Non-ionizing radiation - 763 entries found

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1983

CIS 85-85 Safety code 25 - Short-wave diathermy guidelines for limited radiofrequency exposure
Code de sécurité 25 - diathermie à ondes courtes, directive relative à la limitation de l'exposition aux radiofréquences [in French]
Guidelines for the operation of short-wave diathermy devices in hospitals. Contents: description of the equipment used and its hazards; biological effects of RF exposure; recommended maximum exposure levels in Canada; typical RF fields generated by diathermy devices; safe use guidelines; RF radiation measurement.
Public Affairs Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Brooke Claxton Bldg., Ottawa, Ontario K1A OK9, Canada, 1983. 19p. Bibl.

CIS 84-1881 Carlsson L., Knave B., Lennerstrand G., Wibom R.
Glare with outdoor high-mast illumination - Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity effects in studies on different floodlighting systems
Bländning vid utomhus högmast-belysning - Effekter på synskärpa och kontrastkänslighet i jämförande studier över olika [in Swedish]
Glare effects on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were studied during outdoor timber yard work (sorting of logs) with two different systems of floodlighting. The binocular visual acuity of 19 volunteers was measured at 40, 55 and 80% contrast and the contrast sensitivity of 14 volunteers at spatial frequencies of 0.5 to 16 cycles/degree. One of the lighting systems used conventional floodlights with symmetrical distribution of the light over a wide area. The other system used a new type of oblique floodlight with an asymmetrical light distribution. With the light source 15° from the centre of the visual field, the visual acuity and the contrast sensitivity were consistently lower with the conventional type than with the new type of floodlight. Thus, not only is the vision of details impaired by glare but so is the contrast perception of coarse patterns. The workers scored the difference in glare between the two floodlight systems as "great" to "very great".
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 27p. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 84-1516
Health and Safety Executive
Assessment of the radio frequency ignition hazard to process plants where flammable atmospheres may occur
This note is based on a draft revision of British Standard 4992. It presents flowcharts, tables, graphs, diagrams and formulae that can be used to evaluate the ignition hazard from radiofrequency radiations (in public, amateur and CB radio broadcasting; in TV broadcasting; in radar; in tropospheric scatter) acting on explosive atmospheres. The flammable substances are divided into 3 categories, depending on their ignition thresholds (8 watts averaged over 100µs, 4 watts averaged over 100µs, and 2 watts averaged over 20µs, all for continuous-wave transmissions). On-site tests are described. Special cases (cranes, mobile and portable transmitters). Addresses of advisory bodies, most of them belonging to the operators of radio and television transmitters.
Health and Safety Executive Sales Point, St. Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY, United Kingdom, July 1983. 27p. Illus. Price: £3.00.

CIS 84-1587 Lobanova E.A., Sokolova I.P., Kicovskaja I.A., Rubcova N.B., Lebed' E.K.
Dependence of the biological effect of microwave radiation on intensity and length of exposure
Zavisimost' bioėffektov mikrovolnovogo oblučenija ot intensivnosti i dlitel'nosti vozdejstvija [in Russian]
Rats were exposed to 10-cm microwave radiation for periods of 25-240min at energy flux densities of 0.25-10mW/cm². Central nervous system and neuroendocrine activity, immunological reactivity and frequency of intrauterine death in pregnant females were determined. The comparable effects of 3 combinations of exposure time and intensity which gave doses of 240mW-min/cm² support the use of the "dose" concept in setting microwave exposure standards.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Jan. 1983, No.1, p.30-35. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 84-1396 LeVine M.J.
Occupational photosensitivity to diaminodiphenylmethane
A telephone service installer developed redness and blisters on skin exposed to the sun. Patch testing showed the reaction to be due to the title compound, a component of insulating material. This is the first report of the compound's photosensitising potential. As transfer to other work was impossible, the worker's condition was treated by shielding his skin with cloth or sun-blocking ointment.
Contact Dermatitis, Nov. 1983, Vol.9, No.6, p.488-490. 3 ref.

CIS 84-1279 Kitamaya Y., Tsukada S.
Burn injury of the hand due to high frequency press welder
A case study of a burned hand due to the action of a high-frequency press welder. This injury took a special clinical course, because it was entirely different from the ordinary burns caused by direct contact with material heated by the press. Since production of heat in material exposed to radio-frequency radiation is in inverse proportion to the dielectric constant of the material, the blood vessels of the victim's hand were damaged much more than other tissues of lower water content. Damage of the vessels caused ischaemic necrosis of the fingers. The necrosis began in this case on the 6th day after the burn, progressed gradually and was complete on the 35th day. The amputation of 2 fingers below the damaged areas was necessary.
Japanese Journal of Traumatology and Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1983, Vol.31, No.8, p.520-524. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 84-1277 Terrana T., Orsini S., Sesana G., Merluzzi F.
Occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 16 undertakings in the metalworking, wood and plastic sectors
Esposizione professionale a campi elettromagnetici a radiofrequenza in 16 aziende dei settori metalmeccanico, legno e plastica [in Italian]
Field strength measurements were made on heaters used for plastic sealing, wood glueing and metal welding and hardening. The exposure of 58 operators was compared with Russian, Polish and Canadian and US standards. Exposure to electric and magnetic fields were above the highest permissible levels in 58 and 31% of workers, respectively.
Medicina del lavoro, Sep.-Oct. 1983, Vol.74, No.5, p.394-403. 14 ref.

CIS 84-987 Djordjević Z., Kolak A., Djoković V., Ristić P., Kelećević Z.
Results of our 15-year study into the biological effects of microwave exposure
Studies are reported in 500 radar operators occupationally exposed to microwave irradiation (prospective clinical examination and follow-up) and animal experiments. Human subjects were examined yearly and compared with a control group of 350 persons. General conclusions: the effects of microwave radiation, direct or indirect, are the result of local or general hyperthermia. Prolonged exposure of experimental animals to levels >200mW/cm² caused different thermal injuries of tissues; radiation <5mW/cm² does not cause thermoregulation disorders or local thermal effects. No significant pathological changes were found in the workers occupationally exposed to low intensities of microwave radiation. The term "microwave injury" rather than "sickness" is preferred.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 1983, Vol.54, No.6, p.539-542. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 84-986 Hansson Mild K., Nilsson G., Boström R.
Comparative calibration of power density meters for radiofrequency and microwave radiation
Jämförande kalibrering av effekttäthetsmetrar för RF och mikrovågor [in Swedish]
Results of tests of 70 instruments manufactured by 3 companies. The instruments were calibrated at 27 and 2450MHz, at power densities of 10-100W/m², with a view to comparing their accuracy. There was considerable variation between the absolute values of the field power density and the values shown by the instruments. Often the error in measurement was greater than that specified by the manufacturer. The usefulness of some of the instruments was limited by excessive zero drift. These results show that one should be careful in interpreting measurements of electromagnetic field strength, and that such instruments should be calibrated regularly, and frequently.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 44p. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 84-981 Stuchly M.A., Repacholi M.H., Lecuyer D.W.
Operator exposure to radiofrequency fields near a hyperthermia device
The intensity of electric and magnetic fields was measured in the vicinity of 3 Magnetrode coils of a commercial system for cancer therapy by radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia. The Magnetrode system operates at 13.56MHz with an output power of ≤1000W. In order for operator exposure to remain below the recommendations of the Canadian safety code and ANSI, the operator must remain between 0.77 and 2.00m away from the body electrode operating at 1000W. A table provides minimum recommended distances for other operating conditions.
Health Physics, July 1983, Vol.45, No.1, p.101-107. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 84-692
(Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam)
Fabrics and materials for welders' protective clothing. Method for measuring resistance to UV-radiation
Tkani i materialy dlja specodeždy svarščikov. Metod opredelenija stojkosti k UF-izlučeniju [in Russian]
Contents of this standard, which goes into force 1 July 1984: scope; sampling methods; testing equipment; preparation of sample for testing; testing; calculating the stability index; safety in using the equipment and methods prescribed by the standard.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per. 3, 123557 Moskva, USSR, 11 Apr. 1983. 5p. Illus. Price: Rbl.0.03.

CIS 84-677 Klotzbücher E., Fichtel K., Miericke H., Hamdorf G.
The effect of two lamps with the same colour temperature, but with different spectra, on mental performance and on certain physiological functions
Über den Einfluss zweier Lampen mit gleicher Farbtemperatur, aber verschiedener spektraler Zusammensetzung auf Leistung bei geistiger Arbeit und ausgewählte physiologische Funktionen [in German]
The experiments lasted 1.5h each and involved problem solving in rooms with illuminance levels of 400lx produced either by an incandescent light source (tungsten-halogen lamp) or by a fluorescent source (metal halide lamp), both at a colour temperature of 3,200°K. There was no difference in performance between the two groups, but there was a significant increase in symptoms of physiological stress among subjects exposed to the fluorescent light source. Colour temperatures alone cannot be used as criterion for evaluating the effects of the lamps.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1983, Vol.29, No.8, p.467-472. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 84-676 Kainson I.Ja., Manujlova T.N.
Effect of glare on visual fatigue under industrial conditions
Vlijanie slepjaščego dejstvija na zritel'noe utomlenie v proizvodstvennyh uslovijah [in Russian]
Packers at the end of the presses in a newspaper plant experienced visual fatigue as a result of glare from naked lightbulbs mounted in the adjoining shipping department; even relatively undemanding visual tasks were made difficult by glare. Quantitative data on the packers' fatigue were collected: achromatic adysparopia time was measured as a function of exposure time; both total exposure time and exposure period within a shift were varied. The degree of fatigue at any exposure level was lower than the degree of fatigue reported for subjects performing demanding visual tasks. Installation of screens between the shipping and packing area was recommended.
Svetotehnika, 1982, No.9, p.7-9. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 84-686 McKinlay A.F., Harlen F.
Biological bases of the maximum permissible exposure levels of the UK Laser Standard BS 4803:1983
This document outlines the biological reasons for the latest British maximum permissible laser exposure levels. Laser-related terms are defined. The mechanism of laser damage to the eye is explained. Photochemical injury to the eye occurs in the wavelength range 400-500nm, for exposures longer than 1-10s. Thermal and thermoacoustic damage occurs with very high levels of irradiance, or if the exposure is over a considerable length of time. Eye-tissue damage due to ultraviolet radiations is explained. In addition to eye damage, laser radiations can also cause skin damage. The special problems of repetitive pulsing, photosensitivity and laser exposure of infants are discussed. Tables and graphs are appended.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QR, United Kingdom, 1983. 49p. Illus. 76 ref. Price: £5.00.

CIS 84-685 Survey of radiofrequency radiation in the plastics and furniture industries
En undersøkelse om radiofrekvent stråling i plast- og møbelindustrien [in Norwegian]
In these industries, dielectrically heated machines are used for the welding and glueing of plastic or wooden elements. The users of these machines can be exposed to high levels of radiofrequency radiation. This report reproduces the results of tests on 89 machines installed in 20 Norwegian enterprises, establishing the strengths of electric and magnetic fields created around the machines. The results are compared with the radiation protection standards under development in Norway. The radiation level around some of the machines resulted in exposures of workers to fields with equivalent energy densities of over 250W/m² (averaged over 1s) and 10W/m² (averaged over 1h). Protective screens and exposure limits are presented.
Statens institutt for strålehygiene, Østerndalen 25, 1345 Østerås, Norway, 1983. 40p. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 84-684 Brusl H.
Safety problems associated with UV radiation
Die sicherheitstechnische Problematik der UV-Strahlung [in German]
Classification, origin and effects (especially on man) of UV radiation. UV radiation produces skin disorders and ocular lesions. Recommendations for an exposure limit based on exposure time and the intensity of the radiation at biologically active wavelengths are reviewed. A formula for the calculation of maximal exposure time is presented. Methods of measuring UV radiation are reviewed and practical applications of UV are described (microbicidal lamps in hospitals and in the food industry, photochemical processes in the plastics and printing industries). Measurements taken in plants and hospitals are reproduced. They show that the use of open sources entails high exposure. In these cases, restriction of access or installation of protective screens is mandatory.
Sichere Arbeit, 1983, Vol.36, No.3, p.5-9. Illus.

CIS 84-672 Isensee S.H., Bennett C.A.
The perception of flicker and glare on computer CRT displays
21 volunteers rated their discomfort due to direct glare, reflected glare and flicker under various conditions of ambient illuminance, video screen luminance, and video polarity. The viewing angle at which flicker was first noted was measured. Video luminance had the greatest impact on comfort: low to moderate levels of ambient illuminance minimise discomfort. Methods of reducing luminance without decreasing the legibility of the display are discussed.
Human Factors, Apr. 1983, Vol.25, No.2, p.177-184. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 84-392 Rockwell R.J., Moss C.E.
Optical radiation hazards of laser welding processes - Part 1: Neodymium-YAG laser
Radiant energy measurements are reported for both the scattered laser radiation and the resultant optical radiation created by the laser beam's interaction with the metal (plume radiation) produced during typical unenclosed Class IV neodymium-YAG laser welding processes. The highest spectral irradiance value recorded with a spectroradiometer was 0.11µW/cm² at 350nm. The total average irradiance in the blue light region (400-500nm) was 3x10^-6 W/cm², slightly above the ANSI limit. There appears to be no major concern for lasers operating at power levels <300W. The use of appropriate protective eyewear (optical density of 6 at 1.06µm laser wavelength and optical density of 1 in the blue light region) should eliminate all possibility of eye lesions.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1983, Vol.44, No.8, p.572-579. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 84-534 Faggetter A.K., Freeman V.E., Hosein H.R.
Novel engineering methods for ozone reduction in gas metal arc welding of aluminum
Ozone and nitrogen dioxide are produced by the ultraviolet radiation emitted during this type of welding operation. Two types of control systems were used: (1) Suppression of the UV radiation (and thus of ozone production) at the source by attaching a stainless steel mesh shroud to the welding torch. (2) Use of a portable, vented transparent plastic hood for jobs where the shroud cannot be used and where nearby workers must be protected.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1983, Vol.44, No.5, p.316-320. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 84-390 Fluorescent lamps and health
Lampes fluorescentes et santé [in French]
Review of possible ill effects of fluorescent lighting and a possible causal relation between this type of lighting and skin cancer. A review of the literature and a critical analysis of a recent publication linking melanoma with fluorescent lighting in workplaces in Australia refutes the proposed linkage. The Working Group on Ultraviolet of the Industrial Hygiene section of the High Council for Public Health (Conseil supérieur d'hygiène publique) of France has accepted the equation of minimal erythemal dose (MED) with minimal melanogenic dose (MMD); this equation is based on recent research. Only ultraviolet light in the B and C regions of the spectrum is carcinogenic; A-region ultraviolet is not. Fluorescent lamps emit only ultraviolet A, and at low levels which may actually be beneficial.
Centre d'information de l'éclairage, 52, boulevard Malesherbes, 75008 Paris, France, Jan. 1983, Hors Série No.8, 4p. 18 ref.

CIS 84-552 Manfredi P.R.
Classical and contemporary aspects of glassblowers cataract. Their implications for occupational medicine
Aspects classiques et actuels de la cataracte des verriers. Leur abord en médecine du travail [in French]
A discussion of previous studies, of statistics and of the essential characteristics of the title syndrome, which is caused by short-wavelength infrared radiation emitted by incandescent glass or metal. This study focusses on technical and medical preventive measures, and on problems of compensation, which have recently been solved in France by the publication of Table 71 (thermal cataracts) of the general schedule of occupational diseases. Although this affliction has become rare among glassblowers, there is a threat of its reappearance in connection with such new techniques as the infrared drying of automobile finishes. ISO and AFNOR standards for eye protection against infrared radiation are appended to the thesis.
Université Paris VII, Faculté de médecine Lariboisière Saint-Louis, Paris, France, 1983. 118p. 65 ref.

CIS 84-388 Eriksson A., Mild K.H.
Radiofrequency electromagnetic leakage fields from plastics welding machines - Measurements and control measures
Radiofrekventa elektromagnetiska fält från plastsvetsmaskiner - Mätningar och reduceringsåtgärder [in Swedish]
The strength and extent of the radiofrequency (RF) leakage field under various service conditions and methods of reducing it were studied: electric (E) and magnetic (H) field strengths as a function of distance from the electrode and as a function of load/tuning, time dependence of E² for various combinations of tuning and welding times, isopower density curves for S_E and S_H = 250W/m² using different types of RF emission control devices, RF voltage between the electrode and welding table, and RF tension on the machine casing. Reduction of the RF effect and increased welding time can reduce the field strength at the operator's workplace to below the present ceiling value. Machines should be equipped with an earthing bar where possible.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1983. 56p. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 84-88 Pleven C., Dossier E., Court, Miro L., Philbert M.
Clinical signs of eye injuries caused by lasers in research laboratories
Signes cliniques des accidents oculaires dus aux lasers dans les laboratoires de recherche [in French]
4 serious accidents are described: technical circumstances, analysis of injuries, reduction in visual acuity. The problem of wearing hard contact lenses is examined. Experiments have shown that contact lenses touched by an infrared laser beam melt immediately, thus adding a thermal burn to the damage caused by the conjunctival burn. Technical and medical preventive measures are listed. Spanish translation published in "Notas y documentos sobre prevención de riesgos profesionales", 148, 4° trimestre 1984, p.39-42. English translation available from Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1983, Vol.44, No.2, p.119-122.

CIS 84-87 Investigation of radiation emissions from video display terminals
Etude sur les rayonnements émis par les terminaux à écran cathodique [in French]
The studies summarised were carried out between 1975 and 1983. Description of VDT's and their potential sources of radiation; review of studies conducted inside and outside Canada; responsibilities of the Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare (occupational health and safety regulations); results of the Canadian Radiation Protection Bureau Study (ionising and non-ionising radiation measurements). The radiation levels detected by all the surveys are too low to present a significant biological risk.
Public Affairs Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Brooke Claxton Bldg., Ottawa K1A OK9, Ontario, Canada, 1983. 43p. Bibl.

CIS 84-85 Rambeau D.
Laser users, protect your eyes
Laséristes, protégez vos yeux [in French]
Description of the hazards encountered while using lasers, and of preventive measures. Different types of lasers and their applications are dealt with: hazard evaluation; exposure limits. French regulations and standards; warning signs; collective protection; choice of protective glasses.
Revue de la sécurité, Sep. 1983, Vol.19, No.204, p.31-35. Illus.

CIS 83-1905 Stuchly M.A., Repacholi M.H., Lecuyer D.W., Mann R.D.
Radiofrequency emissions from video display terminals
Measurements of radiofrequency emissions (RF) in the frequency range of 10-200kHz were carried out on 86 VDTs of different model and brand. Measurements were taken 30cm from the screen (front centre, equivalent to an operator's working position), at the screen and at the top, sides and back of each unit. A total of 15 models (26%) showed strong but highly localised fields. For 3 models, the maximum field intensity was at the screen but dropped to <70V/m at 10cm from the screen. The data are also used to estimate the interactions of RF emissions from VDTs with biological bodies.
Health Physics, Sep. 1983, Vol.45, No.3, p.772-775. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 83-1904 Stuchly M.A., Lecuyer D.W., Mann R.D.
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic emissions from video display terminals and other devices
The frequency spectrum and the magnetic field intensity were measured in the range of 5-500Hz. The magnetic field density at extremely low frequency (ELF) is given in A/m for several VDTs, for locations such as fluorescent lights in offices and laboratories, and for devices such as typewriters, electric kettles, transformers, etc. Biological effects of ELF magnetic fields are described in a separate table. The only significant emission occurs at the power frequency of 60Hz and its harmonics. ELF emissions from VDTs are at least 1000 times less than the magnetic flux densities that were shown to cause potentially hazardous biological effects.
Health Physics, Sep. 1983, Vol.45, No.3, p.713-722. Illus. 39 ref.

CIS 83-1900 Birngruber R., Gabel V.P., Hillenkamp F.
Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury
Damage tests were conducted on rabbit and monkey eyes and threshold values were determined for the retinal hazard range of wave lengths of 400-1,200nm; several types of lasers normally used in medicine, industry and research were tested at different energies and exposure durations. The reproduction of the "worst-case" exposure situation was ensured by the test apparatus, and threshold value determinations were based on the ophthalmoscopic visibility of retinal lesions. The experimental results supported the current laser safety limits (ANSI, ACGIH, IEC) but indicated that more work is required for a better understanding of the implications of delayed effects. Mathematical thermal modelling would allow a better confirmation that the damage is thermal or thermochemical.
Health Physics, May 1983, Vol.44, No.5, p.519-531. Illus. 46 ref.

CIS 83-1892 Allen S.G., Harlen F.
Sources of exposure to radiofrequency and microwave radiations in the UK
A survey of sources of radiofrequency and microwave fields in the United Kingdom to which workers and the public are exposed. The information is presented in the context of the existing guidelines for the restriction of exposure to such fields and of proposed new guidelines based on restricting the rate of energy absorption averaged over the human body to 0.4W/kg or, at frequencies below 3MHz, limiting field strengths to 600V/m. Unless account is taken of time-averaging relaxations and possible modifying factors relating to energy absorption arising under near-field and partial body exposure conditions, there may be difficulties in applying the proposed guidelines to the use of radio frequencies for industrial heating purposes and to some portable and mobile transmitters used for communications.
H.M. Stationery Office, PO Box 569, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, 1983. 60p. Illus. 27 ref. Price: £3.00.

CIS 83-1597 Joly R.
Problems presented to occupational physicians by the use of laser beams
Problèmes posés aux médecins du travail par l'utilisation des faisceaux laser [in French]
Contents: review of basic scientific facts; characteristics of present-day lasers (classification according to the nature of the active medium and its mode of excitation, mode of operation and power, emission wavelength); uses of lasers; undesirable effects and hazards (especially eye hazards); hazard prevention, limitation of use, protection of personnel. Among the conclusions: the injuries observed are exceptionally severe at the back of the eye, the golden rule of safety being to avoid any axial incidence; prevention is not the duty of the occupational physician alone, as the physicians' effectiveness depends on the body of reliable data provided by qualified technicians; prevention is a 3-step operation: technicians inform the physician (identification of hazard), the physician informs all interested parties, and means of protection (preferably collective rather than individual) appropriate to the hazard are introduced. Tables: apparatus for measurement of the energy and power of lasers; permissible values at the level of the cornea for direct exposure to lasers; characteristics of some protective spectacles.
Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle, 1st quarter 1983, Vol.23, No.89, p.5-26. 20 ref.

CIS 83-1285 Fischer D.
Contrast rendition in offices
Rendu des contrastes dans les bureaux [in French]
Review of the main factors for consideration in drafting new national and international recommendations on light contrast in visual tasks. Methods and criteria for the quantitative assessment of visual comfort (veiling reflections, contrast rendition factor, equivalent sphere illumination, observation directions, calculation points, reflection reference) are presented together with means of improving office lighting: recommended contrast rendition factor values, covering the work area, solutions for obtaining a high contrast rendition factor and combating glare.
Revue internationale de l'éclairage, 1983, Vol.34, No.1, p.9-13. Illus.

CIS 83-991
National Technical Committee for the Metal Trades, French National Health Insurance Fund (Comité technique national des industries de la métallurgie, Caisse nationale de l'assurance-maladie)
Machines using heating by dielectric loss or induction at radio frequencies
Machines utilisant le chauffage par pertes diélectriques ou induction dans le domaine des radiofréquences [in French]
Recommendations adopted 2 Dec. 1982. They are intended to counter hazards by: the set-up of radiofrequency machines and associated safety devices and checking in the course of routine maintenance. Specific measures are given in commentaries. They bear on the basic operating cycle of radiofrequency machines, mobile screens, two-hand control, inadvertent start-up, and periodic checking.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd quarter 1983, No.111, Note No.1432-11-83 (Recommendation No.218), p.275-278.

CIS 83-982 Sliney D.H.
Biohazards of ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation
Following a review of the radiometric terms and units used to express human exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation, an examination is made of the precise exposure conditions, wavelengths and irradiation levels required to injure the cornea, lens and retina. The biohazard of ultraviolet light depends on wavelength: light in the narrow waveband near 300nm has produced lenticular opacities in laboratory animals; wavelengths between 400 and 1400nm may reach the retina and cause retinal "burn"; short wavelength (blue-violet) light can cause retinal photochemical burn; longer wavelengths and short pulses of light appear to be capable of injuring the retina by a thermal damage mechanism.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1983, Vol.25, No.3, p.203-206. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 83-691 Nonionizing radiations - Current issues and controversies: A minisymposium
Proceedings of a minisymposium on nonionising radiations held as part of the Joint Conference on Occupational Health, Nashville, USA, Oct. 1981. The texts of 4 papers read at the minisymposium are reproduced. They cover: a study of video display terminal workers; the video display terminals - is there a radiation hazard? (levels and effects of electromagnetic emissions); ocular hazards of light sources: review of current knowledge (retinal damage due to exposure to blue light and near ultraviolet light); bioeffects of microwaves - a review of current knowledge (fundamental properties of microwave energy, tissue interaction mechanisms and bioeffects). A summary of the points of view expressed at the panel discussion following presentation of the papers is given.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Feb. 1983, Vol.25, No.2, p.95-111. Illus. 61 ref.

1982

CIS 92-682 Office lighting
This American national standard on office lighting is a revision of ANSI A132.1-1973. Contents: office tasks and visibility; lighting design processes; lighting criteria for visual performance and comfort; luminous environmental factors; the lighting system; lighting of specific areas; energy management, emergency lighting; safety; end user responsibility and maintenance. Appendices include: a method for prescribing illumination; measurements and instruments used in the lighting survey; characteristics of light sources use in office lighting; cost-benefit analysis; glossary.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA, 1982. 44p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index.

CIS 88-517 Guidelines for the use of ultra-violet, inks, varnishes and lacquers
These guidelines are intended to eliminate hazards during ultraviolet drying of printing materials. Covered are: ultraviolet radiation scatter; ozone; electrical safety; hazards of ink, lacquer or varnish; washing facilities and solvents; housekeeping. A list of chemicals which should not be used in ink formulations is given.
Society of Graphical and Allied Trades, 274-288 London Road, Hadleigh, Essex SS7 2DE, United Kingdom, Jan. 1982. 3p.

CIS 86-996 Suess M.J.
Nonionizing radiation protection
La protection contre les rayonnements non ionisants [in French]
This publication was issued as part of a programme for limiting the risks of exposure to non-ionising radiation in the environment. Although public health issues are emphasised, occupational health is not ignored. Contents: ultraviolet and visible light; laser rays; infrared, microwave and radiofrequency radiation; electromagnetic fields (in particular, those due to AC current at frequencies of 50 and 60Hz; ultrasound; bases for the elaboration of regulations, and for their enforcement. Each chapter examines the characteristics of the radiation studied, its health effects in man, exposure risks and protective methods.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, 2100 København Ø, Denmark, 1982. 267p. Illus. Bibl. Price: SF.29.00.

CIS 85-1001 Eisener B.L., O'Grady D.E.
Transport Canada
Telecommunications - Report surveys of RF electromagnetic field intensities near various transmitting systems maintained by T&E (air)
Télécommunications - Rapport contrôle des intensités de champ électromagnétique RF à proximité de divers systèmes émetteurs entretenus par T&E air) [in French]
Radiation surveys performed around telecommunication and airport radar systems maintained by the Canadian ministry of transport revealed that radiofrequency (RF) fields measured around the various equipment were below recommended exposure limits. However, exposure limits were exceeded in very close proximity of radiating antennae and in the vicinity of the power amplifier and RF modulator chassis of the older tube type VORs.
Environment Canada, Distribution Centre, 151 Jean Proulx Street, Hull, Québec K1A 1C7, Canada. 1982. 28p. Appendices. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 84-1893
Health and Safety Executive
Commercial ultra-violet tanning equipment
This guidance note covers: safe construction of equipment (mechanical and electrical safety; protection of lamps); information to be supplied with the equipment; installation; maintenance; staff training; limitations of staff exposure; legal requirements. The appendix includes information on physical properties and biological effects of ultraviolet radiation; TLVs for occupational exposure as a function of time (effective irradiance ranging from 0.1µW/cm² for 8h to 30.000µW/cm² for 0.1s).
Health and Safety Executive Sales Point, St Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY, United Kingdom, Dec. 1982. 10p. Illus. 7 ref. Price: £1.50.

CIS 84-1795 Steneck N.H.
Risk/benefit analysis: the microwave case
The biological effects and health hazards of exposure to microwave radiation are analysed in relation to the benefits of the technology in order to provide a basis for setting safety standards. Topics covered: definitions (variables, present and future benefits of applications, occupational safety and health practices in the USSR and Eastern Europe, opinions on costs, benefits and risks, perceived versus real risks); options and considerations for policymaking (approaches to risk assessment, consequences of application in the military field, the policymaking environment, terminology and values, standards and their implementation); scientific considerations (laboratory and courtroom).
San Francisco Press, Inc., Box 6800, San Francisco, CA 94101-6800, USA, 1982. 231p. Illus. 165 ref. Price: US$15.00.

CIS 84-693
(Deutsche Elektrotechnische Kommission im DIN und VDE)
Hazards due to electromagnetic fields - Methods of measurement and calculation
Gefährdung durch elektromagnetische Felder - Mess- und Berechnungsverfahren [in German]
This DIN standard, also approved as a VDE rule, specifies the methods of measurement and calculation for evaluating the potential hazard associated with electromagnetic fields of frequency 10kHz-3000GHz. Definitions of technical terms. Description of methods for measuring electric and magnetic field strength, flux density, electric voltage and current, and available power. Calculation of parameters. (English translation may be obtained from: Health and Safety Executive, Translation Services, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, United Kingdom).
Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 4-10, D-1000 Berlin 30, Feb. 1982. 16p. Illus. Price: DM.16.80.

CIS 84-380 Tereškevič S.G.
Determining the glare from luminous ceilings in industrial locations
Opredelenie slepjaščego dejstvija svetovyh potolkov v proizvodstvennyh pomeščenijah [in Russian]
A method is given for estimating the glare of luminous ceilings. Tables give the maximum allowable luminous emittance of uniform-diffuse ceilings for given levels of luminance of working surfaces. Allowable luminous emittances for other luminance levels and for louvered ceilings can be calculated with the equations and coefficients given.
Svetotehnika, 1982, No.8, p.13-16. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 84-378 Godin A.M.
Necessary improvements in the lighting conditions in transportation facilities
O neobhodimosti ulučšenija svetovoj sredy transportnyh predprijatij [in Russian]
A survey of 100 railway sheds and shops showed that the lighting in over half of them was inadequate for safe and healthy work. A major factor contributing to this inadequacy was shading of the work area by rolling stock. It is proposed that the formulae used to calculate window and skylight area for such buildings (Construction Standards and Rules II-4-79, Annex 5) be modified to include correction factors taking account of the presence of rolling stock. Modified formulae are given.
Svetotehnika, 1982, No.7, p.21-23. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 84-241 Gvozdenko L.A., Kuzina A.S.
Study of the health effects of the welding arc under present industrial conditions
Gigieničeskaja ocenka izlučenija svaročnoj dugi v uslovijah sovremennogo proizvodstva [in Russian]
The UV and IR components of welding arc emissions were measured and their dependence on the welding current, presence of shielding gases and composition of the metals being welded was determined. Maximum infrared emissions (3500W/m²) were 100-fold greater than ultraviolet emissions. Time studies have shown that welders can be exposed to arc radiation for as much as half of a shift, although the arc may be active for only a few seconds at a time. Although protective clothing blocks shorter-wavelength light, the absorbed energy can be reradiated at infrared wavelengths, which makes the clothing a secondary radiation source. The effects of heat build-up can be minimised by using screens as the primary means of blocking radiation from the arc, and by limiting periods of continuous exposure. Not only welders, but all persons in the vicinity of a welding arc must make use of protective equipment.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, May 1982, No.5, p.31-34. 6 ref.

CIS 84-77 Kamenkovič V.M.
Effect of background illumination on the recognition of objects
Vlijanie fonovoj osveščennosti na opoznavanie zritel'nyh obrazov [in Russian]
Geometric figures were presented to volunteers as bright shapes on a darker screen. The brightness of the darker background was varied from 0 to 0.53candle/m² (that is, over the range of scotopic and mesopic vision), and the time required for recognition of a shape was measured. Recognition time for shapes with a brightness of 0.041candle/m² was minimal at background brightnesses of 0.0028-0.044candle/m², a twilight level of illumination. Quantitative differences between individuals were observed. Recognition of shapes was faster when they were presented to the peripheral field of vision (12° from the fixation point) than when they were presented centrally. An important observation for workers operating equipment under low-light conditions was that recognition times decreased with training.
Svetotehnika, Apr. 1982, No.4, p.14-17. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 84-76 Skobareva Z.A., Tekševa L.M.
Assessment of the health effects of pulsation of the light in mixed lighting systems
Gigieničeskaja ocenka pul'sacii osveščennosti v uslovijah sovmeščennogo osveščenija [in Russian]
Volunteers conducted a quantitative analytical task under 3 different lighting regimes: fluorescent lighting powered with alternating current at normal mains frequency (100Hz), fluorescent lighting powered by a high-frequency source (4kHz) and a mixture of natural light with normal-frequency fluorescent light. Visual fatigue was least with the high-frequency illumination and worst with the normal-frequency illumination; mixed lighting gave intermediate values of the performance criteria measured. Thus, the 100-Hz flicker of normal fluorescent lights has definitely deleterious effects. These effects are best obviated by changing the power supply (revision of lighting codes may be required), but they can be counteracted to some extent by including natural light in the illumination of the workplace.
Svetotehnika, Apr. 1982, No.4, p.10-13. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 83-1587 Konarski S., Gadomska H.
The relation between visual performance and type of lighting in industrial sewing machine locations
Zależność wydolności wzrokowej przy obsłudze maszyn szwalniczych od rodzaju ich oświetlenia [in Polish]
Results of tests on 18 students aged 20-24 years, conducted for the purpose of determining the optimum level of lighting in industrial stitching shops. The tests were carried out under differing lighting conditions (general lighting and combined general and local lighting), with the equipment and test specially designed to simulate machine sewing, Landolt ring tests having been judged inappropriate. Combined lighting is best for the purpose, and the optimal lighting level is 600lx, with general and local lighting making an equal contribution.
Prace Centralnego instytutu ochrony pracy, 1982, Vol.32, No.115, p.299-309. 27 ref.

CIS 83-1585 Shahnavaz H.
Lighting conditions and workplace dimensions of VDU-operators
Lighting conditions were evaluated at ergonomically-designed visual display unit workstations in use during day and night shifts by 26 female and 2 male operators at a telephone information centre. The operators preferred much lower luminance and workplace illuminance than previously reported in the literature. Large interindividual differences in screen and workplace lighting adjustment were found.
Ergonomics, Dec. 1982, Vol.25, No.12, p.1165-1173. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 83-1595 Lasers and optical radiation
The potential hazards, adverse health effects, standards and methods of control of ultraviolet and infrared radiation, visible light and laser radiation in the 100nm-1mm wavelengths are reviewed. Chapters cover: definitions; sources; lasers; radiometric and photometric concepts and measurement; biological effects; effects on the eye and the skin; safety standards; exposure limits; risk evaluation; accidents and injuries; control; lamp sources and projection systems; safety guidelines for high-intensity sources; welding arcs; eye and skin protection; medical surveillance; training.
World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1982, 154p. Illus. 168 ref. Price: SF.18.00.

CIS 83-1283 Krochmann J.
Apparatus for measuring the daylight factor
Gerät zur Messung des Tageslichtquotienten [in German]
Measurement of daylight is important for evaluation of the lighting conditions in workplaces and for studies of ways to save energy. After a review of theoretical considerations, principles of measurement and characteristics of existing measuring devices, this report presents a new type of apparatus with 2 photometric sensors and describes its application. Schematic diagrams of the various types of apparatus are appended.
Bundesinstitut für Arbeitsschutz und Unfallforschung, Postfach 170202, 4600 Dortmund 17, Federal Republic of Germany, 1982. 45p. Illus. 26 ref. Price: DM.10.50.

CIS 83-990 Proposals for the health protection of workers and members of the public against the dangers of extra low frequency, radiofrequency and microwave radiations: A consultative document
Discussion of these radiations, and of international, American and British standards is followed by the Board's proposals: proposed limits for continuous exposure of adult populations to radiofrequency and microwave radiations; proposed limits for the general population.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, United Kingdom, Dec. 1982. 15p. Illus. Price: £2.00.

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