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• Trenching and excavating

1976

CIS 77-539 Special machinery and mechanisms for pipelaying - Safety provisions
Mašiny i mehanizmy special'nye dlja truboprovodnogo stroitel'stva - Trebovanija bezopasnosti [en ruso]
This standard concerns the safety and ergonomic design of mechanical equipment used for pipelaying (lorries for transport of pipes and asphalt, cleaning and asphalting machines, welding equipment, asphalt melting kettles, pipe bending machines, etc.). Contents: general safety provisions (lightening the work, safety colours, etc.); stipulations concerning the safety of mechanical elements, design and layout of controls, layout of the workplace, brakes, protective devices, means of access, lighting; stipulations concerning the various types of vehicles and machinery; supervision of compliance.
GOST 12.2.004-75, State Standards Committee (Gosudarstvennyj komitet standartov), Moskva, 24 Apr. 1975. Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per. 3, Moskva D-22, USSR, 1976. 10p. Price: Rbl.0.04.

CIS 77-532 Kurtz K.
New authorised trenchshoring methods
Neu zugelassene Graben-Verbauverfahren [en alemán]
Presentation of 4 trenchshoring systems adopted in Germany (Fed.Rep.) by the Mutual Accident Insurance Association for the Construction Industry (Excavation) (Tiefbau-Berufsgenossenschaft). They are based on the use of panels made of steel plate and steel sections. The panels ae reinforced with bracing uprights in the centre or at the edges. Design and dimensions of panels; description of fitting and removal of panels, using a power shovel. Drawings and photographs of operations. The systems described are intended for trenches with a maximum depth of 6m and maximum width of 3m.
Tiefbau-Berufsgenossenschaft, May 1976, Vol.88, No.5, p.278-294. Illus.

1975

CIS 76-2018 Duffner H.
Width of working area in trenching and excavating for pipe laying
Arbeitsraumbreiten in Baugruben und Rohrleitungsgräben [en alemán]
Review of the relevant safety regulations and DIN standards in force in Germany (Fed.Rep.). The width of the working area depends on the sloping angle of the trench wall, the type of foundation of the building and the shoring. Generally speaking, the minimum width should be 0.5m. Special cases - especially trenches for pipe laying - are illustrated diagrammatically.
Sicherheitsingenieur, Dec. 1975, Vol.6, No.12, p.574-578. Illus.

CIS 76-1432 Maeck.
Trenching and excavating in the building industry
Erdarbeiten im Hochbau [en alemán]
Fatal accidents are more frequent on small building sites, where the excavation depth does not exceed 2-3m, than on large public work sites, where considerable earthmoving operations have to be carried out. The reasons for this anomalous situation are given and preventive measures are suggested. A large part of this study is devoted to certain rules to be observed when trenching and excavating: angle of trench slope in relation to the nature of the soil and trench depth; marking off of distinct working areas and "no entry" safety strips along the edge of excavations; quality specifications and minimum dimensions of foundation shoring (timber or steel); safety measures; use of horizontal or vertical wooden planks for trench shoring; foundation shoring. Th author also considers earthmoving projects where loaders, levellers, scrapers or bulldozers are used, proposing a number of safety rules for the operation and movement of this type of equipment: hazardous areas and situations, rules for driving in bad visibility conditions and in other special conditions, reversing, maintenance and inspection.
Mitteilungen der Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft Hamburg, Oct. 1975, No.4, p.88-97. Illus.

CIS 76-1128 Call a spade a power-operated spade
Une pelle pas comme les autres. [en francés]
Illustrated description of a pneumatic shovel developed by a French firm, marketed under the name "pell'up". It consists of the shovel itself, a light-alloy bracket attached to the back by a rapid fixture system, and a pneumatic motor connected to a compressor. The main effort is exerted by the motor, the navvy having only to actuate the controls at the end of the handle and guide the movement of the shovel. Performance: 1.5m³/h for trench-digging, and more than 2.5m³/h for filling lorries. The standard pell'up is available in 2 variations: a percussion and a compressor model; in the latter case, the bracket is not carried by the labourer, but forms an integral part of the compressor.
Travail et sécurité, Nov. 1975, No.11, p.548-549. Illus.

CIS 76-840
Unfallverhütungsvorschrift, Federation of Industrial Mutual Accident Insurance Associations (Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften), Bonn, Feb. 1975.
Trenching and pipelaying
Leitungsgrabenarbeiten und Leitungsbauarbeiten [en alemán]
The provisions of these safety regulations deal with: excavation, minimum size of workplace, shoring with vertical and horizontal boards, walkways and ladders, filling in, storage and handling of pipework, insulation and anti-corrosive treatment, pressure tests. Appendices: administrative regulations and commentaries of Feb. 1975, followed by the full text of standard DIN 4124 - Excavations and trenches (sloping sides, shoring, calculation of shoring).
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Gereonstrasse 18-32, 5 Köln 1, Germany (Fed.Rep.). 11 + 16p.

CIS 76-839
Unfallverhütungsvorschrift, Federation of Industrial Mutual Accident Insurance Associations (Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften), Bonn, Feb. 1975.
Earth-moving work
Erd- und Felsarbeiten [en alemán]
These safety regulations contain provisions on the following points: excavation, vertical and horizontal board shoring, manual and mechanical loading, barring down and protection against falls of ground, protection against falls, filling in. Appendices: administrative regulations and commentaries, followed by the full text of standard DIN 4124 - excavations and trenches (sloping of trench sides, shoring, calculation of shoring).
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Gereonstrasse 18-32, 5 Köln 1, Germany (Fed.Rep.). 11 + 16p.

CIS 76-527 Hofmann R., Hülsse H., Schramm W.
Earth moving and excavations
Erd- und Tiefbauarbeiten [en alemán]
The contents of this booklet, which takes full account of the replacement of physically heavy work by complex machinery, include: preparation of construction project, preliminary work on the site (demolition, pile and sheet driving, water drainage), the earthmoving and excavation work itself (manual and mechanised, shoring of trenches and excavations, prevention of hazards due to buried electrical cables), transport (signalling and work on dumps), site workshops, transportable diesel oil reservoirs. List of relevant legislation (Germany, Fed.Rep.) and text of the directive of 9 May 1962 on prevention of accidents on construction sites due to explosive devices on the site.
Verlag Tribüne, Am Treptower Park 28-30, x 1139 , 1975. 70p. Illus. 6 ref. Price: M.2.70.

CIS 76-521 Baudu M.
Supporting techniques for tunnelling in loose soil
Procédés de soutènement de galeries creusées en terrain meuble. [en francés]
Description of 3 advanced techniques recently put into practice, permitting the soil to be supported before excavation begins: use of metal tubes located around the arch of the future tunnel; shotcrete arches filling semicircular cuts effected previously; shields advanced by compressed air jacks (a modern version of the classic lagging method).
Cahiers des Comités de prévention du bâtiment et des travaux publics, Mar.-Apr. 1975, No.2, p.55-59. Illus.

CIS 75-2028 Mäkinen H.
Trenches and occupational safety
Maakaivannot ja työturvallisuus [en finlandés]
The Finnish safety rules for trenches and their walls are given, followed by the rules of Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany. Fatal accidents in trenches in Finland are analysed; these accidents are more serious, on the average, than construction work accidents. In most cases, the cause of the trench accidents was improper wall construction. Additional safety rules are required.
Tutkimusraportti 11, National Board of Labour Protection, (Työsuojeluhallitus) Tampere, Finland, 1975. 66p. Illus. 35 ref.

CIS 75-1720 Gribauval G.
Health and safety aspects of mine dump recovery
L'hygiène et la sécurité dans l'exploitation des terrils. [en francés]
General remarks concerning mine dumps, materials from which are being used increasingly for embankments in road making, and considerations on various techniques used for this purpose (flat or conical dumps; materials found in dumps; modern earthmoving equipment used), followed by analysis of the principal hazards and their prevention; collapse or landslide; manoeuvering, risk of overturning; health hazards (dust, heat, gases, noise).
Prévention et sécurité du travail, 1st quarter 1975, No.103, p.17-22. Illus.

1974

CIS 75-1737 Götting H.
The new safety regulations "Work on Gas Mains" from the construction engineer's point of view
Die neue Unfallverhütungsvorschrift "Arbeiten an Gasleitungen" aus der Sicht des Bauingenieurs [en alemán]
A review of the problems to be solved and methods to be followed in unearthing old mains and replacing them by new ones: mechanical trench digging, shoring, closing of site to traffic, alertness to possible presence of old mains systems no longer in use, precautions against sparking, use of mains-laying equipment incorporating safety features.
Die Berufsgenossenschaft, Sep. 1974, No.9, p.374-379.

CIS 75-1736 Baudu M.
Trench shoring by means of prefabricated metal panels
Blindage des tranchées par caissons métalliques préfabriqués. [en francés]
Description of the elements used, which consist of 2 sectional steel panels, welded along their entire length, with a bevelled base to aid penetration into the soil. The panels are joined to one another by 2 screw jacks. Springs provide stability and render use of the panels extremely flexible. The different stages of installation are described. Advantages of this technique, which is suitable for any type of worksite: the panels are fitted into place without workers having to enter the trench; a team of 5 men can lay 30 or 40m of pipework a day in a trench 2.50-3m deep.
Cahiers des Comités de prévention du bâtiment et des travaux publics, Nov.-Dec. 1974, No.6, p.232-235. Illus.

CIS 75-233 Losansky G.
Trenching and excavating - Standard DIN 4124
Baugruben und Gräben - DIN 4124 [en alemán]
Referring to standard DIN 4124 "Trenching and excavating" of Jan. 1972 and to the West German safety regulations which apply, this article sets out the principal safety measures to be observed in this type of work. It indicates the information which should be obtained concerning soil stability and preparatory work before commencing the actual trenching operations. A discussion of the varius methods of ground consolidation follows (sloping of trench sides, vertical or horizonatal shoring, sheet piling, bored piling, shell-cast foundation, etc.).
Hochbau, Mar.-Apr. 1974, Vol.62, No.2, p.48-57. Illus.

CIS 74-1743
Data Sheet 254, Revision A (extensive), National Safety Council, Chicago.
Trench excavation.
Describes the hazards associated with the excavation of trenches and gives the relevant precautions. Particular attention is paid to proper shoring in relation to nature of soil, weather conditions, trench dimensions and type of excavating equipment. The use of movable steel shields is also discussed.
National Safety News, Feb. 1974, Vol.109, No.2, p.69-73. Illus. 4 ref.

1973

CIS 74-2038 Krüger D.
Ground consolidation in deep trenching
Sicherung tiefer Baugruben [en alemán]
Profusely illustrated review of ground consolidation methods by sloping of trench walls and shoring, emphasising the importance of lowering the ground water surface by pumping, and indicating the specific safe working methods to be used in deep trenching and excavating. Referring to accidents which actually occurred, the article enumerates the many hazards in deep excavations. The precautions to be taken at all stages of the work (design, planning, execution) are summarised.
Tiefbau-Berufsgenossenschaft, Nov. 1973, Vol.85, No.11, p.560-574. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 74-544 Baudu M., Duverger J.
Support by buckled plate arches
Soutènement par cintres en tôles embouties. [en francés]
Description of a supporting system consisting of arches made of steel plates (liner plates). Description of basic materials (lightweight units assembled by bolts, rapid assembly without skilled labour) and supplementary reinforcements (arches incorporated into sheeting or used independently). By using sheet pile shields, the applicability can be extended from working in loose rocky ground to working in cohesionless soil. An example is given of the application of this method in driving 5 tunnels with a combined length of 3000 m through sand hills; provisional plate sheeting was erected using a shield driven by a hydraulic jack. This support system, though particularly suitable in heading work through soil of poor cohesion (sand, fills), may also be used for vertical or inclined shafts.
Cahiers des Comités de prévention du bâtiment et des travaux publics, Mar.-Apr. 1973, Vol.28, No.2, p.46-51. Illus.

CIS 74-221 Excavation and trench work
Putten en sleuven [en holandés]
Description of measures to be taken to prevent the collapse of trench and excavation walls (angle of slope must be adapted to nature of soil, humidity, stresses in vicinity of trench, vibration present, etc.); shoring of trenchwork (with practical examples); relevant statutory provisions.
P no 25, Labour Inspectorate, Directorate General of Labour (Arbeidsinspectie, Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 69, Voorburg, Netherlands, 5th edition, 1973. 12p. Illus.

CIS 74-219 Kaphun K.
Safety in laying sewer pipes
Sicherheitstechnik beim Abwasserleitungsbau [en alemán]
General remarks concerning safety rules to be observed in shoring trenches, followed by sections devoted to: stacking of pipe sections, hoisting gear and slings, mechanical handling and laying by hand on the work site, working space, joining pipe sections and gaskets. Refers to the relevant German statutory provisions.
Tiefbau-Berufsgenossenschaft, July 1973, Vol.85, No.7, p.364-375. Illus. 20 ref.

1972

CIS 73-467 Ragu M.
Comparative study of rapid trench-shoring techniques
Etude comparative des procédés de blindage rapide des fouilles en tranchées [en francés]
The new rapid trench-shoring techniques do not eliminate all hazards. Nevertheless, correct choice of techniques makes it possible to reduce these hazards to a large degree provided certain basic rules are observed. A table compares the various techniques, indicating their uses and their advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of safety.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 4th quarter 1972, No.69, Note n°806-69-72, p.353-359. Illus.

CIS 73-437 Wilke
Earth bolts
Erdanker [en alemán]
A detailed review of cast-in-situ bolts designed to prevent the sidewalls of excavations moving under ground pressure. A review is given of the types of earth bolts, and detailed information is provided on fundamental data for calculations and the applicable standard requirements. Drilling of the bore hole, mortar injection, earth-bolt pre-stressing, and field of application are considered. Finally, the author deals with occupational safety in earth-bolt installation and in the construction of earth-retaining walls.
Tiefbau-Berufsgenossenschaft, Sep. 1972, Vol.84, No.9, p.412-418. Illus. 8 ref.

1968

CIS 04-15 Decreto de 1968 relativo a la seguridad en el trabajo (trabajos de movimiento de tierras, pozos y galerías en minas. [Nueva Guinea-Papúa]
Industrial Safety (Excavation Works, Shafts and Tunnels) Order 1968 [Papua New Guinea] [en inglés]
Reglamento relativo a la seguridad durante los trabajos de movimiento de tierras y construcción de pozos, túneles y galerías en minas, conforme a lo establecido en la ley de 1961 sobre seguridad, salud y bienestar en el trabajo (ver CIS 92-4). Principales temas tratados: ventilación; equipos de extracción y señalización durante las operaciones de perforación de los pozos; escaleras y plataformas rodantes; medidas de seguridad y protección especiales; utilización de motores de combustión interna en espacios subterráneos; zanjas.
Internet copy, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, School of Law, PMB 072, University of the South Pacific, Port Vila, Vanuatu, 1968. 26p.
http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/iswsato1968608/ [en inglés]

1963

CIS 92-1064 Ordinance on the prevention of accidents in trenching, shaft sinking and similar work (of 13 Sept. 1963) [Switzerland]
Verordnung über die Unfallverhütung beim Graben- und Schachtbau sowie bei ähnlichen Arbeiten [en alemán]
Ordinanza concernente la prevenzione degli infortuni nell'esecuzione di scavi, pozzi e lavori del genere [en italiano]
Ordonnance concernant la prévention des accidents dans les travaux de fouilles et de puits ainsi que dans les travaux similaires (du 13 sept. 1963) [Suisse] [en francés]
Contents of this Ordinance (effective 1 Sep. 1963): general safety measures in trenching and excavation work; particular measures concerning trenching and shoring. In annex: illustrations of safe trenching and shoring techniques.
SUVA, Sektion Administration, Postfach 4358, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, 1990. 15p. Illus.

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