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Non-ionizing radiation - 763 entries found

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  • Non-ionizing radiation

1982

CIS 83-990 Proposals for the health protection of workers and members of the public against the dangers of extra low frequency, radiofrequency and microwave radiations: A consultative document
Discussion of these radiations, and of international, American and British standards is followed by the Board's proposals: proposed limits for continuous exposure of adult populations to radiofrequency and microwave radiations; proposed limits for the general population.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, United Kingdom, Dec. 1982. 15p. Illus. Price: £2.00.

CIS 83-989 Sliney D.H.
Optical radiation safety
Recent studies show that short-wavelength light may in some instances be harmful to the retina, while infrared radiation hazards to the eye are probably less than was once believed. The exposure limits for visible and near-infrared radiation in the USA and some other countries are discussed, including their application in real situations. The behavioural and physiological effects of optical light are discussed.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1982, Vol.14, No.3, p.142-150. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 83-988 Steck B.
Effects of optical radiation on man
The physical laws which optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) radiation obeys are outlined, and their effects on and via the skin and on the eye, calculation and evaluation of photobiological effects, and optimum illumination levels from a photobiological viewpoint are discussed.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1982, Vol.14, No.3, p.130-141. Illus. 85 ref.

CIS 83-985 Felixberger F., Szadkowski D.
Occupational eye injuries from lasers
Berufliche Augenverletzungen durch Laser [in German]
In spite of the high potential risk of eye injury, few reports have been published on occupational injuries, which has been attributed to a high degree of protection against laser radiation. The general biological effects of lasers, lesions involving the anterior and posterior parts of the eye, and the corresponding pathological observations are reviewed. The legal bases of technical and medical laser safety in the Federal Republic of Germany are reviewed.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, Jan. 1982, Vol.17, No.1, p.14-17. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 83-984 Bernardi P., Boggio M., Checcucci A., Grandolfo M., Righi E., Tamburello C., Zannoli R.
Medical surveillance criteria in exposure to non-ionising electromagnetic radiations at frequencies below 300kHz and in static fields
Criteri in tema di sorveglianza medica per rischio da radiazione elettromagnetica non ionizzante: Frequenze inferiori a 300kHz e campi statici [in Italian]
Three sections are dealt with: (1)applications in the range 3-300kHz, which can be assimilated to those in the 300kHz-300GHz range; (2)applications with industrial frequencies, which produce stimulation of the nerves and tissues, a thermal effect, and electrochemical reactions; effects brought to light in the literature are reviewed (nervous, EEG, cardiovascular). Medical supervision is based on: neurological examination, cardiological examination including ECG, haemochromocytometric examination with differential WBC count; (3)applications employing static fields: acute exposure causes behavioural effects, especially on reaction times; chronic exposure appears to affect growth and development. There is not sufficient information on which to base recommendations for medical supervision of exposed persons: it is proposed to adhere to the criteria given in the industrial frequency field.
Medicina del lavoro, Mar.-Apr. 1982, Vol.73, No.2, p.156-159.

CIS 83-981 Källén B., Malmquist G., Moritz U.
Delivery outcome among physiotherapists in Sweden: Is non-ionizing radiation a fetal hazard?
2034 infants born of physiotherapists between 1973 and 1978 were studied. The incidence of perinatal death, serious malformation, short gestational duration and low birth weight was slightly less than expected. The only positive finding of a questionnaire case-control study within the cohort was a higher incidence of shortwave equipment use among women with a dead or malformed infant than among controls.
Archives of Environmental Health, Mar.-Apr. 1982, Vol.37, No.2, p.81-84. 7 ref.

CIS 83-694 Merlin-Calas C.
The laser. Principles, applications, prevention
Le laser. Principe - Applications - Prévention [in French]
Subjects dealt with in this MD thesis: fundamental principles of laser functioning, different types normally met with, main uses, biological effects (thermal, mechanical and non-linear), pathological effects on the body, in particular on the eye and skin, definition of the notion of thresholds and importance of maximum permissible exposure levels, medical and technical prevention, practical safety measures to be observed to avoid eye injuries: well lit workplaces with non-reflecting surfaces, personal protective equipment and new-user information. Medical supervision should be left to the industrial physician who decides upon aptitude for work.
Université de Paris VII, Faculté de médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France 1982. 134p. 57 ref.

CIS 83-690 Welding radiation
Rayonnement de soudage [in French]
Contents of this data sheet: major radiation hazards (infrared, visible, ultraviolet); specific hazards of oxyacetylene welding and cutting, arc welding; collective radiation protection and personal protection of eyes and skin. Review of Belgian regulations, and of Belgian and German standards on filters of goggles and shields. The type of glass required according to the nature of the work is indicated.
Promosafe, Dec. 1982, Vol.9, No.63, 4p. insert.

CIS 83-408 Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz
This standard (approved as an American National Standard: 30 July 1982) makes recommendations to prevent possible harmful effects in human beings exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 300 KHz to 100 GHz. Radiofrequency protection guides are tabulated for 6 frequency ranges in terms of mean squared electric and magnetic field strengths and in terms of the equivalent plane-wave free-space power density, as a function of the frequency.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y.10017, USA, 1982. 24p. Illus. 77 ref.

CIS 83-404 Lasers at the workplace
Laser i arbetslivet [in Swedish]
Contents of this manual: optical radiation (properties of laser radiation, radiation absorption); effects of radiation and radiation damage; laser emission and types of laser; laser uses and their hazards (alignment, measuring, holography, spectroscopy, detection of atmospheric pollution, recording, medical applications, machining); laser safety, threshold limit values (TLV), transition from surface sources to punctual sources, protective measures and spectacles; use of TLV for hazard evaluation (calculation of the radiation level with practical examples, measurement of the radiation level); laser classification. Swedish regulations on laser safety are appended.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1982. 143p. Illus. Price: Swe-cr.40.00.

CIS 83-401 Forman S.A., Holmes C.K., McManamon T.V., Wedding W.R.
Psychological symptoms and intermittent hypertension following acute microwave exposure
Description of 2 cases of accidental, one time exposure to microwave radation (with an electric field strength of 475-580V/m corresponding to a wave power density of 60-90mW/cm2). Follow-up over 12 months showed similar psychological symptoms (lability, irritability, headaches, insomnia); several months after the incident, hypertension was diagnosed in both patients. No organic basis for the psychological problems and no secondary cause of the hypertension could be found. Comparison is made with similar findings reported in the literature, especially from Eastern European countries.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Nov. 1982, Vol.24, No.11, p.932-934. 11 ref.

CIS 83-400 Hartmann B., Kleman B.
Exposure limits for broad-band optical radiation - An evaluation of the exposure limit values of the Swedish laser safety standard AFS 1981:9
Exponeringsgränser för bredbandig optisk strålning - En utredning baserad på exponeringsgränsvärden i AFS 1981:9 [in Swedish]
The Swedish exposure limit values for laser radiation were applied to an analysis of the hazards of radiation from high-power lamps (e.g. xenon lamps) and infrared radiation sources, on the assumption that there is no fundamental difference between the biological effects of laser radiation and other optical radiation. Light sources that may cause retinal damage are analysed, and the hazards of broad-band light sources are discussed. Radiation from xenon lamps and similar sources can be hazardous to the retina even at exposure durations in the order of a millisecond. Radiation from infrared illuminators (xenon lamp sources from which all visible light is filtered out) may be hazardous to the retina when exposure lasts more than 0.1s. Safe exposure times for ultraviolet radiation from germicidal lamps are calculated.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1982. 47p. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 83-398 Mayer A.
Ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation - Hazards and safety measures
Le rayonnement ultraviolet, visible et infrarouge - Les risques et les moyens de protection [in French]
Review of the hazards of exposure to these forms of radiation, methods of evaluation and safety measures. Sections cover: physiological effects of radiation - threshold limit values (hazards of ultraviolet radiation in the wavelengths 200-315nm and 315-400nm, visible radiation and infrared rays in the wavelengths 770-1400nm and 1400-3000nm); risk assessment methods; data on the hazards of specific industrial radiation sources; built-in safety; group protection (screens, curtains); and personal protective equipment (respirator, tight clothing, filters).
Travail et sécurité, July-Aug. 1982, No.7-8, p.379-387. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 83-105 Cox C., Murray W.E., Foley E.P.
Occupational exposures to radiofrequency radiation (18-31MHz) from RF dielectric heat sealers
The exposure to radiofrequency radiation from dielectric heat sealers for plastics was measured for a group of 82 operators, mostly female, of whom 75% were of child-bearing age. Exposure measurements were made using electric (E) and magnetic (H) field probes. The geometric mean of the maximum measured exposures was ≥200V/m for the E-field and 0.094A/m for the H-field. 55% of the operators were exposed to E-field levels >200V/m and 21% to H-field levels >0.5A/m, the OSHA exposure standards. For the heat sealers evaluated, the frequencies ranged from 18 to 31MHz. The exposure range is sufficiently broad to make these operators adequate candidates for an epidemiologic study of the effects of RF radiation in the 10-100MHz range on reproductive functions.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Mar. 1982, Vol.43, No.3, p.149-153. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 83-103 Joly R.
Possible biological and pathogenic effects of electromagnetic radiation in the "radio-electric" range
Effets biologiques et pathogčnes éventuels des rayonnements électromagnétiques des gammes dites "radio-électriques" [in French]
Review of the physical properties of radiofrequency radiation: historical aspects; fields of use (telecommunications in general, radar, industrial applications, modern and research measurement techniques, medicine); observed biological effects and their interpretation (thermal and non-thermal effects, cellular effects and molecular effects, effects on the nervous system, pathogenic effects in man); practical applications, safety measures (medical supervision of workers, specialised measurement techniques, knowledge and observance of relevant standards), group and personal protection. An information sheet on the special case of microwave ovens is appended.
Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle, 1st quarter 1982, Vol.22, No.85, p.29-47. 54 ref.

CIS 83-102 Michaelson S.M.
Health implications of exposure to radiofrequency/microwave energies
This literature survey reviews the biological effects of (RF-300kHz-300Mhz and MW-300MHz-300GHz) radiation. Exposure to power densities for several minutes may have pathological effects on laboratory animals (measurable temperature rise with reversible or irreversible changes). Lower power densities produce no evidence of pathological changes. The relative importance of thermal and non-thermal effects is considered in man on the basis of retrospective studies; those studies in the USA show no relation of altered morbidity or mortality to RF/MV radiation. Central nervous system and cardiovascular effects of MW exposure have been reported in man; however, it is difficult - if not impossible - to distinguish between central nervous system effects due to RF/MW radiation and those due to other causes. The need for protection guides and standards is discussed, and the effectiveness of existing standards in various countries is considered.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1982, Vol.39, No.2, p.105-119. 114 ref.

CIS 82-1908 Viljanen V., Lindström L.
Exposure of seafarers to electromagnetic radiation
Merenkulkijoiden altistuminen sähkömagneettiselle säteilylle [in Finnish]
This report gives details of levels of exposure to electromagnetic radiation on merchant ships emitted by radar equipment, radio devices and microwave ovens; seafarer exposure occurs on the outer decks, in the radio cabin, on the bridge, in the galley and, in a few cases, in the engine room. Exposure duration varies considerably depending on weather conditions and the duties of individual crew members; however, the longest daily exposures do not exceed a few hours. Unnecessary exposure to electromagnetic radiation can be avoided by modification of radar antenna adjustments, proper maintenance of equipment, occupational safety training of operators, prohibition of unnecessary access to the most critical hazard zones (such as the immediate vicinity of the antannae) and by keeping the protective covers over the transmission units.
Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1982. 36p. Illus. 23 ref. Price: Fmk.10.00.

CIS 82-1907 Hietanen M., Hoikkala M.
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolettisäteily [in Finnish]
This report reviews briefly the physics of ultraviolet radiation and presents the biological effects on the eyes and the skin. Threshold limits are given for broad-band non-coherent radiation and for laser radiation. Ultraviolet radiation generated by the most common artificial and natural sources is reviewed on the basis of the literature, and the results of the authors' own measurements. The measurement methods and instruments are introduced, and problems associated with measurements are mentioned. Measures for protection against ultraviolet radiation are detailed.
Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1982. 77p. Illus. 40 ref. Price: Fmk.15.00.

CIS 82-1906 Hoikkala M.
Safe use of lasers - Characteristics, biological effects, exposure limits and measurement of laser radiation
Lasereiden käyttöturvallisuus - Säteilyn ominaisuudet, vaikutukset, työhygieeniset raja-arvot ja mittaaminen [in Finnish]
This report describes the characteristics, adverse biological effects on the eye and skin, measurement methodology and hazard analysis of laser radiation on the basis of the book "Safety with lasers and other optical sources", by Sliney D., Wolbarsht M. (CIS 82-1591). Laser hazard classification and radiation emission limits in accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission standard proposal IEC/TC76 and eye protection against laser radiation are discussed in the light of the International Organisation for Standardization standard proposal ISO/DIS 6161. The extent of laser use in Finland is reviewed, and general procedures for laser hazard control are indicated.
Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1982. 84p. 32 ref. Illus. Price: Fmk.15.00.

CIS 82-2058 A little-known disease - Cataract in workers shaping glass by hand
Une maladie mal connue: la cataracte du verrier ą la main [in French]
General considerations on this occupational disease due to exposure to infrared radiation. Reference to a circular (8 Apr. 1981) issued by the French National Health Insurance Fund (Caisse nationale franēaise de l'assurance maladie) concerning collective and individual protection. Principal points covered in a study carried out on the evaluation of hazards associated with exposure to UV, visible and IR radiation, and preventive measures.
Travail et sécurité, June 1982, No.6, p.302-309. Illus.

CIS 82-1905 Cremonese M., Mariutti G., Matzeu M.
Irradiance measurements of some UV sources
The spectral composition of radiation emitted in the 200-400nm range by solar and germicidal UV lamps, used in scientific, medical and industrial applications, was determined. Total effective irradiation was also determined and used to estimate maximum exposure time based on criteria proposed by ACGIH. The data obtained indicate a need for stringent safety limits and for lower maximum exposure times than currently recommended by manufacturers.
Health Physics, Feb. 1982, Vol.42, No.2, p.179-185. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 82-1904 Salib S., Rustgi M.L.
Absorption of RF and microwaves on spherical multilayer biological systems
A theoretical model has been developed for geometry resembling the human head to improve predictions about absorbed doses of radiofrequency and microwave radiation in biological systems. This model allows for calculation of the dose absorbed by spherical layers of muscles, bones and tissues in physical contact with each other when irradiated by a source of known frequency. For the head geometry and frequency ranges considered, the maximum absorption calculated was between 1,500 and 6,000MHz. The present formulae improved the previously available predictions. The effects of variation of temperature on absorption are also reported.
Health Physics, Feb. 1982, Vol.42, No.2, p.165-177. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 82-1900 Balocco L.
Lasers: their evolution and implications for man and his environment
Il laser: lineamenti evolutivi ed implicazioni sull'uomo e l'ambiente [in Italian]
An introduction on the evolution of the laser and on the various types of laser is followed by sections dealing with: general hazards connected with the industrial use of lasers (table with data on wavelength, impulse duration and frequency, energy and uses of various types of laser); hazards of eye damage (corneal and retinal damage); table of threshold values according to range of spectrum, wavelength and exposure duration; prevention of damage (premises with non-reflective surfaces, abundant lighting for preventive pupil contraction, no reflective objects in the beam path, use of protective spectacles and gloves); requirements to be met by protective goggles.
Rivista di meccanica, Aug. 1982, No.767, p.113-122. Illus.

CIS 82-1307 Hazards of non-ionising electromagnetic radiation
Risques liés aux rayonnements électromagnétiques ionisants [in French]
American standard ANSI C95.1-1974 (CIS 76-1605) fixed the safety level for occupational exposure to electromagnetic radiation at 10mW.cm-2 (8h/day) at any frequency between 10MHz and 100GHz. A draft revision of this standard was published in 1981. This note gives a French translation of the draft revision, with the reasons for its revision, pointing out the improvements in the text. These refinements in the new text consist essentially in a broadening of the frequency range (300kHz-100GHz) and the incorporation of non-occupational exposure. Proposed protection guides are frequency-dependent, and non-thermal effects of radiation are better taken into account.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygične du travail, 2nd quarter 1982, No.107, Note No.1378-107-82, p.263-268. 2 ref.

CIS 82-1299 Lammers J.T.H.
Workplace comfort requirements
Behaaglijkheidseisen voor de werkplek [in Dutch]
Critical examination of the thermal stress index specified in regulations in the Netherlands and consideration of the thermo-regulation process in the human body in terms of heat production and heat losses in various environments. Recently built assembly shops are used to show that the index currently in force should be revised since it makes no allowance for heat from solar radiation, especially in summer, in buildings with large glazed surfaces. In the case under review, a large part of these glazed surfaces had to be covered over to make the microclimate in the assembly shops more comfortable.
De veiligheid, May 1982, Vol.58, No.5, p.25-27. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 82-983
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Biological effects of infrared radiation
This review of the literature covers: background (electromagnetic spectrum, nonionising radiation, infrared radiation, historical aspects, properties); measurement of infrared radiation; sources and uses of infrared radiation; biological effects (effects on the eye and its components); industrial exposure levels; skin effects; other effects; infrared standards; protection and control measures.
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, USA, Janv. 1982. 77p. Illus. 135 ref.

1981

CIS 84-84 Skotte J.
Microwave ovens for restaurant kitchens
Mikrobųlgeovne i storkųkkener [in Danish]
Contents of this report: physical characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic fields, reflection and transmission of microwaves; biological effects; exposure limits; microwave ovens (principles and construction); description of a study conducted in Denmark; workstation measurements (choice of measuring points, methods, results, assessment of individual absorbed doses due to leakage or to oven placement). In annexes: questionnaire used for the study; forms for reporting measurements, detailed results.
Arbejdstilsynet, Arbejdsmiljųinstituttet, Rosenvęngets Allé 16-18, 2100 Kųbenhavn Ų, Denmark, Oct. 1981. 45p. Illus. 28 ref. Price: Dan.cr.25.00.

CIS 84-81 Phillips B.G.
Video display terminals. An Alberta view
Tests were conducted on 130 video display terminals, including 50 different models, to determine the emission of X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared radiation, and microwaves. No radiation levels were observed which exceeded the minimum detectable levels for each of the monitoring instruments used. These results were consistent with those of investigations in other countries. The highest observed reading of 1800V/m was well below a proposed foreign exposure standard of 3000V/m for the frequency range <3MHz.
Workers' Health, Safety and Compensation, Alberta, Canada, May 1981. 10p. 14 ref.

CIS 83-1604
National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen)
Regulation relating to lasers, with commentary
Kungörelse om laser med kommentarer [in Swedish]
This regulation relating to lasers (effective 1 Jan. 1982) contains: definitions; classification of lasers and their identification; general safety rules (exposure limitations, protective screens, medical supervision of workers whose eyes are in danger of exposure); rules for the use of lasers classified as dangerous (supervision of exposed workers by trained personnel, use of optical instruments, protective screens and glasses, warning signs). The appendix includes: data on maximum permissible exposure, technical definitions and commentaries (physical properties of laser beams, biological effects, protective measures).
LiberFörlag, 162 89 Stockholm, Sweden, 5 June 1981. 43p. Illus.

CIS 83-1715 Il'nickaja A.V., Alekseeva I.S., Norkin Ju.I., Cirkova N.L., Šabolina T.A.
Hygienic assessment of working conditions in plasma machining of metals
Gigieničeskaja ocenka uslovij truda pri plazmenno-mehaničeskoj obrabotke metallov [in Russian]
Levels of airborne dust, nitrogen oxides, ozone, noise and light were measured near plasma-mechanical boring and turning machines. High levels of dust were generated (at rates up to 270.0g/h); 96% of the dust particles were >1.7µm in diameter. Sound levels were comparable to or higher than those produced by metal-cutting without plasma, and in some frequency bands exceeded permissible levels. Light output in the ultraviolet, visible and short-wave infrared spectral bands was high. The intensity and spectral composition of the light depended strongly on the particular operation being conducted, on the surface properties of the workpiece and on the tuning of the plasmotron. Most of the hazards presented by the metalworking technique could be prevented or reduced by providing the machinery with appropriate enclosures.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Sep. 1981, No.9, p.12-14. 3 ref.

CIS 83-1281 Boyce P.R., Slater A.I.
The application of CRF to office lighting design
Veiling reflections reduce task visibility and may cause visual discomfort. They can be quantified by the contrast rendering factor (CRF). The factors determining the magnitude of the CRF are dealt with using data from the literature. The chief cause of low CRF is the presence of a high luminance in the offending zone. A minimum CRF standard of 0.7 for written tasks on matt or semi-matt paper is proposed for offices. General guidelines for good CRF design are proposed; they include the use of a small number of efficient luminaries arranged in a regular linear array in a room with high reflectance surfaces, together with low specularity visual tasks.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1981, Vol.13, No.2, p.65-79. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 83-92 Aver'janov V.A., Beljaeva N.M., Zoz N.I., Mel'nikova S.I.
Study and assessment of dynamic-spectrum lighting in industrial premises
Issledovanie i ocenka dinamičeskogo po spektru osveščenija v proizvodstvennyh pomeščenijah [in Russian]
Comparative study undertaken to assess the effect of artificial light with both a constant (static) and varying (dynamic) spectral composition. Tests were carried out in the laboratory and under actual working conditions (precision work involving colourless workpieces). Human variables studied were visual fatigue, functional changes of the central nervous system, work capacity and quality of work. Dynamic-spectrum lighting has definite advantages over static-spectrum lighting.
Svetotehnika, Mar. 1981. No.3, p.13-16. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 83-107 Nikonova K.V., Hramova N.D., Sokolova I.P., Lebed' E.K., Syčeva N.A., Marčenko B.S.
Occupational hygiene assessment of the conditions prevailing at work with ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation sources
K gigieničeskoj ocenke uslovij truda pri rabotah s istočnikami ėlektromagnitnyh izlučenij sverhvysokočastotnogo diapazona [in Russian]
Power density measurements were carried out in 22 plants where workers manufacturing electronic equipment were exposed to this type of radiation. At 96% of the workplaces studied the power density did not exceed 5µW/cm2. It is known, however, that work involving the use of certain ultra-high-frequency equipment (magnetrons, klystrons) with anode voltages > 10-12kV may expose to much higher power densities. Moreover, the workplace air may be polluted by exhaust gases, ozone, nitrogen oxides and solvent vapours. There is a need for a better metrological approach to assess more correctly the radiation exposure of electronic workers.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Mar. 1981, No.3, p.1-5. 11 ref.

CIS 82-1571 Lowson J.C.
Practical application of the Einhorn (CIE) glare index formula
A method for reducing basic glare formulae to a form simple enough to apply to routine lighting design problems using only a slide rule or simple pocket calculator is presented and applied to the CIE Glare Index formula developed by H.D. Einhorn. A detailed step-by-step procedure is shown with a worked example. Comparison of the formula with established glare calculation theory and observation suggests that it is a useful compromise between different national schemes.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1981, Vol.13, No.4, p.169-191. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 82-1589 Winburn D.C.
A practical approach to laser safety
This review, intended to acquaint users with potential hazards and reasonable control procedures, covers laser characteristics, biological damage threshold values, engineering controls, safety signs and door interlocks, safety eye wear, indoctrination of personnel and administration of safety programmes.
National Safety News, Oct. 1981, Vol.124, No.4, p.25-31. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 82-1578 Murray W.E., Moss C.E., Parr W.H., Cox C.
A radiation and industrial hygiene survey of video display terminal operations
Ionising, ultraviolet, visible and radiofrequency radiation emitted by 136 video display terminals of 530 in use at 3 different sites was measured. Samples of workroom air were also analysed for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, acetic acid, and formaldehyde; operators at these terminals were not exposed to hazardous levels of radiation or chemical agents.
Human Factors, Aug. 1981, Vol.23, No.4, p.413-420. 13 ref.

CIS 82-1577 Wolf F.
Laser radiation - Potential hazard for man
Laserstrahlung - mögliche Gefahr für den Menschen [in German]
A review of the main uses of lasers is followed by a survey of the specific charateristics of this type of radiation, and in particular the hazards related to low beam divergence and high power or energy density. There are 4 methods of determining the threshold limit value of laser radiation and of studying the likelihood of physical lesions, and the most simple is ophtalmoscopy. The DIN and IEC standard threshold limit values are compared in a diagram. A system by which lasers are grouped under 4 categories simplifies the user's task of assessing the level of risk.
Sicher ist Sicher, July-Aug. 1981, Vol.32, No.7-8, p.382-390. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 82-1311 Recommended practice for the measurement of hazardous electromagnetic fields - rf and microwave
This standard (approved 16 Mar. 1981) specifies techniques and instrumentation for the measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic fields, in the near and far fields of the electromagnetic source. It extends the specifications in ANSI C95.3-1973 (measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies primarily in the far field). Contents include: definitions; near-field and far-field measurement; characteristics of non-ionising radiation; instrumentation (suggested physical characteristics of measuring instruments; types of instrument; calibration); measurement techniques and procedures; safety precautions.
American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018, USA, 1981. 35p. Illus. 50 ref. Price: US-$6.00.

CIS 82-1305 Šickova A.P., Zaičenko A.I., Pol'skij O.G., Pal'cev Ju.P., Karmolin A.L.
Standardisation in laser radiation safety
Gigieničeskie aspekty lazernoj bezopasnosti [in Russian]
Critical analysis of standards (USSR, USA) on laser radiation exposure limits and methods used in setting them. When setting maximum levels of exposure to laser in the visible spectrum for animals or humans, it is necessary to take into account the effects on a wide range of body systems and functions (eye, skin, immune reactions, blood). Review of the basic principles for estblishing exposure limits to laser radiation in the sprectrum range of 102-106nm.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Feb. 1981, No.2, p.32-36. 10 ref.

CIS 82-1340 Michailov P., Dogramadjev I., Berowa N.
Ultraviolet radiation as a harmful agent in the occupational environment
UV-Strahlung als berufliche Umweltnoxe [in German]
Ultraviolet radiation is considered as a potential cause of occupational skin lesions aetiopathogenically similar to photodermatitis. Classification of photodermatoses (those in which solar radiation is the direct cause; and those in which solar radiation is the intermediate agent). Description of the most common photodermatoses observed by the authors over a 20 year period: solar keratosis (6,836 cases, in particular agricultural and construction workers) skin cancer (3,816 cases, mostly agricultural and construction workers); phototoxic dermatitis due to anticorrosion paint; toxic melanodermatitis; chlorpromazine-induced photo-allergie dermatitis; and photo-urticaria. Presentation of an automatic apparatus for determining the erythemogenic threshold level of exogenous agents.
Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt, 1981, Vol.29, No.1, p.5-8. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 82-1124 Sansone E.B., Jonas L.A.
The effect of exposure to daylight and dark storage on protective clothing material permeability
Samples of a selection of protective clothing materials including butyl rubber, nitrile, natural rubber, neoprene and PVC of varying thickness were exposed to light in an east-facing window and stored in a closed cabinet for 0, 1, 2 and 3 months. The permeability of each stored sample was determined after 60min exposure to each of 2 solvents selected, depending on the protective material, from carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, p-dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone and aniline. Test data were normalised to account for differences in sample thickness. A statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences in permeability as a result of dark storage. Small differences were observed in 3 of 12 samples following daylight storage.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Nov. 1981, Vol.42, No.11, p.841-843. 3 ref.

CIS 82-1094 Laerum O.D., Iversen O.H.
International Union Against Cancer
Biology of skin cancer
This report of the workshop held 12-16 Jan. 1981 in Geneva, Switzerland covers: a brief history of skin cancer and carcinogenesis research; normal skin; skin cancer (geographical and racial variations, genetic factors, classification, biological properties); criteria of malignancy (human and animal); chemical carcinogenesis (environmental carcinogens, experimental models, epidermal cell proliferation kinetics, biochemical mechanisms, short-term tests for carcinogens); ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis; ionising radiation carcinogenesis; viral carcinogenesis; the immune system in human carcinogenesis; stroma and tumour invasiveness; role of ageing in carcinogenesis; conclusions and implications, recommendations for future research.
Hans Huber Publishers, Länggasstrasse 76, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland, 1981. 263p. 992 ref. Price: SF.44.00.

CIS 82-982 Pauly H., Bernhardt J.H., Tengroth B., Kossel F., Florian H.J., Von Dall'Armi G.
Non-ionising radiation
Nichtionisierende Strahlen [in German]
Several articles in this issue have been grouped under this general heading and deal with the following aspects of non-ionising radiation: main biological effects of non-ionising radiation (in particular, mechanisms of the biophysical action of radiofrequency and microwave radiation at the molecular level); hazards of microwave and radiofrequency wave exposure (dosimetry of absorbed energy and establishment of threshold values); radiation-induced cataract-type degradation of the crystalline lens (infrared radiation cataract, epidemiological study in steelworks; microwave and radar effects); microwaves (including radars) and radiation protection (directive by the Commission of the European Communities, physical characteristics, technical applications, health hazards, threshold values, safety measures); periodic medical examinations in relation to the new IEC classification of lasers and their hazards.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, 1981, Vol.16, No.2, p.29-45. 31 ref.

CIS 82-695 Anttonen H., Halonen T., Hietanen M.
Experimental studies of technical shielding procedures for stray fields from high frequency heaters
Suurtaajuuskuumentimien hajasäteilyn torjuntamenetelmien kokeellinen tutkimus [in Finnish]
The strengths of electric and magnetic fields were measured in the work area around high-frequency heaters, used as glue dryers and plastic heaters, before and after shielding. The sources of the highest levels of leakage radiation were electrodes, cables and metal pieces. The attenuation achieved by various shielding methods varied from 10 to 40dB, and the best shielding was provided by Faraday cages, coaxial cables and correct grounding. Shielding procedures can increase the level of leakage radiation, and the final attenuation must always be tested by measurements of field intensities.
Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland. 1981. 46p. Illus. 18 ref. Price: Fmk.20.00.

CIS 82-693 Kössler F., Lange F., Kupfer J., Rothe R.
Effect of long-term, low-intensity microwave exposure on the body weight, spontaneous activity and haematological values of mice
Wirkung einer Mikrowellenstrahlung niedriger Intensität auf Körpergewicht, Spontanaktivität und Blutwerte von Mäusen im Langzeitversuch [in German]
Measurement of motor activity - a well-known technique in toxicological research on laboratory animals - is used in this study as an index of micrometric radiation effects together with haematological and enzymatic findings. 12 mice were exposed for 12 weeks to a microwave field of 2mW/cm2 - a power density which normally does not produce measurable heating effects. The minimal differences measured between the experimental animals and the controls did not exceed inter- or intra-individual differences. The results confirm doubts as to the biological action of electromagnetic fields at intensities which do not produce an increase in body temperature.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, Jan. 1981, Vol.27, No.1, p.44-47. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 82-692 Bargeron C.B., Farrell R.A., Green W.R., McCally R.L.
Corneal damage from exposure to IR radiation: Rabbit endothelial damage thresholds
Endothelial thresholds were determined in rabbit eyes, using a staining techniques, after exposure to a CO2 infrared laser with beam diameter 2.0mm. Threshold damage was characterised by distorted cells and uneven staining of the cell borders. No damage was detected, compared with controls, at ≤ 90% of the threshold exposure time. Threshold exposure duration was 1.0, 5.2, and 240s respectively at the fixed peak irradiance levels 24.5, 10.0 and 3.6W/cm2. These were ≥ 10 times the accepted threshold duration for epithelial damage. Protection against epithelial damage will also ensure against endothelial damage for CO2 laser systems. The calculated peak endothelial temperature increases at these threshold exposures were similar to those of the epithelium at its damage threshold, and other infrared lasers systems could harm the endothelium at epithelial damage threshold exposure levels.
Health Physics, June 1981, Vol.40, No.6, p.855-862. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 82-691 Stuck B.E., Lund D.J., Beatrice E.S.
Ocular effects of holmium (2.06µm) and erbium (1.54µm) laser radiation
The ocular dose-response relation, on the cornea of the eyes of Rhesus monkeys, were determined after exposure to erbium and holmium lasers under various conditions. The effective dose for 0.5 probability of producing a biomicroscopically visible corneal lesion (ED50), determined for single corneal exposures were 9.6, 2.9 and 5.2J/cm2 under conditions of 1.54µm wave length, 930µsec exposure, 1.0mm irradiance diameter; 2.06µm, 100µsec, 1.8mm; and 2.06µm, 42nsec, 0.32mm, respectively. The depth and diameter of corneal lesions were both dose and wavelength dependent. The wavelength dependence of the dose required to produce a lesion is indicative of the relative absorption properties of the cornea. Exposure limits should reflect the relative absorption properties of the ocular media.
Health Physics, June 1981, Vol.40, No.6, p.835-846. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 82-404 Radiofrequency and microwaves
This evaluation of the effects of radiation within the range 100kHz-300GHz on humans contains sections dealing with the effects of occupational exposure on eyes and the reproductive and cardiovascular systems, and on genetic effects. Procedures for reducing occupational exposure are presented. Contents: summary and recommendations for further studies, exposure limits, and protective measures; magnitude of exposure to microwave and radiofrequency (RF) radiation and sources of concern; properties of microwave and RF radiation; sources and conditions of exposure; measuring instruments; microwave and RF energy absorption in biological systems; biological effects in experimental animals; health effects in man; rationales for microwave and RF radiation protection standards; safety procedures for occupationally exposed personnel; assessment of data on biological effects and recommended exposure limits.
World Health Organization, 1211 Genčve 27, Switzerland, 1981. 134p. Illus. 385 ref. Price: SF.9.00.

CIS 82-387 Yonemura G.T.
Criteria for recommending lighting levels
The major categories of variables included in the perception of the visual environment are identified and classified with respect to their relation in developing lighting criteria and standards: acceptance by the office user, visual task performance, non-visual environmental influences (temperature, noise, colour, psychological factors), visual process, sensory process, perceptual process, visibility, threshold visibility. The implications for standardisation are considered: Recommended light levels for commercial tasks should be based on laboratory studies of suprathreshold visibility. It is stressed that the setting of higher light levels for an infrequently encountered difficult task can lead to visibility losses for other more frequently encountered tasks.
Lighting Research and Technology, 1981, Vol.13, No.3, p.113-129. Illus. 38 ref.

CIS 82-114
USSR State Standards Committee (Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam)
Lasers - Methods for the dosimetric monitoring of laser radiation
Lazery - Metody dosimetričeskogo kontrolja lazernogo izlučenija [in Russian]
This standard (entry into force: 1 Jan. 1982) applies to 0.25-12.0µm laser radiation. Sections cover: general requirements; dosimetric instruments; preparation for measurement; procedure (dosimetry of radiation of known or unknown spectral composition, of focused radiation between 0.4 and 1.4µm and diffuse radiation between 0.4 and 1.4µm (known or unknown spectral composition); evaluation and presentation of results; radiation and electrical safety of persons making the measurements. Appendices deal with: definitions; dosimeter block diagrams; specimen measurement protocols; diagrams showing the positioning of the instrument measuring the light spot on a diffusion surface.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per.3, 123557 Moskva, USSR, 23 Apr. 1981. 24p. Illus. Price: Rbl.0.10.

CIS 82-113 Moss C.E., Murray W.E.
Optical radiation levels produced by single-phase direct arc furnaces
Radiometric and spectroradiometric measurements of 3 similar 1700kW single-phase direct arc electric furnaces revealed that hazards due to levels of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation could exist for furnace workers in unshielded work areas. The measurements indicate that > 95% of the optical radiation produced by the furnaces at the end of their charge cycle is infrared radiation. Training, protective barriers, goggles with an appropriate shade number, and warning signs are suggested as means of reducing potential optical radiation hazards for workers.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1981, Vol.42, No.4, p.293-297. Illus. 2 ref.

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