Nickel and compounds - 215 entries found

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1988

CIS 90-475 Romaguera C., Grimalt F., Vilaplana J.
Contact dermatitis from nickel - An investigation of its sources
Patch tests with the GEIDC standard series of allergens, and with 8 washers made of copper, nickel, nickel-palladium, palladium, brass, bronze, gold and iron, were carried out in 964 consecutive patients who complained of intolerance to metals and in 200 controls who did not. All subjects were also questioned as to personal and family history of atopy, occupational contact and intolerance to gold. The results provide support for the substitution of nickel in imitation jewellery with metals such as palladium or bronze.
Contact Dermatitis, July 1988, Vol.19, No.1, p.52-57. 43 ref.

CIS 90-186 Nekrasova S.V., Tašči P.V.
Polarographic determination of copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc and manganese in atmospheric air
Poljarografičeskoe opredelenie medi, svinca, kadmija, nikelja, zinka i marganca v atmosfernom vozduhe [in Russian]
An alternating-current polarographic method for the determination of 6 metals without prior separation is proposed. The method is based on reducing ions of copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc and manganese at a dropping mercury electrode with a supporting electrolyte of acetic acid and ammonium acetate. Samples are collected and prepared by pumping measured volumes of air through APHA filters, ashing the filters, treating the ash with concentrated hydrochloric acid and taking up the residue in electrolyte. Detection limits are 0.04µg/mL for copper, lead, cadmium and manganese and 0.08µg/mL for nickel and zinc. Iron and chromium do not interfere with the determination. Analysis after dissolving the sample takes about 30 minutes.
Gigiena i sanitarija, May 1988, No.5, p.48-49. 2 ref.

CIS 89-580 Grandjean P., Anderson O., Nielsen G.D.
Carcinogenicity of occupational nickel exposures: An evaluation of the epidemiological evidence
Survey of recent epidemiological studies of nickel-exposed workers relate to past exposures, mostly of unknown nickel specification. Major studies were carried out at nickel smelters and refineries. The findings indicate that nickel emitted from calcining and sintering operations is a potent carcinogen, causing nasal and pulmonary cancers. Only one study demonstrated an exposure-response relationship, while other studies showed a relationship between increased exposure time and increased cancer risk. In nickel-using industries, no excess cancer related to nickel exposures has been demonstrated beyond doubt. The studies have not excluded the possibility that a cancer hazard may be present outside the nickel-producing facilities. Furthermore, case-referent studies of respiratory cancers suggest that a nickel-related aetiology may well exist in the nickel-using industries. As the exact identity of the carcinogenic forms of nickel remains unknown, exposure to all nickel compounds should be kept as low as is reasonably achievable.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1988, Vol.13, No.2, p.193-209. 64 ref.

1987

CIS 90-207 Nava C., Campiglio R., Caravelli G., Galli D.A., Gambini M.A., Zerboni R., Beretta E.
Chromium and nickel salts: A cause of allergic contact dermatitis due to detergents
I sali di cromo e nichel come causa di dermatite allergica da contatto con detergenti [in Italian]
142 subjects (mainly women) were examined. They were all suffering from contact dermatitis, probably caused by domestic detergents. Allergic contact dermatitis was clinically diagnosed in 60% of the subjects; the remaining 40% had irritant contact dermatitis. 21% (46% of the sensitised subjects) were sensitised to nickel salts and 8.4% (18% of the sensitised subjects) were sensitised to chromium salts. Analysis of 34 commerical products by atomic absorption spectrophotometry confirmed the presence of these metals in nearly all specimens (33 out of 34). The quantity of nickel and chromium salts (as metals) varied considerably and in some cases was similar to the quantities found in common cements. Considering the type, site and severity of the skin lesions and the fact that so many patients were sensitised to these metals contained in domestic cleaning agents, it is concluded that housework is a risk factor for allergic skin diseases.
Medicina del lavoro, Sep.-Oct. 1987, Vol.78, No.5, p.405-512. 35 ref.

CIS 89-1283 Olumide Y.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria - II. Hand dermatitis in men
In a series of 545 consecutive contact dermatitis clinic patients, 274 (50.3%) were men, 56 (20.4%) of whom had hand dermatitis alone, 40 (71.4%) being allergic. The common sensitisers were dichromate in cement, nickel on metal gates, colophony, epoxy resins and rubber chemicals. 48 (85.7%) of the hand cases came from occupational sources. Half of the patch-test-negative men worked in wet jobs. The hands of Nigerian men appear to be less tolerant to irritant wet jobs than those of women, which have the opportunity of becoming hardened from childhood.
Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 1987, Vol.17, No.3, p.136-138. 6 ref.

CIS 89-760 Nickel
Nickel [in Swedish]
Chemical safety information sheet taken from the Kemiska Ämnen Register (CIS 89-214). Exposure limit: TLV = 0.5mg/m³. Toxicity: Carcinogen; sensitisation of the skin.
Arbetarskyddsnämnden, Box 3208, 103 64 Stockholm, Sweden, 1987. 3p.

CIS 89-541 Soldatenkova N.A., Priluckaja L.L.
Determination of cadmium, nickel and lead present together in urine
Opredelenie v moče rabotajuščih kadmija, svinca i nikelja pri sovmestnom prisutstvii [in Russian]
A method of urine ashing for cadmium, nickel and lead determination was developed. The limit of detection of cadmium and lead was 0.3µg; for nickel, 0.5µg. The range of measurable concentrations for lead and cadmium was 0.03-10µg/mL, for nickel 0.1-4µg/mL.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1987, No.2, p.53-55. 8 ref.

CIS 88-1311 The toxicity of nickel and its inorganic compounds
This review covers: identity; disposition and metabolism (human and animal studies); animal toxicity (acute, skin and eye irritancy and sensitisation, subacute effects, genotoxicity, chronic and carcinogenic effects, effects on fertility and reproduction); human studies (acute, skin and eye irritation and sensitisation, effects of repeated exposure, carcinogenicity, cytogenicity, effects on reproduction). Based on this review there is good evidence that occupational exposure during nickel refining is carcinogenic in humans.
HM Stationery Office, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1987. 204p. 653 ref. Price: GBP 14.00.

CIS 88-865 Olumide Y.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria (I). Hand dermatitis in women
Of 545 consecutive contact dermatitis clinic patients, 271 (49.7%) were women, 29 (10.7%) of whom had hand dermatitis alone. Seventeen (58.6%) of these hand cases were allergic, the main sensitisers being nickel and essential oils in oranges. Dressmakers were mostly affected by nickel, while orange sellers and peelers were positive to orange peel, fragrance mix, balsam of Peru and formaldehyde in varying combinations. Eight (27.6%) of the hand cases were due to irritants and wet jobs, and possibly to allergens not tested. Twenty-four (83%) of the hand cases were occupational. Only 1 Nigerian woman had true housewife's hand dermatitis. It was not possible to define the role of atopy because of unreliable histories. Two cases of pompholyx and a negative patch test occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Contact Dermatitis, Aug. 1987, Vol.17, No.2, p.85-88. 17 ref.

CIS 88-569 Sunderman F.W.
Nickel in the human environment
Nickel et environnement humain [in French]
Proceedings of a symposium held at Lyon (France, 1983) with the participation of several international (ICRC, IPCS, ILO, CEC) and national (French Ministry of the Environment) bodies. The papers are grouped under the headings: epidemiology, carcinogenicity, metabolism and toxicology, human exposure to nickel. The data presented are intended to provide a scientific basis for the elaboration of measures to reduce the hazards to which people are exposed during the production and use of nickel and nickel compounds. This collection appeared in English as IARC Scientific Publications No.53, Nickel in the Human Environment.
Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Bureau de l'édition, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75654 Paris Cedex 13, France, 1987. 519p. Illus. Bibl. Price: FRF 321.00.

CIS 88-239 Handfield-Jones S., Boyle J., Harman R.R.M.
Contact allergy caused by metal sprays
Report of a case of a worker who coated pipes with synthetic rubber. He shoed no reaction to rubber or rubber chemicals in patch tests, but showed strong positive reactions to nickel and chromium. Investigation showed that he worked near 2 metal spraying areas where airborne nickel levels were 4 times higher and chromium up to 18 times higher than the UK Health and Safety Executive recommended maximum time-weighted averages. Recognised risks of metal spraying include dust, explosion and fume fever; nickel or chrome allergy has not been recognised previously.
Contact Dermatitis, Jan. 1987, Vol.16, No.1, p.44.

CIS 87-1303 Forastiere F., Valesini S., Salimei E., Magliola M.E., Perucci C.A.
Respiratory cancer among soap production workers
Employment in the soap production industry in Italy has entailed some exposure to sulfuric acid vapours and nickel dusts, both agents under suspicion of being carcinogenic for the respiratory tract. A mortality study, together with an incidence study for laryngeal cancer, has been conducted among 361 men with a minimum employment of one year in soap production. Mortality from all causes was lower than expected, but lung cancer and laryngeal cancer deaths were increased, although without statistical significance. 5 new laryngeal cancer cases were detected during the study period, while about one was expected. All the men with respiratory cancer had been working for several years, and the latency time was greater than 10 years. Even though the mechanism of a causal link is difficult to assess, the possibility of a carcinogenic effect of sulfuric acid is suggested.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 1987, Vol.13, No.3, p.258-260. 6 ref.

CIS 87-925 Kiilunen M., Järvisalo J., Mäkitie O., Aitio A.
Analysis, storage stability and reference values for urinary chromium and nickel
Simple direct dilution methods are described for the analysis of urinary chromium and nickel with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The day-to-day variation of the method is of the order of 5%, and the detection limits 1.2 and 0.0052µm/L for urinary nickel and chromium, respectively. At levels corresponding to occupational exposures, both metals are stable (within 20%) in urine specimens in the refrigerator for the least 10 months. The stability does not require acidification. Geometric mean values for urinary nickel and chromium in the non-exposed population in Finland (n=299 and 155) are 4.8 and 0.078µg/L, and the upper 95% confidence limits from a log-normal distribution, are 10 and 0.57µg/L, respectively.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1987, Vol.59, No.1, p.43-50. Illus. 18 ref.

1986

CIS 89-548 Gorizontova M.N., Ožiganova V.N.
Cytological characteristics of the bronchial mucosa in occupational bronchial asthma
Citologičeskaja kartina slizistoj oboločki bronhial'nogo dereva pri professional'noj bronhial'noj astme [in Russian]
Medical examinations were performed on 29 workers with respiratory diseases, who had been occupationally exposed to different toxic substances for 6-22 years, on 15 workers with non-occupational asthma and on 6 workers of a control group. The bronchial mucosa in patients with occupational and non-occupational asthma during remission showed the same general trends in cytological changes (increased quantity of degenerated bronchial epithelium and moderate eosinophilia), which prevented differentiation of the 2 forms. Cytological data on the bronchial mucosa in patients with occupational asthma show only the extent of allergic reactions in the bronchial tree.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Dec. 1986, No.12, p.53-55. 3 ref.

CIS 88-1245 Bannikov E.A.
Method of determination of sensitisation to chemical substances experimentally and in patients with occupational dermatosis by means of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Sposob opredelenija sensibilizacii k himičeskim veščestvam v ėksperimente i u bol'nyh professional'nymi dermatozami s pomošč'ju reakcii skorosti osedanija ėritrocitov [in Russian]
Animal experiments (guinea pigs) showed that the number of positive results of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate reaction do not differ from positive results obtained by the determination of leucocyte agglomeration or neutrophil damage. Modified erythrocyte sedimentation rate is proposed for determining sensitisation to Cr, Ni and Co in patients with occupational dermatosis. This simple method is accessible to any clinical laboratory and could be used in the mass periodical medical examinations of workers exposed to the irritants mentioned above.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Sep. 1986, No.9, p.45-46. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 87-1300 Van der Wal J.F.
Further studies on the exposure of welders to fumes, chromium, nickel and gases in Dutch industries: Plasma welding and cutting of stainless steel
Welding environments were sampled and analysed in 6 industries. Concentrations of welding fumes were sometimes higher than standards when there was no ventilation. Concentrations of chromium, nickel, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide were lower than standards. Ozone concentration during microplasma welding were very high until a glass screen was used to protect the welder. There was no extremely high concentration of any gas.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1986, Vol.30, No.2, p.153-161. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 87-1372 Goh C.L., Kwok S.F., Gan S.L.
Cobalt and nickel content of Asian cements
The cobalt and nickel concentration of 11 brands of Asian cement ranged from 8.1 to 14.2µg/g and from 14.9 to 28.5µg/g, respectively. These metals exist mainly as insoluble salts; the water-soluble concentrations of cobalt and nickel were 0.39 - 0.65µg/g and 0-1.2µg/g, respectively. Four of 272 construction workers in a prefabrication construction factory had cobalt sensitivity. All had allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement. No worker had isolated cobalt sensitivity and cement dermatitis. Apparently, sensitisation to cobalt in cement occurs only secondarily to an existing cement dermatitis. Five workers had nickel sensitivity: 2 had allergic contact dermatitis to nickel and their watches, 2 were asymptomatic and 1 had allergic contact dermatitis to chromate and cobalt in cement. The low prevalence of cobalt and nickel sensitivity from cement was probably related to the low concentration of soluble cobalt and nickel salts in the cement. However, the insoluble salts can form soluble complexes with constituents of body fluids on eczematous skin and sensitise the skin.
Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 1986, Vol.15, No.3, p.169-172. 6 ref.

CIS 87-1379 Van der Burg C.K.H., Bruynzeel D.P., Vreeburg K.J.J., Von Blomberg B.M.E., Scheper R.J.
Hand eczema in hairdressers and nurses: a prospective study. I. Evaluation of atopy and nickel hypersensitivity at the start of apprenticeship
A prospective study of the development of hand eczema was initiated in 86 junior hairdressers and 217 junior nurses. None of the apprentices presented with hand eczema, but a history of hand eczema was reported by 22/303 (7%) of the students. Almost half of this group (10/22, 45%) could be classified as atopics. Students without a history of hand eczema showed a frequency of atopy (17%) close to that of the general population. History of hand eczema was not related to nickel hypersensitivity, as assessed by patch testing. The incidence of nickel hypersensitivity was high in junior hairdressers (26%), compared to junior nurses (12%). Anamnesis suggested that development of nickel allergy had been promoted by ear-piercing. A lower incidence of nickel hypersensitivity was observed if ear-piercing had been preceded by orthodontic treatment with nickel-containing materials.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1986, Vol.14, No.5, p.275-279. 24 ref.

CIS 87-254 Davies J.E.
Occupational asthma caused by nickel salts
Description of 3 cases of occupational asthma in workers employed on the recovery of a nickel catalyst (filtration, flaking over a cooled drum and packing of the recovered nickel salts). Serum antibodies with nickel-related specificity were identified by allergological tests (RIST and RAST). The observed cases differ from previously reported cases in not having any allergic skin manifestations.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, Spring 1986, Vol.36, No.1, p.29-31. 9 ref.

CIS 86-1960 Hours M., Bertholon J., Esteve J., Cardis E., Freyssinet C.L., Quelin P., Fabry J.
Mortality experience in a polyamide-polyester factory
Results of a mortality study carried out in a polyamide-polyester factory in France. A retrospective cohort design was chosen to evaluate the effect of exposure to phthalates, nickel catalysts, and other chemicals in the work environment. Only a slight excess of cancer, marginally related to exposure category yet not significantly related to length of exposure, was found. The cohort, however, was young but stable, and a continued follow-up is therefore both feasible and justifiable, since it is likely to yield important information about the potential hazards associated with the target polymer industry.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Oct. 1986, Vol.12, No.5, p.455-460. 20 ref.

1985

CIS 89-945
Werkgroep van Deskundigen van de Nationale MAC-Commissie
Report on exposure limits for nickel and nickel compounds
Rapport inzake grenswaarde - nikkel en nikkelverbindingen [in Dutch]
Report of the Expert Working Group of the National MAC Committee of the Netherlands. On the basis of the data reviewed, the following exposure levels are proposed: 50µg Ni/m³ (8h) and 100µg Ni/m³ (15 min) for nickel carbonyl, metallic nickel, water-soluble nickel salts, nickel oxides and nickel carbonate; 10µg Ni/m³ (8h) and 20µg Ni/m³ (15min) in matte roasting during primary nickel production.
Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid, Postbus 69, 2270 MA Voorburg, Netherlands, Nov. 1985. 67p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 88-558 Senft V., Hůzl F., Eybl V.
Monitoring exposure to nickel in the production of nickel compounds
Monitorování expozice niklu ve výrobě niklových sloučenin [in Czech]
In chemical plant workers exposed to some nickel compounds, urinary nickel excretion was monitored during the working week and nickel concentration in the air was measured simultaneously. By atomic absorption photometry, nickel in urine was found to range between 5 and 150mg/L and increased in the course of the week. In air, 0.2-104mg/m³ was measured. From the determination of nickel in urine, its biological half-life was estimated to be about 13h.
Pracovní lékařství, 1985, Vol.37, No.8, p.309-312. 21 ref.

CIS 88-110 Nickel [powdered]
Chemical safety information sheet. Exposure limits: OSHA PEL (1985) = 1mg/m³; ACGIH TLV (1983) = 1mg/m³; NIOSH (1985) = 15µg/m³. Fine nickel powder is pyrophoric. Reacts violently with fluorine, ammonium nitrate, hydrazine, ammonia, hydrogen and dioxane, performic acid, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur, titanium and potassium perchlorate. Skin absorption. Health hazards: dermatitis; risk of cancer of the nasal cavity and lungs.
In: EPA Chemical Profiles, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 20460, USA, Dec. 1985. 3p.

CIS 86-185 Contact dermatitis in Nigeria
Of 3998 patients with skin diseases examined at a hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, 453 were diagnosed as having contact dermatitis, and were subjected to patch testing. Nickel was the most common allergen, followed by chromate. Uniforms are a source of occupational exposure to nickel, as buttons are attached by means of metal fasteners within the garments. Cement is a source of occupational exposure to chromates; masons have come to accept some hand eczema as inevitable. Non-occupational causes of contact dermatitis are also discussed.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1985, Vol.12, No.5, p.241-246. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 86-173 Friedman S.J., Pery H.O.
Erythema multiforme associated with contact dermatitis
A garment worker developed erythema multiforme concurrently with allergic contact dermatitis of the hands. Patch testing revealed sensitivity to nickel (which was present in her scissors) and to paraphenylenediamine (a commercial dye). During the patch-test evaluation, both the hand dermatitis and the erythema multiforme became exacerbated. Later, patch testing to only nickel sulfate produced erythema multiforme on the face and hands. The allergic pathogenesis, involving the absorption of an allergen through the skin and resulting in a type III allergic reaction from nickel, is discussed.
Contact Dermatitis, Jan. 1985, Vol.12, No.1, p.21-23. 17 ref.

CIS 86-156 van Ketel W.G.
Occupational contact with coins in nickel-allergic patients
Seven female cashiers with a history of eczema from wearing nickel-containing jewelry all gave positive reactions to nickel sulfate in patch tests. However, only 1 of the 7 had eczema produced or aggravated by contact with coins. Thus, it is doubtful that a patient with a clear case of nickel allergy should always be advised against working as a cashier.
Contact Dermatitis, Feb. 1985, Vol.12, No.2, p.108-124. 4 ref.

CIS 85-1014 Peltier A., Demange M., Guillemin C., Vien I., Boulet A., Elcabache J.M.
Risks connected with chromium and nickel - Results of environmental tests between 1971 and 1983
Risques liés au chrome et au nickel - Bilan des contrôles d'ambiance effectués de 1971 à 1983 [in French]
Results of 2800 environmental tests conducted at the request of French regional Health Insurance Funds. After a summary of the regulations relating to nickel, chromium and their compounds, the test results are presented and analysed by region and by industrial activity. They show that TLVs are still often exceeded in the workplace: in metallurgy, for example, in 39% of nickel processing plants and in 32% of chromium processing plants. Recent measures should lead to an improvement in the situation (e.g. the setting of a TLV for chromic anhydride and the inclusion of cancers caused by chromium compounds in the schedule of occupational diseases).
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 1st quarter 1983, No.118, Note No.1515-118-85, p.53-58. Illus.

1984

CIS 89-1988 Nickel in the human environment
Contents of this toxicological review on nickel: epidemiology; carcinogenicity; metabolism and toxicology; human exposure.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1984. 530p. Illus. Bibl. Price: USD 42.50.

CIS 89-430
USSR Commission for UNEP
Nickel and its compounds
Chemical safety information sheet. Exposure limit (USSR): MAC (nickel carbonyl) = 0.0005mg/m³; MAC (nickel salts as hydroaerosols) = 0.005mg Ni/m³; MAC (nickel metal, oxides, sulphides, ore concentrates) = 0.05mg Ni/m³. Toxicity: the water-soluble salts and nickel carbonyl are the most toxic (irritation of mucous membranes and skin, dermatitis, skin absorption; pulmonary oedema from exposure to nickel carbonyl); dust from nickel ore production is carcinogenic in man.
Centre for International Projects, GKNT, Moskva, USSR, 1984. 36p. 82 ref.

CIS 87-1225 Nickel powder
Nikkeli pulveri [in Finnish]
Nickel powder is a toxic carcinogen (LD₅₀ = 12mg/kg, TLV = 1mg/m³). Inhalation is harmful. Irritates the eyes, the skin and the mucous membranes. Ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Skin contact can cause sensitisation of the skin. Long term exposure can cause lung cancer or nasal cancer. Mandatory European labelling: T, R25, R36, R37, R38, R101, R103, S101, S103.
Register of Safety Information of Chemical Products, National Board of Labour Protection, Box 536, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Sep. 1984. 2p. Original on microfiche.

CIS 86-1387 Fischer T., Rystedt I.
Dermatological investigation of a hard metal factory. Part 3. Patch testing: materials, techniques and test reactions
Hudundersökning vid en hardmetallindustri - Del 3: Epikutantestning: material, teknik och testreaktioner [in Swedish]
853 individuals currently or previously employed in work with hard metals were patch tested with twenty different substances found in their working and home environments. Almost all the subjects displaying positive patch test reactions, and most subjects with reactions judged as irritant or doubtful, were retested with a duplicate (water and petrolatum base) serial dilution test. More than 200 individuals and 360 patch test reactions were evaluated in this manner. Strongly positive patch test ractions were almost always reproduced, whereas weakly positive or doubtful reactions were very seldom reproduced. A total of 88 individuals and 107 patch test reactions were judged to be relevant positive. If the primary results had been accepted, 110 subjects and 178 patch test reactions would have been accepted as having a background of contact sensitisation. It is still unclear whether 10 of the patch test reactions were of allergic or irritant origin.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1984. 37p. 25 ref.

CIS 86-1386 Fischer T., Rystedt I.
Dermatological investigation of a hard metal factory. Part 2. Hand eczema, contact sensitisation and preventive measures
Hudundersökning vid en hårdmetallindustri - Del 2. Handeksem, kontaktsensibilisering och förebyggande åtgärder [in Swedish]
776 of 800 workers in a hard metal factory were examined. The prevalence of hand eczema was 10%. Workers who had left the industry the past 10 years and who were registered as having had hand eczema were also examined. A 10-year cumulative incidence of hand eczema was estimated at 17%. Wet grinding and oil grinding presented the highest risk of incurring hand eczema. 18% of the workers with hand eczema and 5.7% of those without, displayed positive patch test reactions. Hard metal contains about 10% cobalt. 39 workers were sensitive to cobalt. A work related hand eczema was found in 36 of these individuals. The investigation resulted in technical measures, medical supervision, health control and an educational program. The frequency of cobalt sensitization and hand eczema has declined significantly.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1984. 65p. Illus. 47 ref.

CIS 86-171 Sigova N.V., Blohin V.A.
Toxicological characteristics of chromium phosphate binders
Toksikologičeskaja harakteristika hromofosfatnyh svjazujuščih [in Russian]
Chromophosphate binders are expected to find wide use in refractories and pigments. Chromium phosphate itself and mixtures containing copper, nickel, calcium-nickel and calcium-aluminium chromates were administered topically, intragastrically and by inhalation to rabbits, mice and rats. The compounds were irritant, producing gastritis on ingestion and brochitis on inhalation. LD₅₀s ranged from 0.31 to 4.30g/kg, depending on compound and species. The mixtures were more toxic than pure chromium phosphate. The following MACs are proposed: for chromium phosphate and copper chromophosphate 0.02mg/m³ as chromium; for calcium aluminium chromophosphate 0.01mg/m³ as chromic oxide; for nickel chromophosphate and calcium nickel chromophosphate 0.005mg/m³ as nickel.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, June 1984, No.6, p.50-52. 4 ref.

CIS 85-1952 Olsen J., Sabroe S.
Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer
In a case-control study of all new cases of laryngeal cancer in Denmark from 1980 to 1982, 326 cases and 1,134 selected controls participated. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on education, occupation, and number of occupational exposures as well as smoking and drinking habits. High risk ratios for laryngeal cancer were found for semiskilled and unskilled workers, workers exposed to dust, outdoors workers, drivers, and people working in the cement industries and port services. The study hypothesis was that exposure to chromium or nickel increases the incidence rate of laryngeal cancer. No support for this was found concerning chromium, but exposure to nickel had a statistically significant risk ratio of l.7.
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, June 1984, Vol.38, No.2, p.117-121. 23 ref.

CIS 85-1617
Health and Safety Executive
Nickel and inorganic compounds of nickel - Laboratory method using atomic absorption spectrometry
Occurrence, uses, toxicity and first aid information are provided for nickel and its inorganic compounds. Determination method: Nickel dust and fume are collected on a mixed cellulose ester filter which is then treated with 50% (v/v) nitric acid; the resultant solution is analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Scope: suitable for sampling over periods of 10min-8h. Lower analytical limit: 0.01mg Ni/m³, for 20L samples of air. Precision:<10%. The presence of chromium, cobalt or iron can cause a slight interference with the method, which can be overcome by the use of an appropriate flame.
Health and Safety Executive Sales Point, St Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QZ, United Kingdom, June 1984. 4p. 5 ref. Price: £0.50.

CIS 85-1710 Sheehy J.W., Mortimer V.D., Jones J.H., Spottswood S.E.
Control technology assessment: Metal plating and cleaning operations
A control technology assessment of electroplating and cleaning operations was conducted by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Walk-through surveys were conducted at about 30 electroplating plants and 9 in-deph studies at 8 plants. Air sampling and ventilation data and other control information were collected for 64 plating and cleaning tanks. 31 of these were hard-chrome plating tanks, but cadmium, copper, nickel, silver and zinc plating tanks were also evaluated. Worker exposures were found to be controlled below existing and recommended standards.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Dec. 1984. 106p. Illus. 71 ref.

CIS 84-1916 Kühnen G.
Welding fumes - are they carcinogenic?
Humos de soldadura: Son cancerígenos? [in Spanish]
The latest research results from the Federal Republic of Germany relating to the carcinogenicity of welding fumes, with particular reference to those containing nickel and chromates, are described. Concentrations of these substances were measured in welding fumes associated with 4 welding techniques: tungsten inert gas welding, metal inert gas welding, metal active gas welding, arc welding with coated electrodes. Average concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 0.1mg/m³ for nickel, and from 0.02mg to 0.46mg/m³ for chromates. Though the carcinogenic effect of these substances has not clearly been demonstrated, it is suggested that such a relation (if existing) is dose-dependent, and the presence of these substances in welding fumes should be kept as low as possible.
Prevención, Jan.-Mar. 1984, No.87, p.14-18. Illus.

CIS 84-798 Dolovich J., Evans S.L., Nieboer E.
Occupational asthma from nickel sensitivity - I. Human serum albumin in the antigenic determinant - II. Factors in influencing the interaction of Ni²⁺, HSA, and serum antibodies with nickel related specificity
Occupational asthma from nickel sensitivity was confirmed in a worker by allergy skin tests and inhalation challenge. The antigenic determinant depends on the combination of Ni²⁺ with human serum albumin at the specific copper binding site, as demonstrated by ligand competition studies using copper, nickel and other divalent nickel ions.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1984, Vol.41, No.1, p.51-55 (I), p.56-63 (II). Illus. 43 ref.

1983

CIS 85-1630 Facchetti S.
Analytical techniques for heavy metals in biological fluids
Lectures given during a course held at the Ispra Establishment of the Joint Research Centre of the European Communities (Italy, 22-26 June 1981) within the framework of programmes relating to OSH and to environmental protection, and with the cooperation of the Health and Safety Directorate (Luxembourg) and the WHO. The main toxic metals considered are lead, arsenic, nickel and cadmium. The techniques described include the monitoring of biological indicators (internal sampling), analysis of trace elements, atomic absorption spectrometry and various applications of voltammetry.
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Molenwerf 1, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1983. 288p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 85-1067 Bencko V., Wagner V., Wagnerová M., Reichrtová E.
Immuno-biochemical findings in groups of individuals occupationally and non-occupationally exposed to emissions containing nickel and cobalt
Workers exposed to nickel had elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, A and M, whereas only IgA was elevated in workers exposed to cobalt. Alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, caeruloplasmin and lysozyme were elevated in both groups of workers. Children living near sources of nickel and cobalt emission had higher serum levels of alpha-2 microglobulin and alpha-1 antitrypsin than did controls. The elevated serum protein levels may represent overcompensation by the body for inhibitory effects of the metals.
Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, 1983, Vol.27, No.4, p.387-394. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 84-1987 Romaguera C., Vilaplana J., Grimalt F., Mascaró J.M., Carreras E.
Prophylaxis of chromium and nickel sensitised patients with a topically administered cosmetic preparation
Profilaxis de los pacientes con sensibilización al cromo y al níquel, con un preparado cosmético de utilización tópica [in Spanish]
Description of the clinical methodology followed to obtain a prophylactic cream usable in workers sensitised to chromium and nickel. The composition of the cream was: 10% silicone, 2% glyceryl lactate, 2% glycine, 1% tartaric acid, in addition to the excipient. 25% of the workers tested were able to continue working without contact dermatitis developing. 35% developed occasional eczema, while the cream proved ineffective in 40% of the cases. The cream was more useful against chromium sensitised reactions than against nickel sensitised ones, while it was useless in the case of cobalt sensitisation.
Mapfre seguridad, 3rd Quarter 1983, Vol.3, No.11, p.27-32. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 84-1367 Andersson K., Elinder C.G., Hogstedt C., Kjellström T., Spång G.
Mortality in cadmium- and nickel-exposed accumulator workers
Dödsorsaker bland kadmium- och nickelexponerade ackumulatorarbetare [in Swedish]
525 men exposed for at least a year between 1940 and 1980 were studied. From early levels of approximately 1mg/m³, exposure concentrations were gradually lowered to an 8h TWA of 0.02mg/m³. General mortality was no higher than expected. Deaths from nephritis and nephrosis were significantly increased. In workers with exposure of >5 years to Cd concentrations of >0.3mg/m³ there were non-significant excesses in cancer of the lung, prostate and bladder. In workers exposed for <15 years there was an excess from chronic obstructive lung disease.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 22p. 26 ref.

CIS 84-1054 Rahkonen E., Junttila M.L., Kalliomäki P.L., Olkinouora M., Koponen M., Kalliomäki K.
Evaluation of biological monitoring among stainless steel welders
Chromium and nickel concentrations in the blood were measured in 10 manual metal-arc high-alloy stainless-steel welders over a week. Urinary Cr and Ni concentrations (corrected to creatinine) reflect the body burden due to both long-term and short-term exposure to readily soluble fractions of these metals. They are not as dependable as indices of short-term exposure as previously believed. Cr and Ni concentrations in whole blood and plasma did not correlate with exposure levels, but the daily mean increase in the Cr concentration reflected total Cr and Cr(VI) exposure very well. There were large interindividual variations in body burden. Retention of magnetic dust in the lungs correlated well with the daily mean increase of Cr in blood. The correlations between retention of magnetic dust and personal air samples of Cr and Cr(VI) were very good.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1983, Vol.52, No.3, p.243-255. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 84-399 Moreton J., Bettelley J., Mathers H., Nicholls A., Perry R.W., Ratcliffe D.B., Svensson L.
Investigation of techniques for the analysis of hexavalent chromium, total chromium and total nickel in welding fume: A co-operative study
Studied were: an s-diphenylcarbazide colour method for Cr (VI); a perchloric acid method for total Cr; atomic absorption spectrophotometry for total Cr; analysis for total Ni. Good results were obtained with the methods tested. Details of sensitivity and detection limits are given. 1mg samples meet the requirements of existing TLVs. Sampling methods are discussed. Analytical procedures are described.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1983, Vol.27, No.2, p.137-156. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 84-191 Rystedt I., Fischer T.
Relationship between nickel and cobalt sensitization in hard metal workers
Of 853 powder metallurgy workers patch-tested with 20 substances from the work environment, 2 men and 38 women were sensitive to nickel. 40% of these had had severe hand eczema, generally within 6-12 months of starting work. 25% of the nickel-sensitive subjects developed cobalt allergy, compared with 5% in the group at large. Nickel sensitivity and eczema appeared to precede the cobalt allergy. Eczema was more severe in individuals with simultaneous sensitivity to nickel and cobalt than to a single metal. 95% of the women allergic to nickel had pierced ear lobes, and the use of earrings containing nickel after piercing is thought to be a major cause of nickel sensitivity. Individuals with a history of jewellery dermatitis should be patch-tested before employment in the cemented-carbide industry.
Contact Dermatitis, May 1983, Vol.9, No.3, p.195-200. 25 ref.

CIS 83-1690 Wong O., Foliart D., Morgan R.W.
Critical evaluation of epidemiological studies of nickel-exposed workers - Final report
A review of 36 published and unpublished papers, mostly concerning nickel refinery workers. Other occupational groups covered include welders, engine-factory workers, miners, metal platers, nickel alloy workers, and workers exposed to high-purity metallic nickel powder at a nuclear energy facility; residents of communities surrounding nickel refineries have also been studied. The strongest of the studies show a clear association of nasal and lung cancer with exposure during sintering and calcining processes. Specific agents or processes responsible for the elevated risk are not, however, obvious. Existing studies do not support the identification of carcinogenic nickel compounds in NIOSH Criteria Document 77-164. It appears that nickel-exposed workers may be at elevated risk of laryngeal and prostatic cancer. Knowledge of the health effects of nickel would be greatly improved by updating existing cohort studies at 5- or 10-year intervals, and by undertaking large-scale case-control studies of nasal and lung cancers with detailed exposure histories.
Environmental Health Associates, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 414, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA, 7 Feb. 1983. 148p. 74 ref.

CIS 83-1716 Langård S., Stern R.M.
Nickel in welding fumes - A cancer hazard to welders? A review of epidemiological studies on cancer in welders
Examination of the epidemiological studies in the world literature revealed that there is a slight excess risk of respiratory-tract cancer among the general welding population. There may be a larger excess risk exclusively limited to those welding cohorts who are exposed to nickel and chromium in the fumes from the welding of stainless and high-alloy steels. Although genotoxicity studies partially support this hypothesis, it can be verified only by international collaborative epidemiological studies using a uniform protocol.
Danish Welding Institute, Park Alle 345, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark, 1983. 20p. 45 ref.

1982

CIS 84-456 Boysen M., Solberg L.A., Andersen I., Høgetveit A.C., Torjussen W.
Nasal histology and nickel concentration in plasma and urine after improvements in the work environment at a nickel refinery in Norway
Following a study 4 years previously, 98 nickel refinery workers were reexamined and 33 of the original 38 workers with nasal epithelial dysplasia were studied for possible regression of the histological changes. Improved environmental conditions had lowered plasma and urine nickel concentrations by approx. 50%. The mean histological score (based on a scale from pseudostratified epithelium to dysplasia) and frequency of dysplasia hardly varied in the 2 examinations. Nasal biopsies are of limited value in the examination of individual cases, but the method may be of value in identifying and monitoring groups of persons with increased risk of developing nasal carcinoma.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Dec. 1982, Vol.8, No.4, p.283-289. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 83-552 Hallne U., Hallberg B.O.
Problems of the work environment due to welding - Part 21. Nickel carbonyl, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from arc welding cast iron using nickel containing electrodes
Arbetsmiljöproblem vid svetsning - Del 21. Mätning av nickelkarbonyl, kolmonoxid och kväveoxider vid svetsning i gjutjärn med nickelhaltiga elektroder [in Swedish]
The gases given off when arc welding cast iron with electrodes containing nickel were measured. Nickel carbonyl (NC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO) concentrations were determined using infrared spectroscopy, direct reading electrolytic cells and chemiluminescence instruments during welding of cast iron or graphitic iron using 95% nickel electrodes. NC and NO concentrations were very low. The CO concentration just exceeded the threshold limit value and was thought to originate from oil on the workpiece.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1982. 20p. 13 ref.

CIS 83-523 Olejár Š., Olejárová E., Vrábel K.
Lung tumours in workers in a nickel refinery
Neoplazie pl'úc u pracovníkov niklovej huty [in Slovak]
A retrospective study, covering the period 1971-80, on the incidence of lung cancer in workers in a nickel refining plant revealed 8 cases of lung cancer confirmed by biopsy. The average annual incidence in the plant in question was from 1.48 to 1.86 times higher than in the neighbouring area or in Slovakia. The greatest differences were found in the 50 to 60 age group where the incidence was 4.6 to 5.4 times higher than anticipated. In view of the limited number of cases reviewed, these results are evaluated with caution, and the possible influence of other factors is envisaged.
Pracovní lékařství, Sep. 1982, Vol.34, No.8, p.280-282. 18 ref.

CIS 83-462 Block G.T., Yeung M.
Asthma induced by nickel
Report of a case of nickel-induced asthma in a 60-year-old metal polisher due to exposure to dust produced when grinding and polishing nickel-plate metal using a resin-bound aluminium-oxide grinding paper. The diagnosis was confirmed by results of a nickel sulfate prick test and bronchial challenge together with an occupational exposure test using dust collected at the workplace.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 19 Mar.1982, Vol.247, No.11, p.1600-1602. 5 ref. Illus.

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