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2011

CIS 12-0359 Chorley A.C., Evans B.J., Benwell M.J.
Civilian pilot exposure to ultraviolet and blue light and pilot use of sunglasses
A search and appraisal of the relevant literature was conducted which showed that within the airline pilot population, there is limited evidence of a higher prevalence of cataracts. There are no data of other known ultraviolet (UV)-related ocular pathology. There is some evidence of higher prevalence of skin melanomas. Studies measuring cockpit UV radiation levels are limited and leave unanswered questions regarding airline pilot exposure. Data from optical transmission of cockpit windshields demonstrates the UV blocking properties at sea level. No studies have addressed the occupational use of sunglasses in airline pilots. Although it is likely that an aircraft windshield effectively blocks UV-B, the intensity of UV-A and short-wavelength blue light present within the cockpit at altitude is unknown. Pilots may be exposed to solar radiation for periods of many hours during flight where UV radiation is known to be significantly greater. Aircraft windshields should have a standard for optical transmission, particularly of short-wavelength radiation. Clear, un-tinted prescription glasses will offer some degree of UV protection; however, sunglasses will offer superior protection. Any sunglasses used should conform to a national standard.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2011, Vol.82, No.9, p.895-900. 46 ref.
Civilian_pilot_exposure_[BUY_THIS_ARTICLE] [en inglés]

CIS 12-0134 Prombumroong J., Janwantanakul P., Pensri P.
Prevalence of biopsychosocial factors associated with low back pain in commercial airline pilots
The aim of this study was to examine the 12-month prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and to identify individual, flight-related and psychosocial factors associated with the prevalence of LBP in commercial airline pilots. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a self-administered questionnaire delivered to 708 Thai airline pilots during their regular medical examinations. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the associations between the prevalence of LBP and statistically significant factors. A total of 684 subjects (97%) returned the questionnaires. The 12-month prevalence of self-reported LBP among commercial airline pilots was 55.7%. An elevated risk of experiencing LBP was associated with occasionally to frequently encountering turbulence in the previous year, lifting luggage four or more times per duty period, perception of noise in the cockpit as being too loud, and perception of work hazards at intermediate to high levels. On the other hand, the factors that reduced the risk of experiencing LBP were performing vigorous exercise regularly and having 5-23 h rest breaks between flights.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2011, Vol.82, No.9, p.879-884. 29 ref.
Prevalence_of_biopsychosocial_factors_[BUY_THIS_ARTICLE] [en inglés]

2010

CIS 11-0282 Liang G.F., Lin J.T., Hwang S.L., Wang E.M.Y., Patterson P.
Preventing human errors in aviation maintenance using an on-line maintenance assistance platform
In an effort to increase aviation maintenance and inspection safety, an on-line maintenance assistance platform (on-line MAP) was developed for technicians to perform maintenance tasks. In this platform, the risk of human error was defined for each task procedure. The platform was validated on a jet engine by comparing the current work-card instruction and the proposed on-line MAP in two high-complexity teamwork tasks and one low-complexity individual task. In addition, a subjective questionnaire survey (addressing maintenance behavior, issues related to the current work-card, performance shaping factor investigation, and mental workload), an objective performance measure (expert evaluation and situation awareness), and time performance were collected from 42 participants and analyzed to quantify the human errors into the human error impact risk index. The results revealed that teams' risk cognition, situation awareness, technicians' performance and their job satisfaction were all increased by the proposed on-line MAP instruction compared to the current work-card instruction system.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2010, Vol.40, p.356-367. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 11-0126 Forde K.A., Albert W.J., Harrison M.F., Neary P., Croll J., Callaghan J.P.
Neck loads and posture exposure of helicopter pilots during simulated day and night flights
This study investigated neck loads and neck postures experienced by Canadian Forces helicopter pilots during routine simulator day and night flights. During the night flights pilots' helmets were equipped with night vision goggles (NVG) which have been implicated in the increase of neck pain amongst pilots. Pilot's postures were determined from video recordings of their flight missions. Neck postures and peak and cumulative cervical kinetic loading were significantly different between day and night. The percentage of work cycle spent in mildly flexed posture increased significantly from 43% during day flights to 74% during night flights. Furthermore, cumulative reaction compression values increased significantly. The biomechanical results lend support to previous physiological investigations of NVG use and further justify the need for guidelines associated with their use.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2010, Vol.41, p.128-135. Illus. 46 ref.

CIS 10-0582 Dorevitch S., Lacey S.E., Abelmann A., Zautcke J.
Occupational needlestick injuries in a US airport
To characterize needlestick injuries (NSIs) among airport workers, and to suggest preventive strategies, a retrospective review (2003-2008) was conducted of workers evaluated at a clinic in a large United States airport that provides occupational health services. Over a period of six years, 14 NSI cases were seen. The majority of injuries occurred while workers cleaned lavatories in the airport or on airplanes. Insulin needles were involved in most cases, and the injuries typically occurred on the hand. No cases of hepatitis B, C, or HIV seroconversion were documented, although follow-up was typically incomplete. The improper disposal of used insulin needles among travellers can result in potential bloodborne pathogen exposure among airport workers.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2010, Vol.52, No.5, p.551-554. 31 ref.
Occupational_needlestick_injuries.pdf [en inglés]

CIS 10-0430 Malakis S., Kontogiannis T., Kirwan B.
Managing emergencies and abnormal situations in air traffic control: Taskwork strategies (Part I); Teamwork strategies (Part II)
A large body of research in air traffic control has focused on human errors in decision making while little attention has been paid to the cognitive strategies employed by controllers in managing abnormal situations. This study examines the cognitive strategies in taskwork and teamwork that enable controllers to become resilient decision-makers. Two field studies were carried out where novice and experienced controllers were observed in simulator training in emergency and unusual scenarios. A prototype model of taskwork and teamwork strategies in air traffic management was developed and its construct validity was tested in the context of the field studies, leading to the development of a generic model of Taskwork and Teamwork strategies in Emergencies in Air traffic Management (T(2)EAM). Difficulties experienced by novice controllers are discussed, together with strategies employed by experts to manage uncertainty and balance workload during emergencies.
Applied Ergonomics, July 2010, Vol.41, No.4, p.620-627. Illus 34 ref. (part I); 628-635. Illus. 36 ref. (part II).

CIS 10-0412 Lacey S.E., Abelmann. A., Dorevitch S.
Exposure to human waste from spills while servicing aircraft lavatories: Hazards and methods of prevention
Workers service the lavatories of commercial aircraft approximately 11 million times per year in the United States and may have exposure to the spectrum of pathogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites potentially found in human waste. An industrial hygiene inspection of the workplace was conducted by an interdisciplinary occupational safety and health team, during which the tasks carried out by lavatory waste operators and supervisors were observed. Exposure to untreated waste can occur through dermal, ingestion and inhalation in quantities ranging from droplets to large spills. Several engineering and administrative measures were advised to minimize worker exposure, including the effective locking of a critical valve and a mechanism for communicating valve locking problems.
Industrial Health, Jan. 2010, Vol.48, No.1, p.123-128. Illus. 20 ref.
Exposure_to_human_waste.pdf [en inglés]

CIS 10-0234 Houston S., Mitchell S., Evans S.
Application of a cardiovascular disease risk prediction model among commercial pilots
In this cross-sectional study, a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction model was applied to United Kingdom commercial pilots. Variables included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, current smoking and diabetes status. Individual 10-year absolute CVD risk scores (also referred to as 10-yr global CVD risk) were calculated using a model developed by the Framingham Heart Study, a long-term ongoing cardiovascular cohort study on residents of a locality of the United States. None of the female pilots and 9.7% of male pilots were found to be at high risk. High-risk pilots are concentrated around 60 years of age. These pilots may require more comprehensive risk assessment. Other findings are discussed.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 2010, Vol.81, No.8, p.768-773. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 09-1366 Chang Y.H., Wang Y.C.
Significant human risk factors in aircraft maintenance technicians
This study examined significant human risk factors among aircraft maintenance technicians in Taiwan. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire from 20 technicians having more than 15 years of supervisory experience. The study identified 46 possible risk factors, of which nine were found to be critical. This list will help airlines to improve their risk management and maintenance operations.
Safety Science, Jan. 2010, Vol.48, No.1, p.54-62. Illus. 34 ref.

2009

CIS 11-0730 Oxley L., Riley D., Tapley S.
Musculoskeletal ill-health risks for airport baggage handlers
In the United Kingdom, the majority of baggage handling is contracted out from the airline to ground handling services. Little consideration has been given to the design and working of the interface between the airline, aircraft, airport, handling equipment manufacturer and ground handler. This report describes the work undertaken to gather further information on the musculoskeletal ill-health risks associated with baggage handling operations and to appraise the efficacy of new extending belt loader (EBL) technology. The various parties formed a collaborative working group to take this work forward. The evidence presented in this report and in previous work by the HSE provides a strong case for this task to be re-designed or mechanised to reduce the risk of injury. See also RR 674, ISN 111995
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2009. x, 94p. Illus. 29 ref.
RR_675.pdf [en inglés]

CIS 11-0729 Riley D.
Reducing the risks associated with the manual handling of air passenger baggage for narrow bodied aircraft
This report is an update of an earlier review for ramp-based baggage handling related literature undertaken in 2005. The aim of this review is to present information relating to alternative methods of loading narrow-bodied aircraft that reduce the manual handling related injury and ill-health risks to the handlers, and to identify knowledge gaps. This was used to inform subsequent work on the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases at an airport in the United Kingdom (East Midlands Airport, see ISN 111996, RR675).
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2009. vi, 25p. Illus. 46 ref.
RR_674.pdf [en inglés]

CIS 10-0064 Webb C.M., Bass J.M., Johnson D.M., Kelley A.M., Martin C.R., Wildzunas R.M.
Simulator sickness in a helicopter flight training school
Simulator sickness is a common problem during flight training and can affect both instructor pilots and student pilots. This study was conducted in response to complaints about a high incidence of simulator sickness associated with use of new simulators for rotary-wing aircraft. Data were collected by means of questionnaires from 73 instructors and 129 students who used the new simulators. Based on analysis of these data, operator comments and a literature survey, it was recommended limiting simulator flights to 2h, removing unusual or unnatural manoeuvres, turning off the sidescreens to reduce the field-of-view, avoiding use of improperly calibrated simulators until repaired, and stressing proper rest and health discipline among the pilots. The success of these measures was evaluated one year later by collecting data from 25 instructors and 50 students. Implementation of the recommendations reduced simulator sickness in the new simulators, however at the cost of limiting session duration and shutting down some simulator features.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 2009, Vol.80, No.6, p.541-545. 11 ref.

CIS 10-0022 Evans A.D., Watson D.B., Evans S.A., Hastings J., Singh J., Thibeault C.
Safety management as a foundation for evidence-based aeromedical standards and reporting of medical events
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Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 2009, Vol.80, No.6, p.511-515. 15 ref.

CIS 09-1242 Wagstaff A.S., Årva P.
Hearing loss in civilian airline and helicopter pilots compared to air traffic control personnel
In order to investigate possible hearing loss as a consequence of aviation noise, audiometric data from Air Traffic Control (ATC) personnel, airline pilots and helicopter pilots was compared. Male subjects randomly-selected from the Norwegian civil aviation staff included 50 ATC, 81 helicopter pilots and 51 airline pilots, who were subjected to audiometric testing at two intervals 2-3yrs apart. For all three groups, mean hearing threshold levels were above ISO 7129 values for most frequencies. The fact that helicopter pilots had similar hearing loss to their other aviation colleagues indicates that current hearing protection for these pilots is effective in counteracting the increased noise levels in helicopters. Other findings are discussed.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 2009, Vol.80, No.10, p.857-861. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 09-1216 Yong L.C., Sigurdson A.J., Ward E.M., Waters M.A., Whelan E.A., Petersen M.R., Bhatti P., Ramsey M.J., Ron E., Tucker J.D.
Increased frequency of chromosome translocations in airline pilots with long-term flying experience
Chromosome translocations are an established biomarker of cumulative exposure to external ionising radiation. This study determined the frequency of translocations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 83 airline pilots and 50 comparison subjects. Translocations were scored in an average of 1039 cell equivalents (CE) per subject using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) whole chromosome painting and expressed per 100 CE. Data were subjected to statistical analyses. There was no significant difference in the mean translocation frequency of pilots and comparison subjects. However, among pilots, the adjusted translocation frequency was significantly associated with flight years. Other findings are discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 2009, Vol.66, No.1, p.56-62. 40 ref.

CIS 09-1043 Arjomandi M., Haight T., Redberg R., Gold W.M.
Pulmonary function abnormalities in never-smoking flight attendants exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke in the aircraft cabin
To determine whether the flight attendants who were exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke in the aircraft cabin have abnormal pulmonary function, 61 never-smoking female flight attendants who worked in active air crews before the smoking ban on commercial aircraft were administered questionnaires and pulmonary function testing. Although the flight attendants had normal FVC, FEV₁ and FEV1/FVC ratio, other pulmonary function abnormalities were suggestive of airway obstruction and impaired diffusion, likely to be related to their exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in the cabin.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 2009, Vol.51, No.6, p.639-646. Illus. 55 ref.

CIS 09-908 Wong D.K.Y., Pitfield D.E., Caves R.E., Appleyard A.J.
The development of a more risk-sensitive and flexible airport safety area strategy
This two-part paper presents the development of an improved airport risk assessment methodology aimed at assessing risks related to aircraft accidents at and in the vicinity of airports and managing airport safety areas as a risk mitigation measure. The methodology is more quantitative, risk-sensitive, flexible and transparent than standard risk assessment approaches. A first part of the paper presents the methodological advances made in the development of accident frequency models, while second part presents the analysis of accident locations, including the plotting of Complementary Cumulative Probability Distributions for the relevant accident types. The improved risk assessment technique and management strategy was also demonstrated in two case studies based on two airports in the United States.
Safety Science, Aug. 2009, Vol.47, No.7, p.903-912. Illus. 35 ref. (Part 1); p.913-924. Illus. 5 ref. (Part 2).

CIS 09-718 Rodrigues de Carvalho P.V., Gomes J.O., Huber G.J., Vidal M.C.
Normal people working in normal organizations with normal equipment: System safety and cognition in a mid-air collision
A fundamental challenge in improving the safety of complex systems is to understand how accidents emerge in normal working situations, with equipment functioning normally in normally structured organizations. This article presents an analysis of a true case of a mid-air collision between a commercial carrier and an executive jet, in a clear afternoon sky in which 154 people lost their lives. The focus was on how and why several safety barriers of a well structured air traffic system failed, leading to the occurrence of this tragedy, without any catastrophic component failure, and in a situation where everything was functioning normally.
Applied Ergonomics, May 2009, Vol.40, No.3, p.325-340. Illus. 40 ref.

CIS 09-462 Caldwell J.A., Mallis M.M., Caldwell J.L., Paul M.A., Miller J.C., Neri D.F.
Fatigue countermeasures in aviation
Accident statistics, reports from pilots themselves, and operational flight studies all show that fatigue is a growing concern within commercial civil aviation. This position paper reviews relevant scientific literature, analyses applicable United States civilian and military flight regulations, evaluates various in-flight and pre- and post-flight fatigue countermeasures, and describes emerging technologies for detecting and countering fatigue. Following the discussion of each major issue, position statements address ways to deal with fatigue in specific contexts with the goal of using current scientific knowledge to update policy and provide tools and techniques for improving air safety.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 2009, Vol.80, No.1, p.29-59. 237 ref.

CIS 09-472 Missoni E., Nikolić N., Missoni I.
Civil aviation rules on crew flight time, flight duty, and rest: Comparison of 10 ICAO member States
Members of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) use various criteria to control flight crew scheduling and rest periods with the intention of reducing fatigue and thus improving airline safety. Comparison of these rules across nations may allow future harmonization of the criteria. The regulations of 10 ICAO member states were compiled to determine the factors used by each to control scheduling. Although the 10 states in this study have common aims for regulating crew duty, their regulations diverge with respect to details, using different tools in an effort to prevent the occurrence of excessive fatigue.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Feb. 2009, Vol.80, No.2, p.135-138. 23 ref.

CIS 09-46 Kagami S., Bradshaw S.E., Fukumoto M., Tsukui I.
Cataracts in airline pilots: Prevalence and aeromedical considerations in Japan
A retrospective cohort study of 3780 Japanese airline pilots revealed 105 (2.8%) cases of actual or past cataracts. In no case was visual acuity sufficiently impaired for the pilot's licence to be suspended. It is recommended that more attention be paid to potential cataracts in pilots in the future.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2009, Vol.80, No.9, p.811-814. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 09-232 Collet C., Averty P., Dittmar A.
Autonomic nervous system and subjective ratings of strain in air-traffic control
The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceived mental strain among air-traffic controllers by means of self-evaluation and five physiological indicators from the autonomic nervous system, namely: skin potential, skin conductance, skin blood flow, skin temperature and heart rate. Each physiological variable was averaged to match the times spent monitoring a given number of aircraft. After the session, participants rated their stress using the NASA-TLX rating scale. Both subjective ratings and physiological values were closely correlated to the number of aircraft being monitored, which could evolve at random between one and ten. Results provide objective information to prevent air-traffic controllers from overloaded situations.
Applied Ergonomics, Jan. 2009, Vol.40, No.1, p.23-32. Illus. 33 ref.

2008

CIS 11-0417 Atuchaan C., Mueller C.
Evaluation of radiation exposure to TSA baggage screeners
In 2002 and 2003, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received health hazard evaluation (HHE) requests from Transportation Security Administration (TSA) employees at several airports, expressing concerns about a variety of issues including exposure to X-rays from carry-on baggage and checked baggage screening machines. TSA management also submitted a separate request for NIOSH to perform an independent study to determine the levels of radiation emissions from the various TSA screening equipment, and whether routine use of dosimetry is warranted. In May 2003, 12 airports were randomly selected for study. Basic characterizations of work practices, spot measurements for radiation, and employee interviews were completed between 2003 and 2004. Monthly radiation measurements were obtained from personal dosimeters issued to TSA baggage screeners. It was observed that Explosive Detection System (EDS) machines at several airports exhibited a flaw that could be a source of unnecessary radiation exposure to baggage screeners operating these machines. However none of the participants' doses exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit. Furthermore, no doses exceeded 25% of the OSHA quarterly limit which would require employee monitoring. Recommendations include taking some defective machines offline and extending the evaluation to a larger number of airports.
Publications Dissemination, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-2001, USA, Sep. 2008. vi, 50p. Illus. 19 ref.
HETA_2003-0206-3067.pdf [en inglés]

CIS 09-1126 Radican L., Blair A., Stewart P., Wartenberg D.
Mortality of aircraft maintenance workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other hydrocarbons and chemicals: Extended follow-up
The objective of this study was to extend the follow-up of 14,455 aircraft maintenance workers from 1990 to 2000, and evaluate mortality risk from exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chemicals. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate relative risk (RR) for exposed versus unexposed workers. Among TCE-exposed workers, there was no statistically significant increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.04) or death from all cancers (RR 1.03). Some significant excesses were found for several chemical exposure subgroups and causes. However, interpretation is difficult due to the small numbers of events for specific exposures.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 2008, Vol.50, No.11, p.1306-1319. 34 ref.

CIS 09-1160 Hymel P., Yang W.
Review of malaria risk and prevention for use in corporate travel
Malaria continues to be a significant, life-threatening illness in many parts of the world. For corporate travellers from countries with low endemicity, the risk of infection is considerable. Many corporate travellers are unaware of their risk, unsure of the correct preventative measures and receive incorrect advice regarding prevention or do not comply with advice they have received. This review addresses the risk of malaria to the non-immune corporate traveller, disease transmission, and recommended means of prevention, including the protection against mosquito bites and anti-malaria chemoprophylaxis.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug 2008, Vol.50, No.8, p.951-959. Illus. 61 ref.

CIS 09-1159 Connor B.A., Patron D.J.
Use of an accelerated immunization schedule for combined hepatitis A and B protection in the corporate traveler
Increased international business travel to moderate or high endemic areas of hepatitis A and B may leave many business travellers at risk for infection if not vaccinated. Often, the decision to travel to these regions is taken less than two months before departure. Because many areas endemic for hepatitis A are also endemic for hepatitis B, accelerated administration of the combined vaccine can offer protection for international business travellers destined for these countries, and should be part of corporate travel immunization programmes.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug 2008, Vol.50, No.8, p.945-950. Illus. 44 ref.

CIS 09-1158 Bunn W.B.
Risk and burden associated with the acquisition of viral hepatitis A and B in the corporate traveler
As the number of international business travellers continues to grow, so does the list of destinations, many of which are endemic for hepatitis A and B. For employers, infected employees can result in increased health care costs and reduced productivity. Safe and efficacious vaccines are available. Well-designed immunization plans organized within the enterprise health system can prevent hepatitis A and B when employees are abroad on business. This article discusses the risks, costs and prevention of hepatitis A and B for international business travellers.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug 2008, Vol.50, No.8, p.935-944. Illus. 74 ref.

CIS 09-1157 Hudson T.W., Fortuna J.
Overview of selected infectious disease risks for the corporate traveler
International business travel to developing countries has increased considerably over the past two decades. Many of these destinations are endemic to a variety of infectious diseases, some of which are associated with considerable morbidity, mortality, or both. Non-immune travellers are at risk. Comprehensive pre-travel consultation is essential to prevent travel-related illness. This review addresses some of the infectious diseases that can be acquired during international travel, including endemic regions, assessment of risk and available means of prevention.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug 2008, Vol.50, No.8, p.924-934. Illus. 77 ref.

CIS 09-464 Powell D., Spencer M.B., Holland D., Petrie K.J.
Fatigue in two-pilot operations: Implications for flight and duty time limitations
Fatigue is an important consideration in two-pilot commercial flights as there is little opportunity for in-flight rest. This study investigated the role of duty length and time of day on fatigue. Pilots flying two-pilot operations ranging from 3-12h completed fatigue ratings prior to descent at the end of each flight over a 12-week period. A total of 3023 usable ratings were collected. It was found that time of day had a marked effect on the pattern of fatigue at the start of the duty and on the rate at which fatigue levels increased, with the highest levels in the circadian low (from 2 to 6 a.m.). Fatigue also increased with the length of duty and was 0.56 points higher at the end of a two-sector compared with a single-sector duty. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 2008, Vol.79, No.11, p.1047-1050. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 09-483 Pauley K.A., O'Hare D., Mullen N.W., Wiggins M.
Implicit perceptions of risk and anxiety and pilot involvement in hazardous events
Pilots' decision making consists of both explicit processes and implicit, or intuitive, processes. This study examined the relationship between the implicit reactions toward risk among general aviation pilots in New Zealand and Australia, and their involvement in hazardous events. The pilots responded to a questionnaire and the Implicit Association Test was used to measure their associations between weather conditions and perceived risk and anxiety. It was found that the more weather-related hazardous events the pilots had been involved in, the less they associated implicit risk with adverse weather and the less implicitly anxious they were toward adverse weather. Pilots may therefore be involved in risk-taking behaviour because they perceive less risk in, and are implicitly less afraid of, hazardous conditions.
Human Factors, Oct. 2008, Vol.50, No.5, p.723-733. 54 ref.

CIS 09-234 Pizzi C., Evans S.A., De Stavola B.L., Evans A., Clemens F., dos Santos . Silva I.
Lifestyle of UK commercial aircrews relative to air traffic controllers and the general population
A cohort of 17,990 commercial aircrews in the United Kingdom was identified through the Civil Aviation Authority records. Demographic, lifestyle, reproductive and medical characteristics of commercial aircrews were compared with those of air traffic controllers identified in a similar way as aircrews and estimates for the general population of the United Kingdom. Both aircrews and air traffic controllers differed considerably from the general population with, for instance, much lower prevalences of current smoking, obesity and hypertension but higher levels of regular physical exercise. Aircrews and air traffic controllers undergo a similar employment selection process and thus taking the latter as the reference population, in addition to the general population, will allow minimizing the "healthy worker effect" in future epidemiological studies.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 2008, Vol.79, No.10, p.964-974. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 09-202 Rosenkvist L., Klokker M., Katholm M.
Upper respiratory infections and barotraumas in commercial pilots: A retrospective survey
The 948 commercial pilots having visited the Danish Aero Medical Centre during a six-month period were given a questionnaire on symptoms of upper respiratory infections (URI) and barotrauma incidence in relation to flying with a common cold. Every pilot declared having experienced one to two URIs per year. 57.2% reported themselves unfit, while 42.8% continued with their flying duties despite their symptoms. Of the latter group, 78.0% reported taking decongestant medication. More than one-third of the pilots (37.6%) reported having experienced one or more episodes of ear barotrauma, mainly during descent, whereas 19.5% reported one or more sinus barotrauma incidents during their flying career. The findings show that not all pilots and airline companies consider URI a valid reason for unfitness to fly despite the risk for acute incapacitation.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 2008, Vol.79, No.10, p.960-963. 18 ref.

CIS 09-74 Viitasalo K., Kuosma E., Laitinen J., Härmä M.
Effects of shift rotation and the flexibility of a shift system on daytime alertness and cardiovascular risk factors
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of changes in shift rotation (direction and speed) and in the flexibility of the shift system on alertness and cardiovascular risk factors. Altogether 84 male maintenance workers of an airline in Finland working in a backward-rotating shift system volunteered for the study, among whom 40 changed to a rapidly forward-rotating shift system, 22 to a more flexible shift system and 22 remained with the old shift system. Data on health effects were collected by means of clinical examinations, blood tests and questionnaires before and after the shift changes. Analyses of variance were used to study associations of cardiovascular risk factors and daytime sleepiness according to the change in shift systems. It was found that that faster speed together with a change to the forward direction in shift rotation alleviates daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, increased flexibility has favourable effects on blood pressure. Other findings are discussed.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 2008, Vol.34, No.3, p.198-205. Illus. 34 ref.

CIS 09-200 McKernan L.T., Hein M.J., Wallingford K.M., Burge H., Herrick R.
Assessing total fungal concentrations on commercial passenger aircraft using mixed-effects modeling
The primary objective of this study was to compare airborne fungal concentrations onboard commercial passenger aircraft at various in-flight times with concentrations measured inside and outside airport terminals. Culturable and total spore samples were collected on twelve wide-body commercial passenger aircraft during various stages of the flight. Comparison samples were collected inside and outside origin and destination airport terminals. Overall, both total culturable and total spore fungal concentrations were low while the aircraft were in flight. Both culturable and total spore concentrations were significantly higher outside the airport terminal compared with inside the airport terminal and inside the aircraft. On the aircraft, most exposures occurred during the boarding and deplaning processes, when the aircraft utilized ancillary ventilation and passenger activity was at its peak.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Jan. 2008, Vol.5, No.1, p.48-58. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 08-1169 Prieto M.J., Moreno M., Nava P., Zapata L., Herranz R.
Investigación, mediante técnicas de dosimetría biológica, de posibles efectos sobre la salud por causa de las radiaciones ionizantes en profesionales de líneas aéreas
Following a presentation of the characteristics, indications and methodology of biological dosimetry, together with the effects of ionizing radiation on biological structures, this article describes a project undertaken in a university hospital in Madrid, Spain, aimed at quantifying the effects of such radiation by means of biological dosimetry. Calibration curves (number of translocations or dicentrics per cell as a function of dose) were determined. The basic frequencies of dicentrics within two population samples were first studied: a sample consisting of subjects not having been occupationally or medically exposed to ionizing radiation and a sample consisting of persons exposed to low radiation doses (personnel of the radiological department). A case-control study was next carried out among employees of an airline (cabin crews and ground staff) in order to determine the rate of translocations among persons chronically exposed to ionizing radiation. This project is still under way and the partial results are yet difficult to interpret.
Prevención, Jan.-Mar. 2008, No.183, p.18-35. Illus.

CIS 08-585 D'Este C., Attia J.R., Brown A.M., Gibson R., Gibberd R., Tavener M., Guest M., Horsley K., Harrex W., Ross J.
Cancer incidence and mortality in aircraft maintenance workers
A cancer incidence and mortality study was conducted in response to health concerns raised by workers from fuel tank seal maintenance programmes of a type of fighter aircraft used by the Australian air force. The number of deaths and cancers for individuals involved in seal maintenance activities were matched against two Air Force comparison groups. Analyses were weighted to adjust for differences in age, exposure period and rank. Subjects included 873 exposed, 7,577 comparison group one, and 9,408 comparison group two individuals. Cancer incidence was higher in the exposed group (cancer incidence rate ratio range 1.45-1.62). Other findings are discussed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 2008, Vol.51, No.2, p.16-23. 16 ref.

2007

CIS 09-186 Kojo K., Helminen M., Leuthold G., Aspholm R., Auvinen A.
Estimating cosmic radiation dose for a cabin crew with flight timetables
The aim of this study was to develop an assessment method for occupational exposure of the cabin crew of a Finnish airline to cosmic radiation based on flight timetables. The frequency of flights, aircraft types and flight profiles from timetables were collected. The cosmic radiation dose was calculated with the EPCARD software. Based on annual doses and work history, the cumulative dose was estimated. The annual dose increased linearly: 0.7 milliSievert (mSv) in 1960, 1.6mSv in 1980, 2.3mSv in 1985, and 2.1mSv in 1995. The median cumulative dose was 20.8mSv. This method provides a simple algorithm for occupational dose assessment for cabin crew and can also be used in other research settings.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2007, Vol.49, No.5, p.540-545. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 08-723 Glitsch U., Ottersbach H.J., Ellegast R., Schaub K., Franz G., Jäger M.
Physical workload of flight attendants when pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft
Musculoskeletal loads from moving trolleys aboard aircraft were assessed by observations of trolley handling on aircraft and in a laboratory set up. Trolley handling by 15 female flight attendants was observed on 10 short- and medium-distance flights. Furthermore, 25 selected flight attendants (22 women; three men) from five German airlines took part in the laboratory study, which comprised three-dimensional measurements of posture and hand forces during pushing and pulling of trolleys in a variety of configurations. From the on-flight observations performed, between 150 and 250 trolley movements can be projected for a work shift. The greatest physical workload is to be expected at the beginning of service, when the trolleys are fully laden then and the cabin floor can be inclined up to 8°, as the aircraft is still climbing. In addition, the forces depend significantly on the trolley type, mode of handling and personal dexterity. Other findings are discussed.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2007, Vol.37, p.845-854. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 08-484 François M., Liévin D., Mouzé-Amady M.
Tasks, workload and stress among airline flight staff
Activité, charge de travail et stress du personnel navigant des compagnies aériennes [en francés]
This article presents the findings of a study carried out between 2000 and 2004 on the relationships between job requirements and the physical, mental and emotional workload of airline flight staff in France. The scope focussed on short- and medium-haul flights. The method used was based on ergonomic and psychosocial approaches, and involved a literature survey, interviews, questionnaires and job observations. Findings are centred on three main areas: physical environment, workload and stress. Practical prevention proposals are presented.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 3rd Quarter 2007, No.111, p.307-333. Illus. 24 ref.
http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TC%20115/$File/TC115.pdf [en francés]

2006

CIS 08-487 Lindgren T., Andersson K., Norbäck D.
Perception of cockpit environment among pilots on commercial aircraft
Impaired cockpit environment may influence both well-being and performance of pilots. The purpose of this study was to assess the perception of cockpit environment among pilots in relation to demographic factors and type of aircraft. A standardized questionnaire was mailed to all pilots of one airline, among whom 622 responded (81%). Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied, controlling for age, gender, smoking, perceived psychosocial work environment and type of aircraft. Younger age, a history of atopy and stress due to excess work were the main predictors of symptoms and cockpit environment perceptions. The most common symptoms were fatigue, facial dermal and nasal symptoms. Other findings are discussed.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 2006, Vol.77, No.8, p.832-837. 13 ref.

CIS 08-80 Lee H., Wilbur J.E., Conrad K.M., Mokadam D.
Síntomas osteomusculares de origen profesional declarados por el personal de cabina femenino de los vuelos de larga distancia
Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms reported by female flight attendants on long-haul flights [en inglés]
El objeto de este estudio era examinar la prevalencia e intensidad de los síntomas osteomusculares de origen profesional entre el personal de cabina femenino de vuelos de larga distancia de una gran compañía de transporte aéreo. Se pasó una encuesta transversal mediante cuestionario postal y, de entre los individuos elegibles, se seleccionó una muestra al azar. Se recibieron 185 cuestionarios cumplimentados (tasa de respuesta 63%). Mediante el Cuestionario Osteomuscular Nórdico y el Cuestionario del NIOSH se determinaron los síntomas osteomusculares de origen profesional en nueve regiones del cuerpo. Según las partes del cuerpo, la prevalencia de síntomas se situó entre el 50% y el 86%. Casi todos los individuos estudiados (97%) habían sufrido síntomas osteomusculares de origen profesional, en grado más o menos marcado, a lo largo del último año. Estos síntomas afectaban generalmente más a una parte del cuerpo, predominantemente la región lumbar
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 2006, Vol.77, No.12, p.1283-1287. 15 ref.

CIS 07-1127 Iavicoli I., Carelli G., Bergamaschi A.
Evaluación de la exposición a hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en un aeropuerto italiano
Exposure evaluation to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an Italian airport [en inglés]
El objeto de este estudio era evaluar la exposición profesional a hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) en un aeropuerto italiano. En el invierno de 2005 se tomaron 12 muestras de aire, a una velocidad de captación de 120l/min durante 24 horas en tres zonas diferentes del aeropuerto. En todas las zonas examinadas, las concentraciones más elevadas correspondieron al naftaleno (130-13.050ng/m3), seguido del metil-2 naftaleno (64-28.500ng/m3), el metil-1 naftaleno (24-35.300ng/m3) y el bifenilo (24-1.610ng/m3). Sin embargo, en ciertos casos, las tasas observadas para dos HAP que tienen puntos de ebullición altos, el benzo[i+j+k] fluoroeteno y el benzo[a]pireno (respectivamente de 54,2ng/m3 y 8,6ng/m3) son preocupantes
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 2006, Vol.48, No.8, p.815-822. 32 ref.

CIS 07-1213 Rayman R.B.
Desinsectación de aeronaves
Aircraft disinsection [en inglés]
El propósito de la desinsectación de aeronaves es proteger la salud pública, el medio ambiente, la agricultura y los establos frente a los insectos vectores. La organización Mundial de la Salud ha publicado directivas generales para los procedimientos de desinsectación en el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (RSI). Una solución al 2% de piretro (producto natural extraído de los crisantemos) o de diversos piretroides sintéticos, figuran entre los productos recomendados por razón de su gran eficacia insecticida junto con una débil toxicidad para el ser humano. Aunque existe polémica sobre la utilización de insecticidas para la desinsectación de aeronaves, deben respetarse las políticas nacionales que exigen esta medida. Este artículo trata de generalidades relativas a la desinsectación de las aeronaves y los procedimientos a adoptar, así como de los tipos de agentes y su toxicidad
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, July 2006, Vol.77, No.7, p.733-736. 16 ref.

CIS 07-709 Lipscomb H.J., Glazner J.E., Bondy J., Guarini K., Lezotte D.
Lesiones derivadas de resbalones y tropezones en el sector de la construcción
Injuries from slips and trips in construction [en inglés]
Se han estudiado las lesiones por accidentes derivados de resbalones y tropezones que se produjeron durante las obras de construcción del aeropuerto internacional de Denver, que constituye la obra de construcción mayor del mundo. Los resbalones y tropezones se producen con una frecuencia de 5/200.000 horas hombre, y representan el 18% del conjunto de lesiones y el 25% de los costes de indemnización pagados a los trabajadores, con más de 10 millones de USD. Los resbalones eran el origen de la inmensa mayoría (85%) de caídas a nivel y del 30% de las caídas de altura, así como de un número significativo de lesiones osteomusculares provocadas por resbalones y tropezones sin la existencia de caída. Al contrario de otro tipo de lesiones, los factores que contribuyeron más estaban relacionados con el medio ambiente, como el estado de las superficies para caminar o de trabajo, la topología del lugar y la meteorología. Para reducir los resbalones y los tropiezos se han de investigar primordialmente las posibles soluciones ambientales y organizativas, que deberían adaptarse en función de los cambios que se produzcan en la obra y la evolución de la misma.
Applied Ergonomics, May 2006, Vol.37, No.3, p.267-274. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 07-440 Norbäck D., Lindgren T., Wieslander G.
Modificaciones de signos y síntomas nasales y oculares entre la tripulación en función de la humedad del aire en vuelos intercontinentales
Changes in ocular and nasal signs and symptoms among air crew in relation to air humidification on intercontinental flights [en inglés]
Este estudio evalúa la influencia de la humedad del aire en los aviones sobre los síntomas declarados por la tripulación. Participaron 71 miembros de tripulación que fueron examinados en el transcurso de ocho vuelos de ida entre Estocolmo y Chicago y viceversa. Los aviones estaban equipados con humidificadores de evaporación situados en la parte delantera de la cabina. Cuatro de los aviones mantuvieron activado el sistema de humidificación de aire durante los vuelos de ida y desactivado durante los vuelos de regreso, mientras los otros cuatro vuelos utilizaron la secuencia inversa. La humidificación aumentó la humedad relativa del aire en un 10% (primera fila), 3% (última fila) y 3% (cabina del piloto). La humidificación del aire aumentó la estabilidad lagrimal y la permeabilidad nasal y disminuyó los síntomas oculares, nasales y cutáneos, así como las cefaleas. La concentración media de bacterias viables fue baja, tanto en condiciones de activación o desactivación del sistema de humidificación. La humidificación del aire podría mejorar el confort de los pasajeros y de la tripulación, disminuyendo también la incidencia de diversos síntomas.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Apr. 2006, Vol.32, No.2, p.138-144. 29 ref.

CIS 07-471 Eriksen C.A., Åkerstedt T., Nilsson J.P.
Fatiga en los vuelos transatlánticos: Diarios y actigrafía de tripulaciones con dos vs. tres pilotos
Fatigue in trans-Atlantic airline operations: Diaries and actigraphy for two- vs. three-pilot crews [en inglés]
Este estudio compara los vuelos transatlánticos con tripulaciones integradas por dos y tres pilotos, a efectos de evaluar la fatiga, la somnolencia y el sueño, dada la fuerte presión económica para que las compañías aéreas adopten el esquema de tripulación de dos pilotos. Participaron 20 pilotos. Se recogieron los datos antes, durante y después de los vuelos de ida y de retorno a través de un diario y se realizó una actigrafía de la muñeca. Los vuelos tuvieron una duración aproximada de 8 horas e incluyeron seis zonas horarias. En el esquema de tripulación de dos pilotos se observó un deterioro de los parámetros evaluados (somnolencia, sueño, ejecución subjetiva, estado de ánimo y calidad del sueño). Se sugiere aumentar el tiempo de sueño en este esquema de tripulación para mejorar la capacidad de vigilancia.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 2006, Vol.77, No.6, p.605-612. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 07-324 Lauria L., Ballard T.J., Caldora M., Mazzanti C., Verdecchia A.
Trastornos reproductivos y resultados de la gestación entre las azafatas de vuelo
Reproductive disorders and pregnancy outcomes among female flight attendants [en inglés]
Este estudio de diseño transversal examina la salud reproductiva entre las azafatas de vuelo en una cohorte de mujeres que seguían en activo o que habían cesado su actividad. A este efecto, se envió un cuestionario a 3.026 mujeres, que abordaba diversos aspectos como los resultados de la gestación, las características de la menstruación y la esterilidad. El índice de respuestas fue del 64% (74% para las que seguían en activo y 48% para las que habían cesado su actividad). La tasa de abortos espontáneos fue similar en ambos grupos (12,6 y 11,4% respectivamente). Por lo que respecta a los abortos inducidos, se observó una tasa más baja entre las que continuaban en activo (7,9% vs. 21,1%). Entre las mujeres con menos de 40 años, el grupo que ya no seguía en activo presentaba irregularidades menstruales más frecuentes (20,6% y 10,4% respectivamente). Un 20,6% comunicó problemas de esterilidad, observándose una relación entre esterilidad e irregularidades de la menstruación (cociente de posibilidades 1,6).
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, May 2006, Vol.77, No.5, p.533-539. Illus. 35 ref.

CIS 07-495 Martinussen M., Richardsen A.M.
Síntomas de agotamiento emocional entre los controladores aéreos: Respuestas a una encuesta sobre exigencias del puesto, recursos laborales y salud
Air traffic controller burnout: Survey responses regarding job demands, job resources, and health [en inglés]
En el sector de la aviación se están llevando a cabo numerosos cambios que influyen sobre el trabajo de los controladores aéreos. Se ha considerado importante evaluar las exigencias del trabajo, las reacciones de estrés y el desgaste profesional (¿burnout¿) de los controladores aéreos en comparación con otro tipo de profesionales, motivos que han propiciado la realización de este estudio. Se examina por tanto la relación entre las exigencias del trabajo y los recursos de que pueden disponer, para determinar si el desgaste profesional podría predecir los resultados asociados con el trabajo y la salud. Participaron 209 controladores aéreos noruegos. Se utilizó un cuestionario para la recogida de los datos. El nivel de desgaste profesional entre los controladores aéreos fue inferior al observado entre los periodistas y policías, aunque similar al de los obreros de la construcción. Esto podría estar relacionado con los procedimientos de selección característicos de los controladores aéreos. Se observó una importante relación entre el nivel de agotamiento profesional y las variables o criterios de valoración del estudio, tales como los síntomas psicosomáticos y las actitudes frente al trabajo.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Apr. 2006, Vol.77, No.4, p.422-428. 33 ref.

CIS 07-171 Radican L., Wartenberg D., Rhoads G.G., Schneider D., Wedeen R., Stewart P., Blair A.
Estudio retrospectivo de cohorte profesional con patología renal en fase terminal, entre los trabajadores de la industria aeronáutica expuestos a ticloroetileno y otros hidrocarburos.
A retrospective occupational cohort study of end-stage renal disease in aircraft workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other hydrocarbons [en inglés]
Diversos estudios caso-control parecen indicar que los hidrocarburos incrementan el riesgo de patología renal en fase terminal (PRFT). Nunca se ha realizado un estudio de cohorte. En el presente estudio se compara n los datos de una base de datos profesional con los datos americanos relativos al riñón (U.S. Sistema de Datos Renales), y se han analizado los resultados de los PRFT mediante regresión multivariable de Cox. Se examinaron dieciséis hidrocarburos. Para el periodo 1973-2000, se observó un riesgo medio dos veces superior de PRFT entre los trabajadores expuestos al tricloroetileno, al tricloro-1,1,1 etano, y a la gasolina JP4 respecto de los individuos no expuestos. En el caso de muchos otros hidrocarburos, los riesgos relativos eran superiores a la unidad. Cuando en el análisis se incluyeron los datos correspondientes a los años 2001 y 2002, las asociaciones eran menos pronunciadas. Aunque determinadas observaciones sean contradictorias, se concluye que ciertos hidrocarburos podrían incrementar el riesgo de PRFT y que deberían realizarse estudios ulteriores.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 2006, Vol.48, No.1, p.1-12. 32 ref.

CIS 06-1411 Leggat P.A., Smith D.R.
Dermatitis y personal de vuelo.
Dermatitis and aircrew [en inglés]
El personal de cabina de las compañías aéreas esta expuesto a infinidad de sustancias químicas potencialmente irritantes, así como a otros factores agravantes, como la escasa humedad relativa. Entre los irritantes cutáneos mas frecuentes hay que mencionar los fluidos dieléctricos, los materiales pre-impregnados, las juntas de estanqueidad y el carburante, consistente en una mezcla compleja de compuestos químicos alifáticos y aromáticos. La baja humedad relativa parece agravar las dermitis entre el personal de vuelo, especialmente en los que efectúan vuelos de larga distancia. Durante las inspecciones de rutina del avión, antes y después del vuelo, los pilotos también pueden estar expuestos a otros irritantes cutáneos fuera de ambiente de la cabina, especialmente al etilenglicol, fluidos hidráulicos y carburantes. Si tenemos en cuenta todos estos factores, las medidas de prevención deben considerar el riesgo potencial de contacto con sustancias irritantes o alergenos susceptibles de provocar dermitis entre el personal de las compañías aéreas.
Contact Dermatitis, Jan. 2006, Vol.54, No.1, p.1-4. 40 ref.

2005

CIS 12-0247 Pan J., Barbeau E.M., Levenstein C., Balbach E.D.
Smoke-free airlines and the role of organized labor: A case study
Labour unions play an important role in debates about smoke-free worksites. This study investigated the role of flight attendants and their unions in creating smoke-free air travel. Case study methodology was used to search tobacco industry documents and labour union periodicals and to interview key informants (people identified as having first-hand information and experience in the campaign to make airlines smoke free). Tobacco industry strategies against the establishment of smoke-free worksites failed in the case of airlines, largely because of the efforts of flight attendants and their unions. Other factors contributed to the failure but likely would have been insufficient to derail industry efforts without strong stands by the flight attendants. This case illustrates the potential for successful partnerships between unions and tobacco control policy advocates when developing smoke-free worksite policies.
American Journal of Public Health, Mar. 2005, Vol.95, No.3, p.398-403. 40 ref.
Smoke-free_airlines_[INTERNET_FREE_ACCESS] [en inglés]

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