Non-ionizing radiation - 763 entries found

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1977

CIS 81-1272 Östberg O.
Physiology, psychology and measurement of glare
Bländningens fysiologi, psykologi och mätning [in Swedish]
Glare from artificial sources of light is often hardly noticed and may therefore affect the eyes. Special measuring instruments and criteria are required to assess this hazard. This report deals with the mechanisms of discomfort glare and vision-impairing glare, methods for measuring these types of glare, differences in individual glare sensitivity, and the interaction between discomfort glare and vision-impairing glare.
Institutionen för Arbetsvetenskap, Högskolan, Luleå, Sweden, 1977. 30p. Illus. 61 ref.

CIS 80-1904 Ultraviolet radiation.
Contents: sources of ultraviolet radiation; physical properties; biological effects; evaluation; hazards criteria and standards; control.
Non-ionizing Radiation Guide Series, American Industrial Hygiene Association, 475 Wolf Ledges Parkway, Akron, OH 44311, USA, 1977. 7p. Price: US$1.50.

CIS 80-1903 Radio frequency and microwave radiation.
Contents: band limits; sources, uses; antennas; polarisation; interaction with matter; mode of interaction with biological systems; measurements and evaluation; recommended maximum exposure; control.
Non-ionizing Radiation Guide Series, American Industrial Hygiene Association, 475 Wolf Ledges Parkway, Akron, OH 44311, USA, 1977. 4p. Price:US$1.50.

CIS 80-1902 Non-ionising radiation - General concepts.
Separate AIHA Guides are to be issued for each type of non-ionising radiation. This introductory guide on the electromagnetic spectrum is designed as a supplement to them. Contents: radiation in general; electromagnetic radiation; interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter; biological effects; terms and units.
Non-ionizing Radiation Guide Series, American Industrial Hygiene Association, 475 Wolf Ledges Parkway, Akron, OH 44311, USA, 1977. 5p. Price: US$1.50.

CIS 79-83 Alekseeva I.S., Gul'kov V.N., Norkin Ju.I., Sozina N.N.
Possibility of using thermoelectric visible radiation sensors for occupational hygiene evaluation of welding work
O vozmožnosti ispol'zovanija termoėlektričeskih priemnikov izlučenija dlja gigieničeskoj ocenki svaročnyh processov [in Russian]
A sensor with several thermoelectric elements designed to measure the radiation (visible, ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR)) emitted during various welding procedures is described. CO₂-shielded welding under different current conditions yielded UV and IR radiation intensities that were half as great as without shielding. 62.5-76.7% of radiations in the 0.2-3.0µm range were IR, with a wavelength of 1.5-3.0µm.
Naučnye raboty institutov ohrany truda VCSPS, 1977, No.110, p.43-48. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 78-1911 Alberti S.
Hazards of occupational exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields
Risques présentés par l'exposition professionnelle aux champs électromagnétiques à haute fréquence. [in French]
Translation of: Rischi e danni derivanti da esposizione professionale a campi elettromagnetici ad alta frequenza. Securitas, Roma, Italy, Jan.-Feb. 1976, Vol. 61, No.1-2, 30 ref. Commenting that knowledge of the pathological effects of short and ultrashort electromagnetic waves is still inadequate, the author analyses a number of articles from the literature (mainly Soviet) on the subject, and describes his own studies of 2 groups of workers (5 in one group, 26 in the other) exposed to electromagnetic fields from high-frequency wood gluing equipment. The results he obtained show conclusively the effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on the genital organs, and would seem to confirm the findings of other authors on their effects on the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Traduction INRS 53 B-77, Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1977. 23p. 30 ref.

CIS 78-1599 Šlejfman F.M., Marčenko L.A.
Standardisation of infrared radiation at the workplace
K voprosu normirovanija infrakrasnogo izlučenija na proizvodstve [in Russian]
Data are given on exposure to infrared radiation (IRR) in various sectors of the metallurgical and glassmaking industries and in arc welders, and the absence of relevant regulations in the USSR and most countries is deplored. Measures based on maintaining the thermal equilibrium by controlling the temperature and velocity of air flow are not applicable in all cases, so that a reduction in exposure time is proposed on the basis of U.S. and French practice. This is backed up by studies on the effects of IRR on the body, which are described, with a table of permissible radiation according to intensity of flow. A French translation of the study (traduction INRS 40 B-77: "Propositions pour une normalisation de l'exposition professionnelle aux infrarouges") is available from the French National Research and Safety Institute (INRS), 30 rue Olivier Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex, 14, France.
Gigiena i sanitarija, May 1977, No.5, p.29-32. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 78-1598 Tronnier H.
Should workers be protected against light?
Beruflicher Lichtschutz? [in German]
Protection of workers against light in the undertaking is indicated only in the case of individual sensitivity, and only at workplaces where there is exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The problem also arises, however, for work in the open in regions with intense sunlight, on account of the risk of chronic lesions. Several examples of occupational exposure to light are quoted, with possible skin lesions and details of the properties of the protective substances: light protection factor, mode of application, consistency of preparations.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, Nov. 1977, Vol.12, No.11, p.243-245. Illus.

CIS 78-1595 Glaser Z.R., Brown P.F., Allamong J.M., Newton R.C.
Ninth supplement to bibliography of microwave and RF biologic effects.
This supplement (CIS 74-1298) contains 567 additional references published up to Sep. 1977. It is the first and only supplement issued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Particular attention has been paid to effects on humans. Soviet and East European literature is included in detail. Unsigned reports and articles and technical meeting contributions are included, as well as information on the previous supplements.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.78-126, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Nov. 1977. 60p.

CIS 78-1005 Gabovič R.D., Šutenko O.I.
Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the animal organism with different conditions of ultraviolet radiation
Dejstvie ėnergii ėlektromagnitnyh polej sverhvysokoj častoty na organizm ėksperimental'nyh životnyh pri različnyh režimah ul'trafioletovogo oblučenija [in Russian]
White rats were exposed simultaneously to electromagnetic fields with energy flow densities of 100 and 1,000µW/cm² and to ultraviolet radiation of 400 and 1,600µOe/cm². Body weight, physical performance, reaction times, serum cholinesterase activity, SH group levels in the blood, immunobiological reactions, and trace element metabolism were noted. Optimum ultraviolet radiation of 400µOe/cm² daily increased tolerance to the effects of electromagnetic fields of 100µW/cm². UV radiation was much less effective against energies of 1,000µW/cm². For prophylactic reasons it is recommended that UV radiation of workers exposed to extra-high frequency electromagnetic fields be monitored.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Sep. 1977, No.9, p.31-37. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 78-1003 Larrainzar González F.J.
Determination of safe distances in work with lasers
Determinación de la distancia de seguridad en los trabajos con láseres [in Spanish]
General considerations are given on the history and principles of the laser, different types of laser, and classification of lasers by degree of hazard according to U.S. standard ANSI Z136.1 of 1973 (CIS 74-1022). A distinction is drawn between the hazards of laser radiation in the proper sense: burns, eye lesions, pollution (ionisation of air, production of toxic gases and vapours, release of vaporised biological materials), and those associated with the equipment (radiation, glare, electrical hazards). The method of calculating safe distances is described; formulae are proposed on the basis of the parameters energy, power, and presence or absence of attenuation.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, Oct.-Dec. 1977, Vol.25, No.100, p.22-29. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 78-1001 Šutenko O.I., Vinogradov G.I., Užva N.F.
Immunological reactivity of the body in exposure to extra-high-frequency electromagnetic fields with prophylaxis by ultraviolet radiation in different doses
Immunologičeskaja reaktivnost' organizma pri dejstvii ėlektromagnitnyh polej sverhvysokih častot v uslovijah različnogo ul'trafioletovogo oblučenija [in Russian]
White rats were exposed to electromagnetic fields (power density 100-1,000µW/cm²) and ultraviolet radiation (400-1,600µOe/cm²) for 4 months. Extra-high frequency fields produced an autoallergic reaction on a background of heightened immunological reactivity. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation in prophylactic doses prevented autosensitisation and protected the immunological system against the effect of the electromagnetic fields; increasing the UV dose to 1,600µOe/cm² activated the autosensitisation.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Aug. 1977, No.8, p.48-50. 1 ref.

CIS 78-993 Weis B.
Technical problems of emergency lighting
Lichttechnische Probleme bei der Notbeleuchtung [in German]
The various types of emergency lighting (safety, standby, substitute lighting), are defined with reference to the German (Fed.Rep) regulations. The technical requirements to be satisfied by emergency lighting are examined on the basis of British, Soviet and West German studies: illuminance levels of approx. 0.5-1.5lx are sufficient for evacuation of the workplace. Glare should be limited to very low levels. The values prescribed by various standards are shown. Considerations on the design of emergency lighting equipment.
Lichttechnik, Jan. 1977, Vol.29, No.1, p.27-30; Feb. 1977, No.2, p.66-68. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 78-722 Pelkonen J.
Eye lesion hazard during automobile paint drying
Ögonen i fara vid torkning av billack [in Swedish]
The introduction of a new type of short-wave infrared radiation dryer involves a hazard which generally goes unrecognised in automobile bodywork paintshops: cataract due to coagulation of protein molecules in the crystalline lens of the eye under the effect of heat. A study in paintshops showed that certain painters work close to these dryers. Exposure limits proposed for this type of short-wave radiation are dealt with and the use of protective screens recommended.
Arbetsmiljö, 1977, No.14, p.33-34. Illus.

CIS 78-717 Bini M., Checcacci A., Ignesti A., Millanta L., Rubino N., Cicchella G.
Hazards of exposure to radiofrequency and microwave radiation
Il rischio da esposizione a radiofrequenze e microonde [in Italian]
An introduction on the physics and biophysics of radiofrequency radiation (interaction between electromagnetic field and material, absorption and propagation, near and far fields) is followed by sections reviewing: the main sources of radiowaves; pathological effects (thermal: lethal action in animal experiments, eye lesions, gonadal lesions; non-thermal); dosimetry and safety standards.
Medicina del lavoro, Sep.-Oct. 1977, Vol.68, No.5, p.321-339. Illus. 66 ref.

CIS 78-714 Toler J., Seals J.
RF dielectric properties measurement system: Human and animal data.
A system was developed for accurately and repeatably measuring the relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of materials used in phantom modelling research. The frequency range was 10-100MHz. The system is based on an antenna modelling theorem which relates the impedance of a short monopole antenna in air to its impedance in dielectric media with high radiofrequency power absorption such as phantom modelling materials and biological tissues. Equipment used was a signal source, network analyser, and small in vivo probe. Sample materials used were water, methanol, ethylene glycol, saline solutions, and phantom modelling materials. Discrete and swept frequency measurements were made; accuracies were within ± 5%.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.77-176, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, July 1977. 79p. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 78-401 Ocular ultraviolet effects from 295nm to 400nm in the rabbit eye.
Results of research contracted to the College of optometry of the University of Houston, Texas, USA. Pigmented rabbit eyes were irradiated in 5nm intervals from 290 to 320nm and in 10nm intervals from 325 to 400nm. Corneal and lenticular damage were evaluated and classified with a biomicroscope. The damage begins at 295nm and extends to 320nm; 300nm was most effective for lenticular damage (exposure threshold 0.15Joules/cm²). The lenticular radiant exposure threshold produced opacities which disappeared within 24h to 2 weeks. Permanent cataracts occurred at radiant exposure levels approximately twice the threshold exposure; this exposure level also gave irreversible corneal damage. Corneal damage included stromal haze and opacities, endothelial changes and anterior uveitis.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.77-175, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Oct. 1977, 82p. Illus. 61 ref.

CIS 78-522 Ingram J.W., Horstman S.W.
A field study of near ultraviolet welding irradiance.
Spectral irradiance (SI) in the near UV (300-400nm) was measured for several welding operations at a large steel fabrication shop. Variations in SI with time were measured. Different operations produced different spectral outputs. At 1.22 and 2.44m the proposed standard for near UV was not exceeded.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1977, Vol.38, No.9, p.456-461. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 78-396 Guy A.W., Webb M.D., McDougall J.A.
RF radiation absorption patterns: Human and animal modeling data.
Since little is known about radiofrequency (RF) biological effects from 10 to 300MHz, although the vast majority of industrial sources operate within this frequency range, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated a programme to determine human RF exposure thresholds. Various models of animals and humans were exposed to RF fields (10-300MHz) produced by differing sources. Power absorption patterns and the rate of power absorption at specific anatomical locations within the models were thermographically recorded. The results of the modelling research demonstrate the validity of this technique for predicting the magnitude and distribution of RF-induced power absorption in humans and animals. The utility of the technique for extrapolation to human RF exposure thresholds from animal data was firmly established.
DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.77-183, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Sep. 1977. 67p. Illus.

CIS 78-386 Calvet M.H.
"Visualising" environmental factors - Ergonomic studies
Facteurs d'ambiance "visualisants" - Expérimentation ergonomique. [in French]
Communication to a seminar on environmental factors and interior climates held in Brussels on 27-28 Oct. 1976 under the auspices of the Belgian National Board for the Improvement of Working Conditions (Commissariat général à la promotion du travail). Results of an industrial study since 1956 in workers undertaking a visual precision task with miniaturised microelectronic elements (welding of 40µm spiral filaments). Results: not only the quantitative aspect of lighting, but also the spectral composition of the light from fluorescent tubes is important. The solution found was to emphasise the red end of the spectrum. A further point stressed is that of "visualising light", identified in 1966: i.e. auxiliary lighting above the visible range, and increasing the efficiency of the main lighting. Summary in Dutch and English.
Cahiers de médecine du travail - Cahiers voor arbeidsgeneeskunde, June-Sep. 1977, Vol.14, No.2-3, p.161-165. Illus. 1 ref.

CIS 78-107 Sadčikova M.N., Nikonova K.V., Denisova E.A., Snegova G.V., L'vovskaja Ė.N., Soldatova V.A.
Arterial blood pressure during exposure to low-intensity microwave irradiation and to high temperature
Arterial'noe davlenie pri vozdejstvii mikrovoln maloj intensivnosti i vysokoj temperatury [in Russian]
Results of a comparative survey of 353 electronics workers exposed to microwave during manufacture and tuning of radar equipment and UHF packs, and 352 controls. The authors observed significant changes in arterial blood pressure in workers exposed to energy densities of several hundred µW/cm² and to high ambient temperature. On the contrary, no tendency to hypertension was observed in cases where exposure did not exceed 10µW/cm², or in the controls. A correlation was established between the duration of exposure to microwave and heat, on the one hand, and the degree of hypertension, on the other.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1977, No.2, p.17-21. 10 ref.

CIS 78-105 Hathaway J.A., Stern N., Soles E.M., Leighton E.
Ocular medical surveillance on microwave and laser workers.
Results of over 800 eye examinations were evaluated. There were no lenticular or retinal defects that could be attributed to microwave or laser radiation. The great variability in the incidence of minute lenticular defects with increasing age was attributed to diffferences in subjective evaluation by examiners. It is suggested that medical surveillance of these workers can be limited to pre-assignment, post-accident and termination examinations. The literature is reviewed.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1977, Vol.19, No.10, p.683-688. 14 ref.

CIS 78-104 Poljakova A.N.
Efficacy of ultraviolet radiation for workers in a windowless textile plant
Ob ėffektivnosti UF-oblučenija rabočih bezokonnogo tekstil'nogo proizvodstva [in Russian]
Results of a long-term survey in 2 windowless weaving sheds, one of which was equipped with UV radiation lamps. The efficacy of UV radiation from the health point of view was evaluated on the basis of sickness absenteeism records, immunological reactivity and biochemical changes in the blood. It was found that systematic long-term exposure to UV radiation resulted in reduced sickness absenteeism, increased immunological resistance and improved productivity.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Jan. 1977, No.1, p.103-104.

CIS 78-168 Vroege D.
Abnormal cutaneous reactions to light under the influence of substances in the working environment
Abnormale huidreakties op licht onder invloed van stoffen in de arbeidssituatie [in Dutch]
Case studies of cutaneous reactions in 37 dockers exposed to sunlight and to certain substances. Literature survey of effects of infrared and ultraviolet radiation, and of photodynamic substances on the skin (photoallergic and phototoxic effects, photosensitisation). Classification of photodynamic substances: coal tar derivatives, vegetable substances (furocoumarins, volatile oils, etc.), dyes and pharmaceuticals.
Tijdschrift voor sociale geneeskunde, 27 July 1977, Vol.55, No.15, p.555-559, 578. 14 ref.

CIS 77-1911 Vautrin J.P., Cavelier, Clauzade B.
Non-ionising electromagnetic radiation - Radiofrequency and microwave radiation - Applications and hazards
Le rayonnement électromagnétique non ionisant - Domaine des radiofréquences et hyperfréquences - Applications et risques. [in French]
General remarks on electromagnetic waves (physical data, induction field, electromagnetic spectrum). The principal uses of radiofrequency radiation and microwaves are tabulated. Hazards for personnel (thermal effects as a function of frequency and energy, specific effects, subjective disorders caused by changes in the autonomic, cardiovascular and endocrine systems). Hazards for the environment. Exposure limits (in mW/cm²) in USA, USSR, France and United Kingdom. Exposure levels measured in French industrial settings. Review of preventive measures: shielding of electrodes by a metal screen, use of machines equipped with a transfer table, maintenance of machines, limitation of exposure.
Travail et sécurité, May 1977, No.5, p.258-264. Illus.

CIS 77-1908 McKinlay A.F.
Ultraviolet radiation hazards and protection standards.
Considerations on: physical properties and generation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation; working populations at risk (nurses, dentists, food and drink irradiators, hairdressers, laboratory workers, lighting technicians, lithographic and printing workers, paint and resin curers, physiotherapists, photographic workers, plasma torch operators, spectroscopists, welders); devices emitting UV (bactericidal lamps, carbon, xenon and other arcs, dental polymerising equipment, fluorescence equipment, mercury lamps, plasma torches, printing ink polymerising equipment, welding equipment); hazardous effects to eyes (keratoconjunctivitis or arc eye), skin (erythema, melanoma); protection (summary of standard occupational exposure limits recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
Radiological Protection Bulletin, Harwell, United Kingdom, July 1977, No.20, p.10-16. Illus. 10 ref.
http://www.arbejdstilsynet.dk/sw6191.asp [in Danish]

CIS 77-1903
National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell.
Protection against ultraviolet radiation in the workplace.
This information booklet describes biological effects and health damage (skin cancer, kerato-conjunctivitis or "welders flash", etc.) due to ultraviolet radiation (UV). Industrial processes (sterilisation of food, creating fluorescent effects, curing paints, inks and resins, welding or plasma torch operations, etc.); hazards in medical and dental practice. Working population at risk: dentists, food and drink bactericidal lamp irradiators, hairdressers, lighting technicians, lithographic workers, printing ink polymerisation workers, plasma torch operators, welders, etc. Hazard of chemical photosensitisation of skin to UV, which is insidious as some strong sources of radiation give off only a faint visible glow. Physical properties; protection against over-exposure: warning signs, safe distances, limitation of exposure, awareness, sealed housings, screened areas, interlocks, elimination of reflected UV, personal protection, etc. British Legislation.
H.M. Stationery Office, P.O. Box 569, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, 1977. 16p. Illus. 3 ref. Price: £0.40.

CIS 77-1297 Lighting for petroleum and chemical plants.
This report outlines established lighting practices in these industries, defines the work tasks requiring good visibility and makes a number of recommendations. Data is tabulated on: recommended lighting levels (according to area of activity and type of operation) for production requirements and workers' comfort; type of luminaire for safe illumination in different categories of areas with explosion hazard; lighting levels satisfying safety requirements.
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Apr. 1977, Vol.6, No.3, p.184-192. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 77-1314 Anttonen H., Hassi J., Kiviniitty K., Piikivi L.
Biological and physical effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields and the occurrence of such fields in worklife
Magneettikenttien ja sähkömagneettisten kenttien biologiset ja fysikaaliset vaikutukset sekä kenttien esiintyminen työelämässä [in Finnish]
A literature survey. There is not much information on the effects of 100Hz-110kHz radiation. At 10mT, static magnetic fields cause changes in the encephalograms of animals and in the oxygen consumption of cells. At 0.1-0.4T, there is a decrease in growth and also haematological and embryo development changes. Exposed workers showed headache, low blood pressure and oedema of the hand. In some research institutes, the threshold limit values for magnetic flux density is 20mT for whole body exposure, and 0.1-0.2T for the hand. While in some western countries 100W/m² is believed harmless, animals have shown detrimental effects at 0.1W/m². No conclusions can be drawn about the harmful effects of non-ionising radiation; results for high-frequency radiation are controversial. The criteria for threshold limit values are discussed. English summary.
Työterveyslaitoksen tutkimuksia 113, Institute of Occupational Health (Työterveyslaitos), Helsinki, Finland, 1977. 79p. 53 ref.

CIS 77-1006 Hughes D.
Exposure hazards of UV radiation.
A literature survey of the hazards including the range of wavelengths in the ultraviolet, erythema and skin burn (wavelengths causing damage, symptoms), eye damage, skin cancer, bactericidal, fungicidal and chemical action of radiation, explosion hazards, maximum permissible exposure and laboratory sources (illustrated). The threshold limit values for the different wavelengths are given.
Chemistry in Britain, Apr. 1977, Vol.13, No.4, p.134-137. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 77-679 Thornton W.A.
The design of safety-colors.
Instead of basing the ease of safety colour identification on the illuminant, the safety colour is designed to be used with any illuminant. The chromaticities of present colours illuminated by standard fluorescent, high pressure and mercury lamps are compared and the ambiguities are shown. Two new approaches are discussed: redesign of spectral reflectance distribution and use of fluorescent safety colours. The chromaticities of the new colours using various illuminants are shown, and the advantages pointed out (reliability, use of illuminants lacking certain colours).
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Jan. 1977, Vol.6, No.2, p.92-99. Illus. 8 ref.

1976

CIS 78-108 Specification for safety of commercial electrical appliances using microwave energy for heating foodstuffs.
This standard specifies the requirements for the testing of microwave ovens with or without additional forms of heating. It applies to equipment for operation on either single phase or polyphase supplies, where the voltage to earth does not exceed 250V (AC), but does not cover the use of equipment in ships, vehicles or aircraft, or continuous process ovens. Personnel carrying out appraisal of appliances to this specification are warned that as a result of tests, appliances may give rise to microwave leakage which could be hazardous to their health. Precautions to be taken, creepage distances, clearances, etc. are indicated.
BS 5175:1976, British Standards Institution, 101 Pentonville Road, London N1 9ND, United Kingdom, June 1976. 38p. Illus. 16 ref. Price:£6.60.

CIS 77-1904 Shiney D.H., Marshall W.J., Del Valle P.F., Franks J.K., Lyon T.L., Krial N.P.
Laser Microwave Division, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010.
Laser hazard classification guide.
This guide provides a listing of all commercial lasers available in the USA, together with their technical specifications (active medium, wavelength, output, etc.) and hazard classification in 4 classes. Some 2,500 models from over 170 manufacturers and distributors are included. The hazard classification is based on a scheme which has been adopted for the proposed Federal standard concerning occupational exposure to laser radiation. The procedure followed in compiling the guide is described.
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH)76-183, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, July 1976. 206p. 4 ref.

CIS 77-1608 Gabovič R.D., Žukovskij O.M.
Methods of studying the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves on the human organism in industrial conditions
K metodike izučenija vozdejstvija ėlektromagnitnyh voln radiočastot na organizm čeloveka v uslovijah proizvodstva [in Russian]
Results of examinations of chromatic sensitivity (colour discrimination threshold, temporary chromatic sensitivity threshold) in 3 groups of workers exposed to microwaves (power density ranges: 235-370, 10-50 and <10µW/cm²) and a control group. The discrimination threshold for red was one of the most sensitive indices of microwave-induced functional ocular disturbance. These examinations are recommended for medical surveillance of microwave-exposed workers.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Oct. 1976, No.10, p.26-29. 4 ref.

CIS 77-1601 Kašuba V.A.
Occupational hygiene problems associated with the use of neodymium lasers in wristwatch manufacture
Voprosy gigieny truda pri ispol'zovanii neodimovyh lazerov v proizvodstve časov [in Russian]
Results of studies in 3 wristwatch factories: diffuse radiation of considerable intensity, inadequate lighting of workplaces, formation of gases and aerosols during drilling, impulse noise. A layout for laser beam boring workplaces is proposed, with improved local lighting and screens around radiation sources.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Aug. 1976, No.8, p.29-32. 9 ref.

CIS 77-1321 Semenov A.I.
Effects of laser radiation on the organism and prevention measures
Vlijanie izlučenija lazerov na organizm i mery profilaktiki [in Russian]
Laser radiation can produce local or generalised lesions in the body. The eye is the most vulnerable organ, and lesions may be caused by both direct and reflected scattered radiation. Repeated exposure to low-intensity radiation can cause pathological and functional changes of the eye as a result of accumulation. These may be more or less severe according to the intensity of the radiation and individual susceptibility. Prevention must concentrate on eye protection (protective screens around the laser beam, use of filter glasses when observing the beam, etc.).
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Aug. 1976, No.8, p.1-6. 8 ref.

CIS 77-1319 Kalyada T.V.
Joint Publications Research Service, Arlington, Virginia.
Physical factors of production environment and their effect on the health of workers.
This report is a translation of papers published in USSR on: hygienic characteristics of ship radar sets in fishing fleets; evaluation of high-frequency dielectric heaters; combined intermittent effect of short and medium wave radiation on ship operators; nature of heat-regulating responses of man to effects of low intensity UHF radiation; vascular reactions to 39 and 150MHz radiation; effect of UHF radiation on haemodynamic indices; sick rate of workers with temporary loss of work capacity during exposure to radiofrequency radiation.
JPRS-66693, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161, USA, 28 Jan. 1976. 42p. Illus.

CIS 77-1318 Biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
Literature survey covering the lesser known effects of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 0 to 300GHz. The survey was undertaken to determine areas for future research. Considerations on radiation sources, effects on water (free and in biological material) and other biological matter; possible effects of low and high frequency fields and genetic and prenatal effects; bone tissue, blood, heart, eyes, testicles, nervous system; measuring techniques; safety aspects (by reference to USA and USSR standards). Appendices deal with basic physical and biophysical concepts, sources of the literature surveyed, physical properties of water and other biological materials, etc.
IVA-Meddelande 210, Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, Box 5073, 102 42 Stockholm, Sweden, 1976. 160p. Illus. 197 ref. Price: Swe-cr.25.50.

CIS 77-1316 Korbelik M.
Aspects of the action of ultraviolet radiation on animal cells
Neki aspekti djelovanja ultravioletnog zračenja na animalne stanice [in Serbocroatian]
This literature survey aims to facilitate understanding of the photochemical, photobiological, radiobiological and carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the living cells of mammals. The study is chiefly concerned with photochemical lesions, which have an important impact on the life of the cell: production of pyrimidine dimers and bridge formation between the protein molecular chains in DNA. Formation of such bridges appears the chief factor in cell necrosis due to ultraviolet radiation.
Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 1976, Vol.27, No.3, p.243-263. Illus. 76 ref.

CIS 77-1313 Radiofrequency radiation - Directives for exposure limits and protective measures
Radiofrekvent strålning - Anvisningar om hygieniska gränsvärden och skyddsåtgärder [in Swedish]
These directives (entry into force: 1 Jan. 1977) provide information on the biological effects and uses of radiofrequency radiations, giving the exposure limits to microwaves and short waves, and specify the in-plant protective measures to be taken: sale of guarded equipment with servicing instructions; limitation of exposure by all means possible; warning or prohibition notices (reproduced) for cases in which inadvertent exposure can occur; consultation of physician if the permissible dose is exceeded; information of personnel; prohibition of work to users of cardiac pacemakers.
Anvisningar nr 111, National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen), Fack, 100 26 Stockholm 34, Sweden, June 1976. 7p. Illus. Price: Swe-cr.4.50.

CIS 77-1291 Subjective impression of luminance
Subjektiv empfundene Helligkeit [in German]
Report of a series of tests to determine subjective evaluation of illumination level, in which 41 subjects were tested, to verify the results of previous research (CIS 74-1891). The subjects had to change the illumination level (reduce it by one half or increase it twofold) following a subjective impression received. The results obtained by this test method do not agree; it does not appear possible to draw up a subjective illumination scale in a simple and unequivocal manner.
Lichttechnik, 1976, No.6, p.266-270. 9 ref.

CIS 77-1290 Verezub E.Ja.
High luminous intensity and protection of visual function in television studio personnel
Povyšennaja jarkost' i zaščita zritel'nogo analizatora rabotnikov telestudij [in Russian]
The luminosity of projectors in colour television studios far exceeds the visual comfort threshold, and is the cause of considerable visual fatigue in exposed personnel. The article reproduces the results of tests with various filters and visual function examinations before and after work with and without filter glass spectacles. Their use is recommended in personnel whose sight is likely to suffer from excessive luminosity.
Svetotehnika, May 1976, No.5, p.9-11. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 77-1013 Microwave ovens - Compliance tests and control of radiation leakage
Mikrovågsugnar - Typgodkännande och kontroll med avseende på mikrovågsläckage [in Swedish]
These directives (entry into force: 1 July 1976) set out rules for the detection of stray electromagnetic radiation during compliance testing of microwave ovens. Measurement of microwave radiation must be done with the oven both open and closed. Leakage should not exceed 20W/m² (or 2mW/cm²) at less than 5cm from the oven. Employers must periodically check microwave ovens at the workplace for stray radiation.
Meddelanden 1976:10, National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen), Fack, 100 26 Stockholm 34, Sweden, 8 Apr. 1976. 4p. Gratis.

CIS 77-1003 Ocular ultraviolet effects from 295nm to 335nm in the rabbit eye.
Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to radiant energy from 295nm to 335nm. Corneal and lenticular damage was assessed and classified with a biomicroscope. Corneal threshold radiant exposure (H_C) rose very rapidly from 0.022 Jcm^-2 at 300nm to 10.99 Jcm^-2 at 335nm. Radiant exposures exceeding 2 x H_C resulted in irreversible corneal damage. Lenticular damage was limited to wavebands above 295nm and extended to about 315nm. Permanent lenticular damage occurred at radiant exposure levels approximately twice the threshold for lenticular radiant exposure. The importance of establishing both corneal and lenticular damage criteria is emphasised.
DHEW Publication No.(NIOSH)77-130, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Oct. 1976. 55p. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 77-677 Fry G.A.
A simplified formula for discomfort glare.
This article deals with the basis for criteria established in a report of the Illuminating Engineering Socieity (RQQ Report No.3) on a method for determining the acceptability of a luminaire from the standpoint of visual comfort probability in large rooms. It is based on formulae for a discomfort glare rating, given by Guth and Goodbar. The author gives an evaluation for the luminance value L of a luminaire and describes a computing method for assessing discomfort glare.
Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, Oct. 1976, Vol.6, No.1, p.10-20. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 77-696 Use of lasers on construction worksites
Lasergeräte auf Baustellen [in German]
Lasers are increasingly replacing optical alignment appliances on building and civil engineering worksites. The low-power continuous helium-neon lasers used do not present a burning hazard but are dangerous for the eyes. The article explains the principle of the laser and gives illustrated examples of their application. Safety rules require eye protection or marking out of the hazardous zone. It is stressed that ocular microlesions due to lasers are very difficult to detect.
Mitteilungsblatt der Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft Wuppertal, June 1976, No.2, p.52-59. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 77-686 Pletnev S.D., Abdurazokov M.Š.
Experimental design of an operating theatre equipped with lasers and personnel protection measures
Opyt organizacii lazernoj operacionnoj i meroprijatija po obespečeniju bezopasnosti personala [in Russian]
Description of measures taken in a Soviet oncological institute to protect personnel from the effects of a surgical laser, the pyrolysis products from irradiated tissues, and electric shock: wearing of filter-glass spectacles, special smocks, rubber gloves and hermetic masks; minimum of equipment in the operating theatre to reduce reflecting surfaces, general and local exhaust ventilation; earthing of the premises.
Gigiena i sanitarija, Feb. 1976, No.2, p.102-104. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 77-409 Saunier G.
Occupational medicine and microwaves - Personnel working in the radiation field of a radar aerial
La médecine du travail et les ondes électromagnétiques hyperfréquences - A propos du personnel travaillant dans le champ d'émission d'un "aérien radar". [in French]
This MD thesis examines the value of clinical and biochemical criteria in the surveillance of personnel exposed to microwave radiation from a radar antenna, and the safety standards in force in the French army, and sets out to determine whether these regulations should be extended to civilians working in the proximity of such emitters. Contents: technical notes on radar and its emission; effects of microwaves on man (thermal and specific effects according to American, Russian and French observations); French and other standards and regulations; workplace studies to determine the efficacity of medical supervision and preventive measures; review of the various types of emitters other than military, with their hazards and conditions of use.
Université de Bordeaux II, Unités d'enseignement et de recherche des sciences médicales, Bordeaux, France, 1976. 216p. Illus. 169 ref.

CIS 77-408 Komarova A.A., Markova T.F.
Clinical and physiological changes of the nervous system in workers using lasers
Kliniko-fiziologičeskaja harakteristika sostojanija nervnoj sistemy u lic, obsluživajuščih optičeskie kvantovye generatory [in Russian]
Results of occupational health studies in 580 research workers employing pulsed-power or continuous-power lasers of various wavelengths in the infrared, optical and ultraviolet ranges. Neurological examinations showed increased fatigue at the end of the workshift and symptoms of autonomic asthenia in 30% of them. As there were no pathological nervous or cardiovascular symptoms the disorders were attributed to neurodynamic changes of the higher autonomic centres responsible for homeostasis. These disorders arise out of a combination of harmful factors (noise, radiofrequency radiation, ozone, etc.) in which laser radiation plays an important part.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1976, p.8-12. 11 ref.

CIS 77-202 Gott O.
Protection of the eyes against the harmful effects of radiation and mechanical factors
La protezione dell'occhio contro i danni da radiazioni e azioni meccaniche [in Italian]
After some general remarks, this article contains sections devoted to: protection measures (international standards, ultraviolet and infrared filters), with numerous tables giving transmittance data for welders' filter lenses, ultraviolet and infrared filters, maximum refraction tolerances, requirements for welders' filter lenses in Australia, USA, Canada, Hungary, United Kingdom, Japan, South Africa, Netherlands, Sweden and France, spectral transmittance, etc.
Antincendio e protezione civile, Feb. 1976, Vol.28, No.2, p.117-123. Illus.

CIS 76-1606 Piltingsrud H.V., Stencel J.R.
A portable spectroradiometer for use at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths.
A compact instrument for the evaluation of ultraviolet radiation hazards has been developed for field use. It consists basically of a miniature tandem grating monochromator and a high-voltage photomultiplier tube. Irradiance is measured at 10nm intervals over the range 240-320nm (this can be extended to 400nm if necessary). The apparatus is described and its calibration, response and performance are discussed.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1976, Vol.37, No.2, p.90-94. Illus. 2 ref.

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