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1993

CIS 96-1251 Isocianato de ciclohexilo
Cyclohexyl isocyanate [en inglés]
Ficha internacional de seguridad de las sustancias químicas. Efectos de una exposición de corta duración: irritación de ojos, piel y tracto respiratorio; lagrimeo; profundas quemaduras oculares de carácter grave; bronquitis. Efectos de una exposición prolongada: sensibilización cutánea; asma; afecta a la acetilcolinesterasa.
Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas, 2985 Luxembourg, Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo; Programa Internacional de las Sustancias Químicas, Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1211 Genève 27, Suiza, 1993. 2p.

CIS 96-840 Hagmar L., Strömberg U., Welinder H., Mikoczy Z.
Incidencia del cáncer y exposición al diisocianato de tolueno y al diisocianato de difenilmetano: estudio de casos-control en una cohorte de trabajadores de la industria productora de espuma de poliuretano
Incidence of cancer and exposure to toluene diisocyanate and methylene diphenyldiisocyanate - A cohort based case-referent study in the polyurethane foam manufacturing industry [en inglés]
Este estudio de casos-control se llevó a cabo sobre una cohorte de 7.023 individuos que habían trabajado en nueve fábricas de espuma de poliuretano en Suecia, entre 1958 y 1987, con el fin de evaluar la asociación entre cáncer y exposición profesional al diisocianato de tolueno o al difenildiisocianato de metileno. Las asociaciones avanzadas en un estudio anterior entre la exposición a los isocianatos y el riesgo de cáncer no hodgkiniano y de cáncer rectal no quedan verificadas en este estudio. En cambio, se observaron asociaciones no significativas con la aparición de cáncer de próstata y colon.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, nov. 1993, vol.50, n°11, p.1003-1007. Ilus. 15 ref.

CIS 96-531 Utilización de isocianatos en empresas de espumación flexible y su repercusión sobre la salud
Guía de formación sobre la protección de los trabajadores contra la exposición a los isocianatos en los centros de producción de espumas flexibles. En el sumario: características de los diisocianatos de tolueno (TDI) (identificación, propiedades físicas y químicas); fabricación de espumas flexibles con TDI; criterios de determinación; análisis de los efectos de los TDI sobre le aparato respiratorio; postulados y objetivos de un estudio sobre los efectos de los TDI; material y métodos empleados en el estudio (población y controles elegidos, diseño, recopilación de datos, variables estudiadas); análisis estadístico y resultados del estudio; comentarios y conclusiones; recomendaciones para la prevención de la exposición. En anexo: cuestionario médico utilizado para el estudio.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, C/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, España, 1993. 106p. Ilus. 37 ref.

CIS 96-909
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) - Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
Bencenodicarbonitrilos
Benzenedicarbonitriles [en inglés]
Conclusiones de esta documentación básica, traducción de un informe publicado en diciembre de 1988: el ftalodinitrilo (o-FDN) afecta principalmente al sistema nervioso central. Los isómeros isoftalodinitrilo (m-FDN) y teraftalodinitrilo (p-FDN) parece ser que son menos tóxicos que el o-FDN. Se han producido casos de intoxicación aguda humana como consecuencia de la inhalación del producto en forma de polvo y, también, por absorción percutánea. Los síntomas pueden no aparecer hasta pasadas 48 horas desde el momento de la exposición. Los efectos observados fueron: irritación de la piel y de las mucosas, pérdida de consciencia y convulsiones de tipo epileptoide.
S. Hirzel Verlag, P.O. Box 10 10 61, 70009 Stuttgart, Alemania, 1993. xii, 38p. 44 ref.

CIS 95-397 Plásticos endurecedores [Suecia]
Härdplaster [en sueco]
Este Reglamento, en vigor desde el 1 de enero de 1994, se aplica a todos los trabajos con plásticos endurecedores, especialmente los de pulverización y los realizados sobre objetos a alta temperatura. Se prevé la limitación de la exposición a las sustancias peligrosas en suspensión en el aire. El empresario debe asegurar la realización de exámenes médicos a sus trabajadores antes de que éstos se incorporen a este tipo de trabajos, y la repetición posterior de los análisis en caso de que algún trabajador presente problemas respiratorios. El Reglamento abarca igualmente las operaciones de limpieza e higiene en general. Los capítulos especiales están dedicados a las resinas epoxi, los poliuretanos, los ésteres, los acrilatos y los amino- y fenoplásticos. El texto del Reglamento se acompaña de comentarios y reglas de aplicación.
National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, Publikationsservice, Box 1300, 171 25 Solna, Suecia, 23 ago. 1993. 78p.

CIS 95-414 Acetocianhidrina
Acetone cyanohydrin (stabilized) [en inglés]
Ficha internacional de seguridad de las sustancias químicas. Efectos de una exposición de corta duración: absorción percutánea, irritación de ojos, piel y tracto respiratorio; puede afectar al metabolismo intracelular del oxígeno, provocando envenenamiento por cianuro. Límite de exposición en el trabajo: PDK: 0,9 mg/m3
Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas, 2985 Luxembourg, Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo; Programa Internacional de las Sustancias Químicas (IPCS), Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1211 Genève 27, Suiza, 1993. 2p.

CIS 94-1337
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Acetonitrile
Symptoms and signs of acute acetonitrile intoxication include chest pain, nausea, emesis, tachycardia, hypotension, short and shallow respiration, headache, semiconsciousness and seizures; other non-specific symptoms may be due to the irritant effects of the compound. The systemic effects of acetonitrile appear to be largely attributable to the conversion of acetonitrile to cyanide. No carcinogenicity studies are available. The substance can cause severe eye burns and may be absorbed through the skin. Detailed abstracts in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 110p. Bibl.ref. Price: CHF 20.00 (developing countries: CHF 14.00).

CIS 94-1266 Hagmar L., Welinder H, Mikoczy Z.
Cancer incidence and mortality in the Swedish polyurethane foam manufacturing industry
Cancer incidence and mortality patterns were investigated in workers from nine Swedish plants using toluene diisocyanate and methylene diphenyldiisocyanate in the manufacture of polyurethane foam. A statistically significant deficit for all cause mortality was evident; the relative risk for mortality being lowest for the first 10 years since first exposure. There was an almost statistically significant deficit for all malignant neoplasms. A slight risk excess was observed for rectal cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, increasing after the first 10 years. Further follow-up studies are required to evaluate relative risks of these two diseases.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, June 1993, Vol.50, No.6, p.537-543. 30 ref.

CIS 94-1265 Sorahan T., Pope D.
Mortality and cancer morbidity of production workers in the United Kingdom flexible polyurethane foam industry
In a survey of mortality and cancer incidence among workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI), data on workers from 11 factories in the flexible polyurethane foam industry were analyzed. Results indicated that cancer rates in this population were lower than those for the general population. All increased cancer rates among women occurred at sites of cancer known to be related to cigarette smoking, and these excesses were probably due to a combination of smoking, chance and factors unrelated to the industry under study.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, June 1993, Vol.50, No.6, p.528-536. 10 ref.

CIS 94-1238 Forst L.S., Abraham J.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis presenting as sarcoidosis
A case report is presented to illustrate a misdiagnosis of sarcoidosis in a spraypainter whose history was suggestive of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by exposure to toluene diisocyanate in the workplace. The two diseases have similar clinical, laboratory and pathological features and are thus difficult to distinguish. Since early recognition of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can lead to complete reversal of the disease in many cases, it is important to make the diagnosis as early as possible.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, June 1993, Vol.50, No.6, p.497-500. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 94-1361
Health and Safety Executive
The fire at Allied Colloids Limited
A report of the HSE's investigation into the fire at Allied Colloids Ltd., Low Moor, Bradford, United Kingdom on 21 July 1992. The fire was preceded by the rupture of some azodiisobutyronitrile (AZDN) containers which were accidentally heated by an adjacent steam condensate pipe. The released AZDN came into contact with oxidizing agents causing delayed ignition followed by a series of explosions and an intense fire. The investigation showed the incident to be an example of a number of apparently unrelated errors, omissions and failures resulting in a major fire that had serious safety, environmental and financial consequences.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk C010 6FS, United Kingdom, 1993. iv, 45p. Illus. 11 ref. Price: GBP 9.00.

CIS 94-1230 Maestrelli P., De Marzo N., Saetta M., Boscaro M., Fabbri L.M., Mapp C.E.
Effects of inhaled beclomethasone on airway responsiveness in occupational asthma - Placebo-controlled study of subjects sensitized to toluene diisocyanate
The study investigated the effect of five months of treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) on the airway responsiveness to methacholine and to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in 15 sensitized asthmatic subjects who had been removed from occupational exposure to TDI. Beclomethasone reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine but did not affect the response to TDI. In fact, in the subjects on BDP, the provocative dose of methacholine producing a 20% fall in FEV₁ (PD20 FEV₁) increased from 0.145 to 0.485mg (p<0.05) after two months of treatment. A further increase was observed at four and five months. In contrast, in the subjects on placebo, PD₂₀ FEV₁ did not change significantly. At the end of the study, the severity of asthmatic reactions induced by bronchial challenge with TDI was significantly reduced in both groups, but no differences were observed between placebo and BDP.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, Aug. 1993, Vol.148, No.2, p.407-412. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 94-971 Potthast J., Marek W., Marczynski B., Baur X.
Isocyanates on the workplace - Diseases of the respiratory tract and the lung
Isocyanate am Arbeitsplatz - Erkrankungen der Atemwege und der Lunge [en alemán]
The results of experimental studies of the effects of isocyanates such as diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) over a two-year period are summarized. In vivo short-term exposure to 10ppb TDI led to bronchial hypersensitivity. In vivo and in vitro exposure to the isocyanates produced breaks in DNA. A reduction of the present maximum workplace concentration for TDI is recommended.
Kompass, July 1993, Vol.103, No.7, p.338-345. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 94-1031 Garnier R.
Acrylamide - Acrylonitrile
Acrylamide - Acrylonitrile [en francés]
There exist many acrylic monomers, with diverse industrial uses. As far as toxicology is concerned, acrylamide and acrylonitrile are the two most important. Acrylamide is used above all in the production of polymers utilized principally in water treatment. Its main toxicity acts on the nervous system (central and peripheral neuron damage). Acrylonitrile is used mostly in the manufacturing of textile fibres and elastomers. It is a powerful irritant, with high acute toxicity (widespread damage to internal organs). It is also genotoxic and carcinogenic.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Intoxications - Pathologie professionnelle, 1993, Vol.64, No.101, 10p. 62+44 ref.

CIS 94-619 Myer H.E., O'Block S.T., Dharmarajan V.
A survey of airborne HDI, HDI-based polyisocyanate and solvent concentrations in the manufacture and application of polyurethane coatings
This study summarizes the results of industrial hygiene surveys in paint manufacturing and application operations using polyurethane coatings containing hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and HDI-based polyisocyanates, with some attention paid to other organic solvents. 466 samples were collected from 47 operations (mostly in application). The application surveys covered painting of transportation vehicles, large military and civilian equipment, and other industrial and construction painting jobs. The major results of these measurements show that there is some potential for isocyanate overexposure of unprotected workers and that it is greater in spray than in nonspray operations.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1993, Vol.54, No.11, p.663-670. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 94-631 Scolnick B., Hamel D., Woolf A.D.
Successful treatment of life-threatening propionitrile exposure with sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate followed by hyperbaric oxygen
Case report on two workers at a chemical plant who were overcome by propionitrile fumes. One victim was comatose, acidotic, and hypertensive (blood cyanide level 5.0µg/mL). The second victim complained of nausea, dizziness, and headache but never lost consciousness (blood cyanide level 3.5µg/mL). The ambient concentration of propionitrile in air samples after exposure was 77.5mg/m³. Both workers received sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate (the first one also received hyperbaric oxygen for 4h). In occupational situations in which workers exhibit sudden symptoms of acute poisoning and where substituted nitriles are known to be on site, acute cyanide poisoning should be suspected. Hyperbaric oxygen may be a valuable adjunctive therapy to consider in addition to normal first-aid measures.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, June 1993, Vol.35, No.6, p.577-580. 28 ref.

CIS 94-287 Grammer L.C., Shaughnessy M.A., Davis R.A.
Exposure to TMXDI^R (meta) aliphatic isocyanate and TMI^R (meta) unsaturated aliphatic isocyanate - Clinical and immunologic evaluation of 96 workers
Ninety-six workers employed at facilities that manufacture or use TMXDI (meta) aliphatic isocyanate and TMI (meta) unsaturated aliphatic isocyanate underwent immunological tests and responded to a questionnaire designed to identify symptoms compatible with work-related syndromes such as asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. There were no workers with immunologically induced disease due to TMI isocyanate or TMXDI isocyanate nor were there any workers whose questionnaires suggested a new onset of asthma. Approximately 40% of workers experienced some irritant symptoms, mostly upper respiratory or ocular. One worker had low-level IgE antibody against TMXDI-HSA (human serum albumin) but had no work-related respiratory symptoms. Very low-level IgG against TMI-HSA or TMXDI-HSA was present in 7% of workers, all of whom were in the high exposure category.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1993, Vol.35, No.3, p.287-290. 15 ref.

CIS 94-304 Kanerva L., Estlander T., Jolanki R., Henriks-Eckerman M.L.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by diethylenetriamine in carbonless copy paper
Carbonless copy paper, or 'no carbon required' (NCR) paper, has often been implicated as the cause of skin, respiratory, or general symptoms, but allergy has been verified in only a few cases. A 43-year-old machinist whose work involved the manufacture of NCR paper developed occupational dermatitis on the hands. On patch testing, both the NCR paper and 1 of the chemicals used to produce the microcapsules of the NCR paper, namely diethylenetriamine (DETA), provoked an allergic reaction. Analysis of the paper showed that it contained enough DETA to induce allergic contact dermatitis. People who handle NCR paper and develop symptoms of contact dermatitis should be patch tested with DETA.
Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 1993, Vol.29, No.3, p.147-151. 31 ref.

CIS 93-2010
Occupational Medicine and Hygiene Laboratory
Acrylonitrile in air. Laboratory method using pumped charcoal adsorption tubes and gas chromatography
This revised data sheet (see CIS 82-1329 for previous edition) provides information on the properties and uses of acrylonitrile and its toxic and other hazards. The described method is suitable for the measurement of concentrations of acrylonitrile vapour in the range 1 to 50ppm (2.2 to 109mg/m³ for samples of 20 litres of air at normal humidity taken on NIOSH tubes). Principle: a known volume of air is drawn through a charcoal tube; the analyte is desorbed with carbon disulfide and an aliquot is injected into a gas chromatograph. The method is suitable for both long- and short-term samples.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, revised Feb. 1993. 4p. 5 ref. Price: GBP 2.00.

CIS 93-1889 Mastrangelo G., Serena R., Marzia V.
Mortality from tumours in workers in an acrylic fibre factory
A retrospective epidemiological cohort study of mortality was undertaken in 671 workers with at least 12 months' exposure to acrylonitrile (AN) in an acrylic fibre factory at Porto Marghera, Venezia; 571 subjects had simultaneous exposure to dimethylacetamide (DMA). Observed mortality in the cohort was compared with expected mortality, calculated on the basis of the mortality rates of the general population in the Veneto region. A statistically significant excess was found in the mortality rate from intestinal and colon tumours (SMR=10.5, 4 observed). However, this finding was significant only in subgroups with 1 to 4 years exposure or 1 to 9 years latency. It is therefore concluded that there is no relationship between AN and/or DMA exposure and mortality from tumours of the colon and intestine.
Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1993, Vol.43, No.3. p.155-158. 15 ref.

CIS 93-2009
Japan Industrial Hygiene Association
Criteria for tentative safe exposure levels on the 1993 exposure limit list [Japan]
Kyoyō nōdo zanteichi (1993) no teian riyū [en japonés]
Review of relevant primary literature on isoprothiolane, chlorobenzene, mercury and its compounds (except alkyl mercury compounds), 1,1-dichloroethane, methylene(bis)-o-chloroaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, methylene diisocyanate, silane, trinitrotoluene and monochloroethane. Exposure limits established in other countries are discussed.
Japanese Journal of Industrial Health - Sangyō-Igaku, July 1993, Vol.35, No.4, p.346-367. 176 ref.

CIS 93-1441 Allyl isothiocyanate
International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

1992

CIS 02-42 Isocianato de metilo
Isocyanate de méthyle [en francés]
Ficha toxicológica. Actualización de la ficha referenciada en CIS 81-1933. Toxicidad: sustancia extremadamente irritante para la piel y las mucosas ocular y respiratoria; quemaduras cutáneas que pueden evolucionar hacia lesiones necróticas graves; edema pulmonar; síndrome lipotímico, con convulsiones, de rápida recuperación (inhalación superior a un frasco). Límites de exposición (Francia): TWA = 0,05 mg/m3 (0,02 ppm). Número CEE: nº615-001-00-7. En CIS 01-201 se analiza la colección completa de fichas toxicológicas en formato CD-ROM.
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, Francia, ed.rev., CD-ROM CD 613, 2000. 4p. 9 ref.

CIS 94-893 French Society of Occupational Medicine and Health - Meetings of 8 Oct. and 12 Nov. 1991
Société de médecine et d'hygiène du travail: Séances du 8 octobre et du 12 novembre 1991 [en francés]
Topics of papers presented at the meetings of 8 Oct. and 12 Nov. 1991 of the French Society of Occupational Medicine and Health: measurement of bronchial reactivity among personnel of a plant manufacturing orthopedic prostheses; cardio-vascular risk factors among truck drivers and drivers of public transport vehicles; study of bronchial hyperreactivity associated with hairdressers' dermatoses; exposure to isocyanates: comparative study of respiratory symptoms in enterprises; conjunctivitis, rhinitis and asthma due to occupational exposure to the medicinal plant Harpagophytum; HIV infection: epidemiological update, classification and trends; aptitude to work of HIV-positive physicians.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1992, Vol.53, No.4, p.281-295.

CIS 94-226 Baur X., Czuppon A.B., Raulf M.
Case report: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by an isocyanate (isocyanate alveolitis)
Fallbericht: Exogen-allergische Alveolitis durch Isocyanat (Isocyanat-Alveolitis) [en alemán]
A 54 year-old worker regularly observed episodes of fever, headache, irritation of the throat, and difficulty in breathing a few hours after exposure to an isocyanate (MDI) hardening agent. Exposure tests with MDI showed that an extrinsic allergic alveolitis developed together with restrictive ventilation, hypoxaemia, fever up to 39.2°C (axillary), and leucocytosis. In the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), besides agranulocytosis and eosinophilia, a strong reduction in the CD4/CD8-quotient was observed. After an interval of two years, the presence of antibodies could no longer be shown.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, May 1992, Vol.42, No.5, p.187-189. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 94-280 Hryhorczuk D.O., Aks S.E., Turk J.W.
Unusual occupational toxins
Twelve of the most unusual industrial toxins are reviewed and their clinical manifestations and treatments explored: acetonitrile (laboratory reagent, solvent; primary toxicity due to its delayed metabolism to cyanide); acrylonitrile (commonly used; interesting toxicology); boron hydrides (rocket fuels; toxic); dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN, used as a catalyst in the chemical industry); dimethylformamide (widely used solvent; hepatotoxic); hydrazines (rocket and jet fuels, corrosion inhibitors etc; serious toxic effects); methyl isocyanate (intermediate in insecticide manufacturing; extremely toxic); 2-nitropropane (solvent, many other uses; hepatotoxic); phosphine (pesticide; toxic); stalinon and other organotin compounds (mostly of historical interest); tellurium (metal used as an alloy component, other uses; toxic); vanadium (trace metal used in alloys, other uses; toxic).
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1992. Vol.7, No.3, p.567-586. 145 ref.

CIS 93-1595 Huynh C.K., Vu-Duc T., Savolainen H.
Design and evaluation of a solid sampler for the monitoring of airborne 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and its prepolymers in two-component spray painting
An active, solvent-free solid sampler was developed for the collection of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) aerosol and prepolymers. The applicability of the sampling and analytical procedure was validated with a test chamber, constructed for the dynamic generation of HDI aerosol and prepolymers in commercial two-component spray paints used in car refinishing. Results showed that this solvent-free technique can conveniently and advantageously replace the liquid impinger technique for the sampling of HDI and its prepolymers in the work atmosphere. Manipulations after sampling are reduced with the described setup procedure and make the determinations of HDI and prepolymers more accurate, simple, and rapid. The impregnation technique of the glass fibre filter is better controlled than that of trapping in a solution of reagent. The absorption capacity is effective up to the range of 10 times the threshold limit value (TLV) of HDI.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar. 1992, Vol.53, No.3, p.157-162. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 93-1314
Japan Industrial Hygiene Association
Criteria for tentative safe exposure levels on the 1992 exposure limit list [Japan]
Kyoyō nōdo zanteichi (1992) no teian riyū [en japonés]
Review of relevant primary literature on arsine, silver and its compounds, chloromethyl methyl ether, cobalt and its compounds and toluene diisocyanate. Exposure limits established in other countries are discussed.
Japanese Journal of Industrial Health - Sangyō-Igaku, July 1992, Vol.34, No.4, p.385-396. 114 ref.

CIS 93-1263 Kennedy A.L., Brown W.E.
Isocyanates and lung disease - Experimental approaches to molecular mechanisms
Isocyanates are reactive compounds that have commercial applications in the synthesis of a variety of products, including paints, coatings, elastomers, and foams. The correlation between isocyanates and a number of respiratory diseases has been established, primarily at the clinical level. This article aims at bridging the gap of understanding between clinical symptoms and molecular reactivity, with emphasis on experimental approaches that serve to complement clinical and epidemiological data.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, Apr.-June 1992, Vol.7, No.2, p.301-329. Illus. 95 ref.

CIS 93-736 Acetonitrile
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the newly revised edition of the NIOSH publication "Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards". Effects of short-term exposure: irritation of eyes, mucous membranes, skin and upper respiratory tract; methaemoglobinaemia.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, 1992. 7p. 11 ref.

CIS 93-960 Foussereau J., Cavelier C.
Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis due to constituents of plastics
Les dermites de contact par irritation et par allergie aux constituants de matières plastiques [en francés]
This information note deals with skin irritation and allergies due to the constituents of plastics (monomers, oligomers, starting materials hardeners, additives); fully polymerised plastics are not allergenic. Constituents are classified by type and frequency of skin damage: irritants (cyanoacrylates and allylic polyesters); frequently allergenic products (epoxies, acrylates and methacrylates); rarely allergenic products (some aminoplasts and phenoplasts, polyurethanes, unsaturated polyesters, vinyl plastics, cellulosic polyethers, other resins and additives). The impact of these products on the skin is more a function of their chemical properties than of the amounts occurring in a given formulation. The observed broad distribution of dermatoses reflects the diversity of plastics manufactured and the number of subjects involved in their production.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 2nd Quarter 1992, No.50, p.263-291. Illus. ca.340 ref.

CIS 93-925 Brouwer R., Brouwer D.H., Tijssen S.C.H.A., Van Hemmen J.J.
Pesticides in the cultivation of carnations in greenhouses - Part II. Relationship between foliar residues and exposures
The relationship between the levels of dermal and respiratory exposure to four pesticides and the amount of pesticide on the leaves of the plants has been studied during the cutting of carnations in 18 farms. Dermal exposure is strongly related to the amount of dislodgeable foliar residue (DFR). A transfer factor from leaves to hands of approximately 4500cm²/h has been calculated. Dermal exposure of hands and forearms can be predicted from measurements of DFR. The DFR was mainly determined by the amount of the pesticide remaining from previous applications and the last application rate, not by the application technique (spraying or dusting). The concentrations in the breathing zone after dusting of zineb (dustable powder) and chlorothalonil (wettable powder) were significantly correlated with DFR. The concentrations of thiram did not correlate with DFR. Respiratory exposure results from dispersion of foliar dust containing pesticides.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1992, Vol.53, No.9, p.582-587. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 93-924 Brouwer D.H., Brouwer R., De Mik G., Maas C.L., Van Hemmen J.J.
Pesticides in the cultivation of carnations in greenhouses - Part I. Exposure and concomitant health risk
Respiratory exposure and dermal exposure of the hands and forearms to four pesticides have been measured in 18 farms for carnation culture. For 94 workers, the geometric mean dermal exposure rate during flower cutting was 10.1mg/h and during sorting/bundling by 35 workers the dermal exposure rate was 7.3mg/h. The average concentration in air as measured by personal air sampling during cutting after a pesticide had been dusted was 0.7mg/m³. For the same area, pesticide spraying exposed the applicator to a dermal exposure seven times higher than dusting. However, during dusting respiratory exposure was higher. Generally, overall exposure is higher during manual activities in treated crops than during application. Risk to health occurs after application of pesticides that are relatively toxic and show relatively good skin-penetrating properties at relatively high application rates. The respiratory exposure to dusted pesticides may in some situations also result in health risks.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1992, Vol.53, No.9, p.575-581. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 93-899 Swaen G.M.H., Bloemen L.J.N., Twisk J., Scheffers T., Slangen J.J.M., Sturmans F.
Mortality of workers exposed to acrylonitrile
A retrospective cohort investigation of the potential carcinogenic effects of occupational exposure to acrylonitrile (AN) was conducted on 6,803 workers at eight chemical plants and one control plant, of whom 2,842 had been exposed to AN between 1956 and 1979 for at least six months. An extensive review of the available industrial hygiene data was conducted to assess the magnitude of past exposure to AN, occurrence of peak exposures, exposure to recognised potential human carcinogens, and respirator use. The total cohort was observed for mortality until the end of 1987. The total mortality was lower than expected for exposed and non-exposed cohorts, based on national mortality statistics. The observed cancer mortality in the exposed cohort was similar to the expected mortality. Dose-response relationships and latency for total mortality and lung cancer mortality were analysed. Overall, no indications were found for a carcinogenic effect in this cohort of workers exposed to AN.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1992, Vol.34, No.8, p.801-809. 19 ref.

CIS 93-569 Janko M., McCarthy K., Fajer M., van Raalte J.
Occupational exposure to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate-based polyisocyanates in the state of Oregon, 1980-1990
Monitoring of exposure to 1,6-hexamethylene (HDI) monomers and HDI polyisocyanates from spray painting and related activities was conducted by taking 562 air samples from 60 workplaces in Oregon, USA, from 1980-1990. A high number of the samples (42%) exceeded the Oregon permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1mg/m³ for HDI polyisocyanates. Spray finishing operations were divided into three categories: continuous industrial spraying, auto body repair shops, and intermittent spray operations of large objects. In all the surveys, the ventilation facilities and personal protective equipment were evaluated. The exposure levels were related to the HDI polymer content of the paint, types of spray guns used, ventilation facilities, and personal work practices. The impact of the Oregon PEL on the use of personal protective equipment is discussed.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1992, Vol.53, No.5, p.331-338. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 93-217 Lesage J., Goyer N., Desjardins F., Vincent J.Y., Perrault G.
Workers' exposure to isocyanates
A model of exposure to isocyanates, based on knowledge of industrial processes and starting materials and the results of industrial hygiene surveys, is proposed. This model of exposure predicts the concentration and physical form of airborne isocyanate monomers and oligomers. A new sampling and analytical system was developed that is capable of determining the physical and chemical characteristics of occupational exposure to a variety of aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates as required by the exposure model. The practicality of the system was evaluated during field trials. Airborne concentrations of isocyanates were measured in two foam plants, nine paint shops, and two foundries to verify the usefulness of the model. Exposure in foam plants was predominantly to gaseous monomer isocyanates. Exposure to oligomer isocyanates was higher than expected in paint shops. Both monomer and oligomer isocyanates were undetectable in foundries.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1992, Vol.53, No.2, p.146-153. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 93-213 Vandenplas O., Malo J.L., Cartier A., Perreault G., Cloutier Y.
Closed-circuit methodology for inhalation challenge tests with isocyanates
A closed-circuit apparatus for generating isocyanates in a gaseous form was developed to help in the diagnosis of isocyanate-induced occupational asthma. Twenty subjects suspected of having isocyanate-induced asthma were tested using both the older, small challenge room method and the newer method in a randomised sequential way. Isocyanate concentrations were more stable with the closed-circuit apparatus than with the challenge room method. The percentage of the total exposure time during which concentrations were above 20ppb was reduced from 11.3 to 4.5%. The two methods yielded the same number of positive and negative responses, except for one subject who did not have a positive reaction when tested with the challenge room method. The pattern and magnitude of asthmatic reactions were similar for both methods. However, the duration of exposure was shorter with the challenge room method than with the closed-circuit method.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, Mar. 1992, Vol.145, No.3, p.582-587. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 92-1980 Estlander T., Keskinen H., Jolanki R., Kanerva L.
Occupational dermatitis from exposure to polyurethane chemicals
In addition to asthma, contact dermatitis may also develop from occupational contact with polyurethane (PU) chemicals. 6 cases of allergic contact dermatitis from exposure to PU chemicals were diagnosed in 1974-1990. The present paper summarises the results and gives detailed descriptions of 3 such patients. The results suggest that when allergy to PU chemicals is suspected, patch tests should include, in addition to diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), at least 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 1.5-2% pet. They also suggest that test substances can be used for over a year, and that allergy to MDA may point to MDI exposure contained in PU chemicals.
Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 1992, Vol.27, No.3, p.161-165. 17 ref.

CIS 92-1890 Saetta M., Di Stefano A., Maestrelli P., De Marzo N., Milani G.F., Pivirotto F., Mapp C.E., Fabbri L.M.
Airway mucosal inflammation in occupational asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate
The light and electron microscopic structure of lobar bronchial biopsies was examined in nine subjects with occupational asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and in four non-asthmatic controls who had never been exposed to TDI. Inflammatory cell numbers were separately assessed in the intact epithelium, in the more superficial layer of the submucosa, and in the total submucosa. Asthmatic subjects had an increased number of inflammatory cells in the airway mucosa compared with control subjects. The results showed that in patients with occupational asthma induced by TDI, bronchial mucosa shows pathologic features, such as inflammatory cell infiltrate and thickening of subepithelial collagen, similar to those described in non-occupational asthma.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, Jan. 1992, Vol.145, No.1, p.160-168. Illus. 26 ref.

CIS 92-1889 Saetta M., Maestrelli P., Di Stefano A., De Marzo N., Milani G.F., Pivirotto F., Mapp C.E., Fabbri L.M.
Effect of cessation of exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) on bronchial mucosa of subjects with TDI-induced asthma
The effect of cessation of exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was studied in six patients with TDI-induced asthma. At diagnosis, asthmatic subjects had thickened reticular basement membrane and increased numbers of mononuclear cells and eosinophils in the lamina propria when compared with control subjects. Electron microscopy showed degranulation of eosinophils and mast cells in asthmatics. Six months after cessation of exposure, the thickness of the reticular basement membrane was significantly reduced compared with that at diagnosis, and it decreased to values similar to those of control biopsies. Inflammatory cell numbers in bronchial mucosa of asthmatic subjects did not change significantly six months after removal from exposure, and degranulation of eosinophils and mast cells was still present. At the end of the study, airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and/or sensitivity to TDI persisted in most of the asthmatic patients despite the cessation of exposure and the disappearance of asthmatic symptoms.
American Review of Respiratory Disease, Jan. 1992, Vol.145, No.1, p.169-174. Illus. 18 ref.

1991

CIS 00-639 Adiponitrilo
Versión en español del IPCS ICSC 0211. Ficha Internacional de Seguridad Química. Efectos de una exposición de corta duración: absorción cutánea; irritación de ojos y tracto respiratorio; quemaduras químicas; convulsiones, coma y finalmente la muerte. Efectos de una exposición prolongada: efectos hematológicos y lesión renal que puede dar lugar a anemia y a lesión en los tejidos. Valor límite: 2 ppm (piel).
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, España, 1991. 2p. Ilus.

CIS 98-66 Acrilonitrilo
Versión española de IPCS ICSC 2-0092. Ficha Química Internacional de Seguridad. Temas tratados: ficha de datos; absorción cutánea; acrilonitrilo; dermatitis; efectos cancerígenos; efectos genéticos; efectos neurotóxicos; efectos diferidos; efectos teratógenos; eliminación de vertidos; eliminación de residuos; España; etiquetado; irritación; lesiones hepáticas; lucha contra incendios; IPCS; contaminación ambiental; primeros auxilios; riesgos químicos; riesgos para la salud; riesgos de explosión; riesgos de incendio; almacenamiento; traducción; valores-umbral.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, España, 1991. 2p.

CIS 97-1811 Acetonitrilo
Versión española de IPCS ICSC 2-0088. Ficha internacional de seguridad de las substancias químicas. Efectos de una exposición de corta duración: absorción cutánea; síntomas diferidos; irritación de ojos, piel y vías respiratorias; inhibidor potencial de la respiración celular. Efectos de una exposición de larga duración: puede causar malformaciones congénitas. Límites de exposición: valor-umbral (TLV): 40 ppm, 67 mg/m3 (TWA)(ACGIH 1993-1994); 60ppm, 101 mg/m3 (piel) (STEL) (ACGIH 1993-1994).
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, España, 1991. 2p.

CIS 96-476 Diisocianato de 1,5-naftileno
Versión española de la futura ficha IPCS ICSC 0653. Ficha internacional de seguridad de las sustancias químicas. Efectos de una exposición de corta duración: irritación de ojos, piel y vías respiratorias; reacciones asmáticas. Efectos de una exposición de larga duración: sensibilización cutánea; asma; puede afectar los pulmones.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, España, 1991. 2p.

CIS 93-555 Sesana G., Nano G., Baj A.
A new tool for sampling airborne isocyanates
A new sampling system is presented that uses solid sorbent media contained in a tube for the determination of airborne isocyanates (2,4-2,6 toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, and 4,4' diaminodiphenylmethane diisocyanate). The method is compared with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method P&CAM 5505 (Revision No.1). Experimental tests yielded results that were highly concordant with the NIOSH method.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1991, Vol.52, No.5, p.183-186. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 93-235 Mapp C.E.
Adverse health effects of isocyanates
Isocianati - Effetti dannosi sulla salute [en italiano]
The paper describes the main adverse biological effects of isocyanates, particularly toluene diisocyanate (TDI). It is not intended to be simply a review of the literature but a stimulus for further investigations on the mechanism of action, chemical characterisation, environmental release, exposure, fate, health effects, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of isocyanates.
Medicina del lavoro, July-Aug. 1991, Vol.82, No.4, p.328-335. 66 ref.

CIS 93-77 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: delayed effects; irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract; asthmatic reactions. Long term exposure effects: skin sensitisation; asthma; may affect the lungs; possible human carcinogen.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 2p.

CIS 93-59 Propionitrile
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract; inhibition of cellular metabolism; neurotoxic effects. Long term exposure effects: liquid defats the skin; may cause birth defects.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 2p.

CIS 92-1820 Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: irritant; pulmonary oedema; asthma. Long term exposure effects: skin sensitisation; asthmatic reactions.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 2p.

CIS 92-1800 Hexamethylene diisocyanate
International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: irritation of eyes, skin and respiratory tract; asthmatic reations. Long term exposure effects: skin sensitisation; asthma.
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 2p.

CIS 92-1533 Finotto S., Fabbri L.M., Rado V., Mapp C.E., Maestrelli P.
Increase in numbers of CD8 positive lymphocytes and eosinophils in peripheral blood of subjects with late asthmatic reactions induced by toluene diisocyanate
Occupational asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI, tolylene diisocyanate) shares several features with allergic asthma, but the mechanism of action of TDI is poorly understood. Ten sensitised subjects, previously shown to develop a dual or late asthmatic reaction after inhaling TDI, were examined. In each subject, forced expiratory volume in one second was measured and venous blood was taken before, and at intervals after exposure to TDI. Filtered air was used as a control. Differential leucocyte counts were determined and phenotypic analysis was performed by immunofluorescence on mononuclear cells using monoclonal antibodies. Five subjects developed a dual asthmatic reaction and 5 had a late reaction. Percentage of CD8-positive lymphocytes increased 8h after exposure to TDI in the subjects with an isolated late reaction. The events triggered by exposure to TDI in sensitised subjects included changes in lung function and systemic effects which lasted longer than bronchoconstriction and concerned suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes and eosinophils; TDI-induced late asthmatic reactions may be associated with an immunological response to TDI or its products.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1991, Vol.48, No.2, p.116-121. Illus. 24 ref.

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