Petrochemical industry - 262 entries found

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1992

CIS 92-1564 Schnatter A.R., Thériault G., Karz A.M., Thompson F.S., Donaleski D., Murray N.
A retrospective mortality study within operating segments of a petroleum company
This retrospective mortality study was conducted among 34,597 oil industry workers in diverse operating segments. Employees were traced through Statistics Canada, and overall mortality (SMR = 0.85) was lower than general population rates and similar to other petrochemical cohorts. The most notable finding was a significant excess of malignant melanoma which concentrated among upstream workers and was directly related to employment duration and latency. Marketing/transportation workers showed a non-significant excess of multiple myeloma (SMR = 1.81), which was also related to employment duration, latency, and commencement of employment before 1950. Lymphatic cancer, skin cancer, and kidney cancer mortality was not elevated in refinery workers, a finding at odds with some previous refinery worker studies.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1992, Vol.22, No.2, p.209-229. Illus. Bibl.ref. Appendix.

CIS 92-1676 Wells G.L., Phang C.M.C.
A demonstration of the use of HAZCHECK and a systems example by an analysis of a recent refinery line accident
The use of a computerised checklist, HAZCHECK, is described along with a new systems model which is presented as a standard against which any system can be compared. The method of analysis is illustrated in a study of a refinery line incident in which a fire of flammable liquids was released during maintenance of a refinery flare system. The use of HAZCHECK enabled a possible scenario for the incident to be modelled.
Loss Prevention Bulletin, June 1992, No.105, p.25-34. 5 ref.

CIS 92-1209 Scott D., Crawley F.
Process plant design and operation
This guide is aimed at graduate engineers in the early years of their careers. Chapters cover: overview of important points (philosophy, regulatory aspects, documentation, authorisation of plant modifications, definitions); hazards and precautionary measures; equipment and piping; startup and shutdown; coping with upset conditions; techniques for loss prevention. An appendix contains several checklists: conceptual design, detailed design process, detailed design layout, operation and maintenance, documentation, safety.
Institution of Chemical Engineers, Davis Building, 165-171 Railway Terrace, Rugby, Warwickshire CV21 3HQ, United Kingdom, 1992. vi, 141p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: GBP 19.75.

CIS 92-1225 Downie A., Khattab T.M., Malik M.I.A., Samara I.N.
A case of percutaneous industrial methanol toxicity
A case is presented of a consultant supervising tank cleaning prior to methanol loading at a petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia. The consultant, wearing positive pressure breathing apparatus but no protective clothing, worked for 2-3h in the confined space of the tank and then on deck where his methanol-soaked clothing eventually dried out. Visual symptoms of acute methanol toxicity presented some 8h after exposure. The individual recovered completely following suitable treatment (administration of ethanol) in hospital.
Occupational Medicine, Feb. 1992, Vol.42, No.1, p.47-49. 18 ref.

CIS 92-978 Di Gesso J.
Refinery losses - Waiting for the big one
The concept of the Estimated Maximum Loss (EML) resulting from a single fire or explosion at a refinery is discussed and an analysis is made of a number of refinery losses. Results show that an EML event on a refinery typically causes property damage of up to 20% of the total site value and that any one refinery can expect an EML event every 2,000 to 2,500 years. The average portion of the annual insurance premium rate required to meet refinery losses equivalent to at least 5% of the total site value is about 0.04% of the total site value.
Loss Prevention Bulletin, Feb. 1992, No.103, p.1-7. 1 ref.

1991

CIS 95-1644
Asian and Pacific Regional Centre for Labour Administration (ARPLA)
Labour administration training material: Labour inspection skills in the petroleum industry
Proceedings of a regional training course on labour inspection in the petroleum industry organized by ILO/ARPLA in Bombay, India, 16 Oct.-3 Nov. 1989. Topics covered include: a profile of the petroleum industry; legislation and enforcement; safety engineering in refineries (permit-to work system, inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment, non-destructive testing of pressurized components, instrumentation and safety devices); industrial hygiene and occupational health (hygiene inspection, control of hazardous substances, health problems); major accident hazard control (hazard assessment, fire protection, startup and shutdown procedures); safety management.
ILO Publications, International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1991. v, 155p. Bibl.ref. Price: USD 9.00.

CIS 94-587 Christie D., Robinson K., Gordon I., Bisby J.
A prospective study in the Australian petroleum industry. I. Mortality. II. Incidence of cancer
These two papers report on the mortality experience and the incidence of cancer in employees of the Australian petroleum industry from 1981 to 1989. Two surveys studied more than 15,000 employees (having over five years of service) representing 92% of the eligible population. By the end of 1989, 76,529 person-years of observation had accumulated for male mortality with 241 deaths. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis showed a favourable mortality experience for most causes with overall cancer rates slightly lower than those of the national population. As for the incidence of cancer, 50,254 person-years of observation had accumulated in the men with 152 incident cancers reported. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) analysis showed overall cancer rates close to those of the national population. Deficits were seen in some cancer sites, notably lung. An excess of observed/expected cases was present in all subcategories of lymphohaematopoietic cancer and was most apparent in myeloid leukaemia as well as melanoma.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1991, Vol.48, No.8, p.507-514. 41 ref.

CIS 93-1253 Cheng R.T., McDermott H.J.
Exposure to asbestos from asbestos gaskets
Data are presented on asbestos exposures during use and handling of asbestos gaskets in the oil and chemical industries. Users' time-weighted average exposures to asbestos during replacement of after-service gaskets, on-site fabrication (cutting) of sheet gaskets, and handling of new and after-service gaskets inside storage facilities (Gasket Trailers) were all within the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit. The practice of dry removal of after-service sheet gaskets, followed by dry polishing of the seating surfaces with a power sander, could create a short-term asbestos exposure level in excess of the OSHA Excursion Limit. This type of potential, short-term, high exposure can be eliminated by wetting the gaskets and seating surfaces prior to gasket replacement. Data from the investigation suggest that asbestos gaskets can be safely handled if proper procedures are followed.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, July 1991, Vol.6, no.7, p.588-591. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 93-863 Tsai S.P., Dowd C.M., Cowles S.R., Ross C.E.
Prospective morbidity surveillance of Shell refinery and petrochemical employees
Results are presented of a prospective morbidity study of 14,170 refinery and chemical workers from 1981 through 1988, based on an internal health surveillance system. Generally, rates and durations of absence were highest for older age groups, women, and production workers. Increased risk was associated with the presence of known disease risk factors. Overall, 48% of the employees had at least one illness/absence in excess of five days during the eight year period. 12% of the employees had four or more absences, which accounted for 54% of the total number of absences and 52% of the total work days lost. Among men, the five most common conditions accounted for 72% of all illness/absences. In descending order they were injuries (25%), respiratory illnesses (17%), musculoskeletal disorders (14%), digestive illnesses (9%), and heart disease (7%). Similar patterns were noted among women. These findings may be useful in setting priorities and directing efforts such as health education programmes and other strategies for the prevention of disease.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 1991, Vol.48, No.3, p.155-163. 12 ref.

CIS 92-1988 Mehlman M.A., Legator M.S.
Dangerous and cancer-causing properties of products and chemicals in the oil refining and petrochemical industry - Part II. Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and developmental toxicity of 1,3-butadiene
1,3-butadiene (BD) is present in synthetic rubber and motor fuels (gasoline). BD is shown to cause lymphocytic lymphomas, heart haemangiosarcomas, lung alveolar bronchiolar cancers, forestomach-squamous cell cancers, harderian gland neoplasms, preputial gland adenoma or carcinoma, liver-hepatocellular cancers, mammary gland acinar cell carcinomas, ovary-glanulosa cell carcinoma, brain cancers, pancreas adenoma and carcinoma, testis-Leydig cell tumours, thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma, and zymbal gland carcinoma in rodents and to date no exposure level has been established at which this chemical does not cause cancers. In humans BD causes increase in lymphomas, leukaemias, and other cancers of haematopoietic systems and organs. BD is also a potent alkylating agent, directly toxic to developing embryos and damages progeny after parental exposure. For previous article, see CIS 92-206.
Toxicology and Industrial Health, 1991, Vol.7, No.3, p.207-220. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 92-2098 Kletz T.A.
An engineer's view of human error
Second edition of the manual previously analysed as CIS 86-278. Human error as a cause of accidents is examined and accidents that have occurred, mainly in the chemical and oil industries, are described. The theme of the book is that engineers should concentrate on designing processes and machines which take into account the error-proneness of humans instead of trying to change their behaviour. Numerous examples of human error are given together with an analysis of the causes of the accidents and the preventive measures that should be taken to ensure that they do not happen again.
Institution of Chemical Engineers, Davis Building, 165-171 Railway Terrace, Rugby CV21 3HQ, United Kingdom, 2nd ed., 1991. ix, 199p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index.

CIS 92-846 Macaluso M., Delzell E., Cole P., Wongsrichanalai C., Cowles S.
Validity of a mortality study based on a corporate health surveillance system
The Shell Health Surveillance System (HSS) was evaluated through conducting two mortality studies at an oil refinery. Study A used the HSS to measure the mortality of active and retired workers during 1973 to 1982. Study B used additional information sources and followed up terminated employees. For subjects included in both studies, results were very similar. However, the mortality experience of terminees before 1973 (included only in study B) was different from that of study A subjects, reflecting differences in length of employment and time since hire. HSS-based studies provide valid measures of long-term effects of past exposures among retirees and of short-term effects of recent exposures among active employees. However, they cannot detect short-term effects of past exposures, and they have limited power for evaluating dose-response relationships.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1991, Vol.33, No.11, p.1180-1186. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 92-885 Tsai S.P., Dowd C.M., Cowles S.R., Ross C.E.
Morbidity patterns among employees at a petroleum refinery
The morbidity experience of a prospective cohort of 2132 petroleum refinery workers (working from 1981 to 1988) was studied. Standardised morbidity ratios (SMRs) of disease prevalence were calculated using data from all manufacturing employees of the company as an internal comparison group. Morbidity for all causes combined was virtually the same as that for the comparison group with 2,311 observed and 2,318 expected disease prevalence events. However, there was a statistically increased prevalence of musculoskeletal system disorders (SMR=136) and of injuries (SMR=125) among staff employees and of skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (SMR=138) among production employees. A review of the original morbidity reports for these skin conditions showed that none were due to exposure to chemical products or solvents. The SMR for neoplasms of the lymphatic and haematopoietic tissue among production employees was slightly elevated but was based on only 3 cases. Of the 3 cases, none was due to leukaemia.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.33, No.10, p.1076-1080. 11 ref.

CIS 92-984 Gruhn P.
The pros and cons of qualitative and quantitative analysis of safety systems
There are currently two separate coalitions regarding the analysis of safety/emergency shutdown/interlock systems used in the chemical and petroleum industries. These qualitative versus quantitative differences range from how risk is measured, how safety system performance is measured, and how the two can be related in order to determine which system is appropriate for the application in question. A review of each method is discussed along with their merits and limitations.
Hazard Prevention, 2nd Quarter 1991, Vol.27, No.2, p.6-11. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 92-594 Omeish T.M., Sebastian M.
Overcoming electrical risks in hazardous process areas
A discussion of the importance of proper selection, operation and maintenance of electrical equipment for use in hazardous areas at petroleum processing facilities. Areas referred to are those where flammable petroleum gases and volatile flammable liquids are processed, stored or handled. Topics covered include: hazardous areas and their classification; sources of release and their likely frequency and duration; conditions for a fire or explosion; selection of electrical equipment according to the area classification; operations and maintenance; inspection of equipment and training of personnel (isolation of apparatus during inspection, hot work precautions, initial and periodic inspections, testing).
Fire Prevention, Dec. 1991, No.245, p.21-26. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 92-206 Mehlman M.A.
Dangerous and cancer-causing properties of products and chemicals in the oil refining and petrochemical industry. Part V, Asbestos-caused cancers and exposure of workers in the oil refining industry
In the oil refining and petrochemical industries exposure to cancer-causing asbestos particles, especially during equipment repair and maintenance, is very high. Up to 90% of workers in the oil refining industry had direct and/or indirect contact with asbestos, and more than half of this contact occurred without the use of any kind of precaution, exposing these workers to a high risk of developing lung cancer and mesothelioma, both fatal diseases. The hazards include: inadequate health and safety training for both company personnel and workers; failure to inform about the dangers and diseases (cancers) resulting from exposure to asbestos; excessive use of large numbers of untrained and uninformed contract workers; lack of use of protective equipment; antiquated approached and responses to repairing asbestos breaks and replacement of asbestos in oil-refining facilities.
Toxicology and Industrial Health, Jan.-Mar. 1991, Vol.7, No.1/2, p.53-71. Illus. 57 ref.

CIS 92-166 Cowles S.R., Bennett J.M., Ross C.E.
Medical surveillance for leukemia at a petrochemical manufacturing complex: Four-year summary
Four-year results are presented on 2086 participants of a medical surveillance programme of current and retired employees. Annual complete blood cell count testing and intensive follow-up of all out-of-normal range results began on a voluntary basis. The programme to date has not identified any evidence for an unusual distribution of out-of-range complete blood cell count results. Active employees with out-of-range count values had no increase in adverse health outcomes compared with those with in-range values. Retired employees with out-of-range values were more likely to have a serious underlying medical condition, but this appeared to be more a function of age than of occupational exposure. The lack of correlation of out-of-range complete blood cell count results in active employees with serious haematologic disease raises significant questions about the utility of such surveillance for chemically exposed groups when exposure levels are low and well controlled.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, July 1991, Vol.33, No.7, p.808-812. 8 ref.

CIS 91-1988 Mellin B.E.
Fire resistant protective clothing (Nomex suits)
During a fire caused by ignition of a vapour cloud of escaping hydrocarbons at a USA refinery in 1989, a workers suffered burns to the head, hands and leg but was saved from more serious burns to the body by the wearing of flame retardant overalls (Nomex suits). The incident demonstrates the value of fire resistant protective clothing which it is recommended should be made available for all high risk operations.
Loss Prevention Bulletin, Aug. 1991, No.100, p.28-30. Illus.

CIS 91-1180 Teta M.J., Ott M.G., Schnatter A.R.
An update of mortality due to brain neoplasms and other causes among employees of a petrochemical facility
In an update of an earlier investigation of brain tumours, mortality patterns were examined for 7849 male workers at a petrochemical plant. During the 6 years of observation (1978-1983), the brain tumour mortality risk declined relative to the US population, but continued to be higher than expected in hourly workers. Similar to the earlier studies, brain tumour occurrence was not explained by patterns of production work assignments. Mortality rates from all causes combined, total cancer and respiratory cancer, were lower than US population rates. Liver cancer rates were greater than expected in white production workers and included two men assigned more than 40 years ago to vinyl chloride-related departments.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1991, Vol.33, No.1, p.45-51. 15 ref.

CIS 91-1163 Marsh G.M., Enterline P.E., McCraw D.
Mortality patterns among petroleum refinery and chemical plant workers
A historical cohort study was conducted to evaluate the mortality experience of 6,831 employees of the Shell Oil Company, Deer Park, Texas, petroleum refinery and chemical plant with emphasis on cancer mortality. Subjects were all workers with potential plant exposure who were employed for at least 3 months during 1948-72. Vital status was determined as of 12/31/83 for 98% of the cohort and death certificates were obtained for 95.4% of 1,180 observed deaths. An analysis of specific cancer sites revealed patterns of increased risk suggestive of a possible relationship between occupational exposures in the refinery and lympho-reticulosarcoma. Patterns of increased risk were also observed among chemical plant workers for a category of lymphopoietic tissue cancers. Some very limited evidence of a possible workplace association was also found among refinery workers for leukaemia and cancers of the central nervous system and biliary passages/liver. No evidence was found of an increased risk for cancer of the respiratory system or stomach or for malignant melanoma.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1991, Vol.19, No.1, p.29-42. Illus. 67 ref.

1990

CIS 91-1312 The Phillips 66 Company Houston Chemical Complex explosion and fire
A report on the OSHA investigation into the explosion and fire at a chemical complex in Pasadena, Texas, USA in October 1989. The accident resulted from a release of extremely flammable process gases that occurred during regular maintenance operations on a polyethylene reactor. The resulting vapour cloud ignited and exploded and the ensuing fire set off further explosions. The investigation concluded that the primary causes of the accident were failures in the management of safety systems at the complex. The report includes an outline of OSHA's program to prevent petrochemical accidents, and a profile of the petrochemical industry with a review of its accident history.
US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC 20210, USA, 1990. xii, 79p. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 91-1134 American Petroleum Institute - 1990 Publications Catalog
Catalogue of publications (including training materials and/or audiovisual matter) published by the API. Subject matter covered includes, among others: interpretation of API standards; fire safety of petroleum installations; offshore structures; offshore safety and pollution; safety of mechanical equipment in refineries; electrical installations in refineries; pressure vessels; transportation; hazardous wastes and substances. Short summaries and prices (in USD) are supplied throughout.
American Petroleum Institute, 1200 L Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20005, USA, 1990. 110p. Index.

1989

CIS 91-1999
Health and Safety Executive
The fires and explosion at BP Oil (Grangemouth) Refinery Ltd
This report describes the investigations into 3 separate maintenance related incidents within a major British company in 1987. Investigation of a fire of flammable liquids during maintenance of a refinery flare system showed that potential ignition sources had not been rigorously excluded, means of escape were inadequate, and permit-to-work procedures had been implemented without sufficient awareness of potential hazards. A fire and explosion during recommissioning of a refinery hydrocracker resulted from the rupture of a vessel following breakthrough of high pressure hydrogen, probably caused by inadequate operating practices and the disconnection of safety devices. Evasion of safety rules led to a fire in a storage tank at a crude oil terminal; smoking caused ignition.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1989. 44p. Illus. 3 ref. Price: GBP 7.50.

CIS 91-540 Paradowski M., Roczek E., Tkacz B., Dworniak D.
Increase in antipyrine clearance in workers exposed to phenol and toluene in the petrochemical industry
In 90 workers of the petrochemical industry occupationally exposed to a mixture of petroleum derivatives, including 60 persons exposed mainly to phenol and 30 to toluene, the metabolic activity of the liver was examined using the antipyrine test. In both groups of subjects, an increase of antipyrine clearance in saliva was observed. Occupational exposure to lipophylic derivatives of petroleum seems to induce the function of liver microsomal enzymes.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1989, Vol.2, No.3, p.229-237. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 90-1569 Axelsson G., Rylander R.
Outcome of pregnancy in women engaged in laboratory work at a petrochemical plant
The aim of the investigation was to study whether laboratory work or other types of chemical work at one petrochemical plant were associated with an increased risk of miscarriage or reduced birthweight in offspring. The study was based on questionnaire data for 95% of the women working at the plant between 1973 and 1987. A statistically significant difference between observed and expected number of miscarriages (p < 0.05) was seen during the period 1970-1974 among women working in one of the laboratories during the first trimester. No suspicions could be raised against any specific chemical as a cause of the unsuccessful pregnancies. The results do not indicate the presence of an increased risk today.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1989, Vol.16, No.5, p.539-545. 10 ref.

CIS 90-840 Saurez L., Weiss N.S., Martin J.
Primary liver cancer death and occupation in Texas
A death certificate case-control study of primary liver cancer and occupation was conducted to determine if the high risk of liver cancer in Mexican-Americans can be explained by farmworker exposures to pesticides. The association of liver cancer with the petroleum and chemical industry and with other potentially high-risk occupations was also examined. For the years 1969 to 1980, 1,742 deaths from primary liver cancer were identified for Texas males. Controls were randomly selected from other causes of deaths among males excluding all neoplasms. Risk for farmworkers based on age, race, and ethnicity-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) was not excessive but was larger than the risk for farmers. Excess risk in the petroleum and chemical manufacturing industries was confined to oil refinery workers . Other occupations with twofold risk or greater were plumbers and pipefitters, butchers and meat cutters, textile workers and longshoremen.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1989, Vol.15, No.2, p.167-175. Bibl.

CIS 90-995 Goodman S.
Noise legislation and the petrochemical industry
Description of major oil company programmes aimed at meeting the requirements of EC Directive 86/188/EEC on noise exposure limits.
Noise and Vibration Control, Sep. 1989, Vol.20, No.8, p.211-214. Illus.

CIS 89-1872 Mortality from leukemia and other diseases among workers at a petroleum refinery
This study evaluates the mortality experience of 9484 white men who worked at a petroleum refinery. The number of deaths among these men during the period 1940 through 1984 was compared with the number expected on the basis of the mortality rates of US white men. Overall, there were 2,874 observed compared with 3,568 expected deaths. Mortality rates for most major cause of death categories and most cancers were also lower than expected. However, there was a statistically significant 50% excess of leukaemia deaths. Lymphocytic leukaemia was increased both among men hired before 1940 and among men hired in 1940 or later. In contrast, myelocytic leukaemia was increased only among men hired in 1940 or later. This may be due to increased use of benzene in some refinery streams. The presence of an excess of lymphocytic leukaemia, but not myelocytic leukaemia, among men hired before 1940 suggests that some factor other than benzene was responsible for the former condition.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Feb. 1989, Vol.31, No.2, p.106-111. 23 ref.

CIS 89-1576 Coker D.T., Van den Hoed N., Saunders K.J., Tindle P.E.
A monitoring method for gasoline vapour giving detailed composition
A working group of CONCAWE, the Oil Companies' European Organization for Environmental and Health Protection, has developed a monitoring method for personal exposure to gasoline vapour in air which allows all components to be sampled and recovered and gives a detailed compositional analysis, thus avoiding the need for repetitive monitoring and analysis for different components. The method is based on: a sampling system comprising two beds of solid sorbents, heat desorption of the sample and capillary GC analysis of the desorbed sample. The method has been standardised and validated by four separate laboratories and is detailed in CONCAWE Report 8/86 (Method for monitoring exposure to gasoline vapour in air, 1986). It covers hydrocarbons with carbon numbers from 3 to 11, within a concentration range of approximately 0.2-100mg/m³ of each component. The principle of the method can be adapted for the monitoring of most mixtures of volatile substances.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1989, Vol.33, No.1, p.15-26. 8 ref. Illus.

1988

CIS 92-274 Instructions for the inspection of non-pressurised petroleum storage tanks
Instructivo para la inspección de tanques atmosféricos de almacenamiento [in Spanish]
Contents of this manual: purpose and scope of provisions, definitions; types of tanks; purpose of inspections; frequency of inspections; operations to be undertaken before inspection; methods of inspection (exterior inspection of in- and out-of-service tanks, interior inspection, testing to detect leaks or to control flotation); setting of limit values (limit values for corrosion, minimum thickness of walls); inspection records.
PEMEX (Petróleos Mexicanos), Av. Marina Nacional No.329, Edif. A. Colonia Huasteca, México, D.F., CP 11311, Mexico, Jan. 1988. 21p. Illus.

CIS 92-256 Standard on the handling, transportation and storage of organic peroxides
Norma - Manejo, transporte y almacenamiento de peróxidos orgánicos [in Spanish]
Contents of this standard: purpose and scope; properties and specifications (physical, chemical and toxicological properties, specifications); handling (unloading, safe handling and use in the processing area, cleaning and repair of containers and equipment, recommended methods, sampling, handling in laboratories); transportation (means of transportation, types of containers used for loading); storage (general considerations, characteristics of storage area); safety and fire protection (danger symbols and labels, safety devices, fire protection systems, action to be taken after spills); medical supervision (toxicology, first aid).
PEMEX (Petróleos Mexicanos), Av. Marina Nacional No.329, Edif. A. Colonia Huasteca, México, D.F., CP 11311, Mexico, Feb. 1988. 44p. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 90-1928 Susbielles G.
Safety in the petroleum industry (prevention of hazards)
La sécurité dans l'industrie pétrolière (prévention des dangers) [in French]
This report presents the essential safety problems in the petroleum industry and the ways in which they are attacked. Identification of hazards by risk analysis is described for exploratory drilling, production, transport, storage, and refining. Other topics discussed are: acceptance of risk; methods of risk analysis; databases on equipment and process reliability and on accidents; human factors; differences between the petroleum industry and the nuclear power industry or air transport; the dangers of air-hydrocarbon mixtures; heavily industrialised areas such as the Chemical Corridor south of Lyon in France; attitudes of some other countries and international organisations toward the safety of petroleum industry installations; research organisations and activities in the petroleum industry.
Institut français du Pétrole, B.P. 311, 92506 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France, 1988. 415p. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 90-582 Weaver N.K.
Occupational medicine - The petroleum industry
Collection of major review articles, each accompanied by many references. Contents: a historical perspective; occupational medicine in the 1980s; composition, analysis and processing of petroleum; occupational exposures to potentially hazardous agents in the petroleum industry; toxicology of petroleum hydrocarbons; epidemiological studies of the industry; carcinogenic potential of some petroleum-derived products; nonneoplastic kidney effects of hydrocarbon exposure; contact dermatitis and related dermatoses associated with petroleum recovery and use; neurotoxic and neurobehavioural effects of organic solvents on the nervous system; benzene toxicity; health effects of petroleum distillate ingestion; health-related research at the American Petroleum Institute.
Hanley and Belfus Inc., P.O. Box 1377, Philadelphia, PA 19105, USA, July-Sep. 1988. p.371-586. Bibl. Index. Price: USD 29.00 (outside the US: USD 34.00, airmail: USD 44.00).

1987

CIS 90-1539 Izmerov N.F.
Guide to occupational hygiene
Rukovodstvo po gigiene truda [in Russian]
Second of 2 volumes addressed to industrial physicians, specialists in occupational medicine, plant physicians and other medical personnel. Vol.2 is arranged in 16 chapters devoted to occupational hygiene problems in the following industries: mining; coal-mining (opencast and underground); iron and steel (sintering and iron-ore pellet plants, cakes and by-products, blast-furnace processes, steelmaking, ferroalloy smelting processes etc.); non-ferrous metals (manufacturing of alumina, aluminium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc etc.); machinery (foundry, press forging, heat-treating, machine shops etc.); electronics; chemicals; oil and gas extraction and refining; microbiology; synthetic polymers (plastics, man-made fibers, synthetic rubber, rubber products); construction and building materials; asbestos processing; textiles and light industry (textile, clothing, leather goods, shoe making); wood, pulp and paper, woodworking; printing; work with ionising radiation (nuclear power plants, radioactive sources, x-ray equipment, particle accelerators, etc.).
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per. 6/8, 101000 Moskva, USSR, 1987. Vol.2, 446p. 58 ref. Price: SUR 1.90.

CIS 89-1287 Bajnova A., Hristeva V., Madžunov N., Daneva Z.
Dermal effect of ethylenediamine in petrochemical production
Dermalno văzdejstvie na etilendiamina v neftohimično proizvodstvo [in Bulgarian]
Of 47 workers engaged in ethylenediamine production 39% reported subjective complaints of the skin. Allergic dermatitis (26%) prevailed over irritant (6.5%), and often led to a change of employment. Epicutaneous tests with ethylenediamine and diethylene triamine gave respectively 32 and 20% positives, with high latency. Ethylenediamine dermal absorption at concentrations in the working area around the MAC (2mg/m³) was shown by the methaemoglobinaemia found in 15 operators. The elevated methaemoglobin in blood could be used as an indirect test for workers exposed to ethylenediamine and other aliphatic amines.
Problemi na higienata, Aug. 1987, Vol.12, p.109-114. 11 ref.

CIS 88-1174 Thomas T.L., Stewart P.A., Stemhagen A., Correa P., Norman S.A., Bleecker M.L., Hoover R.N.
Risk of astrocytic brain tumors associated with occupational chemical exposures
A case-referent study was conducted on the risk of brain tumours among workers exposed to organic chemicals in petroleum refining and chemical manufacturing. The cases (N = 300) were white men aged ≥ 30 years with a confirmed diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, or a mixed glioma with astrocytic cells. The referents (N = 386) were white men who died from causes other than brain tumour, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, suicide, or homicide and were frequency-matched with the cases on age at death, year of death, and study area. No statistically significantly elevated odds ratios were associated with employment in the chemical industry. The risk of astrocytic tumours was elevated among the subjects with production or maintenance jobs in petroleum refining; however, it decreased with length of employment. There were nonsignificant excess risks of astrocytic tumours among the men exposed to cutting fluids or organic solvents and also among the subjects exposed to lubricating oils, organic solvents, or cutting fluids for ≥ 20 years.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Oct. 1987, Vol.13, No.5, p.417-423. 29 ref.

CIS 88-1317 Case study - Fire at LPG recovery installation of a refinery
The butane fire and explosion at a refinery are described. Covered are: description of the installation; initiation of the incident; escalation; shut-down of the units; fire fighting; causes of the butane release; ignition of the release; installation improvements.
Loss Prevention Bulletin, Oct. 1987, No.077, p.27-34. Illus.

CIS 88-1315 Major LPG fire at a US refinery
The explosion and fire of liquefied petroleum gas at a USA refinery are described. Covered are: the site, circumstances leading to the incident; the incident; damage caused; causes of the incident.
Loss Prevention Bulletin, Oct. 1977, No.077, p.11-16. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 88-1314 The Feyzin disaster
The explosion and fire at the Feyzin (France) refinery in 1966 are re-examined. Covered are: general site layout; main liquefied petroleum gas storage; sampling; operations and instructions; circumstances leading to the fires; fire fighting; explosions; extent of damage; causes of the incident; escalation; lessons learned.
Loss Prevention Bulletin, Oct. 1987, No.077, p.1-9. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 88-853 Yearbook for 1986 of the Oil, Chemical and Rubber Workers' Union of Turkey
'86 Petrol-İŞ [in Turkish]
One chapter (p.159-195) of this yearbook is devoted to occupational safety and health, including statistics on: occupational accidents covering all of Turkey (by year, 1975-1985, providing total number of accidents, frequency, number of permanently disabled workers and number of fatalities); number of workdays lost through occupational accidents (1963-1985); occupational diseases (by year, 1975-1985, providing number of cases, frequency, number of permanently disabled, number of fatalities); time of occupational injury in the working day (1981-1985); distribution of accidents within the oil, chemical and rubber industries (numbers and rates); consequences of occupational accidents (by part of the body affected, number of cases and days lost, 1985); distribution of injuries within the İŞ union (by type of activity, 1986); legislation on OSH in Turkey.
Petrol-İŞ, Yildiz posta Cad, Evren Sitesi D Blok, Gayrettepe-İstanbul, Turkey, 1987. 427p. Illus.

1986

CIS 88-827 Occupational safety and health - Questionnaire survey of members
İsyerlerinde tükenen yaşam [in Turkish]
Publication by the Turkish Oil, Chemical and Rubber Workers' Union, aimed at training and informing its members about workplace hazards. It includes: results and analysis of a questionnaire survey of 22,410 members of the union (occupational diseases and injuries, including analysis by part of the body affected, number of work-days lost, region of the country and disease-causing agent); safety measures to be followed during the use of pressure vessels, presses and similar equipment; short history of occupational safety and health activities in Turkey; ILO Conventions and Recommendations in OSH matters, including those ratified by Turkey; discussion of OSH legislation in Turkey; types of harmful chemicals present in the petrochemical and rubber industry; short description of the properties and harmful effects of ca. 200 chemicals; explanation of exposure limits; kinds of risk present in various workplaces; list of TLVs for 1178 substances (various international sources for all of them, Turkish where they exist); lists of harmful dusts, carcinogens, harmful physical agents; list of occupational diseases.
Petrol-İş, Yildiz Posta Cad, Evren Sitesi D Blok, Gayrettepe-İstanbul, Turkey, 1986, 479p. Illus.

CIS 88-852 Yearbook for 1985 of the Oil, Chemical and Rubber Workers' Union of Turkey
'85 Petrol-İŞ [in Turkish]
One chapter (p.185-213) of this yearbook is devoted to occupational safety and health, including statistics on: occupational diseases covering all of Turkey (by year, 1974-1984, and by type of occupational disease); statistics on types of occupational diseases treated in 1983 at the Istanbul Occupational Diseases Hospital and Occupational Rehabilitation Centre; statistics on occupational diseases and accidents (including fatal accidents and those resulting in permanent disability) in the oil, chemical and rubber industry; cases of lead poisoning reported in Turkey (1979-1980); diagram showing how occupational diseases are diagnosed and treated according to Turkish legislation; breakdown of accidents by cause (1976-1980); frequency of occupational accidents and diseases (including disabling injuries and fatalities) among insured Turkish workers (by year, 1971-1984); number of workdays lost due to accidents (by year, 1963-1984). Tables and diagrams are inscribed in English as well as in Turkish. A chapter is devoted to the relationship between the ILO and Turkey.
Petrol-İŞ, Yildiz Posta Cad, Evren Sitesi D Blok, Gayrettepe-İstanbul, Turkey, 1986. 416p. Illus.

CIS 87-164 Grima F.X.
Industrial city in the desert
Account of a health protection programme for workers living in a newly created industrial city in Saudi Arabia. The planning of the health services for more than 50,000 workers (representing 55 nationalities) started on the basis of a study identifying the major health hazards involved in the industrial activities (petroleum refining, manufacture of petrochemical products, fertilisers and steel); these were fire and explosion hazards, heat stress, noise and chemical substances. The health services which are free of charge to the workers are briefly described.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, Summer 1986, Vol.36, No.2, p.45-50. 5 ref.

CIS 86-2047 Stallard C.W.
Use of SOHIO's health information system
A computerised system using concepts of profiling and problem orientation is described and examples of its use demonstrated. The system contains or accesses files on employee demography, job history and current task lists, inventory of workplace risks categorised as physical, chemical and functional, a master chemical inventory, and individual exposure records. By using systematised Nomenclature of Medicine codes, a complete medical file catalogues all physiological and pathological variables, disease states, and functional responses. Profiling exposures and medical conditions enhances inquiry of the large data base that is accumulated.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1986, Vol.28, No.8, p.684-686.

CIS 86-834 Wong O., Morgan R.W., Bailey W.J., Swencicki R.E., Claxton K., Kheifets L.
An epidemiologic study of petroleum refinery employees
Report on a cohort of 14,179 current and former employees at 2 petroleum refineries in California (USA). The cohort included every employee who had worked at either refinery for at least 1 year. For the entire cohort, mortality from all causes was 72.4% of that expected, a statistically significant deficit. Significantly lower mortality was observed also for all cancers combined, digestive cancer, lung cancer, heart disease, non-malignant respiratory disease, diseases of the digestive system, and accidents. Only lymphopoietic cancer (but not Hodgkin's disease or leukaemia) caused more than the expected number of deaths, and even there only at one of the refineries, and only among workers hired before 1948. A case analysis of deaths from lymphatic cancer failed to identify a common exposure pattern.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1986, Vol.43, No.1, p.6-17. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 86-833 Krivan S.P.
Avoiding catastrophic loss: Technical safety audit and process safety review
Description of 2 procedures, the Technical Safety Audit (TSA) and the Process Safety Review (PSR) that can be employed to prevent disasters in the petrochemical and chemical industries. The TSA is a careful and detailed hazard evaluation of plant facilities, operations, materials used and stored. A PSR is defined as means to identify potential hazards and to ensure that control measures are specified.
Professional Safety, Feb. 1986, Vol.31, No.2, p.21-26. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 86-702 Schultz S.A., McNichols C.W., Kotrla C.J.
A prototype microcomputer-based decision support system for industrial hygienists
A prototype industrial hygiene decision support system was designed and implemented in a microcomputer environment using an integrated knowledge management system as the implementation vehicle. The heart of the system is a relational database designed to minimize redundant data entry and to support flexible retrieval. An industrial hygienist's routine and ad hoc requirements for information retrieval and analysis support are met by screen displays, printed reports, and graphical summaries which may be presented on the screen, in a printed form, or as multicolored plots. A petroleum refinery was selected as the application environment for the prototype system because of the variety of processes, agents, and sampling methodologies involved.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1986, Vol.47, No.2, p.124-134. Illus. 10 ref.

1985

CIS 87-628 Ėl'terman V.M.
Protection of the atmosphere in chemical and petrochemical enterprises
Ohrana vozdušnoj sredy na himičeskih i neftehimičeskih predprijatijah [in Russian]
This manual provides information on the requirements for technological equipment and the working environment, aerodynamics, methods for determining harmful substances and maximum allowable emissions, prediction of air pollution, emission purification, preventive technical measures and automatic monitoring.
Izdatel'stvo Himija, Stromynka 21, 107076 Moskva, USSR, 1985. 160p. Illus. 79 ref. Price: Rbl.0.60.

CIS 86-1741 Guidelines for hazard evaluation procedures
These guidelines were brought together by a task force of the AIChE's Center for Chemical Plant Safety. They reflect procedures that have been developed, adopted and used by many chemical and petrochemical companies throughout the world. The manual describes and categorises 11 hazard evaluation procedures, and discusses the selection and use of each.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA, 1985. 204p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US$75.00 (US$35.00 for AIChE members); US$10.00 postage outside USA.

CIS 86-1440 Sorokin Ju.G., Sibilev M.S.
Labour protection in the petroleum refining and petrochemical industry. Rules and standards
Ohrana truda v neftepererabatyvajuščej i neftehimičeskoj promyšlennosti - Pravila i normy [in Russian]
This manual for engineering staff and occupational health services of manufacturing, research and design organisations includes major extracts from safety regulations and requirements in the title industry. It covers: quotations from safety regulations of gas and petroleum refining enterprises, synthetic rubber, synthetic ethyl alcohol, organometallic compound, schist reprocessing and asbestos plants; safety requirements for design of ventilation; operation of pressure vessels; operation, inspection and repair of safety valves; design of steel piping; fire protection requirements for design of petroleum refineries and petrochemical enterprises.
Izdatel'stvo Himija, Stromynka 21, 107076 Moskva, USSR, 1985, 380p. Illus. Price: Rbl.1.90.

CIS 86-1148 Faramazov S.A.
Labour protection in the use and repair equipment in chemical enterprises and petroleum refineries
Ohrana truda pri ėkspluatacii i remonte oborudovanija himičeskih i neftepererabatyvajuščih predprijatij [in Russian]
This manual for the engineering staff of chemical and petroleum refining enterprises includes: general issues in labour protection, industrial hygiene (requirements for workplace air, ventilation, vibration, noise, etc.), saety of processes and in the use of equipment, safety engineering in the assembly, use and repair of specific types of equipment, safety in the use of piping, fitting and electrical equipment; protection of equipment against fire and explosions.
Izdatel'stvo Himija, Stromynka 21/2, 107076 Moskva, USSR, 1985. 220p. Illus. 54 ref. Price: Rbl.0.85.

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