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1981

CIS 82-691 Stuck B.E., Lund D.J., Beatrice E.S.
Ocular effects of holmium (2.06µm) and erbium (1.54µm) laser radiation
The ocular dose-response relation, on the cornea of the eyes of Rhesus monkeys, were determined after exposure to erbium and holmium lasers under various conditions. The effective dose for 0.5 probability of producing a biomicroscopically visible corneal lesion (ED₅₀), determined for single corneal exposures were 9.6, 2.9 and 5.2J/cm² under conditions of 1.54µm wave length, 930µsec exposure, 1.0mm irradiance diameter; 2.06µm, 100µsec, 1.8mm; and 2.06µm, 42nsec, 0.32mm, respectively. The depth and diameter of corneal lesions were both dose and wavelength dependent. The wavelength dependence of the dose required to produce a lesion is indicative of the relative absorption properties of the cornea. Exposure limits should reflect the relative absorption properties of the ocular media.
Health Physics, June 1981, Vol.40, No.6, p.835-846. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 82-402 Taboada J., Mikesell G.W., Reed R.D.
Response of the corneal epithelium to KrF excimer laser pulses
The corneal epithelium of rabbits was examined for evidence of opacity immediately, and 1, 2 and 24h after exposure to 50ns pulses of UV radiation emitted at 248nm by a KrF excimer laser. At 24h the observations were made with and without fluorescein staining. The damage endpoint (ED₅₀) was the 50% probability of detecting an opacity or fluorescein uptake. Damage ED₅₀ levels of 59mJ/cm² for 2h post-exposure and 3mJ/cm² for 24h post-exposure were measured. The damage response level was within 20-100% of values reported for long duration UV exposures. The guideline for worker exposure levels may need redefinition to express increased hazards of short pulse radiation.
Health Physics, May 1981, Vol.40, No.5, p.677-683. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 82-114
USSR State Standards Committee (Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam)
Lasers - Methods for the dosimetric monitoring of laser radiation
Lazery - Metody dosimetričeskogo kontrolja lazernogo izlučenija [in Russian]
This standard (entry into force: 1 Jan. 1982) applies to 0.25-12.0µm laser radiation. Sections cover: general requirements; dosimetric instruments; preparation for measurement; procedure (dosimetry of radiation of known or unknown spectral composition, of focused radiation between 0.4 and 1.4µm and diffuse radiation between 0.4 and 1.4µm (known or unknown spectral composition); evaluation and presentation of results; radiation and electrical safety of persons making the measurements. Appendices deal with: definitions; dosimeter block diagrams; specimen measurement protocols; diagrams showing the positioning of the instrument measuring the light spot on a diffusion surface.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per.3, 123557 Moskva, USSR, 23 Apr. 1981. 24p. Illus. Price: Rbl.0.10.

CIS 82-112 Griess G.A., Blankenstein M.F.
Multiple-pulse laser retinal damage thresholds
The reduction factor (Cp), the amount by which the single-pulse TLV or maximum permissible exposure is reduced to give the multiple-pulse value, is calculated. Cp can be empirically determined by taking the ratio of threshold dosages for 1 pulse in a pulse train and a single exposure of equal duration. Analytical expressions for Cp may be obtained from theoretical thermal damage models based on physical principles. Using both approaches multiple-pulse additivity was accounted for by a thermal damage model. The multiple-pulse Cp was a function of both pulse repetition frequency and total number of pulses (N). The thermal model did not yield a single, simple expression for Cp, but the empirical 1/N^1/4 expression was an adequate approximation.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1981, Vol.42, No.4, p.287-292. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 81-1920 Žohov V.P., Komarova A.A., Maksimova L.I., Muratov V.R., Pal'cev Ju.P., Semenov A.I.
Occupational health and prevention of occupational disease in work with lasers
Gigiena truda i profilaktika profpatologii pri rabote s lazerami [in Russian]
Contents: technical data concerning lasers and their uses; laser radiation field; effects on skin; clinical and physiological data from medical examination of personnel using lasers; permissible exposure levels to laser radiation; occupational health and hygiene measures and medical supervision of exposed workers.
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per.6/8, Moskva, USSR, 1981. 208p. Illus. 107 ref.

CIS 81-1917 Gabel V.P., Birngruber R.
A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits
A series of 61 lesions were produced in 5 human eyes using an argon laser emitting at the two wavelengths 488 and 514nm. 200 laser lesions were produced in 5 eyes of chinchilla rabbits using the same laser coagulator. The ED₅₀ in the human subjects was approximately 44mW and in rabbits 12mW. The power incident on the cornea necessary to obtain threshold coagulation was about 4 times less in rabbits than in humans.
Health Physics, Feb. 1981, Vol.40, No.2, p.238-240. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 81-1291 Bernardi P., Boggio M., Checcucci A., Grandolfo M., Righi E., Tamburello C., Zannoli R.
Recommendations for the medical supervision of workers exposed to non-ionising electromagnetic radiation risks
Raccomandazioni in tema di sorveglianza medica per rischio da radiazione elettromagnetica non ionizzante [in Italian]
Part 1 deals with radiofrequency and microwaves (300kHz-300GHz) and gives a list of medical examinations to be carried out during pre-employment, periodic and special examinations in the event of accidental exposure. Part 2 deals with lasers. In view of the lack of specific safety and health rules for laser hazards, the measures required are the same as those for ultra-violet and infrared radiation. Medical examination should be aimed particularly at the detection of dermatitis and eye lesions. Classification of laser radiations facilitates evaluation of exposure hazards.
Medicina del lavoro, Jan.-Feb. 1981, Vol.72, No.1, p.68-73.

1980

CIS 88-159
Division of Training and Manpower Development
Nonionizing radiation (583)
Manual designed for a training course. Coverage: electromagnetic fundamentals; microwaves; ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation; lasers. Subheadings under each type of radiation include: sources; biological effects and hazards; monitoring and hazard evaluation; protection and control; appropriate laws, regulations and exposure limits.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, 1980. 1 vol. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 82-1591 Sliney D., Wolbarsht M.
Safety with lasers and other optical sources
This textbook is intended for safety engineers, health physicists and occupational hygienists and physicians. Chapters cover: introduction to laser safety; review of optical physics; review of anatomy and physiology of the eye and skin; effects of optical radiation on the eye; optical radiation hazards to the skin; optical hazards from the ambient environment; laser safety standards; exposure limits; laser hazard classification; protection standards for non-laser sources; radiometry and calorimetry; laser beam diagnostics; atmospheric propagation of laser beams; radiometric mesaurements required for broad-band optical sources; hazard analysis and controls; eye and skin protection; laser safety in research laboratories and medical facilities; laser safety in construction, manufacturing, and with consumer and office products; hazards in military and lidar applications; lamps and lighting systems; projection systems; welding arcs; safety training programmes; medical surveillance; ancillary hazards; electrical hazards.
Plenum Press, 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013, USA. 1980. 1035p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US-$49.50.

CIS 82-1308 American national standard for the safe use of lasers
This standard (approved: 6 June 1980) provides guidance for the safe use of lasers and laser systems with output wavelengths between 0.2µm and 1mm. Sections are devoted to: definitions; hazard evaluation and classification (laser and laser systems, laser environment and personnel); control measures (engineering, administrative and procedural controls, personal protective equipment, warning signs and labels, responsibility of laser equipment manufacturers, maintenance and repair, modification of systems); laser safety and training programmes (organisation, education, implementation); medical surveillance; special considerations (industrial hygiene, explosion hazards, optical radiation hazards, electrical hazards; criteria for eye and skin exposure; exposure measurements. Appendices cover: examples of classification; guide for organisation and implementation of laser safety and training programmes.
American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018, USA, 1980. 72p. Illus.

CIS 82-406 Žohov V.P., Komarova A.A., Maksimova L.I., Muratov V.R., Pal'cev Ju.P., Semenov A.I.
Occupational hygiene and prevention of occupational diseases in work with lasers
Gigiena truda i profilaktika profpatologii pri rabote s lazerami [in Russian]
Contents: characteristics of laser radiation and its uses; laser radiation field; harmful effects on eye and skin; clinical and physiological data on health status of workers using lasers; fixing of standards to limit exposure to laser radiation; occupational hygiene (effects of direct or reflected laser beams on the eye; protective measures; medical supervision of exposed workers).
Izdatel'stvo "Medicina", Petroverigskij per. 6/8, Moskva, USSR, 1980. 208p. Illus. 107 ref. Price: Rbl.1.70.

CIS 81-1591 Komarova A.A.
Setting exposure thresholds for scattered laser radiation
K obosnovaniju normirovanija rassejannyh lazernyh izlučenij [in Russian]
Results of long-term studies on over 800 persons working with lasers. Scattered light plays a major role in the pathogenesis of numerous functional disorders in exposed workers. Occupational exposure thresholds should be set for this type of radiation, taking into account health status in general and clinical criteria for the eye; in particular, chronic exposure to scattered radiation levels of 10^-5J/cm² and over have a negative effect on the body.
Gigiena i sanitarija, June 1980, No.6, p.22-24. 7 ref.

CIS 81-1275 Östberg O., Powell J., Blomkvist A.C.
Laser optometry in assessment of visual fatigue.
The causes of visual fatigue are reviewed. A new laser optometer designed for measurement of the focal state of subjects working at visual display terminals was tested in 3 experiments: to confirm the measurement routines themselves; to compare the results with professional optometric procedures; experiment to measure changes in accomodation in air traffic controllers engaged in radar screen operations.
Technical Report 1980: 1 T. Department of Human Work Sciences, University of Luleå, 951 87 Luleå, Sweden, 1980. 28p. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 81-1001 Zotkina V.P., Komarova A.A., Markova T.F.
Use of electroencephalography to evaluate effects of laser radiation on man
Primenenie ėlektroėncefalografii dlja ocenki vlijanija lazernogo izlučenija na organizm čeloveka [in Russian]
Case studies of changes in EEG tracings observed in 28 workers exposed to laser radiation over periods of 2-8 years. The EEG tracings showed diffuse changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain, in the initial stages, and disorders of the neurodynamic activity of the cerebral cortex (which took the form of reduced reactivity). In the cases where the changes were more pronounced, signs of dysfunction of the inner brain structures were observed.
Gigiena i sanitarija, May 1980, No.5, p.32-34. 3 ref.

CIS 81-992 Sarkisjan A.P., Teodorovič V.P.
Regenerative effects of laser beams on the haematopoietic system of rabbits poisoned by benzene
Vlijanie lazernogo oblučenija na tečenie vosstanovitel'nyh processov v krovetvornoj sisteme krolikov pri otravlenii benzolom [in Russian]
Rabbits with experimental benzene-induced myelopathy were exposed to low-intensity red light emitted by helium-neon laser equipment. Investigation of peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen showed that both the poisoned animals and health controls responded similarly to irradiation, with accelerated regeneration of the red elements of medullary tissue.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Mar. 1980, No.3, p.9-13. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 81-698
Health and Safety Executive
Use of lasers for display purposes.
This note gives information on protection of personnel against hazards from laser radiation. Contents: classification of laser products; guidelines (emission of invisible radiation; beam stops; demarcation of laser display area; and warning notices; siting of laser control console; emergency cutoff; setting-up and alignment; functional checks before operation). Appendices: definitions; tables of maximum permissible exposure levels and acccessible emission limits; marking of equipment; notification of laser display and its purpose (e.g. stage lighting, disco display, advertising).
HM Stationery Office, P.O. Box 569, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Dec. 1980. 11p. Price: £1.50.

CIS 80-1910 Marshall W.J.
Hazard analysis on gaussian shaped laser beams.
Formulae are presented for a variety of situations, intended for application by laser users not specialising in laser safety evaluations. Formulae are developed to calculate beam diameter, irradiance, nominal ocular hazard distances, atmospheric absorption, required optical density of safety eyewear, and related quantities.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1980, Vol.41, No.8, p.547-551. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 80-1599 Cleuet A., Mayer A., Maillet H., Courrier G.
Health hazards of lasers.
Risques liés à l'utilisation industrielle des lasers. [in French]
The characteristics of laser emission and the different types of laser are reviewed. Hazards associated with the high voltages employed and radiant heat are examined: radiation hazard for the eyes, maximum permissible exposure. Standards at present being prepared by the International Electrotechnical Commission are described. Protective measures recommended relate essentially to protection against thermal radiation effects and vary according to the type of work (machining, metrology, holography, construction industry). Apparatus for measurement of the energy and power of lasers, and protective glasses available in France, are listed, with requirements for safety glasses.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd quarter 1980, No.99, Note No.1246-99-80, p.207-222. Illus.

1979

CIS 80-1613 Lipovskij I.M., Sverdlov L.M., Kozlov V.N.
Atmospheric monitoring by laser
K metodike lazernogo gigieničeskogo kontrolja vozdušnoj sredy [in Russian]
Studies of the interaction between a CO₂ laser beam and acetone, acrolein, benzene and other gases showed that infrared laser emissions can be used to detect their molecules by fluorescence. The sensitivity of the method, tested with 19 substances, generally permits detection of concentrations below the exposure limits for workplaces and inhabited areas.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Oct. 1979, No.10, p.44-46. 2 ref.

CIS 79-1431 Chisum G.T.
Laser eye protection for flight personnel.
Recommendations are made for protection against high powered lasers capable of producing personnel damage inside safe distances. The maximum permissible exposure to hazards of the lasers can be calculated from their energies and frequencies. Spectacles containing special lenses were evaluated in the presence or absence of sunlight. The lasers may be hazardous in the outdoors during research field tests of devices with potential military uses.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1979, Vol.50, No.3, p.239-242. Illus. 2 ref.

1978

CIS 79-1912 Holzinger G., Kroy W., Schreiber P., Sutter E.
Protection against laser rays
Schutz von Laserstrahlen [in German]
This handbook is intended to give rapid and complete information on knowledge required in the field of protection against lasers. The introductory chapter gives the West German, international and USA standards and regulations applying to laser equipment and protection of persons. A chapter follows on safety glasses, efficacy of filter lenses, and how to calculate the degree of protection necessary according to the technical data for various types of laser guns. The safety measures to be adopted regarding (a) laser guns and (b) the surrounding area are considered separately: supervision and enclosure of laser beam, locking of equipment, glare and fire hazards, construction and layout of premises, personnel, organisation, maintenance. The last chapter reviews various types of laser, their uses, and types of injury which may occur. Lasers are classified by hazard category.
Nr.14, Schriftenreihe Arbeitsschutz, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung, Postfach 17 02 02, 4600 Dortmund 17, Germany (Fed.Rep.), 1978. 117p. Illus. Price: DM.25.00.

CIS 79-722 Friedmann A.I.
The ophthalmic screening of laser workers.
The programme, begun in 1969, consists of tests for visual acuity, macular threshold and visual field, and ophthalmoscopic examination. A total of 726 patients were examined 1-13 times. The only pathological evidence found was connected with 2 probable and 2 possible laser burns, none of which inconvenienced the workers concerned and which did not require treatment. Safety methods in United Kingdom laboratories have led to a degree of containment and control which makes routine ophthalmological examination of laser workers unnecessary.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Dec. 1978, Vol.21, No.3, p.277-279. 3 ref.

CIS 78-1912 Harlen F.
The development of laser codes of practice and maximum permissible exposure levels.
This paper traces the history of laser exposure standards, discussing the development of concepts of threshold damage, current maximum permissible exposure levels as defined above all in successive U.S. standards, and the subsequent classification of lasers according to the degree to hazard.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Aug. 1978, Vol.21, No.2, p.199-211. 25 ref.

CIS 78-1298 Marshall J.
Eye hazard associated with lasers.
Paper read at the British Occupational Hygiene Society's annual conference, York (United Kingdom), 28-31 Mar. 1977. The anatomy and physiology of the eye are discussed in detail in relation to laser radiation and to the mechanisms of laser-induced damage. Using the retina as an example, such damage is described together with the subjective symptoms that it may produced. Empirical studies for determining laser damage thresholds are briefly reviewed, with the way in which such figures are used to determine the safe viewing levels incorporated in current codes of practice.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Mar. 1978, Vol.21, No.1, p.69-77. 24 ref.

1977

CIS 78-1003 Larrainzar González F.J.
Determination of safe distances in work with lasers
Determinación de la distancia de seguridad en los trabajos con láseres [in Spanish]
General considerations are given on the history and principles of the laser, different types of laser, and classification of lasers by degree of hazard according to U.S. standard ANSI Z136.1 of 1973 (CIS 74-1022). A distinction is drawn between the hazards of laser radiation in the proper sense: burns, eye lesions, pollution (ionisation of air, production of toxic gases and vapours, release of vaporised biological materials), and those associated with the equipment (radiation, glare, electrical hazards). The method of calculating safe distances is described; formulae are proposed on the basis of the parameters energy, power, and presence or absence of attenuation.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, Oct.-Dec. 1977, Vol.25, No.100, p.22-29. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 78-327
VDE 0836/2.77, German Electrotechnical Commission (Deutsche Elektrotechnische Kommission), Frankfurt am Main, Feb. 1977.
VDE Regulations concerning the electrical safety of laser equipment and installations
VDE-Bestimmung für die elektrische Sicherheit von Lasergeräten und -anlagen [in German]
These regulations, approved as Standard DIN 57 836, are concerned with the electrical safety of laser equipment, but do not cover radiation protection. Definitions of terms used, followed by specifications respecting: classification according to required level of protection, cables and connections, operation of laser equipment under normal and abnormal conditions, main switch, safety devices, marking and operating instructions. Another part of the regulations contains rules for testing (humidity, insulation resistance, voltage, leakage current, earthing, shock resistance, vibration, implosions and explosions, penetration by foreign bodies, etc.). Miscellaneous provisions for operation and maintenance.
VDE-Verlag GmbH, Bismarckstrasse 33, D-1000 Berlin 12. 40p. Illus.

CIS 78-105 Hathaway J.A., Stern N., Soles E.M., Leighton E.
Ocular medical surveillance on microwave and laser workers.
Results of over 800 eye examinations were evaluated. There were no lenticular or retinal defects that could be attributed to microwave or laser radiation. The great variability in the incidence of minute lenticular defects with increasing age was attributed to diffferences in subjective evaluation by examiners. It is suggested that medical surveillance of these workers can be limited to pre-assignment, post-accident and termination examinations. The literature is reviewed.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1977, Vol.19, No.10, p.683-688. 14 ref.

1976

CIS 77-1904 Shiney D.H., Marshall W.J., Del Valle P.F., Franks J.K., Lyon T.L., Krial N.P.
Laser Microwave Division, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010.
Laser hazard classification guide.
This guide provides a listing of all commercial lasers available in the USA, together with their technical specifications (active medium, wavelength, output, etc.) and hazard classification in 4 classes. Some 2,500 models from over 170 manufacturers and distributors are included. The hazard classification is based on a scheme which has been adopted for the proposed Federal standard concerning occupational exposure to laser radiation. The procedure followed in compiling the guide is described.
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH)76-183, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, July 1976. 206p. 4 ref.

CIS 77-1601 Kašuba V.A.
Occupational hygiene problems associated with the use of neodymium lasers in wristwatch manufacture
Voprosy gigieny truda pri ispol'zovanii neodimovyh lazerov v proizvodstve časov [in Russian]
Results of studies in 3 wristwatch factories: diffuse radiation of considerable intensity, inadequate lighting of workplaces, formation of gases and aerosols during drilling, impulse noise. A layout for laser beam boring workplaces is proposed, with improved local lighting and screens around radiation sources.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Aug. 1976, No.8, p.29-32. 9 ref.

CIS 77-1321 Semenov A.I.
Effects of laser radiation on the organism and prevention measures
Vlijanie izlučenija lazerov na organizm i mery profilaktiki [in Russian]
Laser radiation can produce local or generalised lesions in the body. The eye is the most vulnerable organ, and lesions may be caused by both direct and reflected scattered radiation. Repeated exposure to low-intensity radiation can cause pathological and functional changes of the eye as a result of accumulation. These may be more or less severe according to the intensity of the radiation and individual susceptibility. Prevention must concentrate on eye protection (protective screens around the laser beam, use of filter glasses when observing the beam, etc.).
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Aug. 1976, No.8, p.1-6. 8 ref.

CIS 77-696 Use of lasers on construction worksites
Lasergeräte auf Baustellen [in German]
Lasers are increasingly replacing optical alignment appliances on building and civil engineering worksites. The low-power continuous helium-neon lasers used do not present a burning hazard but are dangerous for the eyes. The article explains the principle of the laser and gives illustrated examples of their application. Safety rules require eye protection or marking out of the hazardous zone. It is stressed that ocular microlesions due to lasers are very difficult to detect.
Mitteilungsblatt der Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft Wuppertal, June 1976, No.2, p.52-59. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 77-686 Pletnev S.D., Abdurazokov M.Š.
Experimental design of an operating theatre equipped with lasers and personnel protection measures
Opyt organizacii lazernoj operacionnoj i meroprijatija po obespečeniju bezopasnosti personala [in Russian]
Description of measures taken in a Soviet oncological institute to protect personnel from the effects of a surgical laser, the pyrolysis products from irradiated tissues, and electric shock: wearing of filter-glass spectacles, special smocks, rubber gloves and hermetic masks; minimum of equipment in the operating theatre to reduce reflecting surfaces, general and local exhaust ventilation; earthing of the premises.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Feb. 1976, No.2, p.102-104. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 77-408 Komarova A.A., Markova T.F.
Clinical and physiological changes of the nervous system in workers using lasers
Kliniko-fiziologičeskaja harakteristika sostojanija nervnoj sistemy u lic, obsluživajuščih optičeskie kvantovye generatory [in Russian]
Results of occupational health studies in 580 research workers employing pulsed-power or continuous-power lasers of various wavelengths in the infrared, optical and ultraviolet ranges. Neurological examinations showed increased fatigue at the end of the workshift and symptoms of autonomic asthenia in 30% of them. As there were no pathological nervous or cardiovascular symptoms the disorders were attributed to neurodynamic changes of the higher autonomic centres responsible for homeostasis. These disorders arise out of a combination of harmful factors (noise, radiofrequency radiation, ozone, etc.) in which laser radiation plays an important part.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1976, p.8-12. 11 ref.

1975

CIS 77-692 Decatoire J.
Medical consequences of the industrial uses of the laser - Building trade and construction sites
Les conséquences médicales de l'application du laser dans l'industrie - Industrie du bâtiment et chantiers de travaux publics. [in French]
MD thesis. General observations on laser technology (theoretical and physical aspects, data concerning laser beams, types of laser, particularly helium-neon laser). Use of laser beams on construction sites (guide-beam alignment), biological effects of lasers on living tissue, and medical effects (with particular emphasis on eye injury). The last chapter is devoted to occupational safety and health aspects, stressing the inadequacy of the safety measures adopted up to now and proposing a programme based on medical supervision, safety engineering and safety rules, or a code of practice, incorporating the following collective measures: restriction of access to laser work areas; marking out of laser beam path; use of the international warning sign (reproduced); use of targets to visualise laser beam path in alignment operations; prevention of laser beam reflection; positioning of beam well above or below face level; explosion-proof enclosures; guarding of electric pumping system.
Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France, 1975. 82p. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 76-405 Notification No.8/1975 concerning the use of helium-neon lasers for sighting in construction work
Meddelelse nr.8/1975 om anvendelse af byggelaser (Helium-Neon-laser) som sigtemiddel ved bygge- og anlægsarbejde [in Danish]
Directives for the construction of sighting lasers and their use: maximum power (1.5mW); protection against implosion fragments; radiation shield; electrical safety; prevention of retinal damage; display of warning signs.
Directorate of Labour Inspection (Direktoratet for Arbejdstilsynet), Rosenvængets Allé 16-18, 2100 København, Denmark, 23 July 1975. 4p. Gratis.

CIS 75-1902 Sliney D.H., Vorpahl K.W., Winburn D.C.
Environmental health hazards from high powered, infrared, laser devices.
In addition to the direct beam, health hazards may arise from high-voltage electrical equipment, noise from the laser itself, and fumes, gases and vapours from laser or target material. These are all dealt with in detail, with an indication of remedial measures and selection criteria for protective and detection devices. The chief hazards of far-infrared (IR) radiation are: cataracts, flash burns of skin and cornea, and heat stress. Variations in the reflectance of the skin in the visual and near-IR spectrum are illustrated, and the part played by the size of the irradiation area pointed out. The ACGIH and ANSI IR exposure criteria for evaluation of heat stress and ocular hazards for exposure durations from 10^-8 to >10s, and near-IR laser protection standards are given. The hazards of continuously operating HF, DF, CO or CO₂ lasers are analysed: exposure durations, beam pointing (e.g. use of electrically conductive tape to limit beam path), value of filter materials for protective eyewear, relationship of eye to skin damage.
Archives of Environmental Health, Apr. 1975, Vol.30, No.4, p.174-179. Illus. 18 ref.

1974

CIS 76-1097
DIN 58215, German Standards Committee (Deutscher Normenausschuss), Berlin (Westsektoren), Sep. 1974.
Protective filter screens and goggles against laser beams
Laserschutzfilter und Laserschutzbrillen [in German]
This standard lays down safety specifications based on the 1968 Act respecting technical equipment in industry. It applies to protective filter screens against laser beams of 200-1,000nm wavelength. In view of the varied effects on the eye, the wavelength spectrum should be divided into 2 fields: 200-1,400nm and 1,400nm-1,000µm. The specifications are concerned with: spectrum transmission factor; resistance to laser beams, to ultraviolet rays and to radiant heat; properties of materials; and marking of filters and of frames for goggles.
Beuth-Vertrieb GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 4-7, 1 Berlin 30 (Westsektoren). 4p. Price: DM.7.60.

CIS 75-716 Ebbers R.W.
Retinal effects of a multiple-pulse laser.
Retinal lesions were produced in the temporal paramacular area of the eyes of 38 anaesthesised rhesus monkeys by near-infrared laser radiation from a repetitive-pulse gallium arsenide laser. Pulse repetition frequencies of 40 pulses per second (pps) and 1,000pps were used with a 30-ns pulse width at the wavelength of 905nm. Lesions could be produced only by varying the exposure duration with a fixed energy output; results were therefore expressed in terms of total exposure duration rather than energy per pulse. The median effective dose (ED₅₀) - that is, the dose that will produce retinal damage with a probability of 50% - of 0.72s obtained for the 1,000-pps exposure is significantly lower than the 22.3s for the 40-pps exposure and demonstrates a cumulative effect.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1974, Vol.35, No.5, p.252-256. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 75-101 Ballereau P.
Radiological protection against lasers
Protection radiologique contre les lasers. [in French]
A brief description of the biological effects of laser beams is followed by a review of the factors involved in eye and skin damage (factors linked with the nature of lasers and those linked with the organ affected) and a discussion of the problems involved in the determination of threshold exposure levels. Preventive measures are recommended, according to the type of laser (high-energy pulse laser, continuous laser, gas laser). No legislation on the subject exists in France or in Europe. Types of lasers marketed, threshold exposure levels for eye and skin, variations of admissible exposure levels according to wavelength, etc. are presented in tabular form. Nomogram for determination of safe distance for direct vision of a laser.
Rayonnements ionisants, Apr. 1974, Vol.4, No.2, p.83-96. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 74-1607 Cleuet A., Mayer A., Maillet H., Courrier G.
Hazards associated with the industrial use of lasers
Risques liés à l'utilisation industrielle des lasers. [in French]
A review of the operating principle and properties of laser beams is followed by an account of the hazards presented by them, particularly to the eyes. The characteristics of lasers used in industry are tabulated. Safety measures to be applied in the machining of metals, on construction sites and in other applications are discussed; their aim is chiefly to protect workers against the thermal effects of laser radiation. The characteristics of energy or power measuring apparatus as well as of several models of safety spectacles are tabulated.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 1st quarter 1974, No.74, Note No.879-74-74, p.47-49. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 74-1305 Houskova J.
Protection of the eyes against the harmful effects of laser radiation
Ochrana očí před účinky škodlivého laserového záření [in Czech]
A short introduction on the effects of laser beams on the eye is followed by a review of West German and U.S. experience with absorbant filters. The necessity of adapting filters to different types of laser is stressed (helium-neon, ruby, gallium-arsenide, neodymium), as well as the importance of the visible light transmission factor. The final section deals with protective goggles.
Bezpečná práca, 1974, Vol.5, No.1, p.28-33. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 74-1304 Use of lasers when driving galleries or tunnels, sinking shafts, etc.
Användning av bygglaser vid drivning av orter, tunnlar, schakt e.d. [in Swedish]
Rules concerning the safe use of laser alignment devices in underground work: warnings to employees; safe design and construction of laser devices (maximum permissible power; protection against flying glass particles in the event of tube breakage; electrical safety); warning notices; avoidance of reflecting surfaces; not using telescopes and laser devices simultaneously; screening; general lighting should be such that the laser beam is visible; ophthalmologic examination of exposed personnel should be performed at least once a year.
Meddelanden 1974:10, National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (Kungliga Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen), Postfack, Stockholm 34, Sweden, 29 Apr. 1974. 4p.

1973

CIS 75-1007 Sliney D.H., Dobbin R.D., Kittlestad O.H., Mabson W., Wood E.G.
A guide for control of laser hazards.
This guide is intended to identify health hazards of lasers and to contribute to the safety and health of personnel exposed to their radiations. Sections are devoted to: scope and purpose; exposure criteria; general hazard evaluation; medical surveillance; hazard controls; recognition of associated hazards; and protective eyewear. Appendices give details on threshold limit values (1973), a detailed technical hazard analysis, and a glossary of terms.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, P.O. Box 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio 45201, USA, 1973. 62p. Illus. 22 ref. Price: US-$2.75.

CIS 74-1901
Federation of Industrial Accident Mutual Insurance Associations (Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften), Bonn, Nov. 1973.
Principles applicable to preventive medical examinations - Hazards from laser beams
Berufsgenossenschaftliche Grundsätze für arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorgeuntersuchungen - Gefährdung durch Laserstrahlen [in German]
These principles apply to the medical examinations intended to prevent additional eye injury or to permit early diagnosis of eye injury due to laser beams. They cover the scope of aptitude tests and periodic medical examinations, the physical characteristics of lasers, radiation threshold limit values, operational principles and uses of lasers, laser pathology and minimum age of admission to employment.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, Dec. 1973, Vol.8, No.12, p.289-291. 4 ref.

CIS 74-1613 Levin G.
Safe working with laser guide beams
Schutzmassnahmen im Leitstrahllaser-Betrieb [in German]
After some considerations on the recommended maximum permissible value for energy density, this article indicates the technical and organisational safety measures to be taken to comply with the safety regulations for laser beams issued in the Federal Republic of Germany (see CIS 2012-1973, Bqh (610.1)). The indicative coefficient of 5x10^-6W/cm² is considered too high. The article concludes that there is no direct risk of eye damage with laser guide beams having an initial energy of 1mW and a final beam width of 20mm. Periodic medical examinations of the personnel involved are necessary in the case of lasers having a higher initial energy.
Kompass, Aug. 1973, Vol.83, No.8, p.189-192. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 74-1022 Standard for the safe use of lasers.
This standard lays down guidelines for the safe use of lasers and laser systems with output wavelengths of 0.2µ-1mm. Individual sections are devoted to: hazard evaluation and classification (the laser system itself, the environmental and the personnel exposed); safety control systems (basic provisions for main laser types, special provisions for infrared and ultraviolet systems, protective eyewear, warning signs, maintenance, etc.); a laser safety programme (organisation and implementation); medical surveillance of laser workers (procedures and frequency); special safety and health hazards (explosion hazards, optical hazards other than those of the beam, electrical hazards, safety of lasers outdoors); criteria for eye and skin exposure; measurement procedures. Appendices include: examples of classification of lasers for safety purposes; a guide for the organisation of a laser safety programme; biological effects of laser beams on eye and skin.
ANSI Z136.1-1973, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018, USA, 26 Apr. 1973. 59p. Illus. 20 ref. Price: US-$9.00.

CIS 74-717 Gibson G.L.M.
Retinal damage from repeated subthreshold exposures using a ruby laser photocoagulator.
A ruby laser photocoagulator was used to deliver single and multiple subthreshold exposures to the retinas of monkeys. Single exposure produced no microscopic changes on sacrifice at 1 to 30 days after exposure. Repetitive exposures at the same energy level invariably caused characteristic damage to the outer retinal layers. These cumulative effects are similar to and more widespread than the minimal-damage lesions produced by single suprathreshold exposures. It is concluded that each subthreshold exposure must increase the retinal susceptibility to subsequent exposure. Further experimentation is required to determine the safe interval between subthreshold exposures to avoid cumulative effects.
Aerospace Medicine, Apr. 1973, Vol.44, No.4, p.433-437. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 74-715 Ebbers R.W., Dunsky I.L.
Retinal damage thresholds for multiple pulse lasers.
A Q-switched neodymium laser, capable of being repetitively pulsed, was used to determine the retinal damage threshold on 100 rhesus monkey eyes. Irradiations were made with repetitive pulse frequencies, as well as with single pulses. The data obtained show no significant difference between the single pulse ED-50 (median effective dose) and the ED-50 for the maximum energy pulse in any of the train pulses . Thus, a cumulative effect could not be demonstrated under the conditions of this experiment. This study is of a preliminary nature, as the number of experimental variables was limited and only one wavelength (1060 nm) was investigated.
Aerospace Medicine, Mar. 1973, Vol.44, No.3, p.317-318. 10 ref.

CIS 74-714 Beatrice E.S., Frisch G.D.
Retinal laser damage thresholds as a function of image diameter.
The eyes of rhesus monkeys were exposed to argon (514.5 nm) and ruby (694.3nm) laser irradiation using various retinal image diameters which were estimated by microphotometric techniques. Extramacular retinal exposure sites were examined by ophthalmoscopic and histopathological techniques. All data were statistically analysed to establish trends, and results compared for the wavelengths employed. Results indicate that retinal damage is primarily dependent on energy distribution as a function of image diameter and exposure duration.
Archives of Environmental Health, Nov. 1973, Vol.27, No.5, p.322-326. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 74-137 Dunsky I.L., Fife W.A., Richey E.O.
Determination of revised Air Force permissible exposure levels for laser radiation.
A review of available data concerning biological eye damage caused by laser radiation has led to a reduction of the permissible exposure levels adopted in 1969 by the US Air Force. Exposure data for continuous-wave lasers and pulsed lasers are tabulated, and the corresponding ED₅₀ (effective dose) values are given. A safety factor of 10 was chosen to allow for biological variation among subjects, extrapolation from rhesus monkeys to humans, etc. Revised permissible levels are given for lasers operating in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm) and for neodymium lasers (1060 nm).
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1973, Vol.34, No.6, p.235-240. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 74-133 Mouton-Liger J.
Diseases of the eyes - Physiological and pathological influences of radiations and vibrations on the eye and visual function
Ophtalmopathies - Influences physiologiques et pathologiques des rayonnements et vibrations sur l'oeil et la fonction visuelle. [in French]
Studies briefly the traumatic effects on the eye of the principal radiations and of acoustic vibrations, indicating the most exposed occupations. Electromagnetic waves (short waves and radar), infrared, visible spectrum and ultraviolet radiations, X-rays, lasers and sound vibrations, infrasound and ultrasound are considered in turn. The shorter the wavelength, the more penetrating and harmful the wave action. Thermal waves, electrical waves and sound waves have a more marked effect on the visual function than light and ultraviolet rays, X-rays, etc., which have a greater traumatic effect locally.
Médecine et collectivité, July-Aug. 1973, No.7-8, p.7-14. Illus. 11 ref.

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