Environmental pollution - 665 entries found

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• Environmental pollution

1992

CIS 92-1951 Dutkiewicz T., Rolecki R., Kończalik J., Świątczak J.
The impact of the chemical industry on the human environment
This article describes the emission of dust and gases into the atmosphere, and of liquid and solid wastes produced by the chemical industry into the environment in general. The impact of the chemical industry on the environment is analysed. Some hazardous agents occurring in the work environment and the resulting morbidity and sickness absenteeism rates among workers in the chemical industry are discussed.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1992, Vol.5, No.1, p.13-26. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 92-1992
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
o-Nitroaniline (1-amino-2-nitrobenzene)
The means of entry of o-nitroaniline into the environment are described along with its environmental occurrence and behaviour, ecotoxicity, toxicity in warm-blooded organisms and relevant legal regulations. In animal experiments the single-dose oral toxicity ranges from 1,000 to 3,600mg/kg body weight; it is practically non-toxic on dermal application. Although o-nitroaniline appears to be non-mutagenic, some antifertility effects have been observed in animals.
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, P.O. Box 101161, D-W-6940 Weinheim, Germany, 1992. Also available from: VCH Publishers, Suite 909, 220 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606, USA. xi, 38p. 72 ref.

CIS 92-1661
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
Chlorotoluidines (3-chloro-2-methylaniline, 5-chloro-2-methylaniline, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline)
The means of entry of 3-chloro-2-methylaniline, 5-chloro-2-methylaniline and 3-chloro-4-methylaniline into the environment are described along with their environmental occurrence and behaviour, ecotoxicology, toxicity and warm-blooded orgamisms and relevant German regulations. Symptoms of intoxication in experimental animals include cyanosis or methaemoglobinaemia, central nervous system depression, decline in respiratory activity and hypothermia. Cyanosis has been observed in humans exposed to 3-chloro-4-methylaniline.
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, P.O. Box 10 11 61, D-W-6940 Weinheim, Germany, 1992. Also available from: VCH Publishers, Suite 909, 220 E 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606, USA. 136p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-1660
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
The means of entry of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene into the environment are described along with its environmental occurrence and behaviour, ecotoxicology, toxicity to mammals and relevant German regulations. No epidemiological information on humans is available. Exposure to solvents containing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene has been reported to lead to impairment of the central nervous system, increased haemorrhaging tendency and gastric complaints. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene irritates the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, P.O. Box 10 11 61, D-W-6940 Weinheim, Germany, 1992. Also available from: VCH Publishers, Suite 909, 220 E 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606, USA. 56p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-1659
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
1,2-Dichloronitrobenzenes (1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene)
The means of entry of 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene into the environment are described along with their environmental occurrence and behaviour, ecotoxicology, toxicity in warm-blooded animals and relevant Germany regulations. In animal experiments 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene elicted increased diuresis, decreased body weight, sedation and methaemoglobin formation. 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene causes disturbance of equilibrium and blood changes. Acne and haematological changes were reported in workers exposed to mixtures of compounds including 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene.
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, P.O. Box 10 11 61, D-W-6940 Weinheim, Germany, 1992. Also available from: VCH Publishers, Suite 909, 220 E 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606, USA. 116p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-1291 Rentel K.H., Gmehling J., Lehmann E.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz
Chemical exposures in the rubber industry
Stoffbelastungen in der Gummiindustrie [in German]
A check list was used to collect data on production processes, chemical substances used and working conditions in 11 German factories producing tires and soft rubber articles. Total dust concentrations at selected workplaces varied from undetectable to 74mg/m³ for personal sampling and from undetectable to 13.3mg/m³ for area sampling. The cyclohexane-soluble fraction of total dust usually exceeded the 0.25mg/m³ limit recommended by the British Rubber Manufacturers' Association. Average exposures were higher in compounding than in extruding, calendering or curing. Engineering controls, such as local exhaust, were usually installed on balances and mixers, but were often missing on mills, extruders and other machines working at temperatures up to 100°C.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für neue Wissenschaften GmbH, Postfach 10 11 10, 2850 Bremerhaven 1, Germany, 1991. 98p. Illus. 33 ref.

1991

CIS 93-1593 Health hazards from new technologies
Gesundheitsgefahren durch neue Technologien [in German]
Papers presented at a conference organised by the German construction workers' union at Bochum, Germany, 28 Apr. 1990. Working groups dealt with health, technological and environmental aspects of asbestos removal, decontamination of polluted soils, recycling of construction materials and workplace chemicals. Themes common to two or more of these areas are protective equipment, waste disposal and information dissemination.
Industriegewerkschaft Bau-Steine-Erden, Postfach 10 11 44, Bockenheimer Landstrasse 73-77, 60325 Frankfurt am Main 1, Germany, May 1991. 242p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 93-448 Organising for safety: International trade union action on health, safety and the environment - Inside and outside the workplace
Collection of papers presented at the World Conference on Occupational Health and the Environment "Organising for Safety", held in Miami (Florida, USA), on 15-17 October 1990. The keynote speech was on Industrial Change and the Environment (presented by V.E. Thorpe, ICEF Deputy General Secretary), with particular emphasis on: waste poisons, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, ionising radiation and the "greenhouse effect". Other topics considered by papers: organising for safety; particular experiences in Sweden, Bangladesh, Spain, Czechoslovakia, Germany, India, Nigeria, USA, Malaysia, Japan, Italy, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Norway, Mexico, Hungary, Denmark, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Thailand, the Netherlands, Finland and France. In annex: example or model agreements concerning environmental protection and made between unions and employers in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the USA; summary of the ILO Convention on the safe use of chemicals at work; a sample international chemical safety card.
International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers' Union (ICEF), avenue Emile de Béco 109, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, 1991. 136p. Illus.

CIS 93-494 Chia S.E., Chia K.S., Ong C.N.
Ethnic differences in blood lead concentration among workers in a battery manufacturing factory
Blood lead (Pb) levels of 11 Chinese and 25 Malay lead-battery manufacturing workers were evaluated, after adjustment for environmental Pb levels, age, exposure duration and stick-years of smoking. The mean adjusted blood Pb levels were 34.8µg/dL in the Malay and 22.4µg/dL in the Chinese workers. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.02). Oral ingestion of Pb by the Malay workers, through the eating of food with hands contaminated by Pb compounds, is suggested as a possible cause for the differences in the mean blood Pb levels. Preventive measures recommended for implementation among Malay workers are discussed.
Annals of the Academy of Medicine - Singapore, Nov. 1991, Vol.20, No.6, p.758-761. 13 ref.

CIS 93-107 Frumkin H., Levy B.S., Levenstein C.
Occupational and environmental health in Eastern Europe: Challenges and opportunities
As the nations of Eastern Europe undergo political and economic transitions, they face considerable occupational and environmental health challenges. Although occupational health services are relatively well developed, environmental health services and policies are not. There are major needs in the areas of education and training, supplies and equipment, and policy development. In addition, privatisation poses a variety of new challenges and dangers to occupational and environmental health. This commentary discusses the challenges that face Eastern European nations, and describes opportunities for collaboration among scientists, policymakers, labour, management, and community groups in the United States and Eastern Europe.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.20, No.2, p.265-270. 14 ref.

CIS 92-1967 Krishnan K., Brodeur J.
Toxicological consequences of combined exposure to environmental pollutants
Exposure to several pollutants at once may lead to interactions that result in an increase or decrease in the overall toxic effects in comparison with the sum of the toxicity of the individual pollutants. There is evidence in the literature, although limited, of the occurrence of several potentiating, synergistic and antagonistic interactions in humans. Reported interactions include those among solvents, among pesticides and among metals and metalloids. There is no evidence of the occurrence of toxic interactions among gaseous pollutants in humans. For the interactions described only in animals so far, threshold levels and underlying mechanisms are so poorly defined that their relevance to humans under conditions of chronic low-level exposure is unclear.
Archives of Complex Environmental Studies, Dec. 1991, Vol.3, No.3, p.1-106. 1838 ref.

CIS 92-1228 Salkinoja-Salonen M.S., Jokela J.K.
Measurement of organic halogen compounds in urine as an indicator of exposure
The report describes the measurement of urinary organic halogen compounds. The method is an application of the adsorbable organic halogen assay which is widely used for the analysis of industrial waste water and drinking water. It was found that this assay can be applied to human urine if the urine is pretreated to hydrolyse the mucins so as to cleave the neuraminic acid residues responsible for the high viscosity of these slimy proteins. The method was found to be sensitive down to 1µg of organic halogen/100mL of urine. Fifty to 260µg of organic halogen was measured in the night urine of healthy, occupationally unexposed volunteers. Since many toxic chemicals to which man may be exposed environmentally or occupationally are, in fact, halogen compounds, this assay may be used to monitor for human exposure.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Feb. 1991, Vol.17, No.1, p.75-78. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 92-1277
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drugs residues in food
The monographs contained in this volume were prepared by the 38th Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, which met in Geneva, Switzerland, 22-31 January 1991. Substances covered: one β-adrenoceptor blocking agent (carazolol); 3 anthelminthic agents (febantel, fenbendazole, oxfendazole); 2 antimicrobial agents (spiramycin, tylosin); 3 tranquillisers (azaperone, chlorpromazine, propionylpromazine). Each monograph contains the following information, where applicable: description and use of the substance; biochemical aspects; toxicological studies; observation in humans; comments; evaluation; references. The data form the basis for acceptable daily intakes established by the Committee.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. vii, 237p. Bibl.ref. Price: CHF 40.00.

CIS 92-1373 Sick building syndrome
In this editorial studies aimed at validating the syndrome of sick building syndrome and investigating the environmental conditions thought to cause them are briefly reviewed. Results show that symptoms are more common in those lower down the office hierarchy than in managers, women have more symptoms than men and, in general, air-conditioned buildings are sicker than naturally ventilated buildings. Recommendations include returning control of the environment to individual workers and providing better training, careers and supervision for building services workers.
Lancet, 14 Dec. 1991, Vol.338, No.8781, p.1493-1494. 23 ref.

CIS 92-1222 Dutkiewicz T., Dutkiewicz B.B.
New toxicological indices for health risk evaluation in ecological hazardous areas
New toxicological indices for the quantitative evaluation of ecologically hazardous areas are presented. A method (the aggregation method) is proposed for the calculation of a general index of harmfulness. This method could serve for establishing priorities among areas of ecological hazad.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1991, Vol.4, No.1, p.3-9. 9 ref.

CIS 92-909 Wolf K., Yazdani A., Yates P.
Chlorinated solvents: Will the alternatives be safer?
This case study demonstrates that US regulations on chlorinated solvents and their substitutes are not consistent.
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Aug. 1991, Vol.41, No.8, p.1055-1061. 32 ref.

CIS 92-701 Convention on Environment Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context [United Nations]
Convention sur l'évaluation de l'impact sur l'environnement dans un contexte transfrontière [Nations Unies] [in French]
This Convention was adopted at Espoo (Finland) on 25 Feb. 1991. It calls upon the countries of the world to prevent, reduce and control significant adverse transboundary environmental impact from proposed activities. It lays down principles for the notification of affected parties, for the preparation of environmental impact assessment documentation, for consultations on the basis of such documentation, for final decisions concerning proposed activities, for post-project analysis and for the setting up of research programmes. In the appendix: list of activities and industries within the scope of the Convention (petrochemical complexes, electricity-generating stations, nuclear installations, metal smelting plants, plants handling asbestos, chemical plants, construction of large-scale transportation facilities and oil/gas pipelines, waste-disposal facilities, large dams and reservoirs, groundwater abstraction activities, pulp and paper manufacturing facilities, mines and mineral-producing facilities, offshore hydrocarbon producing facilities, major hydrocarbon storage facilities, deforestation of large areas); details of the various actions proposed by the Convention.
United Nations Publications Sales, 1211 Genève 10, Switzerland, 1991. 22p.

CIS 92-423 Building air quality - A guide for building owners and facility managers
This manual prepared jointly by the US EPA and NIOSH provides guidance on preventing, identifying and correcting indoor air quality problems. Contents: factors affecting indoor air quality (IAQ); importance of effective communication; preventing IAQ problems (developing a profile of the building conditions from the perspective of indoor air quality, managing buildings for good IAQ); resolving IAQ problems (diagnosing and mitigating IAQ problems, hiring professional assistance). Appendices provide: a general guide to IAQ measurements; basic information on HAVAC system design; indoor moisture and growth of mould and mildew; brief discussions of asbestos and radon concerns.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor Air Division (ANR-445 W), 401 M Street West, Washington D.C., 20277-1663; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Clearinghouse for Occupational Safety and Health Information, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati OH 45226, USA, 1991. 229p. Illus.

CIS 92-534 Symposium on air pollutants
Five papers presented at an annual meeting of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (Tucson, Arizona, USA 14-18 Sep. 1990): "Air pollution illnesses: overview and challenge" (F.D. Aldrich); "Indoor air pollution: an edifice complex" (B.O. Brooks et al.); "Risk assessment for diesel exhaust and ozone: the data from people and animals" (C.H. Hobbs and J.L. Mauderly); "Air Pollution: the pathobiologic issues" (R.P. Sherwin); "Air pollutants and the respiratory system: toxicity and pharmacologic interventions" (J. Q. Koenig and W.E. Pierson).
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, 1991, Vol.29, No.3, p.307-400. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-139 Guirguis S.S., Rajhans G.S., Leong D.K.N., Wong L.
A multidisciplinary approach for the administration of indoor air quality questionnaires
A protocol designed to ensure an appropriate strategy for administering an indoor air quality questionnaire is described. The questionnaire includes questions pertaining to health and the working area, and a separate section on questions pertaining to the work environment. The roles of the occupational hygienist and nurse in administering the questionnaires at workplaces are described along with an outline of the data analysis. The questionnaire is included in the appendix.
Occupational Health in Ontario, Spring/Summer 1991, Vol.12, No.2, p.99-112. 3 ref.

CIS 92-348 Chester A.C., Galland L., McLellan R.K., Stewart D.E., Samuels J.L., Black D.W.
Environmental illness
Six letters to the editor commenting on an article by Black D.W. and al. (Environmental illness: a controlled study of 26 subjects with '20th century disease', see CIS 92-347). The letter by McCampbell A. describes an outbreak of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and fatigue reported among staff at a high school in California. In this case, ventilation was found to be inadequate and the hazy and foul smelling air was due in part to poorly maintained air filters and gasoline engine exhaust near the fresh-air intake. Symptoms and clinical characteristics of this outbreak were consistent with a diagnosis of sinusitis. Since sinusitis is well recognised as occurring after exposure to inhaled irritants and causes sypmtoms of environmental illness, the writer considers such exposure a possible cause of the syndrome. The other letters and the reply by Black D.W. discuss the role of psychiatric disease in the occurrence of 'environmental illness'.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 8 May 1991, Vol.265, No.18, p.2335-2337. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-201 Samet J.M., Utell M.J.
The environment and the lung: Changing perspectives
This paper discusses the changing focus across the century of public health concern and research in regard to environmental lung diseases. Broad groups of environmental agents that produce lung disease are considered along with the currently available evidence for several air pollutants selected to be illustrative of the changing emphasis of concern. These include asbestos, radon, environmental tobacco smoke, acidic aerosols, sulfur dioxide and oxidant pollutants, including ozone and nitrogen dioxide. In the persistent concerns about adverse effects of polluted air on the lung, the focus has shifted from avoiding clinical disease among highly exposed individuals to protecting the population from an unacceptable burden of risk.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 7 Aug. 1991, Vol.266, No.5, p.670-675. 57 ref.

CIS 92-255
Hazardous Contaminants Coordination Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Scientific criteria document for multimedia standard development - No. 01-90: N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a stable organic compound that has the potential to leach into and persist in groundwater supplies. It is an inadvertent by-product of some industrial processes that use nitrites or amines under acidic conditions. Industries where NDMA may potentially be generated include: rubber and tyre; pesticide manufacturing; leather tanning; fish processing; foundries; dye manufacturing. This criteria document was prepared for use in setting environmental standards. Multimedia assessment of environmental exposure to NDMA indicated that the greatest source of human exposure is food.
Queen's Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1991. 1 vol. ca. 220 ref.

CIS 91-1959 Biodegradation kinetics
This report reviews the literature on the determination of biodegration rates and other kinetic constants and their use in predicting the environmental concentration of chemicals in aerobic freshwater and in biotreatment processes. Various mathematical approaches and first order kinetics are discussed and their application to environmental fate models and biotreatment systems assessed. It is concluded that no single test procedure can accurately predict the rate of degradation of test chemicals in a variety of aquatic environments. It is suggested that modelling should be based on first order (half-life) kinetics for surface waters and the Sludge Retention Time method for activated sludge systems.
European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre, Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, B.6, 1160 Bruxelles, Belgium, Sep. 1991. 75p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 91-1944 Nielsen I.R., Howe P.
Department of the Environment
Environmental hazard assessment: Toluene
This document reviews and assesses the available literature on the distribution, fate and effects of toluene in the environment. Potential routes to man are included, but effects on man are not assessed. It is concluded that normal exposure to toluene at current levels does not seem to have adverse effects on aquatic or terrestrial life, although possible chronic effects may be seen in aquatic ecosystems with higher toluene levels. Toluene may contribute to smog formation in the presence of other pollutants such as nitrous oxide and ozone, although the extent of toluene's contribution to atmospheric pollution problems is not known. Toluene constitutes a major safety hazard in terms of its flammability.
Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford WD2 7JR, United Kingdom, 1991. 54p. Illus. ca. 100 ref.

CIS 91-1644 Thomas B.
Commission of the European Communities
Pollution at coke works
Pollution dans les cokeries [in French]
Report of investigations into the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and bezene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in and around coke workers. PAH emission from 7 sources on a coking plant were documented and on old coke oven batteries the 2 major sources were shown to be the coke oven door and the charge hole lids; the level of emissions from modern plants with self-sealing doors was significantly lower than from older plants. The highest concentrations of BTX were found on the by-product plant, although the highest yields in terms of weight per tonne of coke produced were associated with the battery. Details are given of the sampling and analysis methods used.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1991. ix, 53p. Illus. Price: ECU 6.25.

CIS 91-1529 Hodgson M.J., Frohliger J., Permar E., Tidwell C., Traven N.D., Olenchock S.A., Karpf M.
Symptoms and microenvironmental measures in nonproblem buildings
Symptoms commonly defined as sick building syndrome (SBS) were studied in a cross-sectional investigation of 147 office workers using a self-assessment scale questionnaire. The environment in the breathing zone was characterised by measuring thermal parameters, volatile organic compounds, respirable suspended particulates, noise and light intensity, and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide levels. Two symptom groups, mucous membrane irritation and central nervous system depression, were found to be related to the concentrations of volatile organic compounds, crowding, layers of clothing, and measured levels of lighting intensity. Chest tightness was also related to lighting intensity. Results suggest that SBS may have specific environmental causes, including light intensity and the presence of volatile organic compounds.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Apr. 1991, Vol.33, No.4, p.527-533. 19 ref.

CIS 91-1247 Risk reduction of chemicals: A Government Commission report
This report presents the results of investigations by the National Chemicals Inspectorate and the Environmental Protection Agency of Sweden on proposals for measures to restrict the use of substances which may be harmful to the environment. Content: long-term environmental targets; strategies and instruments for reducing the use of substances hazardous to health and the environment; proposals for directing the use of chemicals throughout society towards less hazardous chemical products; proposals for restricting the use of certain hazardous substances; detailed proposals relating to methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, lead, organotin compounds, chlorinated paraffins, phthalates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants.
Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate, P.O. Box 1384, 171 27 Solna, Sweden, 1991. 230p. Illus. Price: SEK 125.00

CIS 91-781 Kikushima F.
Miners and defence of the environment
La defensa del medio ambiente y los mineros [in Spanish]
Training booklet on environmental protection, aimed at workers in the mining industry. Contents: environmental protection and ecology; the need for an environmental protection policy; the past negative role of the mining industry in environmental pollution; existing legislative instruments for environmental protection in Peru; the role of industry and workers' organisations in environmental protection; self-evaluation test.
Federación Nacional de Trabajadores Mineros, Metalúrgicos y Siderúrgicos del Perú, Plaza 2 de Mayo No.44, Lima, Peru, 1991. 54p. Illus.

CIS 91-929
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Triphenyl phosphate
While a statistically significant reduction in red blood cell cholinesterase has been reported in some workers, there has been no evidence of neurological disease in workers in a triphenyl phosphate (TPP) manufacturing plant. There have been no reports of delayed neurotoxicity in cases of TPP poisoning. Contact dermatitis due to TPP has been described. The available data indicate no hazard to humans. Detailed summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1991. 80p. 112 ref. Price: CHF 11.00; CHF 7.70 (for developing countries).

CIS 91-927 Nikunen E., Leinonen R., Kultamaa A.
Ministry of the Environment (Finland)
Environmental properties of chemicals
Kemikaalien ympäristöominaisuuksia [in Finnish]
This report contains environmental information on more than 1700 substances, both pure natural substances and commercially marketed industrial mixtures. Much of the information concerns the toxicity of substances in relation to different animal and plant species (particularly, aquatic) and persistence and accumulation in the environment. Information on each chemical includes (where available): general information; physiochemical properties; degradation in air, soil and water; metabolism and bioaccumulation in various species; effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The data have been compiled from scientific publications in the field of ecotoxicology, handbooks and other material accessible to environmental authorities. Alphabetical and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number indexes are provided. Explanation of terms used, list of R-phrases and list of exposed species names, in English and Finnish.
VAPK-Publishing, P.O.Box 516, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, 1991. 1084p. Bibl. Price: FIM 325.00.

1990

CIS 95-2276 Indoor air quality - Biological contaminants
Report of a Working Group on Indoor Air Quality: Biological Contaminants convened in Rautavaara, Finland, 29 August-2 September 1988. Topics covered: nature and definition of morbidity effects; hazard assessment; environmental measurement, sampling and analysis; sources of microbiological contaminants; environmental and biological factors in the indoor environment; strategies for control of biological contaminants (building design, ventilation, cleaning); conclusions and recommendations. Summaries in French, German and Russian.
WHO Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, 2100 København Ø, Denmark, 1990. v, 67p. 40 ref. Price: CHF 9.00.

CIS 95-692 Harrison R.M.
Pollution - Causes, effects and control
Topics covered in this manual include: chemical pollution of the aquatic environment; treatment of sewage sludge and toxic wastes; water quality and health; biological aspects of freshwater pollution; air pollutants and their chemical analysis; atmospheric dispersal of pollutants; catalyst systems for emission control from motor vehicles; health effects of environmental chemicals; legal control of pollution; control of industrial pollution; organometallic compounds in the environment; radioactivity; quantitative evaluation of environmental pollution problems.
Royal Society of Chemistry, Turpin Distribution Services Ltd., Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 1HN, United Kingdom, 2nd ed., 1990. xvii, 393p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: GBP 29.50.

CIS 94-1576 Eisenbud M.
An environmental Odyssey - People, pollution and politics in the life of a practical scientist
This book is an autobiographical account of the work of Merril Eisenbud and his pursuit of practical, scientifically sound solutions to a range of environmental problems; activities focus on the protection of human health from the effects of chemical and radioactive pollution both in the workplace and in the general environment. The complex subject of environmental hazards is explained along with the necessity of involving science in the formulation of public policy. A final chapter provides an analysis of current environmental problems and highlights those that need immediate attention.
University of Washington Press, P.O. Box 50096, Seattle, Washington 98145-5096, USA, 1990. xi, 264p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: USD 24.95.

CIS 93-1602 Cecchetti G., Marconi A., Benvenuti F., Ciccarelli C.
Products made of asbestos cement and environmental risks: A review of the available data
Prodotti in cemento-amianto e rischi ambientali: una rassegna dei dati disponibili [in Italian]
A review of recent information on the polluting potential of asbestos fibres during the production and use of articles made of asbestos cement. High fibre concentrations can be found in the air of places where installation, maintenance or demolition of articles containing asbestos cement is taking place. On the other hand, once asbestos cement is installed, there is no danger of asbestos fibre release. There is also a slight risk of asbestos release from roofs due to weathering.
Prevenzione oggi, July-Sep. 1990, Vol.2, No.3, p.33-54. 63 ref.

CIS 93-1292 Ney R.E.
Where did that chemical go? A practical guide to chemical fate and transport in the environment
This manual describes predictive techniques for determining what happens to a chemical once it is released into the environment. Contents: fundamentals concerning the fate and transport of chemicals and environmental compartments (air, water, soil, plants and animals); predictive techniques for physical, chemical and biological processes; exposure assessment; examples of common chemicals and characteristic data with a discussion of what may happen to each chemical in the environment; exposure considerations. Glossary.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 115 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003, USA; Van Nostrand Reinhold International Co. Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, United Kingdom, 1990. viii, 192p. 10 ref. Index.

CIS 93-255 Kimura K., Shimakage K., Saitō M.
Estimation and control measures of indoor air pollution by smoking
Kitsuen ni yoru shitsunai kūki osen to sono taisaku [in Japanese]
The quantity of air pollutants generated by smoking in office rooms was estimated and measures to control air pollution were examined. Experimentally, a cigarette generated 15mg of particulate matter, 50mL of CO and 1mL of NO. The concentration of particulate matter generated varied depending on smoking situations and ventilation in the room concerned. In a series of rooms served by the same ventilation system, tobacco smoke generated in a smoking office invaded non-smoking offices through the ventilation system. Tobacco smoke accounted for 4-74% of the particulate matter in the air supplied by the ventilation system. The relative effectiveness of three methods of controlling air pollution due to smoking was demonstrated: complete banning of smoking; separation of smoking sites or time; and limitation on the number of persons smoking at any one time.
Journal of Science of Labour - Rōdō Kagaku, 10 Dec. 1990, Vol.66, No.12, p.545-567. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 92-1657 Leichnitz K.
Analysis of dangerous substances
Gefahrstoff-Analytik [in German]
Update to the loose-leaf collection of methods for monitoring compliance with exposure limits and antipollution laws, and for analysis of process gases. This installment comes between those abstracted under CIS 92-250 and 92-563, and includes new or revised chapters on: abbreviations used by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the German Federal Office of the Environment; terms and definitions in vacuum technology; gravimetric determination of respirable and total dust; determination of a quantity to characterise acid gaseous air pollutants; history of the detector tube method; the Chemical Substances Act (Chemikaliengesetz, see CIS 81-588); the Law on the control of atmospheric pollution (Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz, see CIS 92-2); guidelines on the use of continuous emission monitoring equipment.
Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Justus-von-Leibig-Strasse 1, D-W-8920 Landsberg/Lech, Germany, 15. Ergänzungslieferung, Oct. 1990. 155p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-1307 Environmental hazards in your school: A resource handbook
The specific environmental hazards discussed in-depth in this booklet are asbestos, indoor air quality, radon, lead in drinking water and other contaminants in school-operated water systems. Adverse effects of the hazards are outlined along with methods of risk reduction, assistance available and relevant legislation. Other concerns briefly discussed include underground storage tanks, recycling efforts, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. A list of contacts is also provided.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 20460, USA, Oct. 1990. 69p. Illus.

CIS 92-920 Norbäck D., Torgén M., Edling C.
Volatile organic compounds, respirable dust, and personal factors related to prevalence and incidence of sick building syndrome in primary schools.
The relationship between sick building syndrome (SBS), indoor exposures, and personal factors was studied in a 4yr longitudinal study among personnel (n=129) in 6 schools. A relationship existed between SBS on the one hand, and a variety of workplace factors, such as concentration of dust and volatile hydrocarbons in the air, the presence of wall-to-wall carpeting, smoking and hyperreactivity, on the other.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1990, Vol.47, No.11, p.733-741. Illus. 31 ref.

CIS 92-2
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
Act of 14 May 1990 on protection against harmful environmental effects of atmospheric pollution, noise, vibrations and other processes (Federal Law on the control of atmospheric pollution - BIm SchG) [Germany]
Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge (Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz - BIm SchG) [in German]
New version of the German law of 15 March 1974 concerning air pollution. Principal provisions of the law: I - Generalities (scope, definitions); II - Construction and operation of installations (subject or not subject to authorisation, emission and intake measurement, safety checks, technical committees on installation safety); III - Condition of installations; composition of materials, products, flammable substances, carburants and lubrificants; IV - Condition and functioning of vehicles; construction and repair of highways and railways; V - Monitoring of air pollution on federal territory; plans for air purification and noise reduction; VI - General provisions: implementation of European Community decisions; Commission on Major Hazards; nomination and duties of delegates; rights and duties of person in charge; final provisions.
Bundesgesetzblatt, 22 May 1990, Part I, p.881-901.

CIS 92-347 Black D.W., Rathe A., Goldstein R.B.
Environmental illness: A controlled study of 26 substances with '20th Century Disease'
Environmental illness is a polysymptomatic disorder believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation brought on by common foods and chemicals. 26 subjects who had been assigned a diagnosis of environmental illenss were systematically evaluated. The subjects indicated a strong interest in their diagnosis, were generally satisfied with their clinical ecologist, and were dissatisfied with traditional medical approaches. Subjects reported varying treatments, including dietary restrictions, avoidance of offending agents, and physical treatments. Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, it was found that 15 (65%) of 23 subjects met criteria for a current or past mood, anxiety, or somatoform disorder compared with 13 (28%) of 46 age- and sex-matched community controls. It is concluded that patients receiving this diagnosis may have one or more commonly recognised psychiatric disorders that could explain some or all of their symptoms.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 26 Dec. 1990, Vol.264, No.24, p.3166-3170. 33 ref.

CIS 91-1865
The United States - Eastern Europe Exchange for Occupational and Environmental Health
Environment and health in Eastern Europe
Proceedings of a symposium on occupational and environmental health during societal transition in Eastern Europe held at Pécs, Hungary, 22-27 June 1990. Papers are presented under the following headings: broad issues in environment and health; policies and programmes in environmental health and in occupational health; education, training and research in occupational and environmental health. In each case, perspectives from Hungary and some other Eastern European countries are presented. Also included are papers on selected programmes on environmental health by international organisations (ILO, WHO) and by US Government organisations.
Program on Environment and Health, Management Sciences for Health, 165 Allandale Road, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02130, USA, 1990. Illus. Price: USD 20.00.

CIS 91-1890 Kongerud J., Grønnesby J.K., Magnus P.
Respiratory symptoms and lung function of aluminium potroom workers
The association of occupational exposure with respiratory disease and lung function was examined in a cross-sectional study of 1805 aluminium potroom workers. Work-related asthmatic symptoms occurred in 15% of the workers with an exposure of 10 years or more and in 8% of the workers who had been employed less than 5 years. In a multiple logistic regression analysis an odds ratio (OR) of 3.4 (95% confidence interval (95% CI 2.1-5.8) for work-related asthmatic symptoms was estimated for long versus short duration of employment. Airflow limitation was also significantly related to years of exposure (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-3.9). Current occupational exposure and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms were not significantly associated. The results suggest that exposure to air pollutants in the primary aluminium industry may lead to the development of asthmatic symptoms, as well as to reduced respiratory function.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Aug. 1990, Vol.16, No.4, p.270-277. 31 ref.

CIS 91-1637 Udo de Haes H.A., Vonkeman G.H., Huppes G.
Cadmium policy: from prohibition to control
In this document the problems of cadmium are analysed using a material flow chart approach, a method which charts all flows of the substance through the environment and through the economy. On the basis of this analysis, a long-term control strategy is outlined. This includes restricting diffuse emissions (eg via artificial fertilisers or incinerating plants), stopping the use of cadmium for a number of non-essential applications (particularly in PVC), and collection of cadmium-containing products (in particular, batteries). Because cadmium also enters the economy as a contaminant in zinc and phosphorous ore, other measures are necessary, such as restricting the use of new zinc and phosphorous and not recycling cadmium-containing products.
Commissie Lange Termijn Milieubeleid, Prinses Margrietplantsoen 20, Postbus 90740, 2509 LS 'S-Gravenhage, Netherlands, 1991. 34p. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 91-1599 Frisch J.D., Shaw G.M., Harris J.A.
Epidemiologic research using existing databases of environmental measures
When detailed information on individuals is not available, databases of environmental measures are sometimes used in epidemiologic studies to provide data on human exposure. The use of such databases is based on the assumption that the data are representative of individual human exposure and are applicable to the study. Twenty-six California-based databases are presented with information provided on: name of database, location and time-period covered, availability, storage medium, type of pollution.
Archives of Environmental Health, Sep.-Oct. 1990, Vol.45, No.5, p.303-307. 22 ref.

CIS 91-1413 Environment and health - The European Charter [WHO] and commentary: First European Conference on Environment and Health, Frankfurt, 7-8 Dec. 1989
Environnement et santé - La Charte européenne [OMS] et son commentaire: première conférence européenne sur l'environnement et la santé, Francfort, 7-8 déc. 1989 [in French]
A Charter was adopted in 1989 concerning the environment and health in Europe. This publication contains the text of the Charter and some commentary associated with it. The Charter consists of: preamble (basic principles); rights and responsibilities of individuals, public and private organisations and the media; principles of public policy; strategic elements; priorities (including, among others: hygienic waste disposal; environmental health impact of energy production, road transport and agriculture practices; air quality; persistent chemicals; hazardous wastes; biotechnology; contingency planning for accidents and disasters; cleaner technologies); future actions. The commentary includes a point-by-point survey of the background of the Charter.
WHO Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, 2100 København Ø, Denmark, 1990. x, 154p. Price: CHF 26.00.

CIS 91-1594 Cummings K.M., Markello S.J., Mahoney M., Bhargava A.K., McElroy P.D., Marshall J.R.
Measurement of current exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
An epidemiological study was performed in a cancer screening clinic in Buffalo (NY, USA) in 1986 to determine the effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among 663 never- and ex-smokers by using measurement of urinary cotinine levels and determining the prevalence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The most frequently mentioned sources of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke were at work (28%) and at home (27%). Cotinine was found in the urine of 91% subjects. Cotinine values increased significantly with the number of exposures reported.
Archives of Environmental Health, Mar.-Apr. 1990, Vol.45, No.2, p.74-79. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 91-1623 Gustafsson L., Ljung E.
Substances and preparations dangerous for the environment
This final report from a Nordic Working Group reviews a proposal for a system of classification, labelling and safety data sheets for substances and preparations dangerous for the environment. The system should be applicable to all chemical products, including pesticides, but not to products covered by other special legislation, such as medicines and foodstuffs. Substances are classified as dangerous if they meet one or more of 4 conditions, and preparations if they contain 1% or more of a dangerous substance. Environmental hazard labels should bear a hazard symbol, risk and safety phrases and details of composition. Details are given of the data to be included on a safety data sheet.
Nordic Council of Ministers, Store Strandstræde 18, 1255 København K, Denmark, 1990. 65p. Illus.

CIS 91-1279 Seminar on nonylphenolethoxylates (NPE) and nonylphenol (NP)
Proceedings of a seminar on nonylphenolethoxylates (NPE) and nonylphenol (NP) held in Saltsjöbaden, Sweden, 6-8 February 1991. Papers cover: EPA's chemical testing program for NP; use pattern of NPEs and their application properties; health effects; toxicity of 4-nonylphenol to aquatic organisms and potential for bioaccumulation; aerobic and anaerobic biotransformation and photo-oxidation; behaviour of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their metabolites in mechanical-biological sewage treatment; environmental occurrence and behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylates and their degradation products in rivers and groundwaters; behaviour in sludge treated soils and in landfills; environmental aspects of ethoxylates based on alkylphenol and primary alcohols; products to replace NP.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SNV), Information Department, 171 85 Solna, Sweden, 1990. 265p. Illus. Bibl.ref.

CIS 91-1284 Workshop on petroleum products
Proceedings of a workshop on petroleum products held in Aronsborg, Sweden, 25-27 September 1990. Papers are grouped under the following headings: description and characterisation of petroleum products (health and environmental hazard assessment, relationship between chemical structure and toxicokinetics); toxicological aspects (the American Petroleum Institute toxicity testing program, human health aspects of exposure, risk assessment of petroleum products); ecotoxicological aspects (availability of data and test systems, evaluation and testing of offshore chemicals, assessing aquatic toxicity, characterisation of fluids used in the metalworking and engineering industries, risk evaluation scheme for North Sea oil discharges); possibilities for international control (chemical substances regulations, screening and assessment, priority setting).
Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI), PO Box 1384, 171 27 Solna, Sweden, 1990. 149p.

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