Agriculture - 1,538 entries found

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1992

CIS 93-165 Gamsky T.E., McCurdy S.A., Wiggins P., Samuels S.J., Berman B., Shenker M.B.
Epidemiology of dermatitis among California farm workers
To estimate the prevalence of dermatitis and risk factors for skin disease in California farm workers, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among grape, citrus, and tomato workers. The prevalence of contact dermatitis was 2% and lichenified hand dermatitis was 13%. Grape workers were more likely to report rashes in the last 12 months than were tomato workers or citrus workers. Grape workers were more likely to have contact dermatitis and lichenified hand dermatitis than were citrus or tomato workers. Increasing hours per week in agriculture, male sex, and not wearing gloves were associated with more lichenified hand dermatitis. Skin disease in agricultural workers may be causally associated with crop-specific exposures and lack of protective equipment.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1992, Vol.34, No.3, p.304-310. 27 ref.

CIS 92-1350 Acoustics - Agricultural and forestry wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines - Measurement of noise emitted when in motion
Acoustique - Tracteurs agricoles et forestiers à roues et machines automotrices - Mesurage du bruit émis en mouvement [in French]
This standard specifies a method for measuring the A-weighted sound pressure level of noise emitted by tractors with rubber tyres, the noise being measured while the tractor is in motion.
International Organization for Standardization, Case postale 56, 1211 Genève 20, Switzerland, 1992. 4p.

1991

CIS 99-1059 Order of 27 June 1991 establishing the list of activities which may not be carried out by workers under fixed-term contracts or by workers from temporary-employment agencies, as amended by the Order of 4 July 1996 [France]
Arrêté du 27 juin 1991 fixant la liste des travaux pour lesquels il ne peut être fait appel à des salariés sous contrat de travail à durée déterminée ou à des salariés des entreprises de travail temporaire, modifié par l'Arrêté du 4 juil. 1996 [France] [in French]
Topics: agriculture; dangerous work; France; law; non-permanent workers; prohibited work; temporary workers.
Dictionnaire Permanent Sécurité et Conditions de Travail, Agriculture, Feuillets 49, 25 Mar. 1997, p.338-339.

CIS 95-1772 Ghosh S.K., Gokani V.N., Doctor P.B., Parikh J.R., Kashyap S.K.
Intervention studies against "Green Symptoms" among Indian tobacco harvesters
The occurrence of "green symptoms" (nausea, vomiting, dizziness, prostration and weakness) and urinary excretion of nicotine and cotinine were examined among tobacco farmers on small farms in India. When gloves were worn during harvesting, most subjects reported a reduction in symptoms and urinary excretion rates of nicotine and cotinine were lower. When gloves, socks and boots were worn, excretion rates were significantly decreased and no symptoms were reported. The added protection offered by the socks and boots reduced the absorption of nicotine through the feet.
Archives of Environmental Health, Sep.-Oct. 1991, Vol.46, No.5, p.316-317. 7 ref.

CIS 95-1265 Ware G.W.
Fundamentals of pesticides: A self-instruction guide
Self-instruction textbook on pesticides, aimed at an adult audience. The instruction is divided into 14 units: pesticides - chemical tools for managing pests; pesticide vocabulary; insecticides; herbicides; fungicides and bactericides; nematicides; rodenticides; plant growth regulators; defoliants; desiccants; biorationals (naturally occurring pesticides, which do not disrupt the environment); pesticides and the law (in the US); safe handling and use of pesticides; toxicity of pesticides (with toxicity classification tables). Test questions accompany the text throughout, with a major "examination" consisting of 125 questions at the end. Glossary.
Thomson Publications, P.O. Box 9335, Fresno, CA 93791, USA, 3rd ed., 1991. xvi, 307p. Illus. 42 ref. Index.

CIS 94-1150 Cyanamide
Cianamida [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 6-0424. International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Long-term exposure effects: dermatitis; skin sensitization; animal tests show that this substance possibly causes antifertility effects. Occupational exposure limits: TLV: 2mg/m³ (TWA) (ACGIH 1990-1991).
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 94-1149 Carbophenothion
Carbofenotión [in Spanish]
Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 6-0410. International chemical safety card. Short-term exposure effects: skin absorption; delayed effects; eye irritation; neurotoxic effects.
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, c/Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 1991. 2p.

CIS 94-615 Igbedioh S.O.
Effects of agricultural pesticides on humans, animals and higher plants in developing countries
Undesirable side effects that result from the indiscriminate use of agricultural pesticides in developing countries are widespread. This has captured the attention of health workers, governments, and environmental protection agencies. In fact, the potential health effects of long-term exposure to humans, animals, and higher plants are of great concern. This study examines the effects of agricultural pesticides on such living forms and explores modes of action, and presents strategies to minimize the deleterious effects of pesticides to living forms in developing countries.
Archives of Environmental Health, July/Aug. 1991, Vol.46, No.4, p.218-224. 52 ref.

CIS 93-916 Brouwer E.J., Evelo C.T.A., Verplanke A.J.W., van Welie R.T.H., de Wolff F.A.
Biological effect monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene: Effects on liver and renal function and on glutathione conjugation
A prospective study was performed among Dutch flower-bulb growers to investigate the possible effects of subchronic exposure to the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) on liver and kidney function and on glutathione conjugation capacity in blood. Urine and venous blood samples from 14 workers applying DCP (applicators) were taken and analysed at the start of the season in July, and after the season in October. Total bilirubin was significantly decreased from 9.5 before to 7.0µmol/L after the season. In combination with an increase in serum γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity from 12.5 to 19.5U/L this indicates moderate hepatic enzyme induction. The glomerular function parameters albumin in urine and creatinine in serum changed significantly during the season: albumin concentration increased from 5.2 to 7.6mg/L, whereas creatinine excretion decreased from 93.0 to 87.5µmol/L. The tubular function parameter retinol binding protein also increased in concentration from 20.0 to 26.9µg/L. Therefore, a subclinical nephrotoxic effect of subchronic exposure to DCP cannot be excluded. The activity of glutathione S-transferase in erythrocytes was significantly decreased from 4.7 before to 3.3U/g haemoglobin after the season. The same was true for the blood glutathione concentrations, which decreased from 0.93 to 0.82mM. Both parameters seem to be affected by exposure to DCP.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 1991, Vol.48, No.3, p.167-172. 25 ref. Illus.

CIS 93-831 Lander F., Lings S.
Variation in plasma cholinesterase activity among greenhouse workers, fruitgrowers and slaughtermen
The purpose of the study was to compare the plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities of 100 greenhouse workers and 43 fruitgrowers engaged in spraying insecticides with those of 113 slaughtermen who served as controls. The ChE activity in the greenhouse workers and fruitgrowers was not significantly lower than in the controls. Nevertheless the ChE activity of greenhouse workers declined with increasing exposure. The wearing of protective gloves appears to be of particular value for the safety of workers.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 1991, Vol.48, No.3, p.164-166. 6 ref. Illus.

CIS 93-476 Marvel M.E., Pratt D.S., Marvel L.H., Regan M., May J.J.
Occupational hearing loss in New York dairy farmers
A study of 49 randomly selected, full-time dairy farmers was performed to assess the prevalence and nature of hearing loss in this population. An age- and sex-matched group of rural non-farmers was also studied. Medical, occupational, and recreational histories were taken and standard audiometric testing was administered. Sixty-five percent of farmers had hearing loss in the higher frequencies and 37% had losses in the mid-frequency range as compared to 37% and 12% of non-farmers respectively (p<.01). The age of the subjects and the number of years spent farming were highly correlated with hearing loss. Correlation and regression analyses supported the hypothesis that the difference in the prevalence of hearing loss between the dairy farmers and the non-farmers was due to occupational noise exposure on the farm.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.20, No.4, p.517-531. Illus. 10 ref. Appendix.

CIS 92-1786 Machines and equipment at mushroom farms - Construction, use and maintenance [Netherlands]
Machines en werktuigen in champignonkwekerijen - Constructie, gebruik en onderhoud [in Dutch]
In order to prevent accidents, the operation of machines and equipment used in mushroom farming should be carried out with the necessary precautions. This directive contains the requirements for the safe construction and use and the appropriate maintenance of such machines and equipment. Relevant legal texts are included.
Labour Inspectorate, Directorate-General of Labour (Arbeidsinspectie, Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid), Postbus 90804, 2509 LV Den Haag, Netherlands, 1991. 39p. Illus.

CIS 92-1968 Andrade Carvalho W.
Risk factors related to occupational and environmental exposure to organochlorine insecticides in the State of Bahia, Brazil, 1985
Fatores de riscos relacionados com exposição ocupacional e ambiental a inseticidas organoclorados no Estado da Bahia, Brasil, 1985 [in Portuguese]
In order to investigate the risks derived from occupational and environmental exposure to organochlorine insecticides, in particular 1.5% gamma-benzene hexachloride (technical HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), tests were conducted on 127 male individuals aged between 15 and 52 years from the State of Bahia (Brazil). It was found that improper handling of the products and failure to use personal protective equipment, together with longer time of exposure, significantly increased the rates of the hepatic enzyme transaminases GOT and GPT in the appliers of DDT and technical HCH. In view of the high morbidity among pesticide appliers in agriculture, the institution of programmes to teach these workers to avoid contaminating themselves and the environment is pointed out. Reference is made to the development of good hygiene habits, the use of personal protective equipment, and the correct handling of products. Summary in English.
Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, Dec. 1991, Vol.111, No.6, p.512-524. 19 ref.

CIS 92-1633 Chen S., Zhang Z., He F., Yao P., Wu Y., Sun J., Liu L., Li Q.
An epidemiological study on occupational acute pyrethroid poisoning in cotton farmers
A cross sectional survey on the prevalence of acute pyrethroid poisoning in Chinese cotton farmers was conducted in 1987 and 1988. A total of 3113 pyrethroid spraymen (2230 men (71.6%) and 883 women (28.4%)) were interviewed after spraying and followed up for 72 hours. Adverse effects of pyrethroid exposure were found in 834 of them (26.8%), manifested as abnormal facial sensations, dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea, or loss of appetite. Only 10 subjects, who developed significant systemic symptoms and had signs of listlessness or muscular fasciculation, were diagnosed as having mild occupational acute pyrethroid poisoning, with a prevalence of 0.31% in subjects exposed to pure pyrethroids and 0.38% in subjects exposed to pyrethroid organophosphate mixtures. Measurements of pyrethroid concentrations in the air of the breathing zone, in skin pads, and in urine samples showed that dermal contamination is the main route of exposure to pyrethroids in cotton growers. Preventive measures are recommended.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1991, Vol.48, No.2, p.77-81. 9 ref.

CIS 92-1590 Hayashi T., Oshita I., Yamashiro M., Nishihara T., Takagi T., Nasu M., Kosugoh R.
Labour, nutrition and recreation of farmers working on a cooperative pear-farm
Kyogyo no nashi nōen keiei noka ni okeru rōdō, eiyō, kyuyō [in Japanese]
A field study of time allocations, food intake, cumulative fatigue and health of 40 pear-growers (19 husbands and 21 wives of farm households) working on a cooperative farm was carried out in Sera, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, in July 1989. The average relative metabolic rate in pear-growing work was 1.48 for males and 1.61 for females, which were lower than those in other types of farming work due to mechanisation of pear-growing. However, the female workers performed less mechanised and more manual work than the men, and fatigue complaints were more pronounced in the female subjects. Their house work and additional work at their private farms were contributing factors. The energy expenditure and the intake per day were estimated to be 2571 ± 487, 2473 ± 305 kcal for males and 2220 ± 441, 1855 ± 305 kcal for females respectively. Anaemia was found in 4 women who had lower-energy breakfasts and physically heavier work than the other women.
Journal of Science of Labour - Rōdō Kagaku, 10 June 1991, Vol.67, No.6, p.293-305. 19 ref.

CIS 92-1250 Godon D., Lajoie P., Thouez J.P.
Mortality due to cancers of the brain and lymphatic tissues, and leukemia as a function of agricultural pesticide use in Quebec (1976-1985)
Mortalité par cancers du cerveau, des tissus lymphatiques et la leucémie selon l'utilisation des pesticides, en agriculture, au Québec (1976-1985) [in French]
Relationships between the mortality data for cancers of the brain, the lymphatic tissues and leukaemia, and the spatial distribution of agricultural pesticide use for 34 drainage basins in Quebec, Canada, from 1976-1985 are described. Agreement between the results for mortality data in this exploratory study and the results from another study on cancer incidence data for 1982-1983, supports the hypothesis of a potential relationship between the use of pesticides in agriculture and cancer of the lymphatic tissues.
Canadian Journal of Public Health - Revue canadienne de santé publique, May-June 1991, Vol.82, No.3, p.174-180. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 92-1191 Zejda J.E., Dosman J.A.
Respiratory disorders in agriculture from an epidemiologic perspective
Epidemiologic studies show a relative excess of respiratory symptoms in persons dwelling in farming communities. An association of respiratory health with work conditions in agriculture has been suggested by investigations into chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, organic dust toxic syndrome and airflow limitation. The occurrence and determinants of these diseases have been recognised for selected exposure categories. The evident lack of adequate information for a majority of agricultural respiratory hazards and respiratory responses invites further epidemiologic, experimental and clinical research into this major industry.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1991, Vol.4, No.1, p.11-19. 57 ref.

CIS 92-939 Brown L.M., Dosemeci M., Blair A., Burmeister L.
Comparability of data obtained from farmers and surrogate respondents on use of agricultural pesticides
Information from surrogates is increasingly being used in case-control studies to evaluate cancer risks from pesticides; however, little is known about the quality of this type of information. To address this concern, the authors compared interview data collected in 1987 from 95 male Iowa farmers and their wives or other surrogates on the use of specific agricultural pesticides. Agreement between direct and surrogate interviews was excellent (83-100%) for response to dichotomous (yes/no) questions regarding past agricultural use of specific pesticides. Although there were more discrepancies for detailed questions (e.g., the number of days per year on which each pesticide was handled), responses from spouses appear to be adequate for epidemiologic studies of pesticides and cancer.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 15 Aug. 1991, Vol.134, No.4, p.348-355. 15 ref.

CIS 92-910 Boleij J.S.M., Kromhout H., Fleuren M., Tieleman W., Verstappen G.
Reentry after methomyl application in greenhouses
To establish practical reentry intervals in greenhouses, decay patterns of methomyl were assessed. Methomyl is a toxic carbamate insecticide with a reversible, mild to moderate cholinesterase-inhibiting activity. The investigation was carried out under conditions of normal work practice in four greenhouses during six test runs with various combinations of the factors: substrate (soil or rock wool), plant type (cucumber or tomato), wet or dry spraying, area of the greenhouse, and dosage of application. Personal and area samples of the air, hand rinse samples, leaf samples, and samples of the soil surface or the plastic cover of the rock wool were taken during a period of 7 days after application of methomyl. The implications for establishing reentry intervals are discussed.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Aug. 1991, Vol.6, No.8, p.672-676. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 92-857 Chen Y., Horne S.L., McDuffie H.H., Dosman J.A.
Combined effect of grain farming and smoking on lung function and the prevalence of chronic bronchitis
The combined effect of grain farming and smoking on lung function and the prevalence of chronic bronchitis was examined in 1633 residents of Saskatchewan (Canada). Multiple multivariate analysis indicated that in women grain farming and smoking had a significant synergistic effect on ventilatory capacity. However, such combined effects were not statistically significant in men. Female non-smoking grain farmers had a similar prevalence of chronic bronchitis to non-smoking female non-farmers (2.0% and 2.1%, respectively). In women with a positive smoking history, however, the prevalence was 13.2% and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis increased more rapidly with increasing cigarette consumption in female grain farmers than in female non-farmers. In contrast, the effect of grain farming on the prevalence of chronic bronchitis was similar in men with and without a positive smoking history. The data suggest a positive interactive effect of grain farming exposure and smoking on lung function and the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in women.
International Journal of Epidemiology, June 1991, Vol.20, No.2, p.416-423. 36 ref.

CIS 92-550 Cowell J.E., Lottman C.M., Manning M.J.
Assessment of lawn care worker exposure to dithiopyr
Eighteen lawn care specialists were monitored by both passive dosimetry and biological monitoring techniques for exposure to the herbicide dithiopyr (trade name Dimension) in the normal course of their duties. The mean body dose estimate from urinalysis of the specimens collected over a 72-hour period was 4.60 x 10^-5mg/kg/lb applied. The passive dosimetry body dose estimates using dermal deposition measurements corrected for skin penetration and simulated inhalation measurements were calculated for the 2 clothing scenarios observed in the worker tests. The mean body dose estimate for a fully clothed worker wearing a long-sleeved shirt was 8.09 x 10^-5mg/kg/lb while for a specialist wearing a short-sleeved shirt the estimate was 3.62 x 10^-4mg/kg/lb. The lower leg regions, which were protected by long trousers and boots, had the highest exposure by passive dosimetry data.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Aug. 1991, Vol.21, No.2, p.195-201. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 92-478 Cordes D.H., Rea D.F.
Preventive measures in agricultural settings
This paper examines the role of preventive measures in reducing death and injury in agriculture. The following areas are covered: legislation; engineering and design; environmental damage caused by pesticides; health provider education; farmer education. It is argued that U.S. federal government leadership is the key factor in education efforts, and several practical suggestions for legislative initiatives are offered. Several state and non-U.S. programmes are cited as examples of successful strategies for prevention, especially in the areas of legislation and farmer education.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.541-550. 31 ref.

CIS 92-477 Merchant J.A.
Agricultural injuries
This study of agriculture injury morbidity and mortality in the U.S. uses epidemiological data to show that agricultural work, relative to other occupations, is consistently associated with a high risk of traumatic death and injury. Relevant statistics gathered by major national organisations (including the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Safety Council, National Center for Health Statistics) and studies by individual researchers are summarised. Several existing national databases are summarised which could be systematically analysed to provide useful surveillance systems for trends in agricultural injuries. Projects which use computerised hospital emergency room logs for surveillance data are briefly examined. The paper concludes by outlining some current projects and programmes for injury prevention undertaken by various state and federal government agencies.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.529-539. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 92-467 James P.A., Langley R.L.
Using the cooperative extension service in agricultural health education
This study argues that the agricultural work force can only experience improved health through the use of preventive medicine, and that the most important tool for prevention is education. The Co-operative Extension Services (CES) in North Carolina are used to demonstrate these points. The CES plays an important role in communicating farm safety, nutritional counselling, and health access information to the agricultural and rural population. Through the extension network, local concerns reach university specialists, with lay leaders as the link. Recent grants from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have provided funding to develop an Agricultural Health Promotion System and to initiate a reporting system for agricultural injuries and illnesses in North Carolina.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.519-527. 14 ref.

CIS 92-476 Meister J.S.
The health of migrant farm workers
Migrant farm workers in the U. S., defined as seasonal workers who migrate, have special health problems. This literature review outlines the general socio-economic conditions of these workers, while acknowledging the gaps in the documentation of their health status. Health hazards to mothers, children, and foetuses are treated separately. Special risks to migrant farm workers posed by pesticide use is explained, in addition to other hazards. The paper demonstrates the process by which these workers fall outside most labour laws and regulations. Improvements in education of medical personnel, growers, and workers are seen as the beginning of a solution to the problem. The Arizona Farmworker Health History, an example and guide to physicians of an occupationally relevant medical history form, is included in the appendix.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.503-518. 31 ref.

CIS 92-695 Ellis J.L., Gordon P.R.
Farm family mental health issues
This literature review addresses the behavioural and mental health problems in rural farm families in the context of social changes in the 20th century. The manifestations of increased mental stress in the farming environment are explored, including psychological and medical complaints. Special problems encountered by the elderly, women, and adolescents are addressed. Innovative mental health services and programmes are offered as examples of successful solutions.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.493-502. 35 ref.

CIS 92-549 Abrams K., Hogan D.J., Maibach H.I.
Pesticide-related dermatoses in agricultural workers
Literature survey on occupational skin diseases in farm workers due to contact with pesticides. A general overview of the field conditions of exposure is presented, including U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommendations. The bulk of the paper summarises the latest scientific data concerning specific chemicals under the following broad categories: pesticides derived from plants; inorganic and organo-metal pesticides; solvents; fumigants; chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides; organophosphates; carbamates; rodenticides; herbicides; fungicides; slimicides; antibiotics; miticides; plant-growth inhibitors; insect repellents. The special dangers of working with livestock is addressed, including zoonotic infections. Patch testing, the accepted diagnostic tool for contact dermatitis, is explained.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.463-492. 190 ref.

CIS 92-668 Hassen L.B.
Reptile and arthropod envenomations
Farmers are subject to poisonous bites and stings from reptiles and arthropods (insects, spiders and crustaceans). In addition to basic information on these animals, the paper offers practical guidance on the recognition of symptoms resulting from bites and stings. It also gives advice on management and treatment of the medical consequences. Reptiles covered are pit vipers, coral snakes, and gila monsters; arthropods covered are widow spiders, brown or violin spiders, bark scorpions, other scorpions, and centipedes.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.447-461. 46 ref.

CIS 92-466 Blair A., Zahm S.H.
Cancer among farmers
This literature survey begins by summarising the results of 24 cohort studies of farmers and descriptive occupational surveys employing varying epidemiological designs. Results from surveys in many countries indicate that farmers tend to have a lower mortality from all causes combined, heart disease, and all cancers combined. The bulk of the paper summarises investigations of certain malignancies which are often found to be elevated in farmers: leukaemia; Hodgkin's disease; multiple myeloma; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; lip cancer; skin cancer; brain cancer; soft-tissue sarcoma; stomach cancer; prostrate cancer; testicular cancer.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.335-354. 155 ref.

CIS 92-667 Kligman E.W., Peate W.F., Cordes D.H.
Occupational infections in farm workers
This paper deals with occupational infections which can cause disease and disability in agricultural workers. Prevention and control methods discussed include: personal protective equipment; educational efforts; workplace revisions and engineering controls; animal control measures, such as vaccines and antibiotics. To the physician treating a farmer with various symptoms the paper offers checklists of questions concerning work activities, exposures, and medical history. The symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and prevention and control of the 11 most common agricultural infections are presented: anthrax; ascariasis; brucellosis; viral encephalitis; leptospirosis; Q fever; rabies; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; staphylococcal infections; tetanus; tularaemia.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.429-446. 18 ref.

CIS 92-639 Crutchfield C.D., Sparks S.T.
Effects of noise and vibration on farm workers
This paper summarises the basic physiology of the ear and the effects of excessive noise, namely noise-induced hearing loss. Appropriate studies are cited which document the high noise levels of various farm machinery. The current U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit is explained, and studies are presented which identify particularly noisy practices and farm occupations. Noise control strategies are summarised. The same machinery that produces excessive noise can produce hazardous levels of vibration. The sources and types of vibration are outlined and the literature concerning the health effects of whole body vibration and hand-arm vibration are reviewed.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.355-369. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 92-638 Brown W.D.
Heat and cold in farm workers
This paper deals with temperature stress in relation to farm work. A basic outline of heat stress and the physiology of thermoregulation (human heat production, heat loss, and/or heat gain) is presented. Health effects of heat stress include: cramps; oedema of the ankles and feet; dizziness or fainting; heat exhaustion; heat stroke. Heat stress tolerance limits and exposure standards are summarised. Cold presents another environmental hazard to farm workers; injuries associated with excess cold include chilblains, frostbite, and hypothermia. Farm work practices are presented which would help in avoiding heat and cold-related illness and injury.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.371-389. 42 ref.

CIS 92-548 Shaver C.S., Tong T.
Chemical hazards to agricultural workers
The focus of this paper is on the acute toxicity of chemical hazards, other than pesticides, likely to be present in agricultural processes. The operations stressed are: fertiliser use; equipment use and repair; sterilisation and fumigation operations; animal confinement hazards; the use of stored products (such as silo-opening hazards). Pesticide toxicity is only summarised at the conclusion and is not discussed in depth. Information in appendices provide recommendations on: working in or near conventional silos; laundering contaminated clothing; emergency medical treatment for acute pesticide poisoning.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.391-413. 87 ref.

CIS 92-465 Schenker M., Ferguson T., Gamsky T.
Respiratory risks associated with agriculture
This literature survey focuses on epidemiological evidence of respiratory disease among agricultural workers. Agricultural processes and the farm environment generate dusts, moulds, pollens, toxins, and gases that are potential respiratory irritants or health risks. Acquired sensitivity results in allergic reactions, with symptoms such as cough, dyspnoea, fever, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, and weight loss. Respiratory disease can become disabling and can lead to asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies are suggested.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, July-Sep. 1991, Vol.6, No.3, p.415-428. 78 ref.

CIS 92-527 Partanen T., Kurppa K., Ngowi V.F.
Occupational pesticide hazards in developing countries - Epidemiological considerations
A review of the literature on epidemiological studies of pesticide hazards. Examples are given of studies covering: assessment of exposure and response; symptoms characteristic of pesticide poisoning; impact assessment and successful prevention programmes. A table shows prevalences of selected symptoms related to exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in different populations. It is considered that in developing countries, the assessment of the frequency and intensity of acute ill health caused by pesticides is of paramount importance in the planning and implementation of successful prevention programmes.
East African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, Sep. 1991, Vol.1, No.2, p.46-51. Illus. 56 ref.

CIS 92-526 Sekimpi D.K.
The role of OHS in safe use of pesticides, particularly in developing countries
A discussion of the role of occupational health services (OHS) during the development, manufacture, transportation, use and disposal of pesticides. Aspects covered include: provision of toxicological data by pesticide developers; provision of health education, environmental and biological monitoring and personal protection for factory workers; controls on the transportation and storage of pesticides; safe methods of pesticide use; the role of legislation, standards and education.
East African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, Sep. 1991, Vol.1, No.2, p.40-41. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 92-75 NIOSH agriculture bibliography
This NIOSH bibliography of selected documents on agriculture includes NIOSH numbered publications, contract and grant reports, control technology reports, hazard evaluations and technical assistance chapters. A brief description of each publication types precedes the listing of documents in that section. Information is provided for obtaining the listed items.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Apr. 1991. iii, 35p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 91-1979
Health and Safety Executive
Fumigation using methyl bromide (bromomethane)
The revised edition of this guidance note (see CIS 88-597 for original) incorporates provisions of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 and the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986. Contents: health hazards associated with the use of methyl bromide (respiratory irritation, pulmonary oedema, skin burns, damage to the brain, nervous system and possibly the lungs); responsibilities of those concerned with fumigation; qualifications and duties of operators; handling, storage and transport; use of warning agents; disposal of waste fumigant containers; detection equipment; personal protective equipment; operational precautions; health surveillance, first aid and medical treatment; legislation.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, revised May 1991. 16p. 4 ref. Price GBP 22.75.

CIS 91-1978
Health and Safety Executive
Fumigation using phosphine
The revised edition of this guidance note (see CIS 88-598 for original) incorporates provisions of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 and the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986. Contents: health hazards associated with the use of phosphine (exposure to high concentrations in air may cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, and may lead to pulmonary oedema); responsibilities of those concerned with fumigation; qualifications and duties of operators; storage, transport and disposal of waste fumigant containers; detection equipment; personal protective equipment; operational precautions; health surveillance, first aid and medical treatment; legislation.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, revised May 1991. 16p. 5 ref. Price: GBP 22.75.

CIS 91-1536 Phoolchund H.N.
Aspects of occupational health in the sugar cane industry
Workers in developing countries face as many, if not more, work-related health problems as their counterparts in industrialised nations. This paper concentrates on occupational health problems in the sugar industry, which exists in 40 countries, mostly in the Third World. Sugar cane workers have a high level of occupational accidents and are exposed to the high toxicity of pesticides. They may also have an increased risk of lung cancer, possibly mesothelioma. Bagassosis is also a problem specific to the industry as it may follow exposure to bagasse (a by-product of sugar cane). The workers may also be affected by chronic infections which reduce their productivity. The legal framework for their protection is often inadequate. In conclusion, areas of future research are suggested.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, Autumn 1991, Vol.41, No.3, p.133-136. 40 ref.

CIS 91-1687 Dupuis H., Haverkamp M., Hartung E.
Evaluation of percussive vibration effects
Stosshaltige Schwingungen untersucht [in German]
The results of field and laboratory studies of the effects of whole-body vibrations containing impulses are summarised. Such vibrations occur for example on earthmoving machines, forklifts and tractors. The effect of these vibrations on the body is greater in a sitting posture than in a standing one, and they are more stressful than impulse-free vibrations.
Bundesarbeitsblatt, 3 Jan. 1991, No.1, p.18-23. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 91-1610 Garcia E.G., de Almeida W.F.
Exposure of Brazilian rural workers to agricultural chemicals
Exposição dos trabalhadores rurais aos agrotóxicos no Brasil [in Portuguese]
Presentation of data on the potential exposure of rural workers in Brazil to agricultural chemicals (principally pesticides and herbicides). The data are on the consumption of such chemicals and the number of rural workers, by state, agricultural product (cotton, rice, cocoa, coffee, sugar-cane, horticulture, millet, soya beans, wheat), and type and size of farms.
Revista brasileira de saúde ocupacional, Jan.-Mar. 1991, Vol.19, No.72, p.7-11.

1990

CIS 95-493
Health and Safety Executive
COSHH in agriculture
Videotape on the application of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (CIS 89-1092) in agriculture.
CFL Vision, P.O. Box 35, Wetherby LS23 7EX, United Kingdom, 1990. Videotape. Length: 18min. Price: GBP 11.49 (hire), GBP 38.30 (sale). ###

CIS 92-1641 Verberk M.M., Brouwer D.H., Brouwer E.J., Bruyzeel D.P., Emmen H.H., Van Hemmen J.J., Hooisma J., Jonkman E.J., Ruijten M.W.M.M., Sallé H.J.A., Sjardin W., Vermeulen N.P.E., De Weerd A.W., Van Welie R.T.H., Zielhuis R.L., De Wolff F.A.
Health effects of pesticides in the flower-bulb culture in Holland
Cross-sectional study of 137 flower-bulb growers (heavy drinkers excluded) and 73 controls. The growers had been occupationally exposed to various pesticides (captan, pirimicarb, zineb, maneb, dichloropropene). Significant, though minor, health effects discovered included reduced nerve conducting velocities and reduced performance in attention-span and perceptual coding tests.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1990, Vol.81, No.6, p.530-541. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 92-1589 Ritter L., Wigle D.T., Semenciw R.M., Wilkins K., Riedel D., Mao Y.
Mortality study of Canadian male farm operators - Cancer mortality and agricultural practices in Saskatchewan
Statistical analysis of demographic and other data on ca. 70,000 male farmers in the Province of Saskatchewan (Canada). Both overall mortality and cancer mortality among the farmers was 25% lower than in Saskatchewan men in general. There were, however, significant (p=0.05) relationships between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mortality among the farmers and acres sprayed for weeds, and between the same cause of death and expenditures on fuel oil.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1990, Vol.81, No.6, p.499-505. 20 ref.

CIS 92-1638 Krieger R., Blewett C., Edmiston S., Fong H., Gibbons D., Meinders D., O'Connell L., Ross J., Schneider F., Spencer J., Thongsinthusak T.
Gauging pesticide exposure of handlers (mixer/loaders/applicators) and harvesters in California agriculture
Agricultural workers are exposed to pesticides in function of the properties of the product, crop, and work task. Mixer/loaders and applicators are likely to be exposed more than are other workers, as concentrated formulations are handled during the preparation and application of spray mixes. Exposures can be estimated using passive dosimetry and biological monitoring. Measured exposures are invariably less than estimates based on theoretical calculations derived from conservative 'worst case' assumptions and exposure estimates based on inadequate sampling results. Data have also been collected to estimate the exposure potentials of harvesters. A set of empirical transfer factors (cm²/h) that can be used to estimate daily harvester exposure (transfer factor × dislodgeable foliar residue × hours) is being established. These estimates are important to current efforts to establish exposure-based re-entry intervals to protect against acute and chronic toxicity.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1990, Vol.81, No.6, p.474-479. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 92-1637 Van Sittert N.J., Dumas E.P.
Field study on exposure and health effects of an organophosphate pesticide for maintaining registration in the Philippines
Exposure of 21 pesticide sprayers in the Philippines to monocrotophos (also known as azodrin, an organophosphorus pesticide) was evaluated over a 3-day period. Although ample evidence of exposure (dermal and oral) was found, and plasma cholinesterase levels in eight of the sprayers were below 50% of baseline values, there was no evidence of adverse health effects in any of the sprayers, and there were no cases of clinically significant inhibition of whole blood or red blood cell cholinesterase activity. The importance of proper spraying technique and adequate use of personal protective equipment is emphasised.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1990, Vol.81, No.6, p.463-473. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 92-1636 Ambridge E.M., Haines I.H., Lambert M.R.K.
Operator contamination during pesticide application to tropical crops
Investigations to determine dermal contamination of rural farmers during pesticide application to tropical crops are described. Contamination patterns and levels vary according to crop type and height, and application method. Non-toxic model pesticides and tracer dyes were applied to rice, vegetable, mango, cotton and coffee crops in the Philippines, Thailand, Tanzania and Malawi, using knapsack and ULV spinning disc sprayers. Tracer dye falling on the operator during application was measured for each type of crop sprayed. Mean gross dermal deposits of dye were: rice 97mg/h; mango 257mg/h; vegetables 103mg/h; cotton 220mg/h; coffee 95mg/h. The implications of these gross dermal deposit figures in relation to pesticide contamination and hazard are discussed.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1990, Vol.81, No.6, p.457-462. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 92-1197 Report of activities 1990
Jahresbericht 1990 [in German]
Among the information provided by the Austrian health insurance fund of the agricultural sector, statistics are given on the number of accidents and diseases in relation with the most frequent causes of accident in agriculture. Number of cases reported by province (Land), outcome of reported accidents (deaths), number of reported recognised diseases. Breakdown is provided with respect to the element being the cause of the accident (falls, machines and equipment, animals, mechanical hazard, job carried out when the accident occurred). Compensation figures.
Sozialversicherungsanstalt der Bauern, Ghegastrasse 1, 1031 Wien, Austria, 1990. 290p.

CIS 92-719 Federal Act of July 5, 1990 on Transactions with Plant Protection Products (Plant Protection Products Act) [Austria]
Bundesgesetz vom 5. Juli 1990 über den Verkehr mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln (Pflanzenschutzmittelgesetz - PMG) [in German]
Contents of this law on pesticides and similar products: definitions; placement on the market of plant-protection products; authorisations; trade names; labelling provisions; packaging; establishment of a Plant Protection Products Register; yearly publication of an Official List of Plant Protection Products (Amtliches Pflanzenschutzmittelverzeichnis); advertising; notification obligations; procedures for importation; inspection; confidentiality of information; penalties; transitional provisions.
Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich, 31 July 1990, No.193, p.3205-3219. English version in a translation by the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Youth and Family, Untere Donaustrasse 11, 1020 Wien, Austria, 1990, 29p.

CIS 92-181 James A.L., Zimmerman M.J., Ee H., Ryan G., Musk A.W.
Exposure to grain dust and changes in lung function
Respiratory symptoms and lung function were assessed in 41 seasonal grain handlers and related to duration of employment and level of exposure to grain dust. Ten public works department employees, not exposed to grain dust, were examined during the same period. Respiratory symptoms, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and bronchial responsiveness were assessed before starting work and at weekly intervals during a period of employment lasting up to 4 weeks. The results indicate that occupational exposure to grain dust results in respiratory symptoms and changes in lung function, including increased airway responsiveness, within the 1st week of exposure to grain dust.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 1990, Vol.47, No.7, p.466-472. Illus. 21 ref.

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