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• Lead and compounds

1983

CIS 84-1335 Kirkby H., Nielsen C.J., Nielsen V.K., Gyntelberg F.
Subjective symptoms after long-term lead exposure in secondary lead smelting workers
92 men and 4 women replied to a questionnaire and were compared with matched non-exposed controls. Blood lead concentrations were 60µg/100ml in approx. 30% of the lead workers (the mean for the control group was 11µg/100ml), and zinc protoporphyrin levels were: 500µmol/mol Hb in nearly 18% of the lead workers (control mean: 68µmol/mol Hb). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of fatigue, headache, sleep disturbances and digestive disturbances; nervousness was 4 times more prevalent among controls. Subjective symptoms are useless as indicators of incipient lead poisoning.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1983, Vol.40, No.3, p.314-317. 11 ref.

CIS 84-1331 Williams M.K., Walford J., King E.
Blood lead and the symptoms of lead absorption
A medical health index questionnaire was administered and blood lead (PbB) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP) were measured in 536 men employed for at least 6 months manufacturing lead acid batteries. For a variety of symptom categories the percentages of men whose symptom scores were above the median of the 3 PbB groups, 10, 40 and ≥60µg/100ml, respectively, were calculated. Men with a PbB level of 60µg/100ml and over showed consistently higher percentages. Differences between those with a PbB 10-59µg and ≥60µg/100ml were statistically significant both for potentially lead-induced symptoms as well as for skin and psychological symptoms that are not found in classic lead poisoning. Results with EPP groups were similar but not statistically significant. Heavy smokers had the highest mean score in every symptom category.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1983, Vol.40, No.3, p.285-292. 15 ref.

CIS 84-1095 Que Hee S.S., Lawrence P., Shane S.
Inhalation exposure of lead in brass foundry workers: the evaluation of the effectiveness of powered air-purifying respirator and engineering controls
Determination of the protection factor provided by a Racal "Airstream AH3 High Efficiency Air-purifying System" (NIOSH/MSHA approved TC-21C-212) to brass foundry workers exposed to Pb, Cu and Zn fumes. Effective protection factors, based on measurement of lead concentrations outside and inside the respirator, ranged from 1.05 to 67. Ergonomic factors and engineering controls are also discussed.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Oct. 1983, Vol.44, No.10, p.746-751. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 84-1070 Lauwerys R., Roels H., Buchet J.P., Bernard A.A., Verhoeven L., Konings J.
The influence of orally-administered vitamin C or zinc on the absorption of and the biological response to lead
At a lead smelter, 39 workers were given 1g vitamin C daily, 11 were given 60mg zinc daily, and matched controls received a placebo. When exposure to inorganic lead is moderate and there are no nutritional deficiencies, oral supplementation with vitamin C or zinc does not affect the metabolism of or biological response to lead.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Sep. 1983, Vol.25, No.9, p.668-678. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 84-1027 Hayashi M.
Lead toxicity in the pregnant rat. II. Effects of low-level lead on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in maternal and fetal blood or tissue
5ppm lead was administered orally from day 1 to day 18 or 20 of gestation. The red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration were significantly lower in the foetuses of treated rats, but not in the dams themselves. ALAD activity in erythrocytes was significantly reduced in both dams and foetuses, whereas liver ALAD activity was significantly higher in the lead-treated foetuses. Placental ALAD activity showed no difference, while lead levels in the liver of lead-treated foetuses was significantly higher than in controls. There were significant positive correlations between maternal and foetal blood lead and liver lead levels and erythrocyte ALAD activity, and a significant negative correlation between maternal and foetal liver ALAD activity.
Industrial Health, 1983, Vol.21, No.3, p.127-135. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 84-818 González-Fernández E., González Moreno P.
Screening analysis for lead in whole blood and urine by Delves cup method using quality control samples. Comparison with the dithizone method
A method involving the use of quality control samples of blood and urine in Delves' microsampling technique is described. 36 urine samples from patients with and without chelation therapy (values of 0.08-12.66µmol/l lead) were analysed by this method and colorimetry by extraction into dithizone. There was good agreement between the methods, with no interference by EDTA-Ca. The sensitivity of the method is 0.14µmol/l per 1% absorption, lowest limit of detection 0.2µmol/l. Intra- and interlaboratory collaborative testing gave good agreement. An oxidation procedure employing nitric acid instead of hydrogen peroxide is discussed.
Industrial Health, 1983, Vol.21, No.2, p.91-105. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 84-860 Apostoli P., Dal Farra M., Marenelli G.
Risk of exposure to lead and other metals in scrap-processing electric steelworks
Rischio da piombo ed altri materiali nelle acciaierie elettriche di seconda fusione [en italiano]
Metal fumes and respirable metal dust concentrations were measured in the air of 2 steelworks. Except for lead dust, none of the metal dusts measured (iron, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, nickel) had concentrations as high as the TLV. On the furnace floor and casting-line level, the lead dust levels were 4 to 38% of the TLV, while in the cabins of overhead travelling cranes, they reached 0.291mg/m³ (windows left open). Lead and zinc protoporphyrin were also determined in the blood of crane operators, while symptoms of lead poisoning were observed in 4 of them.
Lavoro umano, Jan.-Feb. 1983, Vol.31, No.1, p.20-25. 9 ref.

CIS 84-504 Neri L.C., Hewitt D., Johansen H.
Health effects of low level occupational exposure to lead: The Trail, British Columbia Study
245 lead smelters and their wives and 144 controls were studied. Average blood lead (PbH) values were 41.3 and 33.2µg/dl in directly and indirectly exposed workers, respectively, and 15.5µg/dl in controls. Male smokers had significantly higher PbB levels than non-smokers. There were significant correlations between PbB and insomnia, weakness in arms or legs, heartburn/indigestion, shakes, and pain in bones/joints. After a 4-month interruption of plant activity, PbB levels were measured before, and 1, 2 and 4 months after smelting operations resumed. Blood levels stabilised after 1 month's operation.
Archives of Environmental Health, May-June 1983, Vol.38, No3, p.180-189. Illus. 56 ref.

CIS 84-467 Piechotta W., Witting U., Miebs T., Witting C., Krieg V., Kollmeier H., Seemann J., Wittig P.
Carcinogenic, mutagenic and immunological effects of heavy metals
Cancerogene, mutagene und immunsystem-bezogene Wirkungen von Schwermetallen [en alemán]
The 1st of these 3 reports summarises present knowledge of the harmful effects of lead, cadmium and mercury and reviews the relevant literature: animal experiments, epidemiological studies, in-vitro studies, occupational exposure, defenses against infection, humoral and cellular immunity. Results are summarised in tables. The 2nd report analyses the literature on malignant tumours of occupational origin. Results are tabulated according to the organs and tissues affected: blood and lymphatic tissue, respiratory tract, mesothelioma, digestive system, liver and pancreas, urogenital system, brain, skeleton, skin; occupations and harmful substances are also identified. The 3rd report is a review of various methods of sampling and sample preparation in order to complex and extract heavy metals for flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metals concerned are: cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc in human pulmonary, hepatic, splenic and renal tissue. Preferred methods are presented.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung, Postfach 170202, 4600 Dortmund 17, Federal Republic of Germany, 1983. Vol.1: 264p. 300 ref. Price: DM.34.00. Vol.2: 347p. 535 ref. Price: DM.42.00. Vol.3: 93p. 172 ref. Price: DM.20.35.

CIS 84-133 Saltzman B.E., Yeager D.W., Meiners B.G.
Reproducibility and quality control in the analysis of biological samples for lead and mercury
A simple statistical calculation was applied to 8 years of data on routine control sample and duplicate analyses (lead in blood and mercury in urine) from a laboratory quality control programme. This provided standard deviations truly representative of the laboratory and accurate information on how they varied with concentrations. The detection limits of the analytical methods, upper warning limits and upper control limits for differences between duplicate analysis could then be calculated and used conveniently for quality control.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1983, Vol.44, No.4, p.263-267. 14 ref.

CIS 84-180 Raj Behari J., Singh S., Tandon S.K., Wahal A.K.
Lead poisoning among Indian silver jewellery makers
9 cases, all male, are reported. The work involved purification of impure silver by heating with lead without adequate exhaust ventilation. The working atmosphere was filled with smoke laden with lead and lead oxides. Lead concentrations of 6.33-19.85mg/m³ were measured in the workers' breathing zone. Clinical symptoms included acute and chronic abdominal pain, constipation, anaemia, loss of appetite, motor deficit, headache, and blue gum lining. Most showed significant increases in blood lead-zinc protoporphyrin; a decrease in blood haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and δ-ALAD activity; basophilic stippling of erythrocytes; and increased urinary excretion of lead and δ-ALA. Wasting and weakness of the forearm muscles occurred as a result of peripheral neuropathy. There was marked deposition of lead salts at the metaphyses of the knees, wrists and hands. Opacification of sesamoid bones was present in all cases.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1983, Vol.27, No.1, p.107-109. Illus.

CIS 84-146 Chassery-Riffiod D.
Lead poisoning and objets d'art
Saturnisme et objets d'art [en francés]
This M.D. thesis summarises literature on the risks of lead poisoning to producers of objets d'art and to users (e.g. those who cook in lead-glazed vessels). Contents: history of lead poisoning; review of uses of lead in fine and applied arts (pewter, bronze, glass and stained glass); epidemiological studies of severe lead poisoning; clinical and biological aspects; treatment and prevention.
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculté de médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France, 1983. 49. 43 ref.

CIS 83-1970 Lead and health in industry
Plomb et santé dans l'industrie [en francés]
Update of a 1977 publication. Topics covered: absorption of lead via the digestive and respiratory tracts; action on the body; monitoring of workers (determination of δ-aminolevulinic acid, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, haemoglobin, etc.); French and European regulations; dust control and monitoring of workplace air; safet practice in maintenance; personal protection against inhalation or ingestion of lead; dust collectors.
Centre d'information du plomb, 79 avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France, 1983. 36p. Illus.

CIS 83-1920 Alves M.A.B., Terra N.N.
Determination of lead in the blood of gasoline distribution workers in Santa Maria (RS, Brazil), using atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Determinação do chumbo no sangue por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, em indivíduos que operam na distribuição de gasolina, em Santa Maria - RS [en portugués]
Measurement of lead in the blood of 93 men, 15-53 years old, working in 28 gasoline stations in a Brazilian city. The average lead concentration was 35.28µg/100ml. The results were classified by level of toxicity: 0-20µg/100ml (no effect) - 18.28%; 20-60µg/100ml (pre-toxic) - 73.12%; 60µg/100ml and over (toxic) - 8.6%. No correlation was found between levels of lead concentration and age, length of exposure or place of employment.
Revista brasileira de saúde ocupacional, Apr.-June 1983, Vol.11, No.42, p.53-57. 29 ref.

CIS 83-1717 Kang H.K., Infante P.F., Carra J.S.
Determination of blood-lead elimination patterns of primary lead smelter workers
Patterns of peripheral blood lead (PbB) elimination were characterised for workers at 4 primary lead smelters who had been removed from their jobs under medical protection provisions. Of the 4 mathematical models used to analyse elimination data, the exponential model, based on first-order kinetics, was most consistent and showed the highest degree of correlation with elimination patterns. No significant relationship was found between the rate of PbB decrease and the length of employment prior to removal, the preremoval PbB level, or the job categories of workers. The necessary time period for medical removal under a 60/40µg/100g trigger would be in the range 2-4 months for 50%, and 3-6 months for 80% of workers removed.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1983, Vol.11, No.2, p.199-210. 7 ref.

CIS 83-1683 Ito Y., Shinohara R.
The effect of lead on serum lipid peroxides in lead-exposed workers
An analysis of the blood of 97 workers in steel manufacturing exposed to airborne lead concentrations of 21-311µg/m³ (average 91µg/m³). Their serum lipid peroxide level increased with the lead concentration in their blood, while the blood superoxide dismutase activity decreased when the lead concentration was above 30µg/100g.
Medicine and Biology, Feb. 1983, Vol.106, No.2, p.73-76. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 83-1372 Tomokuni K.
Effects of lead exposure on the activity of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in mice
The effects of lead exposure on the activities of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) and δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) were investigated in mice given ad libitum drinking water containing lead at 10-500ppm for 30 days. Both enzyme activities are inhibited by lead, and their activity levels correlated negatively with the blood lead concentration. Erythrocyte P5N activity is a better indicator than ALA-D of exposure to relatively high lead concentrations, while the ALA-D activity is useful in the evaluation of exposure to low levels of lead.
Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, Jan. 1983, Vol.139, No.1, p.27-32. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 83-993 Council of State Decree on the lead and benzene contents of motor fuel
Statsrådets beslut om bly- och bensenhalten i motorbensin [en sueco]
This decree (effective 1 Jan. 1985) lays down that motor fuel should not contain more than 0.15g lead per litre and not more than 5% (per volume) benzene.
Finlands författningssamling - Suomen säädöskokoelma, 27 Jan. 1983, No.157, p381.

1982

CIS 84-1048 González Fernández E., Díaz González M., Martínez Gil de Arana J.M.
Consideraciones para la evaluación fiable de la intoxicación laboral por plomo inorgánico
The commonest criteria and biochemical parameters of the health hazard of inorganic lead are discussed. Exposure tests reviewed are free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), blood and urinary lead concentrations, urinary coproporphyrin, adenosine triphosphate, reduced glutathione, and δ-aminolevulinic acid, with pharmacokinetic and analytical considerations. ALAD and urinary ALA depend on exposure level; FEP and ZPP are accurate indicators of long-term exposure; urinary lead levels are a better indication of body lead burden than blood lead levels when renal function is normal; when it is desired to know the total body burden as an indicator of years of lead exposure, the provocation test using EDTA and measurement of urinary lead excretion is valuable.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, Oct.-Dec. 1982, Vol.30, No.120, p.232-247. 41 ref.

CIS 84-1040 Rouganne J.P., Pannier M.
Thermal burns and lead poisoning
Brûlure thermique et risque saturnin [en francés]
Study of a case of lead poisoning via skin absorption. The patient was hospitalised for burns suffered during a flash fire in a tetraethyllead distillation facility. The case illustrates the seriousness of the risk posed by even superficial injuries, and emphasises the importance of immediate and thorough washing of the affected surface. A skin graft may be advisable even for wounds capable of closure without grafting.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1982, Vol.43, No.8, p.676-677.

CIS 84-769 Honda R., Yamada Y., Kobayashi E., Tsuritani I., Ishizaki M., Nogawa K.
Distribution of lead and cadmium in the blood of persons exposed to lead or cadmium
Determination of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the blood of exposed workers revealed Pb concentrations in whole blood (PbB), in erythrocytes (PbE) and in plasma (PbP) of 578, 1409 and 20.3µg/l and of CdB, CdE, and CdP of 13.4, 43.8 and 0.36µg/l respectively. The mean PbP/PbB and CdP/CdB ratios were 3.4% and 2.9% respectively. In controls the corresponding Pb values were 43.0, 91.9 and 1.52µg/l and the Cd values 1.87, 4.17 and <0.10µg/l respectively. The PbP/PbB ratio was 3.6%. The osmotic fragility of red cells was not changed in the exposed workers.
Hokuriku Journal of Public Health - Hokuriku Koshu Eisei Gakkaishi, Oct. 1982, Vol.9, No.1, p.27-31. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 84-768 Suenaka T.
Urinary excretion of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu) following injection of Ca-EDTA
Oral administration and infusion of calcium-EDTA were compared, as means of therapy in workers exposed to lead (Pb), by monitoring urinary excretion of Pb, iron, copper, and zinc (Zn), after administration. Urinary excretion of these metals in toto was 10 times greater after infusion than after oral administration. Comparison of daily infusion for 3-8 days and infusion 6 times with 2 week intervals revealed no significant difference in total urinary excretion of the metals. As the excretion of Pb decreased, that of Zn increased. The method of administration and intervals used in Ca-EDTA therapy should be considered in the light of these findings.
Proceedings of the Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Edition of Industrial Health, Sep. 1982, Vol.20, p.23-26. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 84-695 Fedoseeva N.M., Frolova A.D., Dubejkovskaja L.S., Berliner E.G., Minkina N.A.
Toxicological and hygienic evaluation of glass-ceramic cement
Toksikologo-gigieničeskaja ocenka steklokristalličeskogo cementa [en ruso]
Glass-ceramic cements are mixtures containing red lead which are used widely in the manufacture of television sets. LD₅₀, LD₁₆ and LD₈₄ values were lower for cement dust and for a dust mixture representing the components of the cement than they were for pure red lead, which suggests that other components have toxic effects which are additive with those of red lead. However, the effect of cement dust administration on the internal organs of rats and mice was indistinguishable from that of lead; no marked fibrogenic action was observed. Thus, glass-ceramic cement dust can be treated as an inorganic lead compound for regulatory purposes. A MAC of 0.01mg/m³ and an average 8-hour exposure limit of 0.007mg/m³ (as lead) are recommended.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Aug. 1982, No.8, p.51-53. 2 ref.

CIS 84-454 Corsi G., Bartolucci G.B.
Biological monitoring of workers with past lead exposure - Biochemical findings
The mean values for blood lead (PbB), chelatable lead in the urine (PbUEDTA) and free erythrocyte proporphyrin (FEP) were significantly higher in 56 former lead workers in whom exposure had terminated at least 3 years previously, than in a control group of non-exposed subjects. The reference mean values from the control group were exceeded by the former lead workers in 35.7, 67.9 and 28.6% of cases respectively. Normal values were found only when exposure had not exceeded 2 years. PbB and PbUEDTA values correlated significantly with length of exposure, but were not significantly reduced according to the time interval since termination of exposure. PbB and PbUEDTA correlated closely with one another. Only PbUEDTA was capable of revealing active lead deposits more than 3 years after termination of exposure.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Dec. 1982, Vol.8, No.4, p.260-266. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 84-206 Valciukas J.A., Lilis R.
A composite index of lead effects - Comparative study of four occupational groups with different levels of lead absorption
Biological indicators of lead effects on the central nervous system, bone marrow, and kidney function were combined in an integrative index, calculated by removing age effects and transforming all variables to standard units. Relations between the index and blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels were studied in 169 copper smelter workers, 133 autobody shop workers, 87 secondary lead smelter workers, and a control group. The correlation between the index and ZPP was much higher than between the single indicators of lead effects; the magnitude of correlation coefficients was related to the degree of lead exposure and absorption in each group. The concept of an integrative index of lead effects is important for the evaluation of early signs of toxicity and for the correct assessment of subclinical effects.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1982, Vol.51, No.1, p.1-14. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 84-205 Telišman S., Keršanc A., Prpić-Majić D.
The relevance of arguments for excluding ALAD from the recommended biological limit values in occupational exposure to inorganic lead (WHO 1980)
ALAD and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in the blood and δ-ALA (ALAU)and coproporphyrin (CPU) in the urine were correlated with blood lead levels (PbB) in 394 workers at factories manufacturing crystal glass, ceramics, and lead articles. The spontaneous recovery of these indicators was studied in 14 workers 4.5 and 10 months after cessation of lead exposure. All parameters correlated significantly with PbB in the order ALAD>ZPP>ALAU>CPU. Advantages of ALAD over the other parameters are discussed.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1982, Vol.50, No.4, p.397-412. Illus. 32 ref.

CIS 84-199 Snee R.D.
Models for the relationship between blood lead and air lead
A lead exposure model is described. Unlike the log-log model, it describes blood lead as a function of total lead exposure from both air and other sources, so that, at zero air lead, the model should not predict a zero blood lead value. The relation at low air lead levels is also studied. The mathematical characteristics of the log-log model can overestimate the effect of air lead on blood lead at air lead levels of <1-2µg/m³. The model gives a good description of the best available data sets.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1982, Vol.50, No.4, p.303-319. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 84-139
Canada Safety Council
Metallic lead
Contents of this revised data sheet: identification and physical properties; industrial uses and hazards; occupational exposure limits (ACGIH TLV-TWA: 0.15mg/m³); preventive measures (control, protective equipment, hazard evaluation); transportation; storage and handling; disposal; personnel selection; first-aid; training and supervision; glossary; 2-page summary for poster display.
1765 St. Laurent Blvd., Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 3V4, Canada, 1982. 12p. 29 ref.

CIS 83-1953 Council Directive of 28 July 1982 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to metallic lead and its ionic compounds at work
Directive du Conseil du 28 juil. 1982 concernant la protection des travailleurs contre les risques liés à une exposition au plomb et à ses composés ioniques pendant le travail [en francés]
This directive lays down the TLV for lead in the air of workplaces (150µg/m³ TWA for 40h per week) as well as the maximal acceptable value for personal lead blood level (70µg/100ml of blood; a PbB level ranging between 70 and 80µg/100ml of blood is allowed under certain conditions only). It also stipulates requirements concerning measurement techniques to be used, the frequency of air sampling, the type of clinical and biological medical controls to be carried out and the measures to be taken when the TLVs have been exceeded. This directive does not apply to alkylated lead compounds. Duplicate of CIS 83-1783.
Official Journal of the European Communities - Journal officiel des Communautés européennes, 23 Aug. 1982, No.L 247, p.12-21.

CIS 83-1995 Terzi R., Catenacci G., Capodaglio E.
Lead in blood and in urine and exposure level. Comparison between environmental data calculated according to a pharmaco-kinetic model and measured directly
Piombemia, piomburia e livello di esposizione. Confronto tra dati ambientali calcolati mediante modello farmacocinetico e misure reali [en italiano]
Lead concentration levels, measured in the blood and urine of exposed workers, were used to estimate lead concentration in the air of the workplace. The calculations were based on simple pharmaco-kinetic equations. Results were compared with the actual lead concentration measurements in air, and were found to be about 50% lower. Possible explanations for this underestimate are given.
Lavoro umano, Nov.-Dec. 1982, Vol.30, No.3, p.131-134. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 83-1991 Hayashi M.
The effects of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of the erythrocytes and tissue in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. II. Administration of lead at a low concentration
After administration of 5ppm lead (Pb) in drinking water for 23 days, the red blood cell count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased in pregnant rats, but there were no significant differences in these values between controls, administered distilled water, and the Pb-treated groups. ALAD activity was significantly reduced in the Pb-treated pregnant rats. Liver ALAD activity showed no differences between controls and Pb-treated groups, whether pregnant or not. The blood-Pb was in the 1-3µg/100ml range in the non-pregnant rats and in the 1-8µg/100ml range in pregnant rats. A statistically significant negative correlation between erythrocyte ALAD activity and blood-Pb level was observed in pregnant rats. Special attention should be paid to avoiding exposure of expectant mothers to Pb even at low levels.
Industrial Health, 1982, Vol.20, No.3, p.191-198. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 83-1988 Ljubčenko P.N., Dupljankin S.A., Dmitrieva L.G., Avramenko M.M., Savickaja E.A., Ždanko T.F.
Combined toxic effects of lead, selenium and cobalt under industrial conditions
O toksičeskom vzaimodejstvii svinca, selena i kobal'ta v proizvodstvennyh uslovijah [en ruso]
90 workers engaged in the production of pigments for ceramics were compared with respect to their heavy metal exposure: 41 exposed to lead alone showed lower frequencies of lead-poisoning symptoms than did 49 exposed to lead, selenium and cobalt. These symptoms include reduced haemoglobin levels, increased basophilic granulated erythrocyte count, and increased urinary ALA and coproporphyrin excretion. Thus, contrary to published assertions, selenium does not dependably counteract the toxic effects of lead.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Jan. 1982, No.1, p.26-28. 14 ref.

CIS 83-1925 Salangina L.I., Dubejkovskaja L.S., Čekunova M.P., Minkina N.A.
Bases of the maximum allowable concentration of lead-cadmium solders in air
K obosnovaniju predel'no dopustimoj koncentracii svincovo-kadmievyh pripoev v vozduhe [en ruso]
The toxicity of a lead-cadmium solder (LCS, a eutectic alloy consisting of the 3 crystal lattices of lead, cadmium and tin) was determined in acute, subacute and chronic experiments with rats. LCS specifically affected the haematopoietic system, the liver and the kidney. Pituitary-gonadal effects of the solder were due both to specific effects of lead and cadmium and to the general toxicity of the metals. An LCS concentration of 0.01mg/m³ is close to the threshold of action. A TLV of 0.001mg/m³ as lead is recommended.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Jan. 1982, No.1, p.84-87. 12 ref.

CIS 83-1961 Polonskaja V.V., Drozdova G.A., Misautova A.A., Odinokova V.A., Ljubčenko P.N.
Functional and morphological features of the mucosa of the small intestine in victims of chronic lead poisoning
Funkcional'no-morfologičeskie osobennosti slizistoj oboločki tonkoj kiški u bol'nyh s hroničeskoj svincovoj intoksikaciej [en ruso]
The morphology and γ-amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities of the mucosa of the proximal small intestine were examined in 40 workers who had had prolonged contact with lead; 26 showed symptoms of chronic lead poisoning while 14 were asymptomatic. Both asymptomatic and symptomatic groups showed reduced levels of both enzymes in comparison with unexposed controls. Alkaline phosphatase activity in intestinal juice was also reduced. Both lead-exposed groups also showed dystrophic changes in the enterocytes and villi of the mucosa and a reduced number of caliciform cells. Morphological alterations in the blood vessels suggested altered microcirculation in both groups. There was no quantitative difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The observed physiological effects of lead may contribute to the "abdominal syndrome" observed in lead poisoning, and should be taken into account in the diet of lead poisoning victims.
Sovetskaja medicina, 1982, No.1, p.24-29. 31 ref.

CIS 83-1687 Fukumoto K.
Erythrocyte membrane changes in workers exposed to lead
Erythrocyte membrane changes in 28 workers were studied and compared to controls. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used for the analysis of changes in the proteins of the erythrocyte membrane. Strong correlations were found between lead exposure and increases in membrane cholesterol and phospholipid levels, and between lead exposure and osmotic fragility. The shape of erythrocytes can change from a discocyte into an echinocyte.
Journal of the Osaka City Medical Center, Sep. 1982, Vol.31, p.487-504. Illus. 87 ref.

CIS 83-1685 Ushio K., Yanagihara S.
Mobilised lead and blood lead level in lead workers
The relation between mobilised lead levels (PbM) and blood lead levels (PbB) was examined in 126 male workers exposed to lead for 0.3-38 years, average 12 years. PbB in this sample was in the range 15-133µg/100g, average 51.5µg/100g. The PbM-PbB correlation coefficient overall was 0.836. In workers with PbB >80µg/100g it was 0.951 and in those with <1 year exposure, 0.936. Workers with high short-term exposure to Pb had high biologically active soft tissue burdens compared to total body burden. A 2-hour mobilisation test was not an acceptable substitute for the 24-hour test because of variations in urine volume voided.
Japanese Journal of Traumatology and Occupational Medicine, 4 Apr. 1982, Vol.30, No.2, p.351-358. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 83-1783 Council Directive of 28 July 1982 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to metallic lead and its ionic compounds at work
Directive du Conseil du 28 juillet 1982 concernant la protection des travailleurs contre les risques liés à une exposition au plomb métallique et à ses composés ioniques pendant le travail [en francés]
The member states are enjoined to take legislative and regulatory action in conformity with this directive by 1 Jan. 1986 at the latest. The directive fixes exposure limits for metallic lead and its salts, the frequency of monitoring for airborne lead and provisions for medical supervision of workers.
Official Journal of the European Communities - Journal officiel des Communautés européennes, 23 Aug. 1982, Vol.25, No.L247, p.12-21.

CIS 83-1647 Dally S., Bensaid A., Buisine A., Thomas G., Fournier E.
Sensitivity and specificity of lead-poisoning screening tests
Sensibilité et spécificité des tests de dépistage du saturnisme [en francés]
Report of a study of 90 patients with lead exposure (usually occupational) designed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the various biological screening tests for lead poisoning (i.e. blood-lead determination, urinary aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) determination and basophil punctated erythrocytes) using EDTA-induced urinary lead excretion as a reference test. Blood lead and urinary ALA seem to have similar sensitivity and specificity; however, the sensivity of the tests when combined is higher than that when used separately. It is recommended that screening for lead poisoning should be carried out using the 2 tests simultaneously.
Nouvelle presse médicale, 1982, Vol.11, No.37, p.2757-2759. 17 ref.

CIS 83-1380 Yoshida K., Sakurai H., Toyama T.
Gastrointestinal symptoms in lead workers
Prevalence of GI symptoms was studied in 109 battery manufacturing workers in relation to lead absorption and other factors. The mean blood lead and urinary δ-ALA concentrations in subjects complaining of loss of appetite were significantly higher than in those who did not. 49 workers (45%) complained of at least one symptom associated with peptic ulcer.
Japanese Journal of Industrial Health - Sangyō-Igaku, 1982, Vol.24, p.229-235. 20 ref.

CIS 83-1452 Maples T.W., Jacoby J.A., Johnson D.E., Ter Haar G.L., Buckingham F.M.
Effectiveness of employee training and motivation programs in reducing exposure to inorganic lead and lead alkyls
A pilot project in an alkyl lead production facility was conducted with 35 workers. After 12 months there was a 40% reduction in urinary lead concentrations and a 24% reduction in blood lead concentrations, both indicators of total exposure to organic and inorganic lead. The programme was especially effective in workers with high urinary blood levels. Capital investment in a training and motivation programme is minimal compared with engineering controls.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1982, Vol.43, No.9, p.692-694. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 83-1306 Fischbein A., Thornton J.C., Berube L., Villa F., Selikoff I.J.
Lead exposure reduction in workers using stabilizers in PVC manufacture: Effects of a new encapsulated stabilizer
Studies in blender operators manufacturing PVC electrical cable coating using a conventional powdered lead stabiliser, the powdered stabiliser with added oil to reduce dust generation, and the encapsulated stabiliser Enviro-Stab, are reported. Use of the new stabiliser resulted in marked reduction in air lead levels and blood lead concentrations.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1982, Vol.43, No.9, p.652-655. 13 ref.

CIS 83-1124 Lerner S., Gartside P., Roy B.
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, zinc protoporphyrin and blood lead in newly re-exposed smelter workers: A prospective study
The relations between these parameters were evaluated for 50 weeks in a group of workers who were removed from lead exposure for 10 weeks. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) continued to fall in spite of rising blood lead levels (Pb-B) on re-exposure. Wide confidence limits prevent meaningful predictions of Pb-B from FEP or ZPP for an individual. Pb-B is a better index of exposure than FEP or ZPP, especially when exposure is not stable.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, July 1982, Vol.43, No.7, p.516-519. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 83-1118 Niinuma Y., Sakai T., Yanagihara S., Ushio K.
Relation between ZP levels by haematofluorometer and other biological parameters of lead exposure
The lead content of blood and urine (Pb-B and Pb-U) was compared with ALA-D activity, urinary ALA, urinary coproporphyrin and with blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) levels obtained by haematofluorometer. The blood ZP level is the most useful indicator of moderate exposure to lead (Pb-B 30-60µg/100g). Blood ZP levels corresponding to a Pb-B of 60µg/100g and a Pb-U of 150µg/l were 494 and 462µg/dl red blood cells (RBC), respectively. Bilirubin interfered with the fluorometric ZP determination; 1mg bilirubin/l gave the same reading as 10µg ZP/dl RBC.
Japanese Journal of Traumatology and Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1982, Vol.30, No.11, p.816-824. Illus. 38 ref.

CIS 83-1112 Karai I., Nishikawa N., Horiguchi S.
Optic atrophy with visual field defect in a worker occupationally exposed to lead for 30 years
This case report clarifies the dose-effect relationship between lead (Pb) exposure levels and optic atrophy in a 53-year old male worker employed at a Pb refining factory. Pb exposure was monitored over a 30-year period, and long-term exposure levels were above the recommended threshold limits of 0.15mg/m³. The patient was exposed to high Pb doses in his 20's and 30's. Ocular examination revealed paracentral scotomas in both eyes which did not change in a 3 year period in spite of EDTA therapy.
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, 1982, Vol.19, No.4, p.409-418. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 83-1103 Tomita K.
Health maintenance of lead workers and blood lead level
128 lead workers were examined. Blood lead level (Pb-B) of 6 workers was above 60µg/100g and urine ALA level (ALA-U) of a further 6 workers above 7mg/l, but Hb was in the normal range and urinary coproporphyrin (CP-U) was negative. Except when Pb-B was under 40µg/100g, mob-Pb-U/24h was over 1,100µg. Pb-B correlates well with mob-Pb-U/24h. There is a higher correlation between mob-Pb-U/24h and Pb-B than between mob-Pb-U/24h and ALA-U. Pb-B should be used as an important indicator in the periodic health assessment of lead workers.
Journal of the Medical Research Society for the Mining and Smelting Industries, June 1982, No.22, p.36-38. 2 ref.

CIS 83-1086 Itoh Y.
Relationships between blood lead levels and intaking nutrient contents in lead-exposed workers
The relation between blood lead levels and vitamin intake was studied in steel workers. The intake of vitamin A and C correlated inversely with blood lead levels.
Medicine and Biology, Dec. 1982, Vol.105, No.6, p.417-421. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 83-1068 Sakai T., Niinuma Y., Yanagihara S., Ushio K.
Relationship between zinc or free protoporphyrin concentrations determined by high pressure liquid chromatography and erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations in blood from lead workers
An average of 91% (67-99%) of erythrocyte protoporphyrin was zinc-chelated in 25 workers chronically exposed to lead. The rest was true free protoporphyrin. There was a linear relationship between erythrocyte protoporphyrin and zinc protoporphyrin over a wide range of blood lead concentrations (<80µg/100g). Haematofluorometry did not detect free erythrocyte protoporphyrin or total protoporphyrin, but specifically zinc-chelated protoporphyrin.
Japanese Journal of Traumatology and Occupational Medicine, 1 Jan. 1982, Vol.30, No.1, p.62-69. Illus. 34 ref.

CIS 83-1062 Ramakrishna R.S., Ponnampalam M., Brooks R.R., Ryan D.E.
Blood lead levels in Sri Lankan families recovering gold and silver from jewellers' waste
The recovery method involves mixing the residues of jewellers' waste (dust, floor sweepings, rags, paper) with powdered lead scrap (old batteries, lead-coated cables, etc.), and heating the alloy in open vessels to remove the lead by volatilisation. Mean lead levels in these families (33µg/dl) were always at least twice those of their neighbours. Gold and silver recovery represents a significant occupational health hazard in third world countries.
Archives of Environmental Health, Mar.-Apr. 1982, Vol.37, No.2, p.118-120. 9 ref.

CIS 83-1049 Vahter M.
National Swedish Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of Environmental Hygiene, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring
Final report of the UNEP/WHO Pilot Project on Assessment of Human Exposure to Pollutants through Biological Monitoring (Metals Component) designed to: review and agree internationally on selected methods for the analysis and evaluation of levels of a limited number of pollutants in selected tissues and body fluids; provide technical advice and arrange training programmes for scientists and technicians; design and implement a programme for rigid quality control for the sampling, storage, transport and analysis of tissues and body fluids; and carry out pilot studies on selected segments of the population in a specified number of countries.
Division of Environmental Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1982. 136p. Illus. 140 ref.

CIS 83-1038 Kubo T., Komoike Y., Kumazawa Y., Horiguchi S., Takano Y.
Blood and urine test of lead workers - Report 2, centered on erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and urinary delta-amino levulinic acid
Subjective symptoms, blood and urine specimens were examined in 286 workers aged 18-60 in refining/smelting plants. 24.8% excreted more than 7mg/dl ALA, and 44.1% more than 30µg/dl ZPP. Anaemia was quite frequently observed in the older groups; abnormal coproporphyrin was excreted in heat-exposed, electrolytic, and subcontract workers; abnormal ALA was found in male subcontract and heat-exposed workers, and ZPP was relatively high in male subcontract, blast-furnace, and heat-exposed workers.
Sumitomo Bulletin of Industrial Health, Apr. 1982, No.18, p.61-78. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 83-782 Fukaya Y., Gotoh M., Matsumoto T., Okutani H.
Automated microdetermination of lead in capillary blood from earlobes by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry
The procedure for lead analysis, in which 70µl of heparinised whole blood from the earlobe gave a satisfactory result, is described. The blood was diluted 1:9 with Triton 5000X for complete haemolysis of erythrocytes, releasing the matrix-bound lead and permitting better distribution of samples in the graphite tube. Correlations between results and determinations in venous blood of the same workers were highly significant. The method is recommended for routine clinical use.
Japanese Journal of Industrial Health - Sangyō-Igaku, Mar. 1982, Vol.24, p.126-132. Illus. 30 ref.

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