Rubber industry - 221 entries found

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1995

CIS 96-763 Utterback D.F., Rinsky R.A.
Benzene exposure assessment in rubber hydrochloride workers: A critical evaluation of previous estimates
Many risk assessments for leukaemia associated with benzene exposure have been based on a 1981 mortality study among a cohort of rubber hydrochloride workers. A re-examination of this study in 1992 resulted in retrospective benzene exposure estimates far greater than those previously reported; this suggests that calculated risk estimates for benzene were lower than previously estimated. The 1992 reanalysis is critically examined and it is concluded that the approach falls short of the claim of providing more plausible exposure estimates for the cohort. The original exposure estimates remain the most consistent with all the information available on rubber hydrochloride manufacturing.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1995, Vol.27, No.5, p.661-676. 35 ref.

CIS 95-2173 Mirkova E., Ivanova-Čemišanska L., Hinkova L., Antov G., Muhtarova M.
Cytogenetic effects (frequency of micronuclei) in peripheral lymphocyte cultures from workers in automobile tyre manufacture
Citogenetični efekti (čestota na mikronukleusi) v limfocitni kulturi ot periferna krăv na rabotnicite ot proizvodstvoto na avtomobilni gumi [in Bulgarian]
Studies at the Preparatory Workshop of a plant for automobile tyres included chemical analyses for levels of identifiable human carcinogens in the working area (benz(a)pyrene, mineral oils, 2-naphthylamine), questionnaire investigations, cytogenetic analysis by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus method in peripheral lymphocyte cultures from 23 workers in occupational groups at risk and urinanalysis for mercapturic acids. The control group was 13 nonexposed subjects from outside the plant. For levels of benz(a)pyrene and mineral oils exceeding 2.5 to 3.5 times the respective exposure limits, cytogenetic analysis showed a 4-fold increase in indicators of genotoxicity (frequency of micronucleated binucleated lymphocytes, number of micronuclei per 1,000 binucleated lymphocytes). These results imply an increased risk of cancer in the exposed workers. Summary in English.
Problemi na higienata, 1995, Vol.20, p.146-162. 13 ref.

CIS 95-2172 Ivanova-Čemišanska L., Hinkova L., Mihajlova A., Antov G., Hristeva V., Halkova Ž., Mirkova E., Mitova Ž., Muhtarova M., Ilieva P., Nikolova L.
Toxico-hygienic problems for workers at the "Dinamik" automobile tyre factory, Sofia
Toksikohigienni problemi pri raboteštite v zavod za avtomobilni gumi "Dinamik" - Sofija [in Bulgarian]
Toxicological and hygienic investigations were carried out on a representative group of 131 workers (50 females and 81 males) in three main workshops - preparation, building and vulcanization - at an automobile tyre plant in Sofia. The majority of the workers were over 40 years old, having a general length of service in excess of 10 years and specialized occupational experience from 10-20 years or more. Chemical hazards were among the most important ones in the occupational environment. Exposure limits were exceeded for 3,4-benzopyrene, mineral oil and the accelerators thiuram and altax in preparation, benzine in building and styrene and hydrocarbons in vulcanization. Clinical laboratory findings revealed changes in haemopoiesis and hepatic functional state, while urinary sulfate and glucuronide levels confirmed the workers' high exposures to sulfur compounds and benzine. Summary in English.
Problemi na higienata, 1995, Vol.20, p.138-145. Illus.

CIS 95-1648
Health and Safety Commission - Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
Safe to breathe - Dust and fume control in the rubber industry
Guidance and training booklet covering: relevant legislation in the United Kingdom; maximum exposure limits (8h-TWA: 6mg/m³ for rubber process dust, 0.6mg/m³ for rubber fume); strategy for dust and fume control; assessing the health hazard from dust and fume; control methods and strategy.
HSE Books, P.O.Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk, CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1995. 13p. Illus. 15 ref.

1994

CIS 95-283
Health and Safety Commission, Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
Control of rubber fume at extruders, calenders and vulcanising operations
This guide gives practical advice on methods of control of fume arising from the processing of rubber after mixing. Contents: health hazards of rubber fume (bladder cancer); legal requirements; general principles of fume control (elimination or substitution, optimum processing temperature, segregation, ventilation, respirators, training and worker involvement); specific requirements for extrusion, calendering and vulcanizing operations; exhaust ventilation systems; maintenance, examination and test of control measures.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1994. v, 30p. Illus. 36 ref. Price: GBP 8.95.

CIS 94-1668 Certin J.F., Braud M.C., Ferrand C., Gendre J.C., Guillouzic J.F., Robelin V., Le Trionnaire C., Jeandel B.
Pollution from vulcanization fumes in the rubber industry. A survey in 14 firms
Pollution par les fumées de vulcanisation dans l'industrie du caoutchouc - Une enquête dans 14 entreprises [in French]
Epidemiological studies have shown that workers exposed to chemical pollutants in the rubber industry are subject to an increased risk of certain cancers and respiratory disorders. But no study has yet measured the precise role of vulcanization fume components. A measurement campaign was carried out in 14 firms in western France: 524 measurements were made using the British method (cyclohexane-soluble fraction). Mean exposure of workers to vulcanization fumes was 1.03mg/m³, a level considerably higher than the British limit value of 0.6mg/m³. 48.6% of the personal samples measured were higher than this value. The mean atmospheric contamination was 0.35mg/m³. Examination of workplace type and layout reveals that local ventilation is missing in many cases or is inadequate. Although the parameters used to assess pollution have no toxicological justification, it makes it possible to characterize work situations and identify the most unfavourable cases. The British objective of 0.6mg/m³ seems to be realistic as a target.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Hygiène et sécurité du travail, 1st Quarter 1994, No.154, Note No.1950-154-94, p.35-41. 24 ref.

1993

CIS 95-652 Teass A.W., DeBord D.G., Brown K.K., Cheever K.L., Stettler L.E., Savage R.E., Weigel W.W., Dankovic D., Ward E.
Biological monitoring for occupational exposures to o-toluidine and aniline
In a tyre manufacturing plant where an excess of bladder cancers was attributed to o-toluidine and aniline the exposure of workers was evaluated. The unmetabolized aniline and o-toluidine as well as the metabolites acetanilide and N-acetyl-o-toluidine were determined in a total of 209 pre- and post-shift urine samples from 53 exposed and 36 nonexposed workers. A method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by electrochemical detection was employed. In addition, a total of 84 whole blood samples were analyzed for aniline-haemoglobin and o-toluidine-haemoglobin adducts. Two alternative procedures were tested, one using HPLC and the other gas chromatography with electron capture detection. First results provide evidence of a carryover of a part of the o-toluidine dose from one workshift to the next. For haemoglobin adduct determination the HPLC fluorescence method appeared useful.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1993, Vol.65, Suppl.1, p.S115-S118. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 95-243 Sturaro A., Parvoli G., Doretti L., Gori G., Bartolucci G.B.
GC-MS investigation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the manufacture of rubber tubes
Mineral oils and carbon black containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are normally used in the manufacture of rubber tubes. Owing to the toxicity of these chemicals it is important to have methods for their identification and for the monitoring of their concentration in the air of the workplace. Such a method using a two-stage air sampler and GLC SIR MS to monitor eight PACs is reported here. PAC identification was confirmed by reference to commercially available pure compounds. Using the method, detection limits of 8-15ng/mL, corresponding to a level of 12-23ng/m³ in the workplace, were achieved. These are well below the NIOSH, OSHA and ACGIH prescribed TWAs.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, June 1993, Vol.37, No.3, p.327-334. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 94-2032 Special NIOSH hazard review. Rubber products manufacturing industry
This review summarizes the adverse health effects of worker exposures in the rubber products industry and examines research needed to prevent these effects. Contents: potential for worker exposure and brief note on current exposure limits; health effects (cancers, respiratory, dermatologic and reproductive effects, injuries, repeated trauma disorders); review of studies to characterize exposures; research needs.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Sep. 1993. vi, 15p. 98 ref.

CIS 94-1601 Bolm-Audorff U., Jöckel K.H., Kilguss B., Pohlabeln H., Siepenkothen T.
Malignant tumours of the lower urinary tract and occupational risk factors
Bösartige Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege und Risiken am Arbeitsplatz [in German]
Chemists, chemical workers, employees in the rubber industry and hairdressers run a significantly higher risk of developing malignant tumours of the lower urinary tract. Painters were found to be at higher risk also, but not on a statistically significant level. Smoking and the consumption of beer and coffee were identified as non-occupational risk factors.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Postfach 10 11 10, Am Alten Hafen 113-115, 27511 Bremerhaven, Germany, 1993. 179p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 94-1306 Tagesson C., Chabiuk D., Axelson O., Barański B., Palus J., Wyszyńska K.
Increased urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, as a possible early indicator of occupational cancer hazards in the asbestos, rubber and azo-dye industries
Urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), was determined in workers in the asbestos, rubber and azo-dye industries and in controls. Levels of 8-OHdG appeared to be significantly higher in each of the exposed groups than in the control group. Findings suggest that occupational exposures may contribute to an increased oxidative damage to human DNA and point to the possible use of urinary 8-OHdG assays in biomonitoring of biological effects of chemicals in selected industrial workplaces.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1993, Vol.6, No.4, p.357-368. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 94-1308 Cody R.P., Strawderman W.W., Kipen H.M.
Hematologic effects of benzene: Job-specific trends during the first year of employment among a cohort of benzene-exposed rubber workers
Haematologic surveillance data from 1940 to 1975 were analyzed for a benzene-exposed cohort of 161 workers with "pre-employment" counts done before exposure and subsequent counts from the first 12 months of employment. While blood cell counts declined approximately 1000 cells/mm³ over the first 4 months of exposure, according to repeated-measures analysis of variance, workers exposed above the median benzene exposure at the plant had significantly lower average white and red blood cell counts at each month during the first year of work than did workers exposed below the median. These decreased counts suggest that clinically detectable bone marrow depression accompanied the onset of work in this plant during the 1940s and that benzene levels were higher in the 1940s than in subsequent decades. The general utility of repeated-measures analytic techniques for medical surveillance data is also demonstrated by this analysis.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1993, Vol.35, No.8, p.776-782. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 94-588 Carlo G.L., Jablinske M.R., Lee N.L., Sund K.G., Corn M.
Reduced mortality among workers at a rubber plant
A retrospective cohort study of mortality was conducted among current and former male employees of a tire manufacturing plant in Texas. Vital status was ascertained for almost all the cohort of 2,306 workers. Standardized mortality ratio analyses were completed based on 102 deaths. No significant excess for any disease-specific cause of death was identified, and significant deficits in all-cause mortality and deficits in cancer mortality were observed for both white and nonwhite men. The analyses were consistent in indicating that this work force has experienced no excessive disease-specific mortality.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, June 1993, Vol.35, No.6, p.611-616. 63 ref.

1992

CIS 97-1212 Check list for the rubber industry
Checklista för gummiindustrin [in Swedish]
This safety check list designed for the rubber industry includes 124 items covering the following areas: raw material and their handling; additives; batching and mixing; mixing in a rolling-mill; production of rubber parts and vulcanizing; automatic and manual forming in presses and extruders; manufacturing of tyres; gluing; degreasing; after-treatment; stock rooms; trucks; laboratories; the environment; other questions.
Arbetarskyddsnämnden, Box 3208, 103 64 Stockholm, Sweden, 1992. 15p.

CIS 92-1291 Rentel K.H., Gmehling J., Lehmann E.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz
Chemical exposures in the rubber industry
Stoffbelastungen in der Gummiindustrie [in German]
A check list was used to collect data on production processes, chemical substances used and working conditions in 11 German factories producing tires and soft rubber articles. Total dust concentrations at selected workplaces varied from undetectable to 74mg/m³ for personal sampling and from undetectable to 13.3mg/m³ for area sampling. The cyclohexane-soluble fraction of total dust usually exceeded the 0.25mg/m³ limit recommended by the British Rubber Manufacturers' Association. Average exposures were higher in compounding than in extruding, calendering or curing. Engineering controls, such as local exhaust, were usually installed on balances and mixers, but were often missing on mills, extruders and other machines working at temperatures up to 100°C.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für neue Wissenschaften GmbH, Postfach 10 11 10, 2850 Bremerhaven 1, Germany, 1991. 98p. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 92-970
Health and Safety Commission - Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
COSHH in the rubber industry - Guidance on the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988
This booklet provides advice for those who work in the rubber industry (including manufacturers of flexible foamed polyurethane) on their approach to the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 1988 (see CIS 89-1092). It should be read in conjunction with the COSHH General Approved Code of Practice and the Carcinogens Approved Code of Practice (see CIS 91-257). Contents: hazard assessment procedure; prevention or control of exposure to substances hazardous to health; use, maintenance, examination and testing of control measures; monitoring exposure; health surveillance; training. Appendices include a definition of rubber process dust and rubber fume and a sample list of processes.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1992. 19p. 36 réf. Price: GBP 5.00.

1991

CIS 93-529
Projectgroep Rubberverwerkende Industrie
Survey of the working conditions in the rubber processing industry
Verkenning arbeidsomstandigheden rubberverwerkende industrie [in Dutch]
Survey of the health and safety problems in the rubber processing industry in the Netherlands, as well as of problems in workers' welfare issues. Common health and safety concerns in the industry: exposure to dust, gases and vapours; exposure to noise and vibrations; indoor climate; physical workload. Attention is also given to the role of various organisations in this sector (such as employers' organisations, trade unions and the Labour Inspectorate) that might influence working conditions.
Directorate-General of Labour (Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 90804, 2509 LV Den Haag, Netherlands, 1991. 39p. Illus.

CIS 93-528 Beumer P.F.M., Hessels A.B., Musson J.H.M.M., Verhoeven W.E.
Working conditions in the rubber and plastics processing industry - Survey of the main problems with respect to exposure to noise, vibration, gases, vapours and dust
Arbeidsomstandigheden in de rubber- en kunststofverwerkende industrie - Overzicht van de voornaamste knelpunten wat betreft de blootstelling aan geluid, trillingen, gassen, dampen en stof [in Dutch]
In this report the results are presented of a survey of the literature on the working environment in the rubber and plastics processing industry. An inventory is presented on the major issues in occupational health and safety, with special attention to noise, vibration and exposure to gases, vapours and dust. After a general section with information on problems occurring in several branches of industry (such as cleaning, maintenance and internal transport), attention is given to health and safety aspects specific to the rubber and plastics processing industry, such as: weighing and mixing additives, (injection) moulding, calendering, extrusion, vulcanisation, processing of waste products etc. Appropriate health and safety measures are presented.
Directorate-General of Labour (Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 90804, 2509 LV Den Haag, Netherlands, 1991. 92p. 68 ref.

CIS 91-1525 Hall N.E.L., Rosenman K.D.
Cancer by industry - Analysis of a population-based cancer registry with an emphasis on blue-collar workers
This paper presents information on occupation and industry routinely collected in a state-based (New Jersey) cancer registry to assess potential associations between workplace exposures and cancer incidence. Industry-specific proportional cancer incidence ratios (PCIR) were calculated by race and sex for all individuals and for white males with blue-collar occupations. Increased lung cancer PCIR were seen in most industries previously reported to be associated with lung cancer risk. Other results include an increased ratio of melanoma in blue-collar white male rubber and plastic product workers, an increased ratio of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in motor vehicle manufacture workers, and an increased PCIR of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in general construction workers. Uterine cancer was increased in proportion in white females for a number of industries including rubber and plastic product manufacture, apparel manufacture, and electrical equipment manufacture.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1991, Vol.19, No.2, p.145-159. 40 ref.

CIS 91-1359
Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
Safeguarding of nips in the rubber industry
Contents of this guidance note: definition of nips and running nips; principles of guarding; types of safeguards (fixed guards, interlocking guards, trip devices); safe working on horizontal two-roll mills, and at calenders and conveyors; training; safe systems of work; safety and access during maintenance. Appendices cover interlocking devices and ergonomic information.
Rubber NIG, Greater Manchester Area Health and Safety Executive Office, Quay House, Quay Street, Manchester M3 3JB, United Kingdom, 1991. 28p. Illus. 13 ref.

1990

CIS 93-1635 Benvenuti F., Ciccarelli C., Salerno A., Moccaldi R.
Environmental pollution in a rubber accelerator production plant
L'inquinamento ambientale in un impianto di produzione di acceleranti per gomma [in Italian]
This study was carried out at a plant for the production of rubber accelerators. It concentrated on the environmental conditions connected with these processes, in outdoors processing areas (closed cycle units). The level of pollution found in the processing area was very low, with the exception of the valve-replacement zone, where there was a risk of short-term exposure to high levels of dimethylaniline. The use of personal protective equipment for hands, eyes and the respiratory tract is recommended. On the other hand, a risk of long-term exposure to mercaptobenzothiazole and tetramethylthiuram disulfide was found in the finished-product packaging unit. Therefore, in these units there is a need to provide constant control and equipment maintenance, and to introduce prevention measures capable of reducing contamination levels.
Prevenzione oggi, July-Sep. 1990, Vol.2, No.3, p.17-31. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 92-457 Bazylewicz-Walczak B., Marszal-Wiśniewska M., Siuda A.
The psychological effects of chronic exposure to white spirit in rubber industry workers
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of chronic occupational exposure to white spirit on the efficiency of workers' intellectual and psychomotor functions. The exposed group consisted of 226 rubber industry workers while the control group comprised 102 hosiery plant workers. Chronic exposure to white spirit, at a concentration close to the hygienic standard, induced a deterioration of some intellectual and psychomotor functions in exposed persons, depending on the duration of exposure and age of the exposed subjects.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1990, Vol.3, No.1, p.118-127. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 91-999
Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
Noise control in the rubber industry
Contents of this safety guide: noise and the human ear and hearing loss; noise measurements; legislation and limits; noise levels found in the rubber industry; outline strategy for noise control; identification of sources of noise; principles and basic techniques of noise reduction; noise reduction at source for new and existing machines; noise reduction in the paths from source to receiver; a checklist for noise control in the rubber industry; noise control case studies. Appendices include: main requirements of the Noise at Work Regulations 1989; some definitions relevant to noise measurement and control; a noise checklist for new machinery; factory noise questionnaire.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1990. 40p. Illus. 63 ref. Price: GBP 8.50.

CIS 90-2014 Use of solvents in the rubber industry
Contents of this safety guide: types of solvent used in the rubber industry and their flammability, labelling requirements and occupational exposure limits; fire and explosion hazards; health risks following solvent exposure; general legal requirements including storage and labelling, fire precautions and certification, electrical requirements and waste disposal; assessment of risks arising from the storage and use of solvents; measurement of exposure (atmospheric sampling, health surveillance, biological monitoring); principles of exposure control (elimination of harmful solvents and substitution of safer substances, ventilation and personal protection); safe working methods during operations involving solvents; requirements for local exhaust ventilation systems; maintenance of control measures.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1990. 28p. Illus. 50 ref. Price: GBP 4.00.

1989

CIS 91-1646
Health and Safety Commission, Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
Dust control in powder handling and weighing
Although primarily designed for those working in the rubber industry, the recommendations given in this guidance note apply to a variety of industries. Contents: health hazards of chemicals used in the rubber industry; general aspects of safety measures; legal requirements under the COSHH Regulations; principles of protection (selection of materials, method of work, engineering and ventilation, personal protection); fire and explosion potential; hazards and recommendations for powder handling and weighing, bulk powder handling and component dusting; general requirements for local exhaust ventilation systems.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1989. 32p. Illus. 35 ref. Price: GBP 6.50.

CIS 90-1608 Dreyfors J.M., Jones S.B., Sayed Y.
Hexamethylenetetramine: A review
This review covers the available literature on hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) with emphasis on its toxicology and epidemiology, its thermal decomposition and regulatory concerns related to its uses. Hexamine has many diverse industrial applications, particularly in the foundry, tyre and rubber, and phenoformaldehyde resins industries. Excessive exposure to solid hexamine or its vapour has been reported to cause dermatitis and respiratory allergies. Pure hexamine has been used as a food preservative and as an internal antiseptic in humans and animals. A WHO study in 1972 listed a temporary acceptance level of 5mg/kg body weight as an acceptable daily intake for man. Most animal studies have shown hexamine to be of very low genetic risk. Many thermal decomposition studies were initiated because of concern over the potential emission of toxic substances when hexamine was subjected to very high temperatures. Studies show that hexamine decomposition can be characterised by an increase in HCN and a decrease in NH₃ emissions with increasing temperature, with release of HCN beginning at about 300°C. It is known that hexamine can decompose to form formaldehyde under acidic conditions.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1989, Vol.50, No.11, p.579-585. 51 ref.

CIS 90-496 Negri E., Piolatto G., Pira E., Decarli A., Kaldor J., La Vecchia C.
Cancer mortality in a northern Italian cohort of rubber workers
An analysis of the mortality of a cohort of 6629 workers employed from 1906 to 1981 in a rubber tyre factory in northern Italy (978 deaths and over 133 000 man-years at risk) showed that the all-cause mortality ratio was slightly lower than expected (0.91). Overall cancer mortality was close to expected (275 v 259.4) but there were significant excess rates for two cancer sites: pleura (9 observed v 0.8 expected, which may be due to the use of fibre containing talc) and bladder (16 observed v 8.8 expected). Death rates were not raised for other sites previously associated with employment in the rubber industry, such as cancers of the lung and brain, leukaemias, or lymphomas. The substantially reduced relative risk of pleural cancer among workers first employed after 1940 (RR = 0.05 compared with before 1940) probably reflected improvements in working conditions over more recent periods. For cancer of the bladder, the relative risk was also lower for workers first engaged after 1940. Thus no appreciable risk for any disease was apparent for workers employed over the past four decades. Analysis for each of the 27 job categories showed a substantial excess for cancer of the pleura in the mechanical maintenance workers (4 observed v 0.17 expected); an excess of cancer of the lung (21 v 13.48) was also present in this job category.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Sep. 1989, Vol.46, No.9, p.624-628. 20 ref.

CIS 89-896 Zhang Z.F., Yu S.Z., Li W.X., Choi B.C.K.
Smoking, occupational exposure to rubber, and lung cancer
A cohort of 1624 employees (957 men, 667 women) in a rubber factory in Shanghai were followed up from 1972 and their 12 year mortality experience is presented. The relative risk of lung cancer for smokers was 8.5 for men and 11.4 for women, and for rubber workers exposed to curing agents or talc powder it was 3.2 for men and 4.6 for women.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1989, Vol. 46, No.1, p.12-15. 20 ref.

CIS 89-895 Sorahan T., Parkes H.G., Veys C.A., Waterhouse J.A.H., Straughan J.K., Nutt A.
Mortality in the British rubber industry 1946-85
The mortality experienced by a cohort of 36,691 rubber workers during 1946-85 was investigated. These workers had worked continuously in the industry for a minimum period of one year. Compared with the general population, statistically significant excesses relating to cancer mortality were found for cancers of the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and lung and for all neoplasms. Statistically significant deficits were found for cancers of the prostate, testis and Hodgkin's disease. Involvement of occupational exposures was assessed by the method of regression models and life tables.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1989, Vol.46, No.1, p.1-11. 14 ref.

1988

CIS 91-1902 Harrod J.
Health hazards in the rubber industry - An international report
Contents of this report: overview of health hazards in the rubber industry (accident statistics, problems of risk assessment, physical and chemical hazards, working conditions, research and regulation); processes and jobs in the rubber industry and the known dangers (bladder and other cancers, classification and use of rubber chemicals); outline of protection measures; a summary listing of the health hazards of approximately 200 rubber chemicals.
International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers' Unions, Avenue Emile de Béco 1092, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, 1988. 47p. 26 ref. Price: BEF 300.00.

CIS 91-1416
Bureau of Labour Protection, Ministry of Labour
Rules for dust control in compounding workshops of the rubber industry [China]
Xiangjiao jiagong peiyan chejian fangchen guicheng [in Chinese]
This standard (effective 1 Dec. 1986) sets a limit of 10mg/m³ for airborne dust. It gives the workplaces covered, the measures to be applied (engineering controls and personal protection) and the administrative procedures for the application of the standard. Some terms used in the body of the standard are explained in appendices. The whole standard and individual points are discussed, with citations of relevant studies and documents, in an annexed commentary.
In: Reference Collection of National Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1985-1986, China Standards Publishing Co., Beijing, China, Apr. 1988, p.75-85. Price: CNY 11.00 (whole volume).

CIS 90-660 Wrangsjö K., Wahlberg J.E., Axelsson I.G.K.
IgE-mediated allergy to natural rubber in 30 patients with contact urticaria
30 patients who had experienced contact urticaria after exposure to gloves, contraceptives, balloons or dental cofferdams went through a detailed examination including interviews on: exposure to rubber; local and distant symptoms; provocation test; skin prick tests with latex extracts from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis; patch testing, IgE and RAST analyses. 23 patients (77%) reported additional symptoms from distant organs. 13 had medical occupations; 25 were classified as atopics based on history; 21 had raised Is; 25 were RAST-positive to the extracts from Hevea brasiliensis. 13 had a pre-existing hand dermatitis, of whom 6 were patch-test positive to standard allergens. Skin prick tests with extracts from Hevea brasiliensis were the most diagnostic tool, while the RAST analysis was positive in 25-30 cases. These tests and analyses including RAST were negative in 40 control subjects. Provocation tests are of great value, but difficult to standardise.
Contact Dermatitis, Oct. 1988, Vol.19, No.4, p.264-271. 27 ref.

CIS 90-577 Vainiotalo S., Pfäffli P.
Measurement of azodicarbonamide in workroom air in the plastics processing industry
Azodicarbonamide (AC) is an additive used in the plastics and rubber industries. It is a potent pulmonary sensitiser which may also cause allergic dermatitis. This report describes a spectrophotometric method for its analysis in samples of workplace air. The analytical procedure is based on conversion of AC to hydrazine which is then reacted with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to form aldazine. The absorbance of the derivative is measured by a spectrophotometer at 460nm. Air sampling is performed with glass fibre filters. The detection limit for AC is 0.8µg/m in solution and 0.001mg/m³ for air samples (4m³). AC was found at all the worksites studied, at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 17.5mg/m³. No threshold limit values have been issued for AC. The reported method has particular value for the evaluation of the work environment of workers with suspected sensitisation.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1988, Vol.32, No.2, p.203-208. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 89-584 Hampl V., Johnston O.E., Murdock D.J.
Application of an air curtain-exhaust system at a milling process
The investigated system consisted of an air curtain and an enclosure added to the existing control of a rubber milling process. The air curtain was located between the contaminant source and the mill operator to create an air barrier between the operator and the emission source. The enclosure covered the space between the exhaust hood and the mill's back side to eliminate contaminant emission at this space and to increase hood face velocity at the operator side. Laboratory and field test data indicate that a significant reduction in emissions was achieved when this system was operating, even when the existing hood exhaust airflow rate was reduced by 33%.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1988, Vol.49, No.4, p.167-175. Illus. 9 ref.

1987

CIS 88-1925 Rubber - A list of HSC/E publications relevant to the industry
This bibliography indicates how to obtain the publications, and it provides brief annotations on about 175 publications concerning: dust and fumes; electrical and electronic equipment; workplace monitoring; storage, transport and handling of hazardous substances; legislation in the United Kingdom; injury disease; plant, machinery and maintenance work; radiation; policies, duties and compliance for safety; toxicity reviews. Details are also given on relevant journals, other sources of information, agents, and order forms.
Health and Safety Executive, Sales Point, St Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QZ, United Kingdom, Sep. 1987. 19p.

CIS 88-1976 Aksoy M., Özeriş S., Sabuncu H, İnanici Y., Yanardağ R.
Exposure to benzene in Turkey between 1983 and 1985: A haematological study on 231 workers
A study was performed to determine the content of benzene in the air and solvents and thinners used by 231 workers in 40 workplaces in Istanbul and Izmir. Benzene concentration in the air of a tyre cord manufacturing factory where 2 cases of acute leukaemia were recorded in a 6-year period was 110ppm. In 9 out of 47 thinners (19.1%) the benzene content ranged between 0% and 6.4% whereas it was between 0.7% and 7.64% in 26 of 34 solvents used. A haematological study of 231 workers showed that there were mild abnormalities in 14 workers including leucopaenia in 9, thrombocytopaenia in 4, and pancytopaenia in 1. This study shows that despite the considerable decrease in the content of benzene in the solvents and thinners available in Istanbul and Izmir, the percentages of benzene in most of the materials are still above permissible limits.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1987, Vol.44, No.11, p.785-787. 7 ref.

CIS 88-1600 Zina A.M., Bedello P.G., Cane D., Bunding S., Benedetto A.
Dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory
An outbreak of occupational dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory is reported. An unusual clinical picture was recognised. Patch tests revealed a high sensitisation rate to the mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) derivative used: 2-(2-4'dinitrophenylthio)benzothiazole. Since tests with MBT mix and dinitrophenol were negative, sensitisation to a contaminant was suspected. Dinitrochlorobenzene, a starting material for manufacture of the dinitrophenylthiobenzothiazole, was traced as the substance responsible.
Contact Dermatitis, July 1987, Vol.17, No.1, p.17-20. 4 ref.

CIS 88-853 Yearbook for 1986 of the Oil, Chemical and Rubber Workers' Union of Turkey
'86 Petrol-İŞ [in Turkish]
One chapter (p.159-195) of this yearbook is devoted to occupational safety and health, including statistics on: occupational accidents covering all of Turkey (by year, 1975-1985, providing total number of accidents, frequency, number of permanently disabled workers and number of fatalities); number of workdays lost through occupational accidents (1963-1985); occupational diseases (by year, 1975-1985, providing number of cases, frequency, number of permanently disabled, number of fatalities); time of occupational injury in the working day (1981-1985); distribution of accidents within the oil, chemical and rubber industries (numbers and rates); consequences of occupational accidents (by part of the body affected, number of cases and days lost, 1985); distribution of injuries within the İŞ union (by type of activity, 1986); legislation on OSH in Turkey.
Petrol-İŞ, Yildiz posta Cad, Evren Sitesi D Blok, Gayrettepe-İstanbul, Turkey, 1987. 427p. Illus.

CIS 87-999 Soleo L., Coratelli A., Iacovone M.T., De Liso E., Margari L., Cassano F., Elia G., Fantuzzi A., Sassi C., Ambrosi L.
Neurophysiological study of a group of workers exposed to technical heptane in a rubber shoe factory
Indagine neurofisiologica su un gruppo di lavoratori esposti ad eptano tecnico in una fabbrica di calzature in gomma [in Italian]
This study involved 50 workers exposed to technical heptane and 2 groups of controls of roughly equal size. The technical heptane had the following composition: 38-40% n-heptane, 8-10% 3-methylhexane, 27-30% 2-methylhexane, 17-21% methylcyclohexane, <0.2% n-hexane and <3% other solvents (toluene, etc.). Exposure levels at work stations did not exceed TLV-TWA levels set by ACGIH for n-heptane. Nevertheless, in the exposed workers there was a significantly raised level of subclinical neuropathy involving the most distal sensitive tracts of the median nerve. Dysaesthesia and asthenia of the limbs were the most frequently noted subjective neurological symptoms among the exposed workers. No correlations were found between duration and extent of exposure to n-heptane and total technical heptane on one hand, and measured neurological functions on the other. It is recommended that TLVs be set for the components of technical heptane.
Medicina del lavoro, Jan.-Feb. 1987, Vol.78, No.1, p.68-74. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 87-532 Bernardinelli I., De Marco R., Tinelli C.
Cancer mortality in an Italian rubber factory
Cancer mortality in an Italian rubber factory [in Russian]
An attempt was made to identify any cancer hazards that might currently be affecting men employed in this type of work. A total of 4,917 male workers who first started working in a large rubber factory between 1962 and 1972 have been followed up until 31 January 1983. The number of deaths from all causes and from malignant neoplasms was determined and compared with the expected number of deaths. Mortality from all causes was 85% of that expected. A slight overall excess of deaths from cancer was found; this was due to the excess mortality in the 35-44 age group. A trend in mortality with duration of exposure was found for employees with 10yrs of follow-up or more. A high risk for some tumour sites emerged.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 1987, Vol.44, No.3, p.187-191. Illus. 18 ref.

1986

CIS 89-493 Jakovleva V.V., Vasil'ev N.V., Volkotrub L.P., Koreškova T.P.
Immune status of workers engaged in rubber production
Immunologičeskoe sostojanie rabočih zanjatyh na proizvodstve i pererabotke reziny [in Russian]
Immunologic examinations were performed on 91 female workers of a rubber foot-wear factory with lengths of service of 18 to 25 years. Increased serum lysozyme activity and decreased levels of peripheral blood complement and salivary lysozyme should be considered as diagnostic indicators of early stages of cancer in workers engaged in rubber production. Reduced salivary gland lysozyme activity and increased absolute content of B lymphocytes, growth of the relative and absolute counts of monocytes and eosinophils were peculiar to the group of workers with high risks of developing cancer. For this category of workers, prophylactic measures (transfer to other work, administration of medicines which stabilise the immune status) are needed.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Dec. 1986, No.12, p.12-16. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 88-1741 Liedberg L., Blennholt A.C., Frisk C., Kadefors R., Kilbom Å., Mäkäräinen M., Nilsson L., Sperling L.
Hand tools for the trimming of rubber
Handverktyg vid gummirensning [in Swedish]
In the Swedish rubber industry, an electrically heated knife, with attached cables, is normally used for trimming moulded rubber parts. Musculoskeletal disorders of hands, wrists and shoulders are common among employees. As an alternative, a gas-heated knife was developed. This latter is lighter, the handle becomes less hot and it can be moved easily between workplaces. This knife was compared with the traditional knife by four experienced female workers, who preferred the gas knife. EMG amplitude (forearm and shoulder muscles) and perceived exertion and discomfort were lower, especially when trimming heavy moulded parts. Productivity was unaffected by type of knife when trimming small parts, but somewhat lower with the new knife when trimming heavy parts. Further development of the gas knife is taking place.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1986. 23p. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 88-827 Occupational safety and health - Questionnaire survey of members
İsyerlerinde tükenen yaşam [in Turkish]
Publication by the Turkish Oil, Chemical and Rubber Workers' Union, aimed at training and informing its members about workplace hazards. It includes: results and analysis of a questionnaire survey of 22,410 members of the union (occupational diseases and injuries, including analysis by part of the body affected, number of work-days lost, region of the country and disease-causing agent); safety measures to be followed during the use of pressure vessels, presses and similar equipment; short history of occupational safety and health activities in Turkey; ILO Conventions and Recommendations in OSH matters, including those ratified by Turkey; discussion of OSH legislation in Turkey; types of harmful chemicals present in the petrochemical and rubber industry; short description of the properties and harmful effects of ca. 200 chemicals; explanation of exposure limits; kinds of risk present in various workplaces; list of TLVs for 1178 substances (various international sources for all of them, Turkish where they exist); lists of harmful dusts, carcinogens, harmful physical agents; list of occupational diseases.
Petrol-İş, Yildiz Posta Cad, Evren Sitesi D Blok, Gayrettepe-İstanbul, Turkey, 1986, 479p. Illus.

CIS 88-852 Yearbook for 1985 of the Oil, Chemical and Rubber Workers' Union of Turkey
'85 Petrol-İŞ [in Turkish]
One chapter (p.185-213) of this yearbook is devoted to occupational safety and health, including statistics on: occupational diseases covering all of Turkey (by year, 1974-1984, and by type of occupational disease); statistics on types of occupational diseases treated in 1983 at the Istanbul Occupational Diseases Hospital and Occupational Rehabilitation Centre; statistics on occupational diseases and accidents (including fatal accidents and those resulting in permanent disability) in the oil, chemical and rubber industry; cases of lead poisoning reported in Turkey (1979-1980); diagram showing how occupational diseases are diagnosed and treated according to Turkish legislation; breakdown of accidents by cause (1976-1980); frequency of occupational accidents and diseases (including disabling injuries and fatalities) among insured Turkish workers (by year, 1971-1984); number of workdays lost due to accidents (by year, 1963-1984). Tables and diagrams are inscribed in English as well as in Turkish. A chapter is devoted to the relationship between the ILO and Turkey.
Petrol-İŞ, Yildiz Posta Cad, Evren Sitesi D Blok, Gayrettepe-İstanbul, Turkey, 1986. 416p. Illus.

CIS 88-559 Ivanov P.G., Petuhova N.E.
Rapid derivation of MACs for complex mixtures characterised by selective irritant actions
Ob uskorennom ustanovlenii PDK smesej složnogo sostava okazyvajuščih izbiratel'noe razdražajuščee dejstvie [in Russian]
Animal experiments with vulcanisation gas (a complex vapour-gas-aerosol mixture of organosulfur compounds, amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones, paraffins, naphthenes and other hydrocarbons) generated in tyre production were carried out to establish a MAC on the basis of the thresholds of acute action and the irritant effects of the individual components. The MAC for vulcanisation gas based on Lim(ac), Lim(ir) and Z(ir) was 0.5-0.8mg/m³, which corresponds to the approved MAC (0.5mg/m³). Approaches to rapid derivation of MAC of complex mixtures of comparatively constant composition, characterised by predominantly irritating action (Z(ir) > 1) in short term experiments on the basis of Lim(ir) for experimental animals were outlined.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Aug. 1986, No.8, p.5-9. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 88-672 Hasegawa T., Kumashiro M., Mikami K.
Bad work posture and work load in a manufacturing industry
Shokushusa ni tomonau shisei no henka to sagyō futan [in Japanese]
This study investigated the relationship between work postures and physical load in male workers who are engaged in 3 kinds of jobs with relatively long work cycles (70-110s) and 2 kinds of jobs with relatively short work cycles (5s). The 5 tasks were operations in the building up of tire carcasses from sheet rubber. Feelings of fatigue were reported at higher rates by the workers performing tasks with a short cycle time. Walking from one place to another was the major cause of fatigue among the long-cycle workers, whereas bending and twisting was the major cause among the short-cycle workers.
Japanese Journal of Human Posture, Oct. 1986, Vol.6, No.2, p.125-131. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 88-225 Aleksandrjan A.V.
Toxicity and hygienic standardisation of melamine cyanurate (experimental data)
O toksičnosti i sanitarnoj standartizacii cianurata melamina (ėksperimental'nye dannye) [in Russian]
Warm-blooded animals (rats and white mice) were exposed to melamine cyanurate. The results permitted melamine cyanurate to be classified as an industrial chemical substance of low toxicity that is nonetheless highly dangerous; its effects are cumulative. It has no specific gonadotropic or embryotoxic action. Recommended and adopted MAC: 0.5mg/m³ (aerosol hazard class 2).
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Jan. 1986, No.1, p.44-45.

CIS 87-1434 Control of dust and fume at two roll mills
This guide is intended for employers, managers, safety representatives and those responsible for environmental control. The factors to be considered when local ventilation is used are discussed. Included are: health hazards; principles of protection; legal requirements; selection of materials; ventilation; exhaust ventilation system; bibliography.
Health and Safety Executive, St. Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Trinity Road, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY, United Kingdom, 1986. 14p. Illus. 8 ref. Price: £2.75.

CIS 87-529 Gustavsson P., Hogstedt C., Holmberg B.
Mortality and incidence of cancer among Swedish rubber workers, 1952-1981
The study involved mortality (1952-1981) and incidence (1959-1980) among 8,734 workers in 2 companies. No significant risk excesses were detected when the cohort was analysed without consideration of employment time or latency period. However, the mortality from coronary disease and the incidence of lung cancer were increased when the study period was limited to ≥40 years since first employment. The incidence of bladder cancer was increased among individuals with heavy and long-term exposure in the weighing and mixing departments. 25% of the individuals in the cohort were not Swedish citizens at the time of employment, and an analysis of the mortality and cancer incidence in this group showed a markedly increased lung cancer incidence for certain immigrant groups, probably mainly due to ethnic factors.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Dec. 1986, Vol.12, No.6, p.538-544. 35 ref.

CIS 87-337 Mill and calender rescue methods (rubber industry)
Covered are: mill and calender rescue methods; first aid; rescue teams and equipment.
National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA, 1986. 4p. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 87-336 Guarding calender roll bites (rubber industry)
Update of data sheet 1-449-78 abstracted under CIS 79-1845. Covered are: hazards of bites; guarding methods; interlocked barrier at the secondary (fabric) bite; interlocked barrier at the primary (stock feed) bite; fixed barrier; speed-controlled drop barrier; fixed barrier; trip cables; semi-automatic stock feed; photoelectric cells; general considerations.
National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA, 1986. 6p.

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