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1977

CIS 77-1962 Cantrell A.C., Kilroe-Smith T.A., Simoes M.M., Border E.A.
The effect of zinc and pH on the behaviour of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in baboons exposed to lead.
In these tests, ALAD activity fell rapidly to a steady state as blood lead levels rose above normal. Zinc activated the enzyme, and its antagonistic effect on lead inhibition was confirmed. pH optima for ALAD activity were studied in exposed and non-exposed baboons, with and without in vitro addition of zinc and of lead.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1977, Vol.34, No.2, p.110-113. 20 ref.

CIS 77-1657 Lead
Properties; industrial uses; hazards (local and systemic effects; paths of entry; acute and chronic poisoning; fire and explosion, etc.). Symptoms; occupational exposure levels (TLVs, biological levels, etc.) preventive measures (personnel selection; pre-employment and periodic examinations; monitoring and air sampling; biological sampling; instructions to fire department and to personnel; personal protective equipment; respirators; process control; ventilation; disposal); transportation; storage; training and supervision; first aid. Glossary.
Data Sheet - Occupational Safety and Health No.G-1, Canada Safety Council, 1765 St. Laurent Boulevard, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 3V4, Canada, 1977. 15p. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 77-1762
Ministry of Labour (Ministère du travail), Paris
Decree No.77-282 of 15 Mar. 1977 amending ss.10-16 of Decree No.48-1901 of 11 Dec. 1948: occupational health regulations (plants where there is a lead exposure hazard)
Décret n°77-282 du 15 mars 1977 modifiant les articles 10 à 16 du décret n°48-1901 du 11 déc. 1948. [in French]
These amendments are concerned with the medical supervision of lead-exposed workers and make provision for the following points: certificate of fitness to engage in work involving a hazard of lead poisoning; rules for pre-employment medical examination and periodic check-ups; employer's responsibility and obligations (special record-keeping, warning and informative notices, etc.).
Journal officiel de la République française, 25 Mar. 1977, Vol.109, No.71, p.1636-1637.

CIS 77-1678 Baker E.L., Folland D.S., Taylor T.A., Frank M., Peterson W., Lovejoy G., Cox D., Housworth J., Landrigan P.J.
Lead poisoning in children of lead workers.
Studies in 91 children of lead workers showed 38 to have a blood lead level (PbB) of >30µg/100ml, 10 with >80µg/100ml PbB and/or erythrocyte protoprophyrin levels >190µg/100ml. The major cause seemed to be contaminated clothing.
New England Journal of Medicine, 3 Feb. 1977, Vol. 296, No.5, p.260-261. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 77-1640 Eller P.M., Haartz J.C.
A study of methods for the determination of lead and cadmium.
Variations on the dithizone, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), tantalum boat AAS, extraction/aspiration, and graphite furnace AAS methods of determining lead in blood and cadmium and lead on filters were studied. The variables included type and amount of acid, ashing procedure, size of aliquot, and time. Accuracy was acceptable in all cases. Tantalum boat AAS showed wide variability and is unsuitable for use in routine analysis.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar. 1977, Vol.38, No.3, p.116-124. 17 ref.

CIS 77-1638 Joselow M.M., Flores J.
Application of the zinc protoporphyrin (ZP) test as a monitor of occupational exposure to lead.
Zinc protoporphyrin is the main abnormal metabolite resulting from interference by chronic inorganic lead absorption. A very simple and rapid test based on a highly sensitive fluorometric assay of diluted whole blood is described. There is a characteristic dose-response relation between zinc protoporphyrin and absorbed lead. The method has several advantages over blood lead determinations.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1977, Vol.38, No.2, p.63-66. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 77-1634 Bisby J.A., Ouw K.H., Humphries M., Shandar A.G.
Absorption of lead and carbon monoxide in Sydney traffic policemen.
Policemen exposed to motor vehicle traffic had slightly higher blood lead levels than controls, but within normal limits. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels were unrelated to occupational exposure.
Medical Journal of Australia, 26 Mar. 1977, Vol.1, No.13, p.437-439. 2 ref.

CIS 77-1625 Tola S., Nordman C.H.
Smoking and blood lead concentrations in lead-exposed workers and an unexposed population.
Blood lead (Pb-B) concentrations were measured and the smoking history was taken from 355 men representing the general population and 2,209 men occupationally exposed to lead. No association between smoking and Pb-B could be demonstrated in the men from the general population, but a dose-response relationship was found between the amount of smoking and the Pb-B concentrations of men occupationally exposed to lead. Smokers had statistically significantly higher Pb-B levels than non smokers. This result can probably be attributed to the contamination of fingers and cigarettes in the lead-exposed workplaces rather than to the small amount of lead contained in the cigarettes. The deleterious effect of smoking upon the lung clearance mechanism can also be a contributing factor.
Environmental Research, Apr. 1977, Vol.13, No.2, p.250-255. 19 ref.

CIS 77-1620 Feldman R.G., Lewis J., Cashins R.
Subacute effects of lead-oxide fumes in demolition workers.
Letter reporting results of hygiene and medical studies in gas cutters and non-cutters dismantling a steel structure heavily covered with several coats of lead paint. Cutters were exposed to an average airborne lead level of 15mg/m³; their mean blood lead level was 79.5µg/100g (non-cutters 48.8µg/100g). Results included slowing of peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (mean of 43.2m/s in cutters, 49m/s in non-cutters, and 54.09m/s in controls).
Lancet, 8 Jan. 1977, Vol.1, No.8002, p.89-90. 4 ref.

CIS 77-1383 Watanabe T., Iwahana T., Ikeda M.
Comparative study on determination of lead in blood by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry with and without wet digestion.
Because of the methodological disadvantages of the standard procedure (wet digestion, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry), it was compared with (a) direct chelation extraction (avoiding wet digestion) coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (b) flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry and (c) automated analysis. There was good agreement in measured values between any pair of these methods, the correlation coefficients being higher than 0.8. Results with the 2nd method agreed best with those obtained with the 1st (the standard but time- and manpower-consuming) method. Advantages of the methods are compared. It may be possible to reduce the blood volume without any significant loss of accuracy, using direct chelation extraction. An estimated 60 blood samples can be analysed by a person daily with the latter method.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 30 June 1977, Vol.39, No.2,p.121-126. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 77-1381 Zielhuis R.L.
Second International Workshop on Permissible Levels for Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Lead.
Recent findings indicated that the recommendations made at the 1st Workshop on guidelines for health protection of lead workers (Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1968) should be reviewed. This official report of the 2nd Workshop (21-23 Sep. 1976, Coronel Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) defines the terms "critical concentration" for a cell or an organ, "critical effect", and "response", and summarises the discussions and conclusions concerning early effects. Further chapters deal with biological tests to be performed with different objectives, the relationship between environmental and biological tests, blood analysis, and dose-response relations. It was agreed that the individual blood lead level should not exceed 60µg/100ml for male workers and 40µg/ml for female workers of child-bearing age.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 30 June 1977, Vol.39, No.2, p.59-72, 15 ref.

CIS 77-1086 Duprat P., Gradiski D.
Experimental lead poisoning in rats. Comparative study of stipple cell staining methods
Saturnisme expérimental chez le rat. Etude comparative de quelques méthodes de coloration des hématies à granulations basophiles. [in French]
Report on research at the toxicology laboratory of the French National Research and Safety Institute (INRS), Vand¿uvre (France). Different blood stains (Loeffler, Manson-Schwartz, acridine-orange (AO), May-Grüdwald-Giemsa (MGG)) and counting methods were compared in rats subjected to subchronic oral poisoning with lead acetate. Circulating blood and bone marrow showed similar changes to those found in man. After 8 weeks tests for stipple cells in smears were positive but the results of counts depend on the type of stain used and the way in which results are expressed: MGG stain produces several intro-erythrocytic artefacts; AO is the most sensitive. The presence of stipple cells is indicative but not pathognomonic of lead poisoning.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, Dec. 1976, Vol.37, No.12, p.835-844. 14 ref.

CIS 77-707 Kudo T.
The lead hazard of frit in the ceramics industry.
Results of this study: the in vitro solubility in serum of the lead contained in frit was low; the acute toxicity of frit was low in mice and rats; weekly intraperitoneal injections of frit for 15 weeks caused distinct symptoms of lead poisoning in rabbits. The toxicity seemed to be similar to that of soluble lead such as lead acetate.
Journal of the Nagoya City University Medical Association, Aug. 1976, Vol.27, No.2, p.141-159. Illus. 20 ref.

1976

CIS 95-490
Health and Safety Executive
Don't tell the lads
This videotape shows what happens when a worker in a battery factory is found to have excessive blood lead levels during a regular medical check-up.
CFL Vision, P.O. Box 35, Wetherby LS23 7EX, United Kingdom, 1976. Videotape. Length: 26min. Price: GBP 28.68 (hire), GBP 85.10 (sale). ###

CIS 78-1031 Benvenuti F., Ciccarelli C.
Atmospheric lead concentrations during manufacture and processing of lead-alloyed steels
Concentrazioni di piombo nell'aria degli ambienti di lavoro durante la preparazione e le successive lavorazioni degli acciai al piombo [in Italian]
Lead concentrations varied considerably from one process to another. The highest lead concentrations occurred during pouring of the molten lead-alloy steel into ladles and ingot moulds (average up to 2.1mg/m³), in the vicinity of the operator during grinding of the ingots (1.6mg/m³), and during flame scarfing and oxyacetylene cutting (2.9mg/m³). Concentrations were below the TLV of 0.15mg/m³ during rolling. Biological studies confirmed the lead exposure.
Securitas, Nov.-Dec. 1976, Vol.61, No.11-12, p.500-505. 8 ref.

CIS 77-1665 Kirkov V.
Study of autonomic changes due to the combined effects of lead and arsenic
Proučvane nevro-vegatativnite promeni pri kombiniranoto văzdejstvie na olovo i arsen [in Bulgarian]
Results of autonomic nervous function tests (Aschner-Dagnini reflex, orthostatic test, Crampton's test) in 61 workers employed in a smelting plant. Characteristic reflex modifications could be observed as from the initial stages of exposure, and increased in severity as the concentrations increased. The subjective symptoms coincided with the neurological condition and confirmed the objective alterations. During the latent period, functional modifications of the nervous system precede the clinical manifestations and haematological changes. The author emphasises the importance of the asthenia-autonomic nervous system-impairment syndrome and certain neurological signs for early diagnosis.
Problemi na higienata, Dec. 1976, No.2, p.107-112. 12 ref.

CIS 77-1664 Kirkov V., Vantova K.
Study of autonomic changes due to the combined effects of lead and manganese
Vărhu njakoi nevro-vegetativni projavi pri kombiniranoto văzdejstvie na olovo i mangan [in Bulgarian]
Results of autonomic nervous function tests (intradermal test, orthostatic reflex, Aschner-Dagnini reflex, Erben's phenomenon, Thomas-Roux reflex) in 75 workers employed in a ferromanganese works where they were simultaneously exposed to manganese and lead. The authors observed increased reactivity of the autonomic nervous system in otherwise healthy subjects during the early latent stage of poisoning. This reactivity was characterised chiefly by sympathetic-adrenergic manifestations resulting from the dynamics of the combined toxic exposure. The authors also observed certain disorders of the sympathetic nervous system, with a tendency towards generalisation, gradually spreading to and involving other neurological levels.
Problemi na higienata, Dec. 1976, No.2, p.99-105. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 77-1669 Lauwerys R., Buchet J.P., Roels H.
Determination of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in lead-exposed workers
Intérêt du dosage des protoporphyrines érythrocytaires libres chez les travailleurs exposés au plomb. [in French]
Inhibition of the enzyme ferrochelatease by lead gives rise to an accumulation of protoporphyrin-IX in the red blood cell precursors of the bone marrow and the peripheral red blood cells. Recent analytical techniques permit measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) after lead exposure. The relations between FEP and blood lead or the body lead burden and the chief factors influencing FEP levels, apart from lead, are studied. The response of FEP is compared with that of other indicators (ALA-U, COPRO-U, ALAD). Determination of FEP can be used within certain limits to screen for excessive lead blood levels.
Cahiers de médecine du travail - Cahiers voor arbeidsgeneeskunde, Dec. 1976, Vol.13, No.4, p.267-271. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 77-1374 Okonišnikova I.E., Rozenberg E.E., Rezina I.A.
Therapeutic and prophlactic effects of succimer on subacute experimental lead acetate poisoning
Lečebno-profilaktičeskoe dejstvie sukcimera pri ėksperimental'nom podostrom otravlenii acetatom svinca [in Russian]
Results of studies in rats on the prophylactic efficacy of succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) as chelator in lead acetate absorption: succimer accelerates elimination of both freely circulating lead in the body and that accumulated in the tissues, including bone (therapeutic use). According to the mode of administration, succimer can prevent or normalise porphyrin and protein metabolism disturbances. The prophylactic effect was more marked when succimer was administered twice on the day of experimental poisoning.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Aug. 1976, No.8, p.24-28. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 77-1390 Blank A.
Occupational lead poisoning
Gewerblicher "Saturnismus" [in German]
MD thesis on relations between the level of inorganic lead in the workplace air and its biological effects at a Swiss storage battery factory. General review of toxicology and symptoms of lead poisoning, measurement of lead concentrations and biological indicators. Description of storage battery production and the factory studied. Results of airborne lead determinations at different workposts and of preventive medical examinations; description of 5 instructive cases; principles of technical and medical prevention. Airborne lead concentrations varied from 0.043 to 0.947mg/m³. Urinary ALA levels were raised at levels above 0.1mg/m³. The importance of personal hygiene is stressed. Urinary ALA determinations give the most useful results, while haematological and clinical criteria have only limited value.
Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Luzern, Switzerland, 1976. 89p. Illus. 49 ref.

CIS 77-1336 Monitoring and control of lead health risks at a Swedish smelter.
Translation of edited reports of an occupational hygiene survey in a Swedish company. The legal situation relating to lead is explained; so is the medical examination programme. The processes in the plant and the results of the blood monitoring are shown: zinc and lead recovery from slag, lead smelting and refining, lead oxide, copper, arsenic, and selenium plants; auxiliary and service departments. Blood and urinary aminolevulinic acid levels of workers in the risk zones and the changes with time are tabulated; case histories are also given. Verification of the analyses is mentioned. Appendices cover case histories showing changes after installation of a new ventilation system, lead deposits in certain workers and results of accidental lead exposure.
Lead Development Association, 34 Berkeley Square, London, W1X 6AJ, United Kingdom, 1976. 51p. 7 ref.

CIS 77-1387 Horvat Ð.
Cytogenetic monitoring of persons with symptoms of acute lead poisoning
Citogenetska kontrola osoba s akutnim manifestacijama saturnizma [in Serbocroatian]
Results of chromosome studies in 10 workers acutely exposed to lead in the ceramics and glass industries, and 10 controls. Exposed workers had all the symptoms of lead poisoning (high blood and urinary lead levels, stipple cells, etc.), and a high number of chromosome aberrations (dicentric, acentric fragments, centric rings) in the lymphocytes and bone marrow. Similar studies in chronically exposed workers showed no excessive aberrations.
Sigurnost, 1976, Vol.18, No.1, p.69-75. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 77-1062 Albahary C.
Chronic lead erythropathy
L'érythropathie saturnine chronique. [in French]
With effective surveillance of lead-exposed workers, lead haemopathies are no longer as severe as in the past. But even in small quantities lead exerts very specific enzyme effects on the red blood cells, especialy the immature forms, which can be detected by cell cytochemical and electron microscope studies. Aspects reviewed: subclinical haematological anomalies due to lead, clinical significance of stipple cells, chronic lead anaemia, haemolytic properties of lead, Coombs' test in lead anaemia, disturbances of haemoglobin production and porphyrin disorders, haemoglobin in lead poisoning. In the near future more sensitive techniques will perhaps permit other haemoglobin anomalies of toxic, occupational or drug origin to be discovered.
Nouvelle presse médicale, 24 Apr. 1976, Vol.5, No.17, p.1129-1134. 46 ref.

CIS 77-1060 Oudart N., Guichard C., Delage C.
Determination of lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in toxicological research
Détermination du plomb par spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique en vue de recherches toxicologiques. [in French]
Principles of the method, apparatus, reagents (pure lead-free nitric acid, distilled water, lead nitrate) and preparation of the calibration solutions. The method is useful for 0.05-10ppm lead. It is recommended for its rapidity, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity. Application to toxicological studies of lead in food. Prospects for research in the field of environmental hygiene.
European Journal of Toxicology - Journal européen de toxicologie, Mar.-Apr. 1976, Vol.9, No.2, p.69-73. 14 ref.

CIS 77-1052 Cools A., Sallé H.J.A., Verberk M.M., Zielhuis R.L.
Biochemical response of male volunteers ingesting inorganic lead for 49 days.
This experiment was performed to study the effect of a sustained high level of PbB on the indicators of impaired haem synthesis. The daily dose administered for 49 days to 11 volunteers resulted in an average PbB of 350ppb. The results for FEP (free erythrocyte porphyrin), GSH (glutathione), ALAU (urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid), and reticulocytes are given and discussed. At these low PbB levels, FEP can be used as a paramater of lead effect, whereas ALAU does not yet respond at all. Increase of FEP should be regarded with more caution than inhibition of ALAD.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 15 Dec. 1976, Vol.38, No.2, p.129-139. 18 ref.

CIS 77-1050 Alessio L., Bertazzi P.A., Monelli O., Toffoletto F.
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin as an indicator of the biological effect of lead in adult males.
In Part III of this research series (for Parts I and II see CIS 77-458), the relation between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), and PbB, PbU and PbU-EDTA was studied in 67 workers who had left jobs with lead exposure more than 12 months earlier. FEP and the internal dose indicators were correlated less well than in currently exposed subjects. FEP persists at high levels for a long time after cessation of exposure due to haem synthetase inhibition by lead released from tissue deposits. FEP is considered to be a valid test for predicting the amount of lead storage, even long after cessation of exposure.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 15 Dec. 1976, Vol.38, No.2, p.77-86. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 77-1045 Milburn H., Mitran E., Crockford G.W.
An investigation of lead workers for subclinical effects of lead using three performance tests.
The tests - 2-flash fusion threshold, reaction time to a touch stimulus, and rate at which hand grip pressure is developed - showed no differences between 16 exposed workers at a lead and battery manufacturing plant (mean exposure 12.5 years) and 15 controls from the plastic department of the same company, in spite of marked differences in their present blood lead levels. (61 and 28µg/100ml, respectively).
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Dec. 1976, Vol.19, No.3-4, p.239-249. 12 ref.

CIS 77-1035 Kučerskij R.A., Tulin N.A., Morozov N.A., Pavlov V.G., Zaslavskij A.Ja.
Work conditions in lead-alloyed steel production and hygiene measures
Uslovija truda pri vyplavke svinecsoderžaščih stalej i mery po ih ozdorovleniju [in Russian]
Results of an occupational hygiene study at a steelworks producing lead alloyed steels widely used on account of their good machining properties. The highest lead concentrations were measured during addition of lead shot to the liquid steel in the teeming ladles and during reheating and remelting of lead-alloyed steels. Hygiene measures recommended: limitation of quantity of scrap iron containing lead used in steelmaking furnaces; remelting and refining in furnaces equipped with dust collection systems; hermetic enclosure of hot-metal crane cabs; medical surveillance of exposed workers.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Mar. 1976, No.3, p.1-4. Illus.

CIS 77-752 Rastogi S.C., Clausen J., Srivastava K.C.
Selenium and lead: mutual detoxifying effects.
Antagonistic toxic effects of selenium and lead were studied in growing rats. Chronic lead intoxication was produced by cutaneous application of lead naphthenate solution (80-200mg Pb/kg body weight) for a period of 8 weeks and chronic selenium intoxication was induced by giving 5ppm, 10ppm and 15ppm selenium in drinking water. The growth rate and food consumption of rats receiving selenium in addition to lead approached normal rate while animals treated with only one of them showed hampered growth rate and lower food consumption. The enzyme activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase in whole blood, liver and kidney and liver P-450 enzyme activity were normal in rats receiving both selenium and lead. The enzyme activities assayed were, however, depressed in the animals receiving either lead or selenium. Lead and selenium were determined in liver, brain, kidney and blood. The effect of selenium on the toxicity of lead is similar to its protective role against methylmercury intoxication.
Toxicology, Nov.-Dec. 1976, Vol.6, No.3, p.377-388. 39 ref.

CIS 77-751 Rastogi S.C., Clausen J.
Absorption of lead through the skin.
Absorption of lead through the skin was studied by comparing the effect produced by lead naphthenate or lead acetate solutions, when coated on the skin of rats, with data obtained from subcutaneous injections of these solutions. Body weight and liver size and weight decreased in the case of rats receiving the subcutaneous dose. δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in liver was decreased in all rats having been treated with lead compounds. The distribution of absorbed lead was evaluated by assay of the lead content in brain, liver, kidney, spleen and muscle in the rats. It appears that absorption of lead through the skin does occur and lead naphthenate is more toxic than lead acetate.
Toxicology, Nov.-Dec. 1976, Vol.6, No.3, p.371-376. 9 ref.

CIS 77-834 Carnevale F., D'Andrea F., Grazioli D.
Lead poisoning hazard in the pewter industry and artistic bronze foundries
Rischio di saturnismo nella lavorazione del peltro e nelle fonderie artistiche di bronzo [in Italian]
50 workers employed at a factory manufacturing pewter goods, and 16 producing bronze ware were studied. Values of erythrocyte protoporphyrin, urinary ALA and urinary lead after EDTA administration are given. In the former group 6 presented lead poisoning and 20, signs of excessive lead absorption; in the latter group 8 and 5 workers respectively. The technical process in each industry is described.
Lavoro umano, July 1976, Vol.28, No.4, p.104-110. 4 ref.

CIS 77-797 Kudo Y., Nakamura I.
A case of porphyrinuria not due to lead poisoning among workers continuously exposed to low concentrations of lead.
On the basis of the signs and symptoms, and results of biochemical examinations (porphyrin levels in the urine, peripheral erythrocytes and faeces) this case was diagnosed as porphyria cutanea tarda symptomatica. The possibility of porphyria not being due to lead poisoning in workers exposed to lead should be borne in mind at routine examinations.
St. Marianna Medical Journal, June 1976, Vol.4, No.2, p.127-136. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 77-464 Rabinowitz M., Wetherill G., Kopple J.
Delayed appearance of tracer lead in facial hair.
Experimental study of the relations between lead concentrations in blood and hair. Pb-204 was given to 3 men for approx. 100 days. Blood lead showed an immediate response. That of facial hair was more gradual, appearing after some 35 days. The existence of a physiological blood pool of lead giving rise to the hair content is suggested. Hair lead values should be interpreted as the integral of the blood lead values over about 100 days. The observations could be useful over a wide range of lead exposure conditions.
Archives of Environmental Health, July-Aug. 1976, Vol.31, No.4, p.220-223. 14 ref.

CIS 77-463 Haeger-Aronsen B., Schütz A., Abdulla M.
Antagonistic effect in vitro of zinc on inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead.
Recent findings suggest that zinc and lead have antagonistic effects on the ALAD activity in red blood cells. In these experiments in rabbits, zinc had a strong activating effect on ALAD, and the inhibitory effect of lead was almost completely eliminated. There was a close positive relation between erythrocyte ALAD and plasma zinc, but none between erythrocyte ALAD and erythrocyte zinc.
Archives of Environmental Health, July-Aug. 1976, Vol.31, No.4, p.215-220. 41 ref.

CIS 77-458 Alessio L., Bertazzi P.A., Toffoletto F., Foà V., Monelli O.
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin as an indicator of the biological effect of lead in adult males.
In Part I, the relation between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and indicators of an internal dose of lead (PbB, PbU, PbU-EDTA) was studied in normal and occupationally exposed persons. Results of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and statistical analysis suggest that FEP is a useful test of metabolic damage arising from abnormal lead absorption. Validity analysis showed that the erythrocyte metabolite can reliably be used to screen occupationally exposed subjects over a PbB range of 40-70µg/100ml and a PbU-EDTA range of 500-2,000µg/24h. In Part II, FEP and other indicators of effect (ALAD, ALAU, CPU) are compared in the same subjects. The good predictive validity of FEP at PbB levels of 60 and 70µg/100ml was confirmed. ALAD also displayed high validity at these levels. FEP correlated well with other indicators, suggesting that it may be used to predict both dose and effect.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 3 June 1976, Vol.37, No.2, p.73-105. Illus. 73 ref.

CIS 77-492 Makotčenko V.M., Malinina-Pucenko V.P., Mačula V.Ja.
Cholinergic and sympathico-adrenal activity in workers with early signs of lead poisoning
Sostojanie holinergičeskoj mediacii i simpatiko-adrenalovoj sistemy u bol'nyh s načal'nymi projavlenijami hroničeskoj intoksikacii svincom [in Russian]
Results of blood acetylcholine and urinary catecholamine determinations in 22 workers exposed to lead for 5-10 years and presenting mild autonomic functional disorders, and of 20 controls. Early forms of lead poisoning are characterised by increased cholinergic activity (increased acetylcholine levels, moderate reduction of cholinesterase activity). Function tests with adrenaline show increased reactivity of the sympathico-adrenal system (increased catecholamine excretion).
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1976, No.2, p.47-49. 7 ref.

CIS 77-415 Gagliano-Candela R., Napoli S., Gagliardi T.
Determination of lead in biological fluids by anodic stripping voltammetry
La determinazione del piombo nei liquidi biologici mediante voltametria di strippaggio anodico [in Italian]
Anodic stripping voltammetry is compared with the dithizone method for determination of lead in blood and urine. The former has the following advantages: smaller quantity of urine (0.3ml) or blood (0.1ml) necessary; more rapid (10min at most); cheaper; more accurate; safer for operators, since the harmful reagents employed in the dithizone method are not necessary.
Lavoro umano, May 1976, Vol.28, No.3, p.82-88. 10 ref.

CIS 77-151
Health and Safety Executive, London.
Lead - Health damage.
This guidance note is a new and modified edition of a former U.K. Department of Employment code of practice on this question. An introduction is followed by sections devoted to: control of lead dust and fume; maintenance work; housekeeping; inspection of control measures and monitoring of the factory environment; respiratory protective equipment; personal hygiene for lead process workers; protective clothing; biological monitoring of lead workers (medical supervision, initial and periodic medical examinations, records); health education, information and related training of employees; communication and joint consultation; legal requirements (quotations and extracts from relevant laws and regulations). Guidance on control of dust and fume in the lead smelting and refining and lead battery industries is appended.
H.M. Stationery Office, P.O. Box 569, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, 1976. 85p.

CIS 77-137 Magadur J.L., Gauntley P., Morel G., Krieger O., Gradiski D., Canel F., Chaumont P.
Screening for lead poisoning - A reagent strip for sampling urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid
Dépistage du saturnisme - Une bandelette de prélèvement de l'acide δ-aminolévulique urinaire. [in French]
This data sheet gives metabolic data justifying the choice of δ-aminolevulinic acid in screening for lead poisoning, considers the factors affecting determination of this metabolite and examines critically existing methods. The authors then describe a reagent-strip method for sampling and determination developed by the toxicology laboratory of the French National Research and Safety Institute (INRS). The reagent strips are treated beforehand to ensure homogeneity at each sampling and δ-aminolevulinic acid is determined in relation to the creatinine level. The method eliminates the influence of Ehrlich-positive and Ehrlich-negative substances. Each urine sample is monitored by an internal standard. While sampling and transportation are simple, results are as precise and as reliable as those of standard laboratory tests.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 3rd quarter 1976, No.84, Note No.1016-84-76, p.341-352. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 77-123 Schütz A., Skerfving S.
Effect of a short, heavy exposure to lead dust upon blood lead level, erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and urinary excretion of lead, δ-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin - Results of a 6-month follow-up of two male subjects.
The subjects (33 and 37 years) inhaled about 100mg lead (as lead oxides and sulfate) during 1h. Maximum blood lead (PbB) concentrations of about 0.5mg/l and minimum ALAD activities (6% of the preexposure values) were observed within 38h after exposure. PbB and ALAD returned to preexposure levels after about 300 and 150 days, respectively. A significant correlation between ALAD and PbB occurred at 0.1-0.2mg/l lead. δ-Aminolevulinic acid, coproporphyrins and lead in the urine (ALAU, CPU and PbU, respectively) increased. The peak levels occurred after about 15h for ALAU and CPU and after about 24h for PbU. There was a good correlation between log PbU and lin PbB. ALAU increased at PbB levels of about 0.3mg/l.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Sep. 1976, Vol.2, No.3, p.176-184. Illus. 39 ref.

CIS 77-112 Border E.A., Cantrell A.C., Kilroe-Smith T.A.
The in vitro effect of zinc on the inhibition of human δ-aminolevulinic acid dehdyratase by lead.
Doubling the normal level of zinc in the blood antagonised the inhibition of erythrocyte ALAD activity by lead. Results of the addition of various levels (0.053-5.3mmol/l) of zinc to the blood of a worker with a blood lead level of 0.0043mmol/l over a pH range of 6.5-7.5 are given: the increased ALAD values obtained did not reflect the dangerous level of lead in the blood.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1976, Vol.33, No.2, p.85-87. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 76-1972 Abe T.
Urinary excretion of lead and aminolevulinic acid, and blood specific gravity levels in lead workers at a zinc refinery.
Urinary excretion of lead (Pb-U) and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) and specific gravity of the whole blood (GB) were determined at 4 periodic examinations of lead workers of a zinc refinery. GB was within the normal range. The mean Pb-U was 33-46µg/l (range 9-81µg/l), and 53µg/l (22-91µg/l) when the plant was under repair. The mean ALA-U was 1.7-2.3mg/l (0.3-3.7mg/l). These values seemed to show no relation with duration of service. Determinations of these parameters at each periodic examination seems necessary in order to evaluate the workplace environment.
Annual Report of the Medical Research Society for Mining and Smelting Industries, 1-3-6 Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan, June 1976, No.16, p.11-16. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 76-1964 Occupational lead and arsenic exposure - A symposium.
This symposium was held in Chicago, USA, 24-25 Feb. 1975 to review the state of knowledge to assist in establishing safe levels of the substances. Papers and discussions covered: sources of lead and arsenic in industry, monitoring of workplaces and problems involved; toxicology (special lead problems in women workers, neurological and behavioural toxicology, central nervous system, kidney, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects of arsenic); epidemiology (fish, children, community exposure, smelter worker mortality); threshold limit values; research needs in lead exposure; medical surveillance of lead workers.
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH)76-134, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Feb. 1976. 341p. Illus. 252 ref.

CIS 76-1949 Moore P.J., Pridmore S.A., Gill G.F.
Total blood lead levels in petrol vendors.
The mean total blood lead level in 48 petrol station attendants was 32.9µg/100ml compared with 14.3µg/100ml in controls, a significant difference. The level was above 40µg/100ml in 7 of them. The literature is briefly reviewed.
Medical Journal of Australia, 27 Mar. 1976, Vol.1, No.13, p.438-440. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 76-1930 Tola S., Hernberg S., Vesanto R.
Occupational lead exposure in Finland - VI. Final report.
2,209 workers in 30 occupations were studied for lead exposure in 1970-1973. The highest blood lead values (Pb-B) were found in: lead scrap smelting (median 79µg/100ml), storage battery manufacture (66µg), foundry workers (53µg), shipbreaking (49µg), crystal glass manufacture (41µg), engine radiator repair (38µg), and PVC manufacture (37µg). The maximum recommended Pb-B in Finland, 70µg/100ml, was also exceeded in: storage tank manufacture and repair, machine shop work, metal surface treating, paint manufacture, spray painting, railway machine shop work, storage battery repair. Each of the above, and other, less exposed, occupations are summarised. While the national poisoning register is a useful indicator of lead exposure in the most hazardous occupations, the hazard escaped recognition in metal foundry work, motor repairing and motor radiator repairing, for example. For parts IV and V, see CIS 76-240 and 76-1329; for the above data in Finnish, see CIS 76-190.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 1976, Vol.2, No.2, p.115-127. 48 ref.

CIS 76-1928 Ahlgren L., Lidén K., Mattsson S., Tejning S.
X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in human skeleton in vivo.
These studies were performed in 5 retired workers who had had a high blood lead content for several years. Measurements were made at 4 sites (finger, 3 sites on tibia); the radiation dose was insignificant compared with an ordinary X-ray examination. Lead concentrations found ranged up to 96µg/g, with an overall mean of 62±5µg/g, which is some 3-9 times the "normal" values estimated elsewhere.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 1976, Vol.2, No.2, p.82-86. 3 ref.

CIS 76-1906 Lilis R., Fischbein A.
Chelation therapy in workers exposed to lead - A critical review.
The pros and cons of edetate disodium calcium (Ca EDTA) in relation to dimercaprol and penicillamine are discussed; side effects of Ca EDTA chelation therapy (renal damage, possible trace metal depletion, mucocutaneous lesions); scheme for effective and safe therapy with Ca EDTA; evidence for considering prophylactic chelation therapy (with Ca EDTA or penicillamine) strongly contraindicated: adequate control of occupational lead exposure cannot and should not be replaced by inappropriate and potentially hazardous attempts at prophylactic treatment.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 28 June 1976, Vol.235, No.26, p.2823-2824. 15 ref.

CIS 76-1678 Clark K.G.A.
Erythrocyte fluorescence and lead intoxication.
Fluorescent erythrocytes appeared in the circulation of workers handling inorganic lead or its compounds, with continued lead absorption above 2.42µmol/l (50µg/100ml), and they progressively increased in number and brilliance. Fluorescence microscopy for excess erythrocyte porphyrin is a sensitive method for the detection of chronic lead intoxication: changes are demonstrable when the increase in blood lead is relatively slight. Little blood is required for testing, and stored blood can be used. The results help to confirm the absorption of biochemically active lead.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1976, Vol.33, No.3, p.193-195. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 76-1677 Kawai M.
Urinary non-precipitable lead in lead workers.
Groups of lead workers with: long-term presumed moderate exposure and positive (group A) or negative (B) laboratory signs; short-term exposure and positive (C) or negative (D) signs; presumed heavy exposure (E); and a control group (F) showed the following results for total blood lead and the mean proportion of non-precipitable lead respectively: group A, 0.62µmol/l and 48.7%; B, 0.35µmol/l and 44.9%; C, 0.40µmol/l and 48.9%; D, 0.17µmol/l and 24.6%; E, 1.43µmol/l and 44.3%; F, 0.14µmol/l and 18.8%. Thus it appears that when urinary lead is normal (groups D and F), it is excreted largely as precipitable lead even in lead-exposed workers, and that the chief conditions determining excretion of non-precipitable lead are the current or recent degree of lead absorption. The excretory mechanisms and the biological significance of non-precipitable lead are also discussed.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1976, Vol.33, No.3, p.187-192. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 76-1638 Finklea J.F.
Prophylactic chelation therapy for lead exposure.
This letter to the editor from the director of NIOSH comprises a warning to physicians not to treat workers exposed or potentially exposed to lead with chelating agents (e.g. EDTA) or penicillamine on a prophylactic basis, and points out the hazards of such action. Further, they are encouraged to report seeing a patient with lead poisoning to the Department of Health of their State, since federal occupational health standards might have been violated, and it would be hazardous to treat such patients and return them to work, where they might continue to be overexposed to lead.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 12 Apr. 1976, Vol.235, No.15, p.1553.

CIS 76-1632 Franke W., Kyrieleis C.
Occupational lead poisoning as cause of death
Gewerbliche Bleivergiftung als Todesursache [in German]
In spite of all preventive measures, there were 828 cases of lead poisoning noted between 1971 and 1973 in Germany (Fed.Rep.). Deaths attributed to occupational lead poisoning are rare; exposure is usually stopped by the plant physician before serious disorders occur. Description of clinical, toxicological, pathological and anatomical observations of 3 consecutive fatal cases of lead encephalitis, a coronary insufficiency due to constrictive coronary sclerosis and a cerebral haemorrhage provoked by hypertension and accompanied by renal atrophy. Discussion of the pathogenesis and the symptomatologic importance of arterial hypertension. Medical prevention must be based on practical methods such as change of job before it is too late.
Die medizinische Welt, 6 Feb. 1976, Vol.27, No.6, p.233-235. 9 ref.

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