Non-ionizing radiation - 763 entries found

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1985

CIS 86-979 Sosnova T.L., Loseva E.I., Frid Ju.V., Taldykina I.V., Zorina E.V.
Hygienic characteristics of dynamic illumination in workshops without windows
Gigieničeskaja harakteristika dinamičeskogo osveščenija v bezokonnyh pomeščenijah [in Russian]
Operators engaged in visual work in railroad workshops without windows were exposed to varied illumination systems - static illumination, where illumination level was invariable during 8-hour working shifts, and 2 types of dynamic illumination. The 1st type provided increasing illumination levels within the last hours of the working shift and the 2nd type provided increasing illumination level within the middle hours of the working day and decreasing illumination level toward the end of the shift. Examination of visual functions of operators showed earlier visual function disorders and a pronounced decrease of visual capacity when operators worked under static illumination. Of the 2 types of dynamic illumination, the 1st type was recommended as the more effective system.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Jan. 1985, No.1, p.28-30. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 86-673 Jauchem J.R., Frei M.R., Heinmets F.
Effects of psychotropic drugs on thermal responses to radiofrequency radiation
Rats were exposed to very high levels of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) (frequency: 2.8GHz, power: 60mW/cm²), resulting in an increase in their colonic temperature from 38.5°C to 39.5°C. The effects of various pharmaceutical agents (chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, and haloperidol) and of saline on this temperature rise were investigated. Only the administration of chlorpromazine (at 5mg/kg body weight) resulted in a slower rate of temperature rise and a quicker return to baseline temperature after cessation of exposure - the other two drugs and saline had no significant effect on thermal responses. There was also a more rhythmic pattern of respiration after chlorpromazine administration. The results indicate that this drug may counteract hyperthermia during exposure to high levels of RFR.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 1985, Vol.56, No.12, p.1183-1188. Illus. 42 ref.

CIS 86-667 Ameille J., Bogliolo J.L., Gadenne B., Anton-Durand J., Proteau J.
Contribution to the study of non-thermal effects of radar waves
Contribution à l'étude des effets non thermiques des ondes radar [in French]
This article reviews the contradictory evidence relating to non-thermal effects of exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic radiation used in radar detection. According to research in the USSR, prolonged exposure to low-density, medium-power fields (<10mW/cm²) can result in a "hyperfrequency disease": neurovegetative dystonia with various symptoms, sometimes resulting in inability to continue work. These results were not confirmed by studies in Western Europe and the USA, which showed that reported health problems lacked specificity, were purely subjective and were therefore not verifiable. A study in France, the results of which are reported in this article, was conducted to locate symptoms consistent with "hyperfrequency disease". No evidence was found for the existence of this disease.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1985, Vol.46, No.4, p.273-274.

CIS 86-556 Develay P., Delrieu J., T'Kint de Roodenbeke
Glass blowers in scientific laboratories. Occupational hazards
Les verriers de laboratoires scientifiques. Risques professionnels [in French]
Description of glass technology (materials and equipment) and analysis of the principal occupational dangers: predictable risks (heat, non-ionising radiations - risks of eye and skin injury); unexpected risks, connected with noise and dust (asbestos, silica, emery); infrequent risks, such as poisoning by harmful vapours. Summary of occupational accidents and diseases in this field. Suggestions for preventive measures.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1985, Vol.46, No.1, p.37-43. 14 ref.

CIS 86-201 O'Neill D.H., Whyte R.T.
The danger of wearing impermeable clothing while spraying
Description of an experiment involving 2 subjects wearing chemical-barrier impermeable clothing while driving a tractor during crop spraying operations in the summer. Because the clothing also prevents the evaporation of sweat, the 2 men experienced serious discomfort, and one of them developed dangerously high body temperature (above 39°C). It is suggested that when spraying operations are done directly in the sun, other kinds of protective clothing (such as a cotton boiler suit) should be worn.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, Feb. 1985, Vol.35, No.1, p.10-13. Illus.

CIS 86-69 Izmerov N.F.
Current problems of nonionizing radiation
Lecture given at the XXI International Congress on Occupational Health in Dublin, Ireland, 9-14 Sep. 1984. Aspects covered: problems related to electromagnetic radiation; physical characteristics; rating of the harmfulness of radiofrequency radiation; biological effects of infrared, ultraviolet and laser radiation; rating the harmfulness of laser radiation. Exposure limits are given in table from for several countries.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 1985, Vol.11, No.3, special issue, p.223-227.

CIS 85-1369 Phytophotodermatitis among grocery workers
14 out of 52 employees at a supermarket developed rashes in the upper extremities, with residual blistering or hyperpigmentation. There was a positive correlation between these symptoms and current exposure to fresh vegetables and flowers at work, and to ultraviolet light in a tanning salon. A multiplicative interaction between these factors is suggested in the aetiology of these cases.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 8 Feb. 1985, Vol.235, No.6, p.753. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 85-989 Eriksen P.
Time resolved optical spectra from MIG welding arc ignitions
Optical radiation from welding arc ignitions has been measured with a rapid scan spectrometer. The measurements show a substantial overshoot of UV radiation during the ignition phase of a 200A aluminium arc. Calculations based on ACGIH guidelines show that, for a welding current of 300A, the unprotected eye at a distance of 0.5m may suffer a "flash" from exposure to the radiation of only one ignition. The importance of eye protection during arc welding is emphasized.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar. 1985, Vol.46, No.3, p.101-104. 11 ref.

CIS 85-390 Jammet H.
Occupational hazards from non-ionising electromagnetic radiation
A survey of the occupational hazards of exposure to non-ionising electromagnetic radiation (wavelengths from 100nm to 3km). Each chapter covers a different radiation range and covers its physical characteristics, occupational sources, biological effects, instrumentation and measurement, protection measures, exposure limits and monitoring. Radiation types covered: microwave and radiofrequency radiation (sources: communications and broadcasting, microwave ovens, dielectric heaters, CRTs, welding, diathermy); power frequencies and extremely low frequencies (sources: electric appliances, high-voltage transmission lines); ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation (sources: arc lighting, light emitted by heated substances, lasers, to which a separate chapter is devoted, and natural sources).
International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 1985. 133p. Illus. Bibl. Price: SF.17.50.

1984

CIS 87-667 Guy A.W.
Health hazards assessment of radio frequency electromagnetic fields emitted by video display terminals
This report reviews and summarises the findings of the literature, assesses the validity of the data, and analyses the possibilities of biological effects due to non-ionising radiation from VDTs. Discussed are: characterisation of the VDT operator environment; current safety standards; dosimetry and quantitative methods of exposure evaluation; reports associating VDTs and health problems; reported biological effects; mechanisms and thresholds for the interaction of non-ionising radiation energy and biological systems energy; conclusions and recommendations.
IBM Office of the Director of Health and Safety, Corporate Headquarters, Old Orchard Road, Armonk, N.Y. 10304, USA, 2 Dec. 1984. 172p. Illus. 68 ref. Appendices.

CIS 86-669 Davydov B.I., Tihončuk V.S., Antipov V.V.
Biological action of, standardisation of and protection from electromagnetic radiation
Biologičeskoe dejstvie, normirovanie i zaščita ot ėlektromagnitnyh izlučenij [in Russian]
Contents of this manual for engineers, technicians, radiobiologists and industrial hygienists: physics of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with biological materials; dosimetry; biological effects of EMR; lethality as a phenomenological criterion for the experimental evaluation of the biological action of EMR; combined action of ionising and non-ionising radiation; non-thermal effects, thermal stress, modelling; standardisation of EMR (principles of standardisation, doses, criteria, risk factors as criteria for standardisation, assessment of thresholds of biological action); radiation safety and human contact with sources of non-ionising radiation.
Ėnergoatomizdat, šljuzovaja nab.10, 113114 Moskva M-114, USSR, 1984. 176p. Illus. 159 ref. Price: Rbl.0.75.

CIS 86-653 Loseva E.I., Solomatina N.M., Sosnova T.L., Tihonov A.I., Frid Ju.V.
Bases for the lighting level in underground railways
Obosnovanie urovnej osveščennosti dlja metropolitena [in Russian]
Light levels were measured in the driver's (motorman's) cab of trains of the Moscow (USSR) metro and in the tunnels and stations. The visual acuity of drivers, corrected for preadaptation and stray-light conditions, was tested in the laboratory. The results support the following recommendations: to reduce the demands of periodic readaptation, headlights should illuminate the walls of the tunnel as well as the roadbed; the walls should be light-coloured (reflectance ≃ 0.3); the brightness of the surfaces in the driver's field of view should not exceed 1500cd/m²; station lights should have diffusers, and the upper third of the cab windows should be covered with a neutral light filter; the 100m of tunnel before a station or yard should be painted a light colour and illuminated to a brightness of 1000-1500cd/m².
Svetotehnika, 1984, No.11, p.9-10.

CIS 86-374 Nesterova M.L., Častuhina T.N., Jakovlev F.A.
Calculating the distribution of brightness on the surface of shiny fibres
Rasčet raspredelenija jarkosti po poverhnosti blestjaščih nitej [in Russian]
A visual task frequently encountered in the textile industry is the discrimination of fibres against a background of the same fibres; this is especially difficult when the fibres are shiny. To provide an objective basis for optimising the lighting of workplaces in which such visual tasks must be carried out, equations were developed to characterise the relative brightness and reflectance of fibres under various conditions of illumination and observation. Grapha representing several of these equations are presented.
Svetotehnika, 1984, No.10, p.6-8. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 86-372 Dvořák J., Švábová K., Málek B.
Effect of the electric arc on the front of the eye during welding
Vliv elektrického oblouku na přední segment oka při sváření [in Czech]
A group of 58 welders was examined for possible chronic or permanent eye lesions due to the electric arc. No signs of permanent damage to the conjunctiva, cornea or lens caused by ultraviolet radiation were present.
Pracovní lékařství, 1984, Vol.36, No.4, p.137-138. 8 ref.

CIS 86-381
(Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam)
Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields - Permissible exposure levels and requirements for monitoring
Ėlektromagnitnye polja radiočastot - Dopustimye urovni na rabočih mestah i trebovanija k provedeniju kontrolja [in Russian]
This standard (effective 1 Jan. 1985) lays down permissible exposure levels for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the range from 60kHz to 300GHz at workplaces of operators servicing electromagnetic field sources, as well as requirements to be met by procedures for monitoring radiofrequency radiation. A list of information that should be included in an official report of the results of monitoring is appended.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per.3, 123840 Moskva, USSR, 1984. 6p. Price: Rbl.0.03.

CIS 86-77 Schreiber P., Ott G.
Protection against ultraviolet radiation
Schutz vor ultravioletter Strahlung [in German]
Study of occupational exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation: artificial UV sources (thermal sources, gas-discharge sources, mixed sources, lasers); indirect effects (ozone, phosgene, solvent vapours emitted during drying under UV light). Other topics: acute and chronic effects on the skin and eye; exposure limits and equations for predicting effects; methods of measurement; techniques and processes that produce UV radiation (arc welding, laser welding, gas-discharge lamps); areas of application (research, industry, medicine). The discussion of safety measures includes: safe distances and restricted areas; reflection and transmission by materials used for protective screens; personal protective equipment.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, Postfach 170202, 4600 Dortmund 17, Federal Republic of Germany, 1984. 155p. Illus. 76 ref. Price: DM.21.50.

CIS 86-73 Žilov Ju. D., Nazarova E.N.
Visible radiation and its standardisation in occupational hygiene
Vidimaja radiacija i ee normirovanie v gigiene truda [in Russian]
Standards for visible radiation as a factor of the working environment are set in terms of minimal ("no less than") values. Available data suggest that 600cd/m² is an optimal brightness value; the eye can adjust to variations around this value by means of the pupillary reflex. It is proposed that visible radiation be evaluated in terms of brightness. There is one optimal brightness level at which the basic visual functions - light sensitivity and visual acuity - do not change over a working day, regardless of the visual task, and there is an allowable optimal brightness of the field of adaptation at which accommodation comes into play as required by the nature of the visual task, that is, by the size of the object being viewed.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Sep. 1984, No.9, p.13-17. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 85-1595 Orsini S., Terrana T., Merluzzi F., Sesana G.
Protection of workers against non-ionising electromagnetic radiation: examples of improvements in radiofrequency (RF) equipment in the plastics, wood and metal-working industries
Protezione dei lavoratori dalle radiazioni elettromagnetiche non ionizzanti: esempi di bonifica di apparecchiature a radiofrequenza (RF) nei settori plastica, legno e matalmeccanico [in Italian]
The installation of metallic screens (nets, cages, etc.) reduced significantly the size of the electromagnetic field in factories in 3 different industries. The installations and their effects are described. French translation available from INRS, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France.
Medicina del lavoro, Nov.-Dec. 1984, Vol.75, No.6, p.463-470. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 85-1224 Frucht A.H., Krause N., Nimtz G., Schaefer H.
Effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields (1kHz-1000GHz) on man
Die Wirkung hochfrequenter elektromagnetischer Felder auf den Menschen (1kHz-1000GHz) [in German]
This report surveys important research results in the international literature. Contents: outline of the problem; medical and technical use of high-frequency electromagnetic waves; the interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter; protective measures (permissible levels, safety rules); general effects (particularly, heat) and special problems (effects on certain organs or physiologic systems); 2 case studies illustrating the effects of extreme exposure to diathermic fields and to radar waves. The conclusion of the study is that harmful effects do not occur if the recommended field-strength limit of 10mW/cm² is not exceeded. There is no confirmation of non-thermal effects (e.g. on the eyes, on the haemato-encephalic barrier and on reproductive functions), often reported in the literature. Epidemiologic research aims and results are analysed.
Institut zur Erforschung elektrischer Unfälle, Gustav-Heinemann-Ufer 130, 5000 Köln 51, Federal Republic of Germany; Medizinisch-technischer Bericht 1984. 127p. Illus. 330 ref.

CIS 85-1293 Joly R.
Ultraviolet and infrared radiation - their practical importance in environmental ergonomics and in occupational medicine - Part 2: infrared radiation
Les radiations supra et infra visibles (ultra-violet et infra-rouge) - Importance pratique en ergonomie des ambiances et en médecine du travail - 2e partie: rayonnement infra-rouge [in French]
Continuation of the article abstracted under CIS 85-691. Contents: detection and measurement of infrared radiation (IR); origin and hot and cold sources of IR; biological and pathogenic effects of IR (on the skin, the eyes, etc.); prevention of health effects and of accidents due to IR (IR as an environmental factor; location of exposed workers; preventive measures).
Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle, 4th quarter 1984, Vol.24, No.96, p.5-18. 21 ref.

CIS 85-1002 Radiation safety of laser products, equipment classification, requirements and user's guide
Sécurité du rayonnement des appareils à laser, classification des matériels, prescriptions et guide de l'utilisateur [in French]
This international standard concerns radiation and its object is to protect persons from laser radiation in the wavelength range of 200nm to 1mm. Section 1: general, definitions; section 2: manufacturing requirements (engineering specifications for safety devices, labelling and other informational requirements, tests, classification of lasers for the specification of accessible emission limits); section 3: user's guide (safety precautions, associated hazards, procedures for hazard control, maximum permissible exposures at the cornea). In the appendix, examples of calculations, medical considerations (effects of laser radiation on the eye and on the skin).
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3 rue de Varembé, 1211 Genève 20, Switzerland, 1984. 137p. Illus. Price: SF.153.00.

CIS 85-691 Joly R.
Non-visible radiation (ultraviolet and infrared) - Practical importance in environmental ergonomics and occupational medicine
Les radiations supra et infra visibles (ultra-violet et infra-rouge) - Importance pratique en ergonomie des ambiances et en médecine du travail [in French]
An up-to-date survey of knowledge about ultraviolet and infrared radiation in the workplace. Contents: 1. Industrial sources of ultraviolet radiation, its detection and measurement, its biological and pathogenic effects (in man, on the skin, the eye and other parts of the body); general hygiene and risk prevention (minimum level, acceptable and maximum permissible exposure). 2. Detection and measurement of infrared radiation, its sources, its biological and pathogenic effects (on the skin, eyes and other parts of the body); prevention of injury and accidents caused by infrared radiation.
Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle, 3rd Quarter 1984, Vol.24, No.95, p.5-32. Illus.

CIS 85-685 Lerner E.J.
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields
A summary is presented of existing evidence linking changes in organisms to irradiation by weak radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Significant findings include: induction of chromosomal defects in mice spermatogenic cells following microwave radiation in the gigahertz range; changes in the calcium balance of cat brains exposed to microwaves modulated at extremely low frequencies; alteration of nerve and bone cells exposed to extremely low frequency fields; decreased activity of the immune cells of mice exposed to modulated microwaves; apparent increases in deformed foetuses among miniature swine exposed to intense power-line frequency fields.
IEEE Spectrum, May 1984, Vol.21, No.5, p.57-69. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 85-388 Hansson-Mild K., Sandström M., Odeblad E., Åsberg K., Løvtrup S.
Effects of long-term exposure of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture to low-intensity radiofrequency fields
Effekter av långvarig exponering med lågintensiva radiofrekventa fält på cho celler i kultur [in Swedish]
To investigate the biological effects of long-term exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency (RF) fields, CHO cells were used because they enable exposure to be extended to several cell generations. The RF radiation consisted of a 27MHz magnetic field (6A/m) which resulted in a specific absorption rate of 1W/kg. After exposures lasting from 2 to 5 days, the vital staining, plating efficiency, growth rate, volume, and the physical properties of the intracellular water as mesured with nuclear magnetic resonance of the cells were studied. Scanning electron microscopy results are also given. The only significant difference found between exposed and control cells was a change in the intracellular water structure. A change in the colony forming pattern was also observed in thin cultures after 2 days of exposure.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1984. 23p. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 85-382 Cook C.F., Huggins P.A.
Effect of radio frequency interference on common industrial hygiene monitoring instruments
Several gas detecting and monitoring instruments were exposed to electromagnetic fields at frequencies from 0.5 to 1000MHz (combustible gas meters) and at 2450MHz. Instruments with simple circuitry were not affected by radiofrequency radiation (RF). Instruments with sophisticated electronic circuitry (Ecolyzer CO meter, G.R. sound level meter) were significantly affected by RF at frequencies and levels which are commonly used in two-way radio communication devices.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1984, Vol.45, No.11, p.740-744. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 85-91 Oberhofer M.
Non-ionizing radiation dosimetry
Because of the increasing applications of radio- and microwaves, ultrasound, lasers and ultraviolet radiation, more attention is being paid to the dangers associated with their use. Studies are under way to correlate energy fluxes and absorption and temperature increases with biological effects. Techniques are being developed which, similar to the dosimetric methods in the field of ionising radiation, allow exposure limits to be controlled and solid-state detectors are being utilised. World-wide efforts to measure non-ionising radiation quantitatively and to develop dosimetric techniques are summarised.
Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General Information Market and Innovation, Bâtiment Jean Monnet, Luxembourg, 1984. 26p. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 85-89
(Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften)
Laser radiation
Laserstrahlen [in German]
These regulations apply to equipment generating and using laser beams. Contents: proper design (radiation protection, hazard warning), proper use (installation notices, protection expert, labelling of the radiation zone, protective measures, prohibition to employ young users, notification of injury). Enforcement rules and comments are given in the supplement.
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Gereonstrasse 18-32, 5000 Köln 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1 Oct. 1984, 8+16p. Illus. Price: DM.2.00.

CIS 85-88
International Non-ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association
Interim guidelines on limits of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 100kHz to 300GHz
The purpose of this standard is to provide guidance on limits of exposure to electromagnetic radiation and fields in the frequency range from 100 to 300GHz. The frequency range of 300MHz to 300GHz is termed microwave radiation. Exposure limits are given for workers and the general public and for exposure from multiple sources. The basic exposure limits above 10MHz are 0.4W/kg for workers and 0.08W/kg for the general public (6min TWA). The rationale for the limits, the health effects from exposure and protective measures are described in appendices.
Health Physics, Apr. 1984, Vol.46, No.4, p.975-984. Bibl.

CIS 85-70 Hollows F.C., Douglas J.B.
Microwave cataract in radiolinemen and controls
53 radiolinemen (workers who erect and maintain broadcasting towers) and 39 controls, all in Australia, had their eyes examined for the presence of posterior subcapsular lens opacities (PSC). Power density in and around the work area was also measured (it varied from 0.08 to 3956mW/cm², with a frequency range of 558kHz to 527MHz). 21% of the linemen, and 8% of the controls, had PSC, which is thought to be an early manifestation of cataracts. It is suggested that occupational exposure to microwave radiation might be related to PSC.
Lancet, 18 Aug. 1984, Vol.2, No.8399, p.406-407. 6 ref.

CIS 84-1821 Medical electrical equipment - Part 2: Particular requirements for the safety of microwave therapy equipment
Appareils électromédicaux - Deuxième partie: Règles particulières de sécurité pour appareils de thérapie à micro-ondes [in French]
According to the definition given in the general standard (CIS 79-1836), this international standard should provide protection of patient and user of equipment against hazards of an electrical, mechanical, thermal or chemical nature. In this part additions to the general standard are specified concerning marking and instructions for use, protection against hazards from microwave radiation, electromagnetic compatibility, operating data and protection against incorrect output, tests.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3 rue de Varembé, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, 1984. 35p. Illus. Price: SF.46.00.

CIS 84-1591
(Organisme professionnel de prévention du bâtiment et des travaux publics)
Aligning lasers
Lasers d'alignement [in French]
Contents of this safety data sheet: description of aligning lasers; uses in the construction industry; electrical and thermal hazards; hazards for the eye; corneal exposure limit as a function of laser power per unit surface area; safety measures; personal protection; medical surveillance; instructions for use.
Cahiers des Comités de prévention du bâtiment et des travaux publics, 1984, No.1, 4p. insert. Illus.

CIS 84-1590 Hachette B.
Aligning lasers are not harmless
Le laser d'alignement n'est pas inoffensif [in French]
Characteristics of the helium-neon lasers used in the construction industry. Examples of use: mounting of false ceilings, driving of tunnels, guidance of equipment, alignment of tall buildings, site lay-out. Electrical hazards, risks of skin and eye burns; retinal and corneal exposure limits. Determination of the power per unit surface area and of the danger zone surrounding the laser; the case of rotating lasers. Safety measures, protective eyewear, medical surveillance.
Cahiers des Comités de prévention du bâtiment et des travaux publics, 1984, No.1, p.8-14. Illus.

CIS 84-1579 Rapp R., Salsi S., Aubertin G., Claude G.
Protective screens against radiant heat. Presentation of tests, criteria for choice
Ecrans de protection contre le rayonnement thermique. Bilans des essais, critères de choix [in French]
28 models of glass and metal screens used as protection against radiant heat in France were tested. The quality of screens was studied in 2 ways: overall protection against heat, characterised by the thermal conductivity and by the heat resistance of the screens; and eye protection, taking into consideration the type of use (determined for each model by the temperature and dimensions of the heat source), visual comfort and transparency. No ideal screen, offering full protection and perfect comfort in all situations, was found. Indications are given to the prospective user as to which screen is best suited to various conditions.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 2nd quarter 1984, No.115, Note No.1476-115-84, p.179-191. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 84-1282 Radiation in industry
This data sheet covers all the ionising and non-ionising radiation hazards encountered in industry and the means to protect workers from these hazards.
Canadian Safety Council, 1765 St. Laurent Blvd., Ottawa, Ontario K1G 3V4, Canada, 1984. 22p. Bibl.

CIS 84-678 Levin C.
VDUs - Glare and eyestrain
A discussion of eyestrain due to continuous VDU use. According to one survey, 75% of word processor operators suffer from eyestrain and 55% from headaches. The main reason is constant adjustment of the eyes to different lighting levels: 50-100lx of the VDU screen, 150-200lx of printed text and 400-500lx of office lighting. The usual green colour of VDU text also contributes to the strain, as does glare. Suggested remedies include lower lighting levels for offices with VDUs, the use of yellow colour in VDU text and the use of anti-glare filters.
Safety Practitioner, Feb. 1984, Vol.2, No.2, p.4-5. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 84-91 Piotrowski M., Kulpiński E.
Clothing for protection against electromagnetic radiation
Ubiory chroniące przed promieniowaniem elektromagnetycznym [in Polish]
Description of fabrics used for clothing which protects against microwaves (a screening layer of 0.07mm copper wire between two layers of cotton fabric, with an additional electrically insulating layer) and of the clothing made therefrom; the clothing is intended for workers who deal with high-frequency equipment. Equipment for measuring the protection afforded by the fabric is described.
Bezpieczeństwo pracy, Jan. 1984, No.1, p.9-12. Illus. 9 ref.

1983

CIS 01-971 Radiation Safety (General) Regulations 1983 [Australia - Western Australia]
Regulations implementing the provisions of the Radiation Safety Act 1975 (CIS 92-1435). This version includes all amendments introduced since 1983 (including by the 1997 Amendment abstracted as CIS 97-1787). Main topics: preliminary (incl. exemptions); general precautions and requirements relating to radiation safety; radioactive substances; irradiating apparatus; electronic products (microwave ovens, lasers). In annex: dose limits and maximum permissible exposure limits; radiation warning symbol; exempted quantities and products; list of maximum concentration values for radioactive elements in air and water above natural background; requirements connected with the operation of radiation-producing apparatus.
Summary with CIS (3p.)
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_reg/rsr1983337/ [in English]

CIS 89-280 Radiofrequency equipment. Exposure levels, measurement and shielding from radiation leakage [Finland]
Suurtaajuuslaitteet. Hajasäteilyn raja-arvot. Mittaaminen ja torjunta [in Finnish]
Radiofrekventa anläggningar. Gränsvärde, mätning och reducering av läckstrålning [in Swedish]
This standard specifies the measuring method for radiation leakage, and it provides the principles of protection and detailed guidance for protective devices (material, construction, connections, earthing).
Suomen Standardisoimisliitto, Bulevardi 5, SF-00120 Helsinki 12, Finland, Sep. 1983. 8p. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 87-763
VEB Carl Zeiss JENA
Laser equipment. Technical safety requirements; safe behaviour [German Democratic Republic]
Laser-Einrichtungen. Sicherheitstechnische Forderungen. Arbeitsschutzgerechtes Verhalten [in German]
This standard (part 01 effective 1 Aug. 1984, part 02 effective 1 June 1984) specifies the technical safety and health requirements to be met by new lasers with wavelengths of 200nm to 10⁶nm. It is recommended that lasers already in service be brought into conformity with the standard. The two parts cover the construction, marking and operation of laser installations; there are special provisions for medical applications. Safe behaviour and working methods (eye protection) are also stipulated.
Verlag für Standardisierung, Standardversand, Postfach 1068, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, 1983. 8p.

CIS 86-59 Wells A.M., Giampaoli E., Zidan L.N.
Physical hazards
Riscos físicos [in Portuguese]
This textbook covers the basics of the measurement, hazards and control of: noise and vibrations (including ultrasound and medical uses); extreme temperatures; electromagnetic radiations (ionising and non-ionising radiation and visible light); abnormal pressures (including Brazilian legislation).
Fundacentro, Rua Capote Valente, 710 - CEP 05409 - São Paulo (SP), Brazil, 1983. 112p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 86-211 Louhelainen K., Kangas J., Sorainen E., Husman K., Kalliokoski P.
Farmers' working environment
Viljelijän työympäristö [in Finnish]
Occupational health hazards were measured on 20 farms (cattle, hogs, poultry, grain) in 1980-1982. The ability of occupational health nurses and local agricultural advisers to evaluate health hazards in farm buildings was assessed. The physical factors measured were noise, whole-body vibration, lighting, temperature, humidity and ventilation. Nurses, agricultural advisers and occupational physicians generally made inspection trips without measuring equipment, which meant that they could make qualitative evaluations of dust and illumination levels, but had difficulty evaluating noise, temperature, relative humidity and air velocity; they could not measure atmospheric contaminants (ammonia, methane, formic acid, carbon dioxide) at all.
Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki, Finland, 1983. 58p. Illus. 33 ref. Price: Fm.30.00.

CIS 85-1277 Kirienko T.G., Levitin K.M.
Determining the bit capacity of a driver's visual system
Opredelenie propusknoj sposobnosti zritel'noj sistemy voditelja [in Russian]
Differing road traffic situations were presented to drivers in a simulator; the number of objects present, their relative positions and movement, and the illumination level were varied. The relation between the amount of information present in a given view and the length of time required for recognition of the situation was determined. The data conformed to Hick's Law, which says that recognition time is a linear function of the amount of information to be processed in the recognition task. The rate of information transfer through the subjects' visual systems was 0.5-5.0 bits/s, and was dependent on the illumination level. The fact that the information transfer rate was constant for views containing more than 5-7 objects agrees with published studies on drivers' reaction times.
Svetotehnika, 1983, No.10, p.8-10. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 85-995
Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam)
Collective protective equipment against infrared radiation - General technical requirements
Sredstva kollektivnoj zaščity ot infrakrasnyh izlučenij - Obščie tehničeskie trebovanija [in Russian]
This standard (effective 1 Jan. 1984) applies to collective protective equipment against infrared radiation in the range of 0.75-25µm from any industrial heating equipment and lays down general technical requirements. This equipment includes: screens, tight enclosures, thermal insulation, ventilation systems, automatic monitoring and signalling devices, remote control systems, safety signs. General technical requirements include: the permissible level of infrared radiation (350W/m²); maximum surface temperature of 308K (35°C) at temperatures inside the heat sources up to 373K (100°C) and of 318K (45°C) at temperatures inside the heat sources of more than 373K (100°C). Examples of screens against infrared radiation are appended.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per. 3, 123840 Moskva, USSR, 1983. 5p. Price: Rbl.0.03.

CIS 85-1019 Barraclough R.N.J.
Health and Safety Commission (Printing Industry Advisory Committee)
Safety in the use of inks, varnishes and lacquers cured by ultra-violet light
This guidance note covers: description and product details; skin contact hazards; prevention of skin and eye contact with the substances; eye protection against ultra-violet light; hazards of ozone exposure; dealing with spillages; first aid and measures; list of reactive chemicals not to be used in these processes.
HM Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, London WC1V 6HB, United Kingdom, 1983. 4p. Price: £1.60.

CIS 85-1165 Broschmann D., Gohrbandt W., Sauer U.
Vision screening equipment for vision in the dark - The nyctometer
Testgerät zur Prüfung des Dämmerungssehens - Siebnyktometer [in German]
Description of equipment designed to test the dusk vision and the sensitivity to glare of drivers of locomotives and trucks. The person being tested is given 1min to adapt to a luminance of 600cd/m² and must then within 50s recognise optotypes with a luminance of 0.03cd/m². In the glare sensitivity test, the same optotypes must be recognised after exposure for 10s to a strong light source (115-135lx at the retine). To pass the test, a person must have at least as good vision as the average 60-year old.
Verkehrsmedizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1983, Vol.30, No.4, p.148-155. Illus.

CIS 85-690 Sokolov V.V., Ivanova L.A., Gorizontova M.N., Nikonova K.V., Sadčikova M.N.
Cytochemical and cytogenetic changes in the blood of persons working with microwave energy sources
Citohimičeskie i citogenetičeskie izmenenija v krovi lic, rabotajuščih s istočnikami mikrovolnovoj ėnergii [in Russian]
Results from 18 women working as testers of electronic equipment and 29 men maintaining radio equipment. The women were exposed to <10µW/cm², with total doses ≤70µWh/cm² during a shift; the men were exposed to 1-100µW/cm² and received doses of 200µWh/cm² in the course of a shift. Both groups showed elevated activities of cytoplasmic acid phosphatase in their lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets and erythrocytes; succinate and lactate dehydrogenase were also elevated in the lymphocytes, and alkaline phosphatase activity was elevated in the neutrophils. Heteroploid and polyploid cell counts were higher than normal, indicating high mitotic activity, and chromosome abnormalities were more frequent than in controls. The changes were more extensive among the men, probably due to their greater exposure. The changes probably represent adaptation to microwave exposure. (Translation into French available from INRS, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France: Traduction INRS 60:83.)
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Oct. 1983, No.10, p.5-10. 14 ref.

CIS 85-672 Mihedov N.A., Jazev V.L., Guzenfel'd Z.M.
Effect of the opacity of mine air on the level of illumination at the work site
Vlijanie neprozračnosti šahtnoj atmosfery na uroven' osveščennosti rabočih mest [in Russian]
Present methods of designing lighting systems for mines do not take adequate account of light attenuation by airborne dust. The Bouguer-Lambert law of light attenuation by a turbid medium can be developed to yield an equation relating the size, density and concentration of dust particles in air to the light level at a given distance from a source. The equation contains an empirical coefficient, B, which was evaluated by measurements in a coal mine. The experimental value agreed with a theoretical value arrived at by making a number of assumptions about the properties of the dust. Calculations with this value of B showed that the presence of 0.1g/m³ of dust with given properties would reduce the light level 1.5m from a 150-candle lamp from 6 to 4.4lx.
Ugol' Ukrainy, Feb. 1983, No.2, p.30. Illus.

CIS 85-494 Petrova L.V., Denisenko O.N.
Protective goggles for operators
Zaščitnye očki dlja operatorov [in Russian]
Surface defects in metal, plastic and glass articles are frequently monitored by ultraviolet defectoscopy. The operators of the inspection equipment must spend long periods of time observing surfaces illuminated by ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 300-400nm. New goggles have been developed to protect the eyes of these operators. The goggles have special glass lenses mounted in vinyl frames. The 2mm-thick lenses pass 85-90% of incident visible light, but absorb most of the incident ultraviolet light, and show very little luminescence themselves.
Mašinostroitel', Oct. 1983, No.10, p.19. Illus.

CIS 85-372 Dancig I.N.
Setting health standards for artificial lighting on seagoing, river and factory ships
Gigieničeskoe normirovanie iskusstvennogo osveščenija v pomeščenijah morskih, rečnyh i promyslovyh sudov [in Russian]
A review of the studies underlying the development of 2 USSR Ministry of Health standards (2109-79 and 2506-81) and a draft directive. Further government action was made necessary by the inadequate lighting levels and resulting visual defects which were possible under preexisting regulations.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, May 1983, No.5, p.15-18. 11 ref.

CIS 85-384 Savin B.M., Nikonova K.V., Lobanova E.A., Sadčikova M.N., Lebed' E.K.
New facts in the standardisation of radiofrequency microwave energies
Novoe v normirovanii ėlektromagnitnyh izlučenij mikrovolnovogo diapazona [in Russian]
In 10 electronic and radio plants, the state of health of 1015 workers was determined and ambient levels of radiofrequency (300MHz-300GHz) radiation were measured. In laboratory experiments, 1160 animals of various species were exposed to different power densities for different periods. These studies confirmed the effectiveness of the existing MAC (1W/cm²) and showed a relation of biological effects to the intensity and duration of microwave irradiation. The maximum allowable value for the density of radiation energy flux is determined on the basis of the permissible level of energy load on the body (W) and the length of exposure (T): W=200µW-h/cm² for all kinds of radiation except that from rotating and scanning antennas, for which W=2000µW-h/cm².
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Mar. 1983, No.3, p.1-4. 7 ref.

CIS 85-85 Safety code 25 - Short-wave diathermy guidelines for limited radiofrequency exposure
Code de sécurité 25 - diathermie à ondes courtes, directive relative à la limitation de l'exposition aux radiofréquences [in French]
Guidelines for the operation of short-wave diathermy devices in hospitals. Contents: description of the equipment used and its hazards; biological effects of RF exposure; recommended maximum exposure levels in Canada; typical RF fields generated by diathermy devices; safe use guidelines; RF radiation measurement.
Public Affairs Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Brooke Claxton Bldg., Ottawa, Ontario K1A OK9, Canada, 1983. 19p. Bibl.

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