Non-ionizing radiation - 763 entries found

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1974

CIS 75-101 Ballereau P.
Radiological protection against lasers
Protection radiologique contre les lasers. [in French]
A brief description of the biological effects of laser beams is followed by a review of the factors involved in eye and skin damage (factors linked with the nature of lasers and those linked with the organ affected) and a discussion of the problems involved in the determination of threshold exposure levels. Preventive measures are recommended, according to the type of laser (high-energy pulse laser, continuous laser, gas laser). No legislation on the subject exists in France or in Europe. Types of lasers marketed, threshold exposure levels for eye and skin, variations of admissible exposure levels according to wavelength, etc. are presented in tabular form. Nomogram for determination of safe distance for direct vision of a laser.
Rayonnements ionisants, Apr. 1974, Vol.4, No.2, p.83-96. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 74-1906 Klejner A.I.
The digestive function of workers exposed to very-high-frequency magnetic fields
Funkcional'noe sostojanie sistemy piščevarenija u rabotnikov, podvergajuščihsja vozdejstviju ėlektromagnitnyh polej ul'travysokoj častoty [in Russian]
Results of digestive system examinations (stomach, pancreas, liver) carried out on 72 radio and TV transmitter centre workers exposed for many years to wavelengths in the meter range. The digestive function disorders observed (secretion and motor inhibition) became worse with increased length of service. The author suggests that digestive system disorders (peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, cholecystopancreatitis, liver disorders) should be added to the list of counter-indications for employment involving hazards of exposure to radiofrequency radiation.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1974, No.2, p.15-18. 12 ref.

CIS 74-1905 Kolodub F.A., Evtušenko G.I.
Metabolic disorders and disturbances in liver function due to a low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field
Narušenie obmena veščestv i funkcional'nogo sostojanija pečeni pri vozdejstvii impul'snogo ėlektromagnitnogo polja nizkoj častoty [in Russian]
Results of experiments on rats exposed to an electromagnetic field of 7kHz produced in 1.3ms pulses (interval between pulses: 10s). Morphological changes in the liver tissue preceded by disturbances in carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism were observed. Multiple or chronic exposure produced a disjunction of the combined processes of oxidation and phosphorylation and consequently a lowering in the adenosine-triphosphate level. In some cases, the metabolic disturbances resulted in an accumulation of ammonia and glutamine, a lowering of the urea and nitramine protein levels and an inhibition of adenylate deaminase. The metabolic disturbances observed preceded changes in hepatocyte structure.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1974, No.2, p.11-15. 5 ref.

CIS 74-1902 Ašratova S.K., Byhovskij E.B., Kuz'min B.A., Štrambrandt Ja.M.
Occupational safety on high-frequency welding and cutting presses
O bezopasnoj rabote na pressah dlja svarki i vyrubki detalej s primeneniem tvč [in Russian]
In order to protect persons working at some imported presses used for welding and cutting leather and plastics by the application of frequencies of up to 40MHz, screens were designed for protection against electromagnetic fields. Design of a duralumin screen, arrangement of the screen in relation to the radiation source and calculations relating to the interference suppressor for the supply system. The basic rules to be observed when utilising high-frequency equipment are given.
Koževenno-obuvnaja promyšlennost', Jan. 1974, No.1, p.30-33. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 74-1608 McRee D.I.
Determination of the absorption of microwave radiation by a biological specimen in a 2450 MHz microwave field.
Presentation of a method of determining the energy absorbed by a biological specimen in a laboratory situation, for use in research into the biological effects of microwave radiation for purposes of setting safe levels of exposure. Time-temperature profiles were measured by using a thermistor tested for its microwave field insensitivity; a mathematical technique was evolved for determining the time-temperature profiles for exposures at any power density.
Health Physics, May 1974, Vol.26, No.5, p.385-390. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 74-1607 Cleuet A., Mayer A., Maillet H., Courrier G.
Hazards associated with the industrial use of lasers
Risques liés à l'utilisation industrielle des lasers. [in French]
A review of the operating principle and properties of laser beams is followed by an account of the hazards presented by them, particularly to the eyes. The characteristics of lasers used in industry are tabulated. Safety measures to be applied in the machining of metals, on construction sites and in other applications are discussed; their aim is chiefly to protect workers against the thermal effects of laser radiation. The characteristics of energy or power measuring apparatus as well as of several models of safety spectacles are tabulated.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 1st quarter 1974, No.74, Note No.879-74-74, p.47-49. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 74-1305 Houskova J.
Protection of the eyes against the harmful effects of laser radiation
Ochrana očí před účinky škodlivého laserového záření [in Czech]
A short introduction on the effects of laser beams on the eye is followed by a review of West German and U.S. experience with absorbant filters. The necessity of adapting filters to different types of laser is stressed (helium-neon, ruby, gallium-arsenide, neodymium), as well as the importance of the visible light transmission factor. The final section deals with protective goggles.
Bezpečná práca, 1974, Vol.5, No.1, p.28-33. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 74-1295 McRee D.I., Albrecht R.M.
Biological effects of microwave radiation.
The possibility of exposure of large sections of the population to complex multifrequency microwave radiation in the environment is now a reality. A criticial review of the literature on the biological effects of microwave radiation reveals the limitations and inadequacy of much of the work done in this area of research, due to the difficulties in quantitating experiments. Many questions remain to be answered before safe levels of microwave exposure can be specified. At present there is a factor of 1,000 between the accepted USA standard and the USSR standard because of different bases for determining biological effects. The authors point out that both the Western and Soviet studies deserve critical examination and agree, though with different emphasis, in their recommendations as to research needs.
Air Pollution Control, Feb. 1974, Vol.24, No.2, p.122-129. Illus. 42 ref.

1973

CIS 75-1007 Sliney D.H., Dobbin R.D., Kittlestad O.H., Mabson W., Wood E.G.
A guide for control of laser hazards.
This guide is intended to identify health hazards of lasers and to contribute to the safety and health of personnel exposed to their radiations. Sections are devoted to: scope and purpose; exposure criteria; general hazard evaluation; medical surveillance; hazard controls; recognition of associated hazards; and protective eyewear. Appendices give details on threshold limit values (1973), a detailed technical hazard analysis, and a glossary of terms.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, P.O. Box 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio 45201, USA, 1973. 62p. Illus. 22 ref. Price: US-$2.75.

CIS 75-407 Bozik L., Gruberova J.
Effect of radiofrequency waves on the nervous system
Effets des ondes à fréquences radioélectriques sur le système nerveux. [in French]
French translation of: Vplyv elektromagnetických vln na nervový system. Pracovní lékařství, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1967, Vol.19, No.6, p.249-251. Illus. 12 ref. Neurological and electroencephalographic examinations were made of 120 workers occupationally exposed to radiofrequency radiation in the metre and centimetre wavebands. Exposure only occasionally exceeded the permissible limits. In 21.2% of cases, persistent headache of vasomotor origin was observed; 25.9% of cases had a positive EEG (mostly involving slow high-voltage waves of the theta to delta type). The EEG peaks were significantly higher in the case of the headache sufferers, but similar pathological EEG signs were found in a comparable proportion of cases in persons with vasomotor headache but without evidence of exposure to radiofrequency waves. Great caution must therefore be exercised in evaluating EEG tracings related to persistent headache in persons exposed to ultra-high frequency radiation.
Traduction INRS 117 B-73, Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1973. 7p. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 74-1891 Sommer J., Loef C.
Subjective illumination level
Subjektive Beleuchtungsstärke [in German]
The experiment described demonstrates that the luminous effect produced by 2 surfaces with equal reflective power depends not only on their luminance but also on the angle of view. The results of a series of evaluation tests showed that there is a psychological lighting scale and a simple mathematical relationship between subjective and objective illumination levels. These results confirm the opinion that lighting should be considered as an independent psychophysical criterion which facilitates the development of simpler models than those which could be produced on the basis of luminance.
Lichttechnik, 1973, Vol.25, No.6, p.305-308. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 74-1904 Treier P.
Microwaves - An environmental factor
Umweltfaktor Mikrowellen [in German]
This article reviews the physical characteristics and uses of microwaves in industry and medicine. It describes their thermal and non-thermal effects on the human body and examines the maximum permissible energy density values (in mW/cm²) prescribed or proposed in various countries. Rules for determining the average power density. Examples of safety measures.
Arbeit und Leistung, Sep. 1973, Vol.27, No.9, p.235-242. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 74-1901
Federation of Industrial Accident Mutual Insurance Associations (Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften), Bonn, Nov. 1973.
Principles applicable to preventive medical examinations - Hazards from laser beams
Berufsgenossenschaftliche Grundsätze für arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorgeuntersuchungen - Gefährdung durch Laserstrahlen [in German]
These principles apply to the medical examinations intended to prevent additional eye injury or to permit early diagnosis of eye injury due to laser beams. They cover the scope of aptitude tests and periodic medical examinations, the physical characteristics of lasers, radiation threshold limit values, operational principles and uses of lasers, laser pathology and minimum age of admission to employment.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, Dec. 1973, Vol.8, No.12, p.289-291. 4 ref.

CIS 74-1715 Ajzenštat B.A., Osoveckaja C.M., Anan'ina V.M., Karpačeva O.F.
The thermal balance of tractor drivers in cotton farming during the hot season
Teplovoe sostojanie mehanizatorov hlopkovodstva v žarkij period goda [in Russian]
Study of climatic conditions in tractor cabs and measurement of parameters characterising drivers' thermal load (skin temperature, stroke volume, cardiac output, speed of processing information, etc.). The thermal balance of persons not protected against solar radiation and of persons protected by a cab were calculated from the results. The period during which the least favourable thermal conditions occur is between 13 and 17h in June and July; this should be taken into account in planning the working day. It is also suggested that showers should be installed on agricultural machinery, screens should be set up along field borders to shelter workers during breaks, and light work clothing should be supplied.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Oct. 1973, No.10, p.8-11. 3 ref.

CIS 74-1613 Levin G.
Safe working with laser guide beams
Schutzmassnahmen im Leitstrahllaser-Betrieb [in German]
After some considerations on the recommended maximum permissible value for energy density, this article indicates the technical and organisational safety measures to be taken to comply with the safety regulations for laser beams issued in the Federal Republic of Germany (see CIS 2012-1973, Bqh (610.1)). The indicative coefficient of 5x10^-6W/cm² is considered too high. The article concludes that there is no direct risk of eye damage with laser guide beams having an initial energy of 1mW and a final beam width of 20mm. Periodic medical examinations of the personnel involved are necessary in the case of lasers having a higher initial energy.
Kompass, Aug. 1973, Vol.83, No.8, p.189-192. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 74-1612 Plhák M., Servus V., Schubertová J.
Hazards of microwave radiation and proposals for screening radar technicians.
English translation of: Riziko mikrovlnného zářeni se zaměřením na preventivní prohlídky techniků radiolokátorů. Vojenské Zdravotnické Listy, Praha, Czechoslovakia, Feb. 1969, Vol.38, No.1, p.7-9. 13 ref. Following a bibliographical survey of the contradictory findings obtained from animal experiments and the observations of workers in the USSR and in the USA, the authors report on their own observations. Clinical examinations and laboratory tests conducted on radar technicians since 1964 revealed no anomalies, except in the case of one man with 13 years' exposure, in whom a slightly raised gamma-globulin level was observed. An inquiry into subjective symptoms of neurasthenia conducted by questionnaire among 20 technicians revealed that the severity of such disorders was proportional to the length of employment. However, a high frequency of nervous disorders was also observed among a control group of 27 regular soldiers with 10 to 21 years' army service.
O.A. Translation 1270, The Electricity Council, Overseas Activities Translation Service, 30 Millbank, London SW1P 4RD, United Kingdom, 1973. 13 ref. Price: £3.00.

CIS 74-1275 Gramoni R., Perez J., Rey P.
Lighting standards and visual perception at workposts (lithography and textile industry)
Normes d'éclairage et perception visuelle aux postes de travail (lithographie et industrie textile). [in French]
A study of the lighting of 3 workposts involving considerable eye strain: lithographic workers' luminous workbenches; mending weaves and fabric, and inspecting knitted fabric, in the textile industry. The article reviews the complaints of lithographic workers and the results of eye tests carried out on them. Laboratory experiments were carried out to quantify the diminution of visual acuity the workers complained of and which it was impossible to detect objectively. Apart from the question of the recommended level of illumination at a given workpost, the authors stress the importance of the distribution of luminance which ergonomists designing the lighting for a workpost should bear in mind.
Lille médical, 1973, Vol.18, No.8, p.909-916. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 74-1293 Cleary S.F.
Uncertainties in the evaluation of the biological effects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation.
These uncertainties are discussed in terms of macroscopic and molecular interactions. Difficulties encountered in internal dosimetry are related to radiation reflections and the internal distribution of absorbed energy. Possible mechanisms for low-intensity molecular effects are considered from the point of view of activation energies and frequency dependence. The possible role of non-uniform temperature profiles and gradients is related to putative microwave and radiofrequency biological effects.
Health Physics, Oct. 1973, Vol.25, No.4, p.387-404. Illus. 47 ref.

CIS 74-1289 Manjašin J.A.
Disturbed urinary excretion of metabolites of aromatic amino-acids in persons exposed to vibration and to very high frequency electromagnetic waves
Troubles de l'élimination urinaire des métabolites des acides aminés aromatiques chez les personnes exposées aux vibrations et aux ondes électromagnétiques de très haute fréquence. [in French]
French translation of: Naru¿enie vydelenija s močoj produktov obmena aromatičeskih aminokislot u lic, podvergaju¿čihsja vozdejstviju vibracii i ėlektromagnitnyh voln sverhvysokoj častoty. Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Moskva, USSR, Aug. 1967, Vol.11, No.8, p.47-49. 11 ref. Urinary excretion of phenolic compounds was investigated in 3 groups of persons (group of controls, of persons with vibration injuries, and of persons exposed to very high frequencies). The urine phenol level was found to be increased in persons affected by vibrations and by very high frequencies (VHF) at field strengths of 15 to 20 µW/cm². This phenomenon is attributed to the disturbing effects of noise, vibration and radio frequencies on adrenal and thyroid hormone function. The increase in phenol excretion noted in persons with vibration injuries was directly proportional to the extent of the lesions.
Translation INRS 118 B-73, Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1973. 5p. 11 ref.

CIS 74-1017 Lewin I.
New concepts in direct glare control.
An account of the visual comfort probability (VCP) method for the evaluation of discomfort glare is followed by the presentation of a simplified technique, the "equal area equal glare" system. Optical lighting design stressing high VCP and efficiency is discussed and a new lens system for luminaires consisting of a grid of uniform refractive elements is presented. Results of a comparative assessment of this lens system are tabulated.
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Apr. 1973, Vol.2, No.3, p.209-215. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 74-1014 Konarski S.P.
Method for determining the equivalent luminance for mesopic vision
Metoda wyznaczania luminancji równoważnej w obszarze mezopowych adaptacji oka [in Polish]
The method described consists of comparing photopic and scotopic luminances found by specific photometric tests (for example, using coloured filters) with those found by a standard test, for various eye adaptation levels. It permits the graphic representation of the relationship between standard values and spectral sensitivity relative to the eye for a given luminance level. This relationship is valid for light sources with an ordinary spectral distribution (the difference, compared to means found for monochromatic light around 420-640 nm, does not exceed 20%). Consequently, the correction coefficients for readings made using physical photometers varied from 0.01 to around 15 for the various luminance levels of mesopic vision.
Prace Centralnego instytutu ochrony pracy, 1973, Vol.23, No.77, p.157-178. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 74-1013 Fischer D.
A luminance concept for working interiors.
Paper presented at the Illuminating Engineering Society Conference held on 24-27 July 1972 at Tulsa, USA. A discussion of preferred object luminances in working interiors includes definitions of minimum and optimum object luminances for ordinary and exacting visual tasks, and an illumination scale. A luminance scale for interior lighting based on preferred wall and ceiling luminance and maximum luminaire luminance is presented; the consequences for practical installations are reviewed. A survey of the lighting installations in a radio components factory and an office based on the author's luminance scale concludes the article.
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Jan. 1973, Vol.2, No.2, p.92-98. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 74-916 Schultz F., Voigtsberger P., Matzkuhn G.
Measurement of the temperature of vessels containing flammable liquids exposed to direct solar radiation
Mesures de la température dans des récipients de liquides inflammables exposés à l'action directe du soleil. [in French]
French translation of: Temperaturmessungen an Behältern mit brennbaren Flüssigkeiten bei direkter Sonneneinstrahlung. Arbeitsschutz, Köln, Germany (Fed.Rep.), Feb. 1973, No.2, p.53-59. Illus. 2 ref. By direct measurements carried out in fine weather in summer, the highest temperatures which could be withstood by small recipients (1-5l) containing flammable liquids or liquefied gas was ascertained. This article describes a number of experiments carried out by the Federal Institute for Materials Testing and gives their results: in 1 h the temperatures of a camping-gas canister or petrol can left in direct sunlight can reach 70°C; after 3 or 4 h it may reach 90-95°C, after which increased vapour density and tension may be sufficient to burst the recipient.
Translation INRS 59 B-73, Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1973. 29p. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 74-1086 Sutter E., Zander K.
Requirements for the infrared and ultraviolet transmission factors of eye protection filters
Anforderungen an den IR- und UV-Transmissionsgrad von Augenschutzfiltern [in German]
Using the results of previous radiation measurements in various welding tests and the recommendations of the American standard for the safe use of lasers, the transmission factors of eye protection filters for infrared and ultraviolet regions in German standard DIN 4647 were checked. It is concluded that the DIN requirements for transmission factors should be increased for the infrared spectral region and lowered for the ultraviolet spectral region.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz, Sep. 1973, Vol.23, No.9, p.275-279. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 74-717 Gibson G.L.M.
Retinal damage from repeated subthreshold exposures using a ruby laser photocoagulator.
A ruby laser photocoagulator was used to deliver single and multiple subthreshold exposures to the retinas of monkeys. Single exposure produced no microscopic changes on sacrifice at 1 to 30 days after exposure. Repetitive exposures at the same energy level invariably caused characteristic damage to the outer retinal layers. These cumulative effects are similar to and more widespread than the minimal-damage lesions produced by single suprathreshold exposures. It is concluded that each subthreshold exposure must increase the retinal susceptibility to subsequent exposure. Further experimentation is required to determine the safe interval between subthreshold exposures to avoid cumulative effects.
Aerospace Medicine, Apr. 1973, Vol.44, No.4, p.433-437. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 74-715 Ebbers R.W., Dunsky I.L.
Retinal damage thresholds for multiple pulse lasers.
A Q-switched neodymium laser, capable of being repetitively pulsed, was used to determine the retinal damage threshold on 100 rhesus monkey eyes. Irradiations were made with repetitive pulse frequencies, as well as with single pulses. The data obtained show no significant difference between the single pulse ED-50 (median effective dose) and the ED-50 for the maximum energy pulse in any of the train pulses . Thus, a cumulative effect could not be demonstrated under the conditions of this experiment. This study is of a preliminary nature, as the number of experimental variables was limited and only one wavelength (1060 nm) was investigated.
Aerospace Medicine, Mar. 1973, Vol.44, No.3, p.317-318. 10 ref.

CIS 74-714 Beatrice E.S., Frisch G.D.
Retinal laser damage thresholds as a function of image diameter.
The eyes of rhesus monkeys were exposed to argon (514.5 nm) and ruby (694.3nm) laser irradiation using various retinal image diameters which were estimated by microphotometric techniques. Extramacular retinal exposure sites were examined by ophthalmoscopic and histopathological techniques. All data were statistically analysed to establish trends, and results compared for the wavelengths employed. Results indicate that retinal damage is primarily dependent on energy distribution as a function of image diameter and exposure duration.
Archives of Environmental Health, Nov. 1973, Vol.27, No.5, p.322-326. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 74-424 American national standard techniques and instrumentation for the measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies.
This standard defines the nature of potentially hazardous radiation fields, the characteristics of radiation sources and the factors determining the radiation environment. It provides information on the theoretical calculation of expected power-density levels and lays down procedures and equipment requirements for power-density measurements; safety precautions to be observed during measurement procedures are also detailed. Specific data are given on the electrical and physical characteristics of measurement instruments and on their calibration; protective clothing against microwave energy is also described. Appendices deal with the calculation and measurement of on-axis power density.
ANSI C95.3-1973, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y.10017, USA, 1973. Approved 1 Sep. 1972. 36 p. Illus. 20 ref. Price: US-$5.00.

CIS 74-421 Kovarik M.
Radiation penetrance of protective covers.
Solar heat load on men or animals depends on the radiant heat properties of their protective covers (clothing, fur). The concept of radiation penetrance is analysed and related to the radiometric parameters of the cover. A method of measurement of penetrance, suitable for field application, is suggested.
Journal of Applied Physiology, Oct. 1973, Vol.35, No.4, p.562-563. 3 ref.

CIS 74-445 Berger B.W.
Pemphigus foliaceus occurring in a roofer.
Case history of a roofer with an autoimmune photosensitive disease (pemphigus foliaceus) who worked with a phototoxic agent (pitch). Individuals working under natural sunlight should be evaluated for the possibility of future photosensitivity reactions during their pre-employment examinations, particularly when they might be exposed to phototoxic agents. Furthermore, photosensitivity reactions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous eruptions occurring in employees exposed to natural sunlight.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Sep. 1973, Vol.15, No.9, p.742-743. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 74-419 Ljah L.A.
Study of the alkaline phosphatase activity in workers exposed to electromagnetic radiations of high and ultra-high frequency
Issledovanie aktivnosti ščeločnoj fosfatazy u lic, rabotajuščih s generatorami ėlektromagnitnyh izlučenij vysokoj, ul'travysokoj i sverhvysokoj častot [in Russian]
Results of cytochemical analyses to determine the activity of the neutrophil alkaline phosphatase in persons exposed to radiofrequency radiation. It was found that this enzyme activity was enhanced in a number of exposed persons whose blood showed no pathological changes and who had no symptoms of occupational disease. The percentage of cases with enhanced enzyme activity was particularly high among persons exposed to electromagnetic fields of higher tension.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, June 1973, No.6, p.23-26. 10 ref.

CIS 74-137 Dunsky I.L., Fife W.A., Richey E.O.
Determination of revised Air Force permissible exposure levels for laser radiation.
A review of available data concerning biological eye damage caused by laser radiation has led to a reduction of the permissible exposure levels adopted in 1969 by the US Air Force. Exposure data for continuous-wave lasers and pulsed lasers are tabulated, and the corresponding ED₅₀ (effective dose) values are given. A safety factor of 10 was chosen to allow for biological variation among subjects, extrapolation from rhesus monkeys to humans, etc. Revised permissible levels are given for lasers operating in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm) and for neodymium lasers (1060 nm).
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1973, Vol.34, No.6, p.235-240. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 74-133 Mouton-Liger J.
Diseases of the eyes - Physiological and pathological influences of radiations and vibrations on the eye and visual function
Ophtalmopathies - Influences physiologiques et pathologiques des rayonnements et vibrations sur l'oeil et la fonction visuelle. [in French]
Studies briefly the traumatic effects on the eye of the principal radiations and of acoustic vibrations, indicating the most exposed occupations. Electromagnetic waves (short waves and radar), infrared, visible spectrum and ultraviolet radiations, X-rays, lasers and sound vibrations, infrasound and ultrasound are considered in turn. The shorter the wavelength, the more penetrating and harmful the wave action. Thermal waves, electrical waves and sound waves have a more marked effect on the visual function than light and ultraviolet rays, X-rays, etc., which have a greater traumatic effect locally.
Médecine et collectivité, July-Aug. 1973, No.7-8, p.7-14. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 74-132 Kupfer E.
Laser beams from the occupational health point of view
Laser in ihrer arbeitshygienischen Bedeutung [in German]
Recalls the principle of operation and applications of laser beams and discusses the hazards involved in their use, particularly eye and skin damage. Compares permissible exposure limits laid down by various institutions. Information concerning medical check-ups and counter-indications for work in a zone swept by a laser beam.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, Mar. 1973, Vol.19, No.3, p.169-177. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 74-127 Pitts D.G.
The ocular ultraviolet action spectrum and protection criteria.
Human eyes were exposed to ultraviolet radiant energy over the range 220-310 nm in 10-nm waveband steps, and the action spectra compared with previously established rabbit and primate spectra. The human ultraviolet action spectrum extended from 220-310 nm. Human photokeratitis thresholds were also determined in this range; the 270-nm waveband was found to be the most dangerous in this connection, the corresponding threshold being 4.0 J/cm². Formulas are presented for the calculation of safety criteria against ultraviolet radiation.
Health Physics, Dec. 1973, Vol.25, No.6, p.559-566. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 74-115 Hultgren G.V., Knave B.
Discomfort glare and disturbances from light reflection in an office environment with CRT display terminals
Kontrastbländning och reflexstörningar i kontorslandskap med bildterminaler [in Swedish]
The authors studied the lighting of an office equipped with 17 CRT display terminals and analysed complaints from the staff. Discomfort glare and reflections on the terminal screens were found to be the main causes of the complaints. Discomfort glare resulted from difference in luminance between the dark screen and other lit surfaces in the room. Reflections from windows and ceiling lighting appearing on the glossy screen were often found to have higher luminance values than the text on the screen. On the basis of these results, guiding principles are suggested for the design of lighting in similar workplaces.
Arbete och hälsa - vetenskaplig skriftserie, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Fack, 10026 Stockholm 34, Sweden, 1973:1, 16p. Illus. 1 ref. Price: Swe-cr.6.00.

CIS 74-85 Gucker F.T., Tůma J., Lin H.M., Huang C.M., Ems S.C., Marshall T.R.
Rapid measurement of light-scattering diagrams from single particles in an aerosol stream and determination of latex particle size.
Description of a new high-speed photometer which can determine the scattering diagram of a single aerosol particle from 7°-173° and 187°-353° in 14.5 ms. Using this photometer, particles of polystyrene latex were studied and a mean diameter was determined, 10% above the nominal electron microscope value, but in good agreement with other light-scattering results. It is concluded that light-scattering seems to be the best absolute method for standardising latex aerosols.
Journal of Aerosol Science, Sep. 1973, Vol.4, No.5, p.389-404. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 74-27 Schulz F., Voigtsberger P., Matzkuhn G.
Measurement of the temperature of vessels containing flammable liquids exposed to direct solar radiation
Temperaturmessungen an Behältern mit brennbaren Flüssigkeiten bei direkter Sonneneinstrahlung [in German]
By direct measurements carried out in fine weather in summer, the highest temperatures which could be withstood by small recipients (1-5 l) containing flammable liquids or liquefied gas was ascertained. This article describes a number of experiments carried out by the German Federal Institute for Materials Testing and gives their results: in 1 h the temperature of a camping-gas canister or petrol can left in direct sunlight can reach 70°C; after 3 or 4 h it may reach 90-95°C, after which increased vapour density and tension may be sufficient to burst the recipient.
Arbeitsschutz, Feb. 1973, No.2, p.53-59. Illus. 2 ref.

1972

CIS 74-1302 Odland L.T.
Observations on microwave hazards to USAF personnel.
Literature review of microwave hazards with particular reference to the formation of eye cataract. It is conluded that the U.S. exposure limit of 10 mW/cm² is safe, although one should consider cataract formation only an ancillary tool for the evaluation of safe exposure limits since, for example, transient changes in testicular function may occur at power levels lower than those which may induce cataract.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, July 1972, Vol.14, No.7, p.544-547. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 74-1299 Hübner H.J., Sutter E., Wicke K.
Measurement of radiant power at welding processes and consequences for eye protection against IR radiation.
English translation of: Messung der Strahlungsleistung beim Schweissen und Folgerungen für den Schutz der Augen gegen Infrarot-Strahlung. Optik, Stuttgart, Germany (Fed.Rep.), 1970, Vol.31, No.5, p.462-476. Illus. 12 ref. The spectral irradiances produced by different welding processes were measured in the wavelength range from 0.4 to 2.0 µm. These figures were compared with the irradiance caused by solar radiation on the earth, in order to calculate the transmission factor of welding filters in the infrared (IR) band, preserving the eye from damage. The maximum permissible transmission factors of IR filters are calculated on the basis of the spectral distribution on a black body. All these values are much smaller than those allowed up to now. It is concluded that standard specifications for welders' protection and furnace inspection goggles should be more severe.
Technical Translation NRC-TT-1563, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1972. 21p. Illus. 12 ref. Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151, USA. Accession No. N72-28510.

CIS 74-1296 Appleton B., McCrossan G.C.
Microwave lens effects in humans.
All personnel presumed on the basis of long-standing occupational circumstances to have been exposed to microwaves at the highest levels encountered in a military operational environment were subjected to biomicroscopic examination of the lens. 135 controls were also examined, the examiners having no knowledge of the exposure history of any person examined. Objective evidence of lens abnormality was recorded and a statistical comparison made between the 2 groups on the basis of this evidence. The comparison showed the 2 groups to be essentially the same and did not support the hypothesis that human cataracts are caused by chronic exposure to microwaves.
Archives of Ophthalmology, Sep. 1972, Vol.88, No.3, p.259-262. 10 ref.

CIS 74-422 Milroy W.C., Michaelson S.M.
Thyroid pathophysiology of microwave radiation.
A study designed to investigate the response of the pituitary thyroid axis to microwave radiation. Rats exposed to various regimens of microwave radiation were evaluated in terms of their thyroid and thyrotropic activity. No alterations in structure or function were noted which could be attributed to a specific effect of microwave radiation. Those alterations which were detected were felt to represent non-specific reactions of age, heat and stress. Although it is unlikely that low-level microwave radiation (less than 10 mW/cm²) represents any appreciable hazard to man, it is suggested that further studies of the neuro-endocrine responses of higher animals be undertaken.
Aerospace Medicine, Oct. 1972, Vol.43, No.10, p.1126-1131. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 74-134 Prince J.E., Mori L.H., Frazer J.W., Mitchell J.C.
Cytologic aspect of RF radiation in the monkey.
Groups of monkeys were exposed for 30 min to 10-27 MHz electromagnetic radiation at a power density of 1.32 W/cm². 71 h after exposure, circulating lymphocytoid cells of high mitotic potential were obtained from the animals. The results suggest that the deeper lymphoid tissue beds are accessible to the lower frequencies of radiation.
Aerospace Medicine, July 1972, Vol.43, No.7, p.759-761. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 74-116
USSR State Board for the Building Trade (Gosstroj SSSR), Moskva.
Standards and rules for building construction - Part II, section A, chapter 9: Artificial lighting - Design standards
Stroitel'nye normy i pravila - Čast'II, razdel A, glava 9: Iskustvennoe osveščenie - Normy proektirovanija [in Russian]
This standard, which was adopted on 21 June 1971 and entered into force on 1 Oct. 1971, applies to the design and choice of lighting equipment for newly built or rebuilt industrial buildings and premises, agricultural installations, outdoor workplaces and communication ways. Tables give recommended illumination levels for different visual tasks (according to contrast and background characteristics), ancillary premises, outdoor workplaces and communication ways, etc. Specifications are given for lamp installation heights and tolerable glare.
Izdatel'stvo literatury po stroitel'stvu, Kuzneckij most 9, Moskva K-31, USSR, 1972. 24p. Illus. Price: Rbl.0.15.

CIS 72-2611 Greenhouse N.A., Peterson G.C.
An evaluation of radiation hazards from high-voltage vacuum interrupters
High-voltage vacuum interrupters (solenoid-actuated relays used to control dc, ac and rf currents of potentials up to 100kV) can be potent X-ray sources. X-ray production was investigated in 18 devices of this type and correlated with electrode condition and alignment, gap width, and envelope pressure. X-ray fields of the order of tens of roentgens per hour at 1m were found in interrupters operated within their maximum voltage rating. The magnitude of these intensities and the unpredictable radiation production characteristics warrant an increased awareness of the hazard and the use of protective measures (shielding, personnel monitoring and training) to prevent insidious exposures.
Health Physics, July 1972, Vol.23, No.1, p.85-88. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 72-2726 Glaser Z.R.
Bibliography of reported biological phenomena (effects) and clinical manifestations attributed to microwave and radio-frequency radiation
A list of 2311 references (up to Apr. 1972; title and source only) taken from the world literature on the biological responses to radiofrequency and microwave radiation. The bibliography is supplemented by an outline in tabular form of the biological effects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation and a list of accession agencies.
Research Report No.2, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, USA, revised edition, 20 Apr. 1972. 103p.

CIS 72-2734 Nickel H.
High-frequency fields and electrical detonators in iron ore and potash mines
Hochfrequenzenergie und elektrische Zünder im Eisenerz- und Salzbergbau [in German]
Measurements of the field strengths around the receiving loop of an underground locomotive, a trolley line and the transmitting antennae of an underground wireless system was carried out in 2 mines to determine whether normal- or low-sensitivity bridge-wire detonators could be ignited by high-frequency currents. The high-frequency current (3-30MHz frequency range) fed into the detonating circuit did not produce a detonation. Consequently with transmission powers of less than 20W, it is not necessary to maintain a safe distance between bridge-wire detonators and the type of high-frequency source in question.
Nobel Hefte, Apr. 1972, Vol.38, No.2, p.48-56. Illus. 2 ref.

CIS 72-2735 Bittner G., Rehbock E., Röh P.
Studies on the effect of electromagnetic waves over 1GHz (radar) on bridge-wire detonators
Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung elektromagnetischer Wellen über 1GHz (Radar) auf elektrische Brückenzünder [in German]
The design and electrical characteristics of bridge-wire detonators are described and a brief report is given on the results of 200 experiments with transmitters in the 1-20GHz frequency band. Considerable space is devoted to the calculation of ignition requirements. Mean current densities which will not ignite various types of detonator are indicated. Mean densities below 10²W/m² are considered harmless. In the case of military fire-control radar equipment, a minimum safe distance of 300m should be maintained; for all other radar equipment a distance of 10m will suffice.
Nobel Hefte, Apr. 1972, Vol.38, No.2, p.56-66. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 72-2736 Bagelmann E.
Occupational health aspects of laser beams
Arbeitsmedizinische Aspekte der Laserstrahlung [in German]
A review of the effects of the CO₂-laser on the eye and a report on animal experiments. Even the weakest CO₂-laser beam is hazardous for the surface of the cornea and the resultant scars and clouding will always impair vision. Particular reference is made to the importance of thorough ophthalmological and general medical pre-employment medical examinations for people to be employed on work with lasers, and the need for documentary evidence of the eye examination findings (retinal-image photograph or diagram).
Homburg-Informationen für den Werksarzt, 1972, Vol.19, No.4, p.98-104. 2 ref.

CIS 73-253 Krol' C.I., Mjasoedova E.I.
Method of calculating the level of glare produced by lighting in industrial buildings
Metody rasčeta pokazatelja osleplennosti v osvetitel'nyh ustanovkah vnutrennego osvesčenija proizvodstvennyh zdanij [in Russian]
Description of a simple technique for checking whether industrial lighting meets the permissible glare requirements laid down in USSR standards. Tables of maximum glare are included.
Svetotehnika, May 1972, No.5, p.19-24. Illus.

CIS 73-251 Ščajkevič A.S.
Lighting-level standards for metal-cutting machine tools
Normy osveščennosti metallorežuščih stankov [in Russian]
The criteria used in the standardisation of industrial lighting are: the visibility of the visual task (threshold of contrast between the object and the background); relative visibility (comparison between existing lighting conditions and optimal conditions); and perception velocity. Graphs are given to show the results of calculations of these criteria applied to the lighting of machine-tool operator work stations. It is found that visual work capacity increases with work-surface luminance, and this is of particular importance in the case of precision work. Referring to the results of field studies, the author makes recommendations on the optimal layout of light sources for illuminating machine-tool work stations.
Svetotehnika, May 1972, No.5, p.1-4. Illus. 7 ref.

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