuse d'évolution mortelle. [en francés]
Communication to the French Occupational Medicine and Hygiene Society. The main observation is that exposure to harmful fumes is necessary for at least 10 years for an abnormal lung picture to develop, and the work must be performed in a confined atmosphere. A case of an arc welder with severe respiratory insufficiency presenting signs of diffuse interstitial fibrosis is presented. The chief risk factor is inobservance of protective measures. The pathogenic agent was probably crystalline or amorphous silica. Establishment of an adequate case history is essential for diagnosis.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, Mar.-Apr. 1979, Vol.40, No.3-4, p.521-524.

CIS 79-1428 Axelson O., Sjöberg A.
Cancer incidence and exposure to iron oxide dust.
This is a report on a case-control study at a sulfuric acid production plant in Sweden. There was a high exposure to iron oxide dust, particularly hematite, with impurities of pentavalent arsenic and other metals. No excess of cancer was observed in the respiratory system or at other sites in the exposed workers.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, June 1979, Vol.21, No.6, p.419-422. 22 ref.

1977

CIS 78-132 Baer H.P., Bech R., Franke J., Grunewald A., Kochmann W., Melson F., Runge H., Wiedner W.
Results of experiments in rabbits with sodium fluoride and antidotes
Ergebnisse tierexperimenteller Untersuchungen an Kaninchen mit Natriumfluorid unter Einwirkung von Gegenmitteln [en alemán]
7mg/kg fluoride was administered daily for a year. Fluorosis varied individually, but was of only minor degree. Equivalent quantities of boron and iron given daily as antidotes increased urinary fluoride excretion, normalised the enzyme system in the blood serum, reduced the fluoride content of bone on chemical analysis, and prevented thickening of the cortex of the long bones, as radiological and histological investigations showed. Prolonged administration of iron gave rise to toxic side effects and finally osteoporosis. Boron generally had a better antagonistic effect on fluoride and caused no toxic side effects.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, Jan. 1977, Vol.23, No.1, p.14-20. Illus. 49 ref.

CIS 77-1398 Patel K.C., Sheth S.M., Kamat S.R.
Arc welder's lung - A case report.
Report on a man employed for 18 years as a naval dockyard arc welder in whom lung fibrosis suggestive of arc welder's lung was diagnosed. Results of laboratory studies, lung function tests, radiography and lung biopsy are given. Development of the disease and the question of the fibrogenicity of iron oxide are discussed in the light of the relevant literature.
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 1977, Vol.23, No.1, p.35-38. Illus. 13 ref.

1973

CIS 74-972 Teculescu D., Albu A.
Pulmonary function in workers inhaling iron oxide dust.
Report on methods and results of lung function studies in 14 workers employed for 5 to 20 years in the production of pure red iron oxide (Fe₂O₃). Although the authors found marked radiological changes, there were no abnormalities compatible with pulmonary fibrosis.
Internationales Archiv für Arbeitsmedizin - International Archives of Occupational Health, 23 May 1973, Vol.31, No.2, p.163-170. Illus. 29 ref.

1972

CIS 72-2273 Albu A., Schuleri E.
External ventilation and pulmonary mechanism in occupational siderosis
Contribution à l'étude de la ventilation externe et de la mécanique pulmonaire dans la sidérose professionnelle [en francés]
A study of lung volume, ventilatory capacity and pulmonary mechanics in 14 persons with pure occupational pulmonary siderosis due to iron oxide inhalation in a chemical works gave the following mean values: vital capacity = 86,9%; total lung capacity = 92%; residual volume/total lung capacity = 29,2%; FEV% = 73,35%; maximum breathing capacity 93,6%; static lung compliance = 0.275L/cm H₂O; dynamic lung compliance = 0,133L/cm H₂O; dynamic resistance = 1,99cm H₂O L/s; pulmonary elastic work=2,38g/cm. These figures indicate the absence of ventilatory disorders and interstitial fibrosis morphopathological changes in pulmonary siderosis.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, Jan.-Feb. 1972, Vol.33, No.1-2, p.51-58. 13 ref.

CIS 73-361 Bergman I., Casswell C.
Lung dust and lung iron contents of coal workers in different coalfields in Great Britain
Lung-dust analyses from 7 British coalfields were compared, and it was found that average dust composition varies significantly with coal rank. The higher the rank, the higher the coal percentage and the lower the quartz percentage of the lung dust. Samples of airborne dust collected at the coalface in different coalfields show a similar but smaller variability of composition with rank of coal. The amount of iron in simple-pneumoconiosis lungs is related to their mineral and coal contents, and to the factor "years underground".
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Apr. 1972, Vol.29, No.2, p.160-168. 18 ref.