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1988

CIS 92-64 Toluene diisocyanate
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Acute toxic effects: severe irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema. Long-term toxic effects: skin and respiratory sensitisation; asthma.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA, 1988. 6p. Bibl.

CIS 92-63 Tetramethyl succinonitrile
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Toxicity: skin absorption; neurotoxic effects.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA, 1988. 5p. Bibl.

CIS 91-534 Maltoni C.
International standards for occupational exposure to toxic agents
This editorial considers the negative consequences of the absence of widely accepted occupational and environmental standards for toxic agents. This absence creates serious difficulties in evaluating hazards in different industrial and societal environments. Advisory reports of the ILO and national (ACGIH) or multinational (EEC) recommendations can no longer meet all the requirements of internationally diverse industry. An independent international academic group, the Collegium Ramazzini, exploring the possibility of developing a set of standards for the most important agents is anxious to gather scientific opinions and information from all sources of such data. Persons to contact and addresses are presented.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1988, Vol.13, No.5, p.529-530.

CIS 90-1570 Ermakova G.A., Kryžanovskaja N.A.
Neurohumoral regulation of adaptation processes in workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
Nejrogumoral'naja reguljacija adaptacionnyh processov u rabočih, podvergajuščihsja vozdejstviju toluilendiizocianata [en ruso]
The nature of neurohumoral regulation was studied in 125 healthy workers, aged 20-40yrs, with different length of service and TDI exposure levels. Adrenal gland activity and some haematological parameters were determined. Neurohumoral regulation of adaptation processes in TDI-exposed persons seemed to display some cyclicity, somehow related to the length of service. Two early regulatory phases (service up to 3yrs) had common features unrelated to the exposure levels, while after 3yrs of employment some dissimilarities evolved which did depend on the TDI exposure levels.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, July 1988, No.7, p.22-23. 5 ref.

CIS 90-1613 Vasilenko N.M., Kogan I.M., Zvezdaj V.I., Jašina L.N., Hipko S.E., Sventickij V.V.
N-cyanoethylaniline (CEA) toxicity
K voprosu o toksičnosti N-cianėtilanilina (CĖA) [en ruso]
Physical and chemical properties. Toxicity: 30-fold intragastric administration of N-cyanoethylaniline (CEA) at 1/10 of the LD₅₀ (0.47g/kg) to rats resulted in anaemia (reduction of oxyhaemoglobin levels and erythrocyte number) accompanied by reticulocytosis (up to 157.7%), an increase of met- and sulfhaemoglobinlevels, appearance of Heinz bodies (36.9%), a reduction of blood sulfhydryl groups, leucocytosis and a reduction in the relative weight of the spleen. CEA exposure may cause signs of liver functional disturbances. The threshold of acute toxicity for CEA is 9mg/m³ (criterion of methaemoglobin formation). A MAC of 0.1mg/m³ for CEA (aerosol) in workplace air (with the notation "skin", hazard class 2) is recommended. Precautions: protection of respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and skin from contact with CEA.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Sep. 1988, No.9, p.53-54.

CIS 90-30 Acrylonitrile, potential human carcinogen
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Exposure limits: OSHA PEL (8h-TWA, skin) = 2ppm and 15 min celing value = 10ppm; NIOSH REL (8h-TWA, skin) = 1ppm and ceiling value = 10ppm; ACGIH TLV (8h-TWA, skin, A2 carcinogen) = 4.5mg/m³. Odour threshold = 20ppm. Toxicity: skin absorption; irritates eyes; skin burns, blisters and dermatitis; lung and colon cancer.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati OH 45226-1988, USA, 1988. 6p. Bibl.

CIS 90-29 Acrylonitrile
Akrylonitryl [en polonés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Permissible exposure limit (Poland) = 0.5mg/m³.
Centralny Instytut Ochromy Pracy, 1 Ul. Tamka, 00-349 Warszawa 30, Poland, 1988. 2p.

CIS 90-230 Diehl B.
Exposure to harmful substances during floor laying - Solvent problems
Gefahrstoffbelastung bei Fussbodenlegearbeiten - Lösemittelproblem [en alemán]
Types and concentration of solvents were determined during the laying of polyvinyl chloride, carpet, wood parquet and linoleum floor coverings. The highest solvent exposure was found in the case of parquet floors. Concentrations of solvents such as toluene, xylene, and toluene diisocyanate in excess of maximum allowable workplace levels were measured. A substitution of solvent-containing products is necessary.
Humane Produktion - Humane Arbeitsplätze, 1988, Vol.10, No.8, p.30-35. Illus.

CIS 90-260 The dangers of burning polyurethane
Contents of this data sheet: history; case history (Woolworth's fire, 1979); regulation; covering fabric; industrial storage of polyurethane foam; after ignition; hazards; precautions.
United Trade Press Limited, 33-35 Bowling Green Lane, London EC1R 0DA, United Kingdom, Aug. 1988. p.B:14:1-B:14:7. 3 ref.

CIS 89-1299 Chen J.L., Fayerweather W.E., Pell S.
Mortality study of workers exposed to dimethylformamide and/or acrylonitrile
Workers exposed to dimethylformamide (DMF) and/or acrylonitrile (ACN) were observed from 1950 through 1982 for mortality. The wage-roll workers exposed to DMF showed significant excess in total deaths attributable mainly to ischemic heart disease and external causes when compared with rates from E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. However, there were no significant excesses in mortality when expected numbers were based on US or local statistics. No dose-response relationship were observed between DMF or ACN exposure and mortality. The significant excesses in mortality among employees exposed to DMF and/or ACN could be due to statistical chance or life-style factors.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1988, Vol.30, No.10, p.819-821. 3 ref.

CIS 89-1298 Chen J.L., Fayerweather W.E., Pell S.
Cancer incidence of workers exposed to dimethylformamide and/or acrylonitrile
This study was to determine whether exposure to dimethylformamide (DMF) and acrylonitrile (ACN), separately or in combination, was associated with increased cancer incidence. Workers exposed to DMF and/or ACN were observed from 1956 through 1984 for cancer incidence. The workers exposed to DMF but not ACN showed significant excesses in incidence for buccal cavity and pharynx cancer and malignant melanoma. A significant excess of prostate cancer incidence was observed among wokers exposed to DMF and ACN. No dose-response relationships were observed between DMF or ACN exposure and cancer incidence. The significant excesses in cancer incidence among employees exposed to DMF and/or ACN could be due to statistical chance or other factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption. Further studies are warranted.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1988, Vol.30, No.10, p.813-818. 29 ref.

CIS 89-1280 Musk A.W., Peters J.M., Wegman D.H.
Isocyanates and respiratory disease: Current status
This paper reviews the known respiratory effects of isocyanates. There is good evidence to indicate that isocyanates: cause chemical bronchitis/pneumonitis; are potent pulmonary sensitisers capable of causing "isocyanate asthma"; cause non-specific airways disease, including chronic bronchitis; can induce a general asthmatic state; and can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Similar dose-response relationships are seen for both acute and chronic effects. There are plants operating in which exposures are well controlled and in which no respiratory effects can be detected. Suggestions are provided for preplacement assessment and periodic surveillance for workers exposed to these compounds.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1988, Vol.13, No.3, p.331-349. 114 ref.

CIS 88-751 Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI)
Diisocyanate de diphénylméthane (MDI) [en francés]
Chemical safety infromation sheet. Synonym: diphenylmethane diisocyanate. One page summary based on Cheminfo record No.70 and Chemical Hazard Summary No.30 from CCOHS.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1988. 1p.

1987

CIS 02-1098 o-Clorobencilidenomalonitrilo
o-Chlorobenzylidènemalononitrile [en francés]
Ficha toxicológica. Actualización de la ficha referenciada en CIS 86-1029. Sinónimo: CS. Toxicidad aguda: irritación de piel, ojos y tracto respiratorio; trastornos digestivos; cefaleas; potencial alergizante; quemaduras cutáneas. Toxicidad crónica: cancerígeno; úlceras de piel y mucosas. Límites de exposición (Francia): Valor techo = 0,4 mg/m3 . En CIS 02-1407 se analiza la colección completa de fichas toxicológicas en formato CD-ROM.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, Rev.ed., CD-ROM CD 613, 2002. 3p. 20 ref.

CIS 89-1529 Baur X.
Critical remarks on the diagnosis of isocyanate-induced asthma
Kritische Anmerkungen zur Diagnostik des Isocyanat-Asthmas [en alemán]
Serum samples from 160 patients with established isocyanate-induced asthma and from 25 controls were used in a study of the selectivity of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). False-positive values were attributed to the different selectivities of various reagents studied. At RAST-values above 0.35U/mL no false-positive results were obtained.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, 1987, Vol.22, No.12, p.291-293. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 89-1547 Alexandersson R., Plato N., Hedman B.K., Hedenstierna G.
Exposure, lung function, and symptoms in car painters exposed to hexamethylene diisocyanate and biuret modified hexamethylene diisocyanate
The mean exposure to biuret-modified hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI-BT) was 115µg/m³ in the air (range 10-385µg/m³), which exceeds the time-weighted Swedish threshold level of 90µg/m³. Exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was about 1.0µg/m³ with brief peaks. This study investigated the effects of HDI and HDI-BT on lung function and included car platers, exposed to the same solvents and grinding dust as painters, but not to isocyanates, and car mechanics, not exposed to the agents. Car painters and platers were compared to mechanics on Monday before work. Acute effects of painting were tested by comparing the lung function values on Monday morning with those on Friday afternoon. Spirometry in painters and platers did not differ from that in mechanics. Closing volume in relation to vital capacity was increased in painters, suggestive of a "small airways disease" on Monday before work and tended to increase during a work week. Platers did not differ from mechanics.
Archives of Environmental Health, Nov.-Dec. 1987, Vol.42, No.6, p.367-373. 42 ref.

CIS 89-737 Acrylonitrile
Akrylonitril [en sueco]
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the Kemiska Ämnen Register (CIS 89-214). Exposure limit: TLV = 4.5mg/m³. Toxicity: carcinogen; irritates the eyes and respiratory tract; hinders the oxygen uptake of the cells.
Arbetarskyddsnämnden, Box 3208, 10364 Stockholm, Sweden, 1987. 3p.

CIS 89-551 Kryžanovskaja N.A., Ermakova G.A., Šaronova Z.V., Volkova I.D., Ljuro S.D., Filatova V.S.
Reactivity in workers exposed to the chemical allergen tolylene diisocyanate
Reaktivnost' organizma u rabotajuščih v kontakte s himičeskim allergenom toluilendiizocianatom [en ruso]
Human body reactivity was studied in 125 healthy workers 20-40 years old, who had been exposed regularly or occasionally to tolylene diisocyanate (TDI). Exposure to TDI was associated with immune, haematological and biochemical shifts, the development of specific sensitisation during the first year of work and the subsequent development of general adaptive syndrome.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, May 1987, No.5, p.27-30. 4 ref.

CIS 89-532 D'jačkova E.F., Lovčinovskaja T.A., Čikin G.A.
Chromatographic determination of acrylonitrile, ethanol, toluene, butyl alcohol and epichlorohydrin in mixtures in workplace air
Gazohromatografičeskoe opredelenie akrilonitrila, ėtanola, toluola, butanola i epihlorgidrina v vozduhe pri sovmestnom prisutstvii [en ruso]
Optimal conditions were established for the determination of the title compounds: 3m by 3mm column packed with 10% polyethylene glycol adipate on 0.25-0.5mm Spherochrome; column temperature 90°C; injector temperature 125°C; carrier gas (helium) flow rate 40mL/min; flame ionisation detector. An analysis takes 10min. The newly developed method permits determination of the following minimal concentrations: acrylonitrile - 0.25mg/m³ (MAC 0.5mg/m³), ethanol - 1mg/m³ (MAC 1000mg/m³), toluene - 1mg/m³ (MAC 50mg/m³), butyl alcohol - 1mg/m³ (MAC 10mg/m³), epichlorohydrin - 0.5mg/m³ (MAC 1mg/m³).
Gigiena i sanitarija, Apr. 1987, No.4, p.55-56. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 89-92 Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) and Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (PMPPI)
Diisocyanate de diphénylméthane (MDI) et diisocyanate de polyphénylméthane (PMPPI) [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Exposure limit for MDI (ACGIH, 1987): TLV-TWA = 0.005mg/m³. Toxicity: irritation of skin and mucous membranes; chemical bronchitis and pneumonitis; pulmonary oedema; allergic asthma; dermatitis; sensitisation.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1987. 18p. 36 ref.

CIS 89-84 Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); polyisocyanates made from HDI
Diisocyanate-1,6 d'hexaméthylène et les polyisocyanates à base de HDI [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Exposure limit (1987): TLV-TWA = 0.035mg/m³. Toxicity: irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract; pulmonary oedema; sensitisation of skin and respiratory mucous membranes.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1987. 15p. 27 ref.

CIS 88-1978 Inatome K., Iga T., Seo S.
Symptoms of exposure to o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile
o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile no bakuro ni yoru shōjō ni tsuite [en japonés]
o-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (OCMB) is a riot-control agent. Containers contaminated with the compound can be included in metal scrap. Industrial injury patients showed abnormality in smelling, nasal respiratory resistance, or other symptoms believed to be caused by exposure during work with OCMB. In 1 case (2 episodes), the subject was exposed and continued to work for more than 2 hours in spite of obvious and strong symptoms in the eyes, nose, throat and chest. Slight reddening of the nasal and laryngeal mucosae, and elevation of nasal respiratory resistance and lower airway resistance were observed. Taste was normal but olfactory sensitivity was reduced and a slight reddening of the trachea and bronchial mucosa were noted by bronchoscope. In about six months, recovery was essentially complete. In 1 case (1 episode), the subject was exposed, and stopped working immediately when symptoms appeared. In this patient, all findings were almost normal. Scrap metal workers and others who may be exposed to OCMB should always wear protective gear.
Japanese Journal of Traumatology and Occupational Medicine, Sep. 1987, Vol.35, No.9, p.625-631. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 88-1821 Toluene diisocyanate
Diisocyanate de toluène [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Exposure limit (ACGIH, 1986-87): TLV-TWA = 0.4mg/m³. Toxicity: irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract; allergic asthma; sensitisation of skin and respiratory system; exposure symptoms may be delayed.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1987. 28p. 31 ref.

CIS 88-1957 Fruhmann G., Baur X., Vogelmeier C., Römmelt H., Pfaller A.
Inhalation provocation tests with isocyanates in comparison with methacholine and with skin tests
Inhalative Provokation mit Isocyanaten im Vergleich mit Metacholin und mit dem Hauttest [en alemán]
Twenty-nine labourers with suspected isocyanates sensitivity were exposed to isocyanates vapours for up to 2h. After 25 room exposures to toluylene diisocyanates (TDI), a significant rise of the airway resistance measured by whole body plethysmography was found. A comparable elevation was found 6 times after 8 exposures to diphenylmethane diisocyanates (MDI). Eight persons exposed at their place of work already suffered an appreciable bronchial obstruction after at most 1h in TDI or MDI concentrations below the present MAC of 0.01ppm (of these, two persons even at 0.002ppm). 6 persons tested with both TDI and with MDI, 2 reacted only to MDI. Provocation with methacholine gave a "false negative" result for the exposure in 2 of 14 tests, and a "false positive" result in 1 of 6. The intracutaneous skin test produced a response in 6 of 27 exposed persons. Taking the inhalative isocyanates provocation test as a control, the skin test was "false negative" in 3 cases and "false positive" in 1 case. Single exposure for 1-2h to 0.02ppm TDI did not lead to any bronchial obstruction in 15 healthy subjects not exposed occupationally to isocyanates. Among 15 asthmatics, it produced a significant rise in airway resistance in only one third.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, Apr. 1987, Vol.22, No.4, p.94-96. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 88-1674 Singh M.P., Ghosh S.
Bhopal gas tragedy: Model simulation of the dispersion scenario
The physicochemical properties of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and its biological activity, as well as the probable cause of the accident, are discussed. The role of meteorology and topography with regard to the dispersion process is also documented. To obtain an estimate of the possible concentration levels of MIC in the atmosphere, an analytic dispersion model has been formulated. The model output gives an estimate of the ground level concentration and the approximate time of arrival of the plume front in the various affected localities. Dry deposition and the aqueous phase conversion of MIC with the humid atmosphere were also featured in the model. The model results seem to be fairly well correlated with the scantily available mortality distribution records. The effects of the gas on animals, plants and humans are described.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Dec. 1987, Vol.17, No.1, p.1-22. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 88-1309 Toluene diisocyanates
This evaluation of the toxicity data includes: summary and conclusions; identity, properties, analytical methods; sources of human and environmental exposure; environmental exposure; environmental transport, distribution and transformation; environmental levels and human exposure; kinetics and metabolism; effects on organisms in the environment; effects on animals and in-vitro test systems; effects on man; evaluation of human health risks and effects on the environment; previous evaluations by international bodies.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1987. 72p. Bibl. Price: CHF 9.00.

CIS 88-925 Rando R.J., Abdel-Kader H., Hughes J., Hammad Y.Y.
Toluene diisocyanate exposures in the flexible polyurethane foam industry
A 3-year survey of toluene diisocyanate exposure in 2 flexible polyurethane foam manufacturing facilities was conducted. The geometric mean time-weighted average exposures were 2.36ppb, 1.10ppb, and 1.50ppb for the foam line workers, finishing workers and maintenance personnel, respectively. The OSHA ceiling standard of 20ppb was exceeded by 1.3% of the short-term (12min) exposure measurements taken. Exposures were predominantly to the 2,6 isomer of TDI.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1987, Vol.48, No.6, p.580-585. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 88-913 Rando R.J., Duvoisin P.F., Abdel-Kader H., Hammad Y.Y.
A sequential tape monitor for toluene diisocyanate
An electronic microcircuit controller was designed to convert a commercial continuous tape monitor for toluene diisocyanate (TDI) into a sequential sampler in order to eliminate deficiencies in response and resolution of fluctuating TDI concentrations. The modified monitor will collect up to fourteen 12-min samples per work shift. The sensitivity of the monitor was approximately doubled, but individual instrument calibrations are necessary. The modified monitor has a reliability rate of about 90%.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1987, Vol.48, No.6, p.574-579. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 88-955 Organic isocyanates in air
Guidance note on a laboratory method using 1-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazine solution and high performance liquid chromatography. Scope: suitable for sampling over periods of 10min-8h. Although recommended for the determination of personal exposure, the method may be used for fixed location monitoring by suitable modification. Analytical range: 7-140µg NCO/m³ for samples of 10L of air. For an 8h (30L) sample, the detection limit is 2µg NCO/m³. Aromatic amines will produce interference with the method. Additional information on organic isocyanates: properties, uses, toxicity, first aid. This guidance note is a revision of the previous MDHS with the same number published in 1983 (CIS 84-1618).
Health and Safety Executive Information and Advisory Services, St Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 2QY, United Kingdom, Rev.ed., Mar. 1987. 5p. 12 ref. Price: GBP 1.00.

CIS 88-769 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (2,4-TDI)
Diisocyanate-2,4 de toluène (2,4-TDI) [en francés]
One-page chemical safety information sheet based on CHEMINFO record No.83 and Chemical Hazard Summary No.21 from CCOHS.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1988. 1p.

CIS 88-763 Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (PMPPI)
Diisocyanate de polyphénylméthane [en francés]
One-page chemical safety information sheet based on CHEMINFO record No.80 and Chemical Hazard Summary No.30 from CCOHS.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1988. 1p.

CIS 88-743 Hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret (HDI Biuret)
Biuret à base d'hexaméthylène diisocyanate (Biuret à base de HDI) [en francés]
One-page chemical safety information sheet based on CHEMINFO record No.94 and Chemical Hazard Summary No.28 from CCOHS.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1988. 1p.

CIS 88-742 Hexamethylene diisocyanate
Hexaméthylène diisocyanate (HDI) [en francés]
One page chemical safety information sheet based on CHEMINFO record No.84 and Chemical Hazard Summary No.28 from CCOHS.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main St. East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1988. 1p.

CIS 88-233 Kawai A., Goto S., Matsumoto Y., Matsushita H.
Mutagenicity of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds - Industrial materials and related compounds
Shibōzoku oyobi hōkōzoku nitoru kagôbutsu no hen'i gensei. Kōgyō zairyō oyobi sono kanren busshitsu [en japonés]
The mutagenicity of 102 aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds, industrial materials and related chemicals was tested with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Four out of 8 aliphatic nitro compounds and 61 out of 94 nitrobenzene derivatives were mutagenic. Fifteen chemicals produced more than 10,000 revertants/mg: tetranitromethane, chloropicrin, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitroflurobenzene, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, 3,5-dinitrobenzyl chloride, p-nitrophenylhydrazine, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 2,4-dinitrophenylthiocyanate and nitramine. Nitrobenzene was not mutagenic, but many mono-substituted nitrobenzenes were. The mutagenicity of dinitrobenzene was enhanced by an -F, -SCN, -NH₂, -Cl, -CH₂Cl, -NO₂, -NH-NH₂ or -COCl group, and suppressed by -COOH or -CH₃. Twenty-three out of 45 chemicals for which exposure limits have been established in many countries in the world were mutagenic. Three carcinogens, 2-nitropropane, 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene, were all mutagenic, but their mutagenic activity was weak. Many chemicals were found to have a stronger mutagenic activity and a chemical structure similar to the carcinogenic dinitrotoluenes. This fact suggests the necessity of testing the carcinogenicity of these chemicals.
Japanese Journal of Industrial Health - Sangyō-Igaku, Jan. 1987, Vol. 29, No.1, p.34-54. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 87-1453 Shristava P.
Bhopal - Anatomy of a crisis
An analysis of the Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal (India), 3 Dec. 1984, in which a large quantity of methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) leaked from a storage tank, killing thousands of people. Contents: causes and characteristics of industrial crises (in general); causes of the Bhopal disaster, including a HOT (Human, Organisational, Technological) analysis; consequences of the accident in India, the USA, and elsewhere; three models of the crisis (as seen by the Government of India, by the Union Carbide company, and by the surviving victims); suggestions for the prevention of industrial crises and for coping with them when they occur.
Ballinger Publishing Co., 54 Church Street, Harvard Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, 1987. 184p. Illus. Bibl. Index. Price: US$19.95.

CIS 87-1360 Berardinelli S.P., Moyer E.S.
Methyl isocyanate liquid and vapor permeation through selected respirator diaphragms and chemical protective clothing
Twenty-two chemical protective clothing materials were tested against liquid methyl isocyanate (MIC); only a non-woven Nomex on Teflon can be considered as a candidate material. Viton, polyvinyl chloride and butyl clothing can be considered candidate materials against approximately 800ppm MIC vapour. Four self-contained breathing apparatus diaphragms were tested and all experienced rapid breakthrough when exposed to liquid MIC. Next, 3 SCBA diaphragms were exposed to approximately 800ppm MIC vapour. The SCBA should be worn inside a total encapsulating suit.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1987, Vol.48, No.4, p.324-329. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 87-1359 Moyer E.S., Berardinelli S.P.
Penetration of methyl isocyanate through organic vapor and acid gas respirator cartridges
This study evaluated the 2 types of respirator cartridges in order to recommend equipment for emergency protection. Penetration tests were conducted at 3 or 4 methyl isocyanate (MIC) challenge concentrations and at 3 different humidity conditions. In general, breakthrough times (1% of challenge concentration) were very short (< 20min). Also, high relative humidity decreased the breakthrough time of MIC. No air purifying respirator was recommended because of the high toxicity and lack of warning properties of MIC.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1987, Vol.48, No.4, p.315-323. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 87-828 Isophorone diisocyanate
Diisocyanate d'isophorone [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Toxic effects: extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes; eczema; based on analogy with other diisocyanates, it is suspected to be the cause of allergic asthma and other bronchopulmonary diseases. Exposure limits (France, 1986): 8h TWA = 0.09mg/m³; 5min TWA = 0.18mg/m³.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1987. 4p. 14 ref.

CIS 87-824 1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate
1,6-Diisocyanate d'hexaméthylène [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Toxic effects: strong irritant for the skin and mucous membranes; eczema; allergic asthma; bronchopulmonary diseases. Exposure limits (France, 1986): 8h TWA = 0.075mg/m³; 5min TWA = 0.15mg/m³.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1987. 4p. 23 ref.

CIS 87-816 4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
4,4'-Diisocyanate de diphénylméthane [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Toxic effects may be delayed. Acute toxicity: irritation of mucous membranes (eyes, respiratory tract, oesophagus); neurological disorders; delayed pulmonary oedema. Chronic toxicity: sensitisation, allergic asthma, eczema, bronchopulmonary diseases. Exposure limits (France, 1986): 8h TWA = 0.1mg/m³; 5min TWA = 0.2mg/m³.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1987. 4p. 24 ref.

CIS 87-949 Séguin P., Allard A., Cartier A., Malo J.L.
Prevalence of occupational asthma in spray painters exposed to several types of isocyanates, including polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate
The prevalence of occupational asthma was assessed in 4 paint shops of a large assembly plant where 51 employees were exposed to several types of isocyanates, including polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate (PPI). Three employees were first referred by their physician for asthma symptoms. A questionnaire was administered to the other 48 employees. Seven of these were suspected of having work-related asthma. Airway hyperexcitability to inhaled histamine was demonstrated in these 10 subjects (3 referred and 7 screened). The diagnosis of occupational asthma was confirmed in 6 subjects (3 referred and 3 screened) through specific inhalation challenges in the laboratory to a paint system component containing PPI. Thus, the prevalence of occupational asthma was 11.8% in these paint shops using several types of isocyanates, including PPI.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Apr. 1987, Vol.29, No.4, p.340-344. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 87-440 Toluene diisocyanate
Diisocyanate de toluène [en francés]
Chemical safety information sheet. Toxic effects: chemical burns to skin and eyes on contact; irritation of the mucous membranes; neurological disorders; contact dermatitis; allergic asthma; respiratory disorders; delayed pulmonary ¿dema; bronchopneumonia; restrictive ventilatory impairment; sensitisation. Exposure limit, France (1986), TWA limit = 0.08mg/m³, ceiling limit = 0.16mg/m³.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1987. 4p. Bibl.

1986

CIS 89-1333
Health and Safety Commission; Printing Industry Advisory Committee
Safety in the use of isocyanate pre-polymers in the printing and printed packaging industries
This guidance was adopted under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 with the aim to secure safe working conditions when materials containing organic isocyanate pre-polymers are used in the printing and printed packaging industries. It makes recommendations designed to ensure that the airborne emission of isocyanates into the workroom atmosphere is minimised and for the provision of protective equipment, when necessary, together with recommendations on the training and information that people who may be exposed to isocyanates should receive. Sections dealing with air monitoring and health assessment are also included. Other materials, such as fire safety and control of highly flammable liquids are referred to, but only to the extent that these are directly relevant to the use of isocyanate pre-polymers. In the appendices: isocyanates used in flexible packaging; decontaminants; technical and legal references.
HMSO Publication Centre, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1986. 13p. 28 ref. Price: GBP 2.75.

CIS 89-558 Jarym-Agaeva N.T., Putilina O.N.
Photometric method of aniline and phenyl isocyanate determination in workplace air
Fotometričeskij metod opredelenija anilina i fenilizocianata v vozduhe rabočej zony [en ruso]
Aniline and phenyl isocyanate are determined by rection with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to give diphenylmethanediamine and diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Air samples are passed through absorber solutions containing the reagent. In 40% acetic acid, both aniline and phenyl isocyanate react; in 1% ammonia, only aniline reacts. The absorbance of the solutions at 430-450nm is measured and compared with the absorbance of standard solutions. Phenyl isocyanate concentration is calculated from the difference in absorbance between the acetic-acid and ammonia reaction media.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Oct. 1986, No.10, p.56-57. 2 ref.

CIS 89-546 Pokrovskaja E.A., Antonjuženko V.A., Volkova I.O., Aširova S.A., Zoloto L.V., Alieva T.I.
Effects on workers of a complex of chemicals released during the preparation of polyurethane foam insulation in the manufacture of refrigerators
Vlijanie na organizm rabotajuščih kompleksa himičeskih veščestv, vydeljajuščihsja pri polučenii penopoliuretanovoj izoljacii v proizvodstve holodil'nikov [en ruso]
Hygienic studies of the working environment in shops for polyurethane foam insulation production revealed contamination with a mixture of chemicals that fall in hazard classes II-IV (dimethylethanolamine, propylene oxide, methylene chloride, 4,4-diphenylmethanediisocyanate). Medical examinations of the exposed workers demonstrated the potential risk of developing an occupational pathology. Changes in the upper respiratory tract were the major initial symptoms; later, nervous system disorders developed. These deviations in the workers' health were seen against a background of changes in their immune status.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Dec. 1986, No.12, p.20-23. 6 ref.

CIS 89-545 Plastinina R.A., Pavlova G.V., Olejnik N.A., Oščepkov V.I., Šinkareva I.A.
Some parameters of respiratory function, blood, and immunity in workers handling isocyanates
Nekotorye pokazateli funkcii dyhanija, krovi i immuniteta u rabotajuščih s izocianatami [en ruso]
Medical examinations of workers engaged in plastics manufacture and exposed to isocyanates included respiratory function, blood and other laboratory tests and examination of immune status. After 3 years of isocyanate exposure the primary decompensation of functions was replaced by stable compensation. On prolonged exposure, tolerance of the allergenic action of isocyanates, with preservation of high immunological reactivity, was detected. Allergic respiratory disorders are reversible. General toxic, irritant and fibrogenic actions of isocyanates are in proportion to length of exposure.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Dec. 1986, No.12, p.16-20. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 88-965 Acrylonitrile in air
Guidance note on a laboratory method using porous polymer diffusion samplers, thermal desorption and gas chromatography. Scope: although recommended for the determination of personal exposure, the method may be used for fixed location monitoring; suitable for the measurement of airborne acrylonitrile vapour in the concentration range 2-20mg/m³ for exposure times of 30min-8h. This range may be extended to 0.1mg/m³ or lower for 8h sampling periods. Any compound that co-elutes with acrylonitrile under the operating conditions is a potential interferent; changing the polarity of the column stationary phase may remove this interference. Additional information on acrylonitrile: properties, uses, toxicity, first aid.
Health and Safety Executive Information and Advisory Services, St. Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 2QY, United Kingdom, June 1986. 6p. Illus. 10 ref. Price: GBP 2.00.

CIS 88-772 Acrylonitrile
Chemical safety information sheet. Based on WHO Environmental Health Criteria 28: Acrylonitrile (see CIS 84-1925). Toxicity: potential human carcinogen; is absorbed through skin; irritant; chemical burns; affects central nervous system and liver.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1986. 38p. Illus. Price: CHF 5.00.

CIS 87-412 Ethyl thiocyanate
Chemical safety information sheet. Insecticide. Highly toxic by ingestion. No known exposure limits. Principal systemic reaction is probably one of central nervous depression.
In: EPA Chemical Profiles, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, USA. Dec. 1985. 4p.

CIS 87-558 Mazur G., Baur X., Pfaller A., Römmelt H.
Determination of toluene diisocyanate in air by HPLC and band-tape monitors
An improved high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for determining the atmospheric concentration of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). 1-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine in toluene was used as reagent absorber solution. Reversed-phase chromatography was used with a simple efficient buffer system (0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile, 85:15%) in an isocratic elution mode. The TDI levels obtained with 2 identical continuous monitors were checked by using the values from HPLC as reference. Under identical experimental conditions the 2 monitors gave readings varying by >100%. At low humidity the monitor values were considerably lower than the HPLC values. At an absolute humidity of 11.7gH₂O/m³ (58% relative humidity) the values of one of the monitors agreed with those from HPLC. The values obtained with these devices in the continuous monitoring of TDI concentration in places of work, or epidemiological studies, should be assessed with caution. HPLC offers a useful reference method for monitoring the accuracy of such devices.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1986, Vol.58, No.4, p.269-276. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 87-279 Grenouillet P., Lavenant D., Picot A., Bertin O.
Bhopal: fault-tree analysis
Bhopal: l'arbre des causes [en francés]
Fault-tree analysis of the circumstances and known facts connected with the Bhopal disaster.
Préventique, Aug.-Sep.-Oct. 1986, No.10, p.17-24. Illus.

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