Psychological factors - 1,739 entries found

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1982

CIS 83-1774 Leivonniemi A.
Suicide among seamen
Merimiesten itsemurkat [in Finnish]
A statistical analysis of 117 cases of suicide by Finnish seamen between 1965 and 1977. Age, married status, work on ship, alcohol consumption and method of suicide were among the variables analysed. For crew members, the rate of suicide was 2.5 times higher than among the general population. The highest frequency was among crew members who were 25-34 years old, were unmarried, working on tankers and who changed ships frequently.
Työterveyslaitos, Julkaisutoimisto, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1982. 60p. Illus. 40 ref. Price: Fmk.25.00.

CIS 83-1765 Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th annual meeting
The 274 papers and panel discussions presented at this conference (25-29 October 1982, Seattle, Washington, USA) are reproduced. Sections of occupational interest include: training strategies and skill acquisition; industrial ergonomics; computer systems; warning messages and pictorials; environmental design of chairs and cooling; workplace design, video-display terminals; human-computer interaction through voice technology; forest products industry; instrument scanning and workload in pilots; ergonomics in arduous occupations; keyboard and data entry devices; aircraft displays research; cognitive processes; physiological and biological research; physical stress on the worker; workload assessment methodology; human factors in the nuclear power industry; teleoperator and robot development; standards and guidelines; visual performance.
Human Factors Society, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, CA. 90406, USA, 1982. 1020p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 83-1452 Maples T.W., Jacoby J.A., Johnson D.E., Ter Haar G.L., Buckingham F.M.
Effectiveness of employee training and motivation programs in reducing exposure to inorganic lead and lead alkyls
A pilot project in an alkyl lead production facility was conducted with 35 workers. After 12 months there was a 40% reduction in urinary lead concentrations and a 24% reduction in blood lead concentrations, both indicators of total exposure to organic and inorganic lead. The programme was especially effective in workers with high urinary blood levels. Capital investment in a training and motivation programme is minimal compared with engineering controls.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1982, Vol.43, No.9, p.692-694. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 83-960 Hager W.L., Hoyle E.R., Hermann E.R.
Efficacy of enforcement in an industrial hearing conservation program
The effective efficacy of 4 periods of hearing protection enforcement was compared: the "voluntary period" (1951-1961); the "mandatory period" (1961-1968); the "earmuff period" (1968-1971) and the "OSHA period" (1971-1978). During the voluntary period, hearing loss among noise-exposed workers was very much higher than in a non-noise-exposed group. Mandatory use of personal protective devices was much more effective. Mandatory use of earmuffs exclusively was less effective than mandatory use of personal hearing protection when the worker was given a choice of or earplugs. Enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (the OSHA period) did not result in greater hearing conservation than the earlier mandatory hearing conservation program.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1982, Vol.43, No.6, p.455-465. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 83-959 Sadler O.W., Montgomery G.M.
The application of positive practice overcorrection to the use of hearing protection
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a technique which would instil in workers the habit of using hearing protection when working in high-intensity noise areas. Military aeroplane mechanics were assigned to one of 3 groups: group S received a daily safety lecture (controls); members of the other 2 groups were required to perform the correct behaviour 5 consecutive times if they were caught not wearing hearing protection; in group A the leader of the group exerted his/her authority; in group P the leader was also subject to overcorrection practice. The 2 latter groups successfully increased hearing protection use to near-perfect levels; in group S use remained unchanged throughout the study. When the test was terminated, there was a decline towards original hearing protection use levels.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1982, Vol.43, No.6, p.451-454. 13 ref.

CIS 83-839 Widerszal-Bazyl M.
Characteristics and effectiveness of the message in safety booklets
Wybrane cechy formalne broszur BHP i ich efektywność [in Polish]
Students at vocational training colleges and construction workers were questioned on the attractiveness, ease of committing to memory and persuasive power of the message contained in 3 sample booklets on the safety of portable ladders, each presented in a different way: ilustrated text, text with cartoons, sketches with textual commentary. Texts using cartoons were found the most attractive and easily remembered. There was no correlation between the form of presentation and a change in safety outlook on the part of the subjects questioned: answers to a questionnaire before and after reading the brochure showed statistically significant differences in all 3 cases.
Prace Centralnego instytutu ochrony pracy, 1982, Vol.32, No.114, p.239-251. 7 ref.

CIS 83-586 Woodson W.E.
Human factors design handbook
This handbook, which is intended to provide a general reference to key human factors questions and human-product interface design suggestions, for the use of engineers and designers, contains information and guidelines for the design of systems, facilities, equipment and products for human use. 5 extensive chapters cover: systems conceptualisation; subsystems design; component and product design; human factors data; human engineering methods.
McGraw-Hill Book Co. GmbH, Lademannbogen 136, 2000 Hamburg 63, Federal Republic of Germany, 1982. 1047p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US-$75.00.

CIS 83-273 Safety - at what price?
Veiligheid, tot welke prijs? [in Dutch]
Study carried out by a trade union work group in a large chemical plant and focussing on 2 main questions: (1) How does the safety policy affect the workers' behaviour and mentality? (2) What are the safety and health aspects of the tasks carried out and how are they affected by the safety policy. Sections cover: history and study methods; economic, OSH, and organisational backgrounds of the plant safety rules; inspections and checks; corrective action and evaluation; safety programmes; committees and meetings; information of personnel; measures against absenteeism; safety and health aspects of the workers' tasks; conclusions (mechanisms of influence on the workers' behaviour; difficulties met with by workers in complying with the policy); discussion and recommendations.
Onderzoeksgroep "Veiligheid en DuPont", Psychologisch Instituut, Hooigracht 15, 2312 KM Leiden, Netherlands, Apr. 1982. 355p. Illus. 46 ref.

CIS 82-2088 Adams J.A.
Issues in human reliability
Methodological problems involved in the conceptualisation and mesaurement of human reliability in the same terms as that of equipment reliability are discussed. This approach lacks a definition of human failure, units of human behaviour whose reliability can be determined, a way to synthesise the reliability of larger behavioural sequences from the units if these could be specified, and a way to integrate human reliability, if it could be determined, with equipment reliability. Monte Carlo modelling is seen as a promising approach to reliability measurement.
Human Factors, Feb. 1982, Vol.24, No.1, p.1-10. 35 ref.

CIS 82-2066 Leskinen M., Punamäki R.L., Koskela A.
Job satisfaction and stress among sales personnel
Työviihtyvyys ja stressi myymälätyössä [in Finnish]
Report of a study of sales workers to determine how work and working conditions are related to subjective well-being, job satisfaction, sensation of stress, and general health status. Factors in job satisfaction included: style of supervision; human relations at work; clarity of responsibility and working roles; opportunity for decision-making; and general working conditions. Stress factors included: mental workload; haste in carrying out work; role conflicts; irritable customers and unsatisfactory climatic conditions. Evaluation of health status was on a subjective basis and ranged from "very good" to "very poor". The worker's age was the most important factor in determining general health status.
Työterveyslaitos, Julkaisutoimisto, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1982. 87p. 19 ref. Illus. Price: Fmk.25.00.

CIS 82-2059 Cooper C.L., Davidson M.J., Robinson P.
Stress in the police service
Report of a study on the sources of stress among supervisory police officers in the metropolitan police force in Manchester, United Kingdom, in which 191 police officers with managerial responsibility were investigated by questionnaire and interview techniques. One of the major sources of stress at all managerial levels was the perception that police service was inhibited by unnecessary bureaucratic and outside obstacles, e.g. lack of adequate planning and resources, inability of the courts to prosecute offenders. Junior and middle supervisory police officers were adversely affected by lack of available manpower and long working hours, whereas senior officers were affected more by the conflict in maintaining positive policing as well as good community relations.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1982, Vol.24, No.1, p.30-36. 14 ref.

CIS 82-1789 Jones D.F.
The cat stretches ... we should too
This book presents, in a narrative form, the interaction of human physical, behavioural and biological elements with accident occurrence and prevention. Scientific principles of hazard recognition and practical applications are presented in the context of achieving a balance between risk avoidance and useful accomplishments.
Dynacopics Inc., P.O. Box 60, Bayshore Village, R.R. No.3, Brenchin, Ontario, Canada L0K 1B0, Jan. 1982, 225p. Illus. Price: Can-$17.25.

CIS 82-1170 Alcoholism at the workplace
L'alcoolisme au travail [in French]
Texts of the papers read at the international symposium held in Brussels (Belgium) on 11 Feb. 1982. Subjects covered include: definitions of alcoholism and intervention strategy; the history of alcohol consumption in relation to the work environment; socio-economic aspects in relation to the individual; involvement and research - action in the working environment; alcoholism at the workplace in the Federal Republic of Germany; measures that the undertaking can take in relation to the individual; role of social institutions in working-environment policies; alcohol and work - the role of the State; the occupational physician and alcoholism problems at the workplace.
Association nationale pour la prévention des accidents, 88 rue Gachard, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium, 1982. 178p. 99 ref.

CIS 82-1161 Boyer J.P.
Occupational safety - Social aspects - Thoughts on the problem of the occupational accident
Sécurité au travail - Aspect social - Réflexions sur le problème de l'accident du travail [in French]
This 1st volume of a collection is intended for company directors, management, engineers, safety trainers, teachers and students. It analyses the occupational accident from the social point of view to stimulate the reader's thoughts on his own problem, so that he understands it better and makes safety an integral part of his behaviour. It aims, in this way, at simplifying the task of those faced with the in-plant training and safety of employees. Chapters cover: the occupational accident problem (statistical aspects); introduction to the social aspect; historical survey of occupational accidents; occupational accident compensation; worker safety; general review of the historical period; recent trends (1947-1977); current social aspects of safety activities; current trends in accidents and hazards; future trends in occupational accidents, and in industrial safety and health.
Collection formation sécurité dans l'entreprise, Saint Lambert éditeur, B.P. 72, 13673 Augabne Cedex, France, 1982. 127p.

1981

CIS 90-1688 Ronayne T., McDonald N.J., Smith H.V.
Noise, stress and work
This report reviews the literature on noise and its effects on the psychological and psychosocial functioning of man. It also makes a preliminary evaluation of the industrial noise problem in Ireland. Contents: the effects of noise on task performance; the physiological effects of noise; the effects of noise on psychological well-being and social behaviour; the effects of noise on speech communication; noise and other stressors in the workplace; industrial noise in Ireland; summary and conclusions.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Loughlinstown House, Shankill, Co. Dublin, Ireland, 1981. 143p. Illus. 191 ref.

CIS 84-1185 López Mena L.
Behaviour modification techniques used in the control of unsafe acts in the undertaking. Part 2
Técnicas de modificación de conducta aplicadas al control de actos inseguros en la empresa. Parte 2ą [in Spanish]
Aspects discussed: basic steps for analysis of safe behaviour at the workplace (sanctions; removal of unsafe behaviour by social reinforcement; "avoidance" - whereby the performance of an unsafe act creates an unpleasant situation for the culprit; "cost of response" - making a safe act less burdensome than an unsafe one; social reinforcement; modelling and shaping behaviour). A case is described concerning the use of personal protective equipment (hearing protection).
Prevención, Jan.-Mar. 1981, No.75, p.14-24. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 83-1797 Results of research in occupational medicine and occupational safety - selection from the years 1976-1980
Forschungsergebnisse der Arbeitsmedizin und des Arbeitsschutzes - Auswahl aus den Jahren 1976-1980 [in German]
This issue contains 120 summaries of research projects under the following headings: health and workplace monitoring in occupational medicine; medical examination and improvement of medical care; effects of harmful substances in the work environment; studies of the physiological effects of physical and mental stress at work; psychological studies for analysis and evaluation of the psychic stress of work; history of occupational medicine; occupational health and safety; ergonomics.
Arbeitsmedizin-Information, 1981, Vol. 8, No.3-6. 259p.

CIS 83-873 Sass R., Crook G.
Accident proneness: Science or non-science?
The validity and usefulness of "accident proneness" as a concept are discussed in the light of its historical development. Its effect has been to blame the victim of industrial accidents rather than to emphasise the role of dangerous work environments, and it has thus acted as a barrier in the development of preventive occupational health and safety principles. It would be more appropriate to discard the term in favour of a more integrated and broader understanding of the nature of the interaction between workers and their work environment.
International Journal of Health Services, 1981, Vol.11, No.2, p.175-190. 21 ref.

CIS 82-2087 Gherman E.M.
Stress and the bottom line
The sections in this book provide information about the human, social and economic origins of stress and their consequences; the cost of stress in the work environment in terms of low morale and motivation, absenteeism, personnel turnover, and time pressures; the effects of stress in working and daily life; the interaction of mind and body and the implications of stress for disease and physiolgoical effects; the recognition, management and control of personal stress.
American Management Associations, 135 West 50th Street, New York, N.Y. 10020, USA, 1981. 348p. Illus. Bibl. Price: US$16.95.

CIS 82-1685 Anshelm Olson B., Gamberale F., Grönqvist B.
Reaction time changes among steel workers exposed to solvent vapors
This longitudinal study of behavioural changes is based on the measurement over 10min of the simple reaction time (SRT) of workers handling organic-solvent-based paints in the production of plastic-coated steel sheet and exposed to solvent vapour concentrations in excess of the threshold limit values. A second SRT measurement was made 6 months after the reconstruction of the ventilation system resulting in a decrease of exposure levels to 20% of TLVs. 15 months later a final SRT test was performed. The workers' performance improved over the 3 tests. At the first measuremet SRT was found to be related to the degree of exposure, whereas no such relation could be observed in subsequent measurements. The results indicate that the workers' central nervous function had been negatively affected by the solvent exposure, and that this effect was at least partially reversible.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1981, Vol.48, No.3, p.211-218. 18 ref.

CIS 82-1484 Antalovics M., Kaucsek G., Koródi T.
Ergonomics methodology in the practice of occupational psychology
Ergonómiai módszer a munkapszichológiai gyakorlatban [in Hungarian]
Techniques of modelling the man-machine-environment (MME) system are described with emphasis on the systems approach and systems development. Three ergonomic-system models are presented and explained: the productive-creative system functioning according to plan; the basic productive unit; the productive-creative man working according to plan. A correct systems approach can be achieved only by a combination of these three models. In developing a MME system, the aim is to set up new and more valid ergonomic and production approaches. The development process comprises: an analysis of the planned system (the documentary phase); an analysis of the current system (working phase); establishment of new systems approaches (preliminary plans) and their examination (preliminary plan phase); choice of the best version, its analysis and optimisation (implementation phase). The workload stress test is described and its ergonomic basis discussed.
Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, Mar.-Apr. 1981, Vol.38, No.2, p.129-145. 15 ref.

CIS 82-1426 Laitinen H.
Study of risk situations in the Imatra steelworks
Vahingonvalvonnan kokeilu Imatran terästehtaassa [in Finnish]
Report of a study in a major Finnish steelworks to determine how the establishment of a system for reporting accident hazards by production and maintenance workers can be used in the prevention of occupational accidents. The reporting system is described. Workers willingly reported situations they considered dangerous, and this often led to safety measures being taken. There was a statistically significant relation between the level of reporting activity and the accident trend in a given section of the plant; this was attributed to a change in safety attitude and behaviour in the workers in question. 14% of reported dangerous situations concerned the hazards of breakdowns or delayed repairs; intensified preventive maintenance might improve this situation. The system proved effective, that it should be adopted by other firms, and that the labour protection administration in Finland should provide guidance to firms setting up similar reporting systems.
Työsuojeluhallitus, Tampere, Finland, 1981. 80p. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 82-1183 Stephaneck P., Donadi D.C.
Attempt to assess the subjective severity of industrial accidents - Application in two environments at different industrial development levels
Essai d'appréciation de la gravité subjective des accidents du travail - Application dans deux milieux différents selon le niveau de développement industriel [in French]
Using an psychometric function relating objective values to those obtained by Thurstone's successive-intervals method, it was possible to assess the negative utilities attached to physical injury resulting from occupational accidents. The results suggest that subjective values associated with health and physical integrity may differ depending on the degree of industrialisation and economic development, and that the use of methods such as these makes it possible to assess the parameters of the function that characterises this development.
Travail humain, 1981, Vol.44, No.2, p.241-250. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 82-854 Dick C., Kompart J., Reinartz G., Schnadt H., Tossing N.
Health effects of work in open-plan offices
Auswirkungen der Tätigkeit in Grossraumbüros auf die Gesundheit der Beschäftigten [in German]
The 1st volume of this report presents the results of a literature survey and research on psychophysical effects: levelling-out of human behaviour, anonymity, restrictions on the individual's ability to modify the physical environment, profusion of sensorial impressions and hypersensitivity, imposed selection of verbal communications, discrimination related to differences in the importance attributed to different types of work, reduction in individual responsibility. From the point of view of work humanisation, the concept of open-plan offices should be abandoned. Virtually all the workers questioned (95%) rejected this system. The 2nd volume deals with the necessary physical conditions, factors affecting thermal comfort, and acoustic and lighting factors.
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Referat Presse und Information, Postfach 140280, 5300 Bonn 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1981. 2 vols., 195 and 202p. Illus. 447 ref.

CIS 82-886 Konuma M.
New findings of psychiatry as science of labour - dominant eye, speaking task, restriction psychosis, and neuropsychosis
This book contains sections on: introduction to an understanding of the dominant eye phenomenon; speaking, as a communication task in work and the professions, from the neuropsychiatric viewpoint; psychosis in crew resulting from the extended, restricted living situation on board ships such as tankers; psychiatry as a science of labour. Off-prints of these 4 themes are available, including substantial summaries in English.
Institute for Science of Labour, Sugao 1544, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 213 Japan, 1981. 179p. Illus. 103 ref. Price: Y.2,500.

CIS 82-583 Occupational psychology - today and tomorrow
Présent et futur de la psychologie du travail [in French]
Texts of papers presented at the 1st French-speaking Congress on Occupational psychology (13-16 Feb. 1980, Paris, France) which covered the major subjects: perception and cognition, simulation in vocational training; group problems; change and psychosocial training; staff selection and job allocation; career guidance; man-machine systems, ergonomics and conditions of work. Specific papers dealt with: occupational psychology - today and tomorrow - in Algeria, Latin america, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain and Switzerland; arrangements of working hours for night work, sleep and ways of organising social life; safety motivation; absenteeism and the conditions of work production workers; job satisfaction and improvement; psycho-physiological effects of work stress (assessment of a cognitive model).
Editions scientifiques et psychologiques, 6bis rue André Chénier, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France, 1981. 734p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 82-571
Ministry of Social Affairs, (Ministerie van Sociale Zaken)
Regulations for promoting workplace improvement - 1981
Stimuleringsregeling arbeidsplaatsverbetering - 1981 [in Dutch]
Subsidies are granted for the improvement of workplaces and promotion of other forms of humanisation of work in the material (measures against heat, dust, gases and vapours set free by certain processes, noise and vibration control) and immaterial sense (improvement of tasks), guidelines for filling in application forms, a classification code of occupations covered by these regulations, and an explanation of task broadening are reproduced as appendices.
Nr. 124262. Directoraat-Generaal van de Arbeid, Postbus 69, 2270 MA Voorburg, Netherlands, 1981. 59p. 7 ref.

CIS 82-570 Sláma O.
The influence of "biorhythm" on the incidence of injuries among forestry workers
The study was intended to determine the effectss, if any, of the 3 basic cyclic rhythms (23-day physical cycle, 28-day emotional cycle, 33-day intellectual cycle) on the incidence of injuries among 322 forestry workers, using a quantitative statistical method. The number of individuals occurring in positive, negative or critical phases of each cycle at the moment of injury was determined as well as the frequency of injuries emerging from various combinations of cycle phases. There were no statistically significant effects of biocycles on injuries.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Dec. 1981, Vol.47, No.4, p.3351-335. 3 ref.

CIS 82-568 Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting
The proceedings of this annual conference, 12-16 Oct. 1981, Rochester, New York, USA, are presented. Topics of occupational interest covered include: nuclear power plant operations; visual performance; work physiology and biomechanics; visual displays and terminals and display design; safety studies; ergonomics; occupational environments; job and workplace design; safety and health in mining; health, safety and productivity; information processing and decision making; psychomotor performance.
Human Factors Society, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, California 90406, USA, Oct. 1981. 782p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 82-100 Boyce P.R.
Electricity Council Research Centre
Human factors in lighting
This book summarises what is known about people's responses to the lighting of buildings and roads and will be of interest to engineers concerned with the research specification and design of lighting, lighting equipment manufacturers, architects, ergonomists and building scientists. Contents: foundations (light, vision); light and work (methods, models and results; specifics, uncertainties); the appreciation of lighting (revealing impressions, avoiding discomfort, wider horizons); consequences (standards, codes and guides, the way ahead).
Applied Science Publishers Ltd., Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, United Kingdom, 1981. 421p. Illus. 580 ref. Price: £26.00.

1980

CIS 97-1393 Louis M.R.
Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings
This article reviews research on approaches to organizational entry, identifies problems faced by newcomers and discusses limitations of current approaches. It also puts forward a new perspective identifying key features of newcomers' entry experiences, including surprise, contrast and change, and it describes the sense-making processes by which individuals cope with their entry experiences. The implications of the new perspective for research and practice on organizational entry are discussed.
Administrative Science Quarterly, June 1980, Vol.25, p.226-251. 101 ref.

CIS 83-1484 A review of the literature on attitudes and roles and their effects on safety in the workplace
Theories on accident causation are first reviewed, and parallels drawn between some of the approaches and beliefs, and methods of intervention, in the field of safety. Major sections are then devoted to: shaping of attitudes in the workplace (their functioning, manifestations, formation, changes and factors leading to change); effects of attitude on safety (measurement of safety performance, measurement of attitude, attitude to risk, to the job, to safety and productivity, to legislation, effect of prevailing conditions); role problems in the workplace (conceptual framework, role problems, conflict, ambiguity, determinants, effects of role confusions).
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1980. 63p. 106 ref.

CIS 81-2100 Improving safety and loss prevention by reduction of human error
The 6 papers read at this seminar, London, United Kingdom) are reproduced. Titles: human reliability considerations in the analysis and prevention of engineering accidents; the man in the middle - some accidents caused by simple mistakes; techniques for reducing human error in industry; the human factor in hazard analysis; human error - can we assess its effect?; approaches to assessing and quantifying human error.
Oyez International Business Communications Limited, Norwich House, 11-13 Norwich Street, London EC4A 1AB, United Kingdom, Oct. 1980. 94p. 82 ref.

CIS 81-2089 Hacker W., Richter P.
Considerations on occupational psychology
Spezielle Arbeits- und Ingenieurpsychologie in Einzeldarstellungen [in German]
Vol.1: methodology of occupational psychology studies; detailed comments on psychological evaluation of work organisation methods (evaluation objectives and criteria, working conditions linked to the production process, evaluation system, effects of work on personality). Vol.2: characteristics, origin and prevention of neuro-psychic fatigue, monotony, psychic "saturation" and stress, information and data required to evaluate the psychological effects of work, and counter-measures.
Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, German Democratic Republic, 1980. 128 + 232p. Illus. 550 ref. Price: M.11.80 + 15.80.

CIS 81-1488 Health aspects of wellbeing in working places.
Report of a WHO working group (Prague, 18-20 Sep. 1979). Contents: definition and general considerations; changing patterns of work and organisation; work factors influencing wellbeing; methods of evaluating wellbeing in workplaces and identification of causes; control of psychosocial and other factors; tasks of governments; legislation and employer-union contracts; training programmes; hihg-risk groups (handicapped workers, women).
Euro Reports and Studies 31. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, København, Denmark, 1980. 28p. 15 ref. Price: SF.4.00.

CIS 81-1487 Sperandio J.C.
Psychology in ergonomics
La psychologie en ergonomie. [in French]
Intended for students, psychologists and ergonomists who are not psychologists, this manual examines and explains the inter-relationships between psychology and ergonomics, emphasising some of the salient aspects of the development of the intersection between these 2 disciplines, known as ergonomic psychology (EP). Review of the historical background: development of ergonomics in general and of EP in particular; critical review of the methods used in EP (experimental method, job analysis, various techniques for collecting data). The most classical results are presented (signalling devices, ergonomics of controls, equipment for entering information, detection in vigilance tasks). Special importance is given to recent research on cognitive aspects of human work (theoretical trends, formalisation of reasonings, case of air traffic controllers). Section devoted to mental workload (evaluation techniques, determining factors, application to the work of air traffic controllers).
Presses Universitaires de France, 108 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France, 1980. 254p. Illus. 90 ref.

CIS 81-1486 Wittersheim J.C.
Accident prevention by psychological methods
La prévention des accidents par les méthodes psychologiques. [in French]
The first part of this selection of articles is devoted to the evolution of psychomotor aptitudes with age, a review of certain factors which influence this evolution (laterality, school attendance, occupational training, alcoholism, etc.) and the effect of apprenticeship. Second part: prognostic value of psychological tests from the Bonnardel battery (prognostic value in general, and for the particular cases of falls from heights and accidents with machines). The results of a limited statistical study show that use of psychotechnical tests results in a reduction, at least temporary, in the accident frequency rate.
Editions scientifiques et psychologiques, 6bis rue André Chenier, 92130 Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France, 1980. 190p. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 81-1179 Frenkel R.L., Priest W.C., Ashford N.A.
US Department of Labor
Occupational safety and health: A report on worker perceptions.
Information gathered in quality of employment opinion surveys of production workers in 1969, 1972, and 1977 indicates that safety and health are important concerns for most workers and that worker perceptions of safety and health are related to job satisfaction. Workers who are new on the job have a higher probability of injury than experienced workers and are the least willing to report even severe perceived hazards. Occupational accidents have declined during the period of this study but workers perceive, increasingly, that health problems of various kinds are work-related. In 1969 38% of workers believed themselves exposed to health hazards at work. In 1977 this figure was 78%. Workers who reported negative working conditions, e.g. fast work or work requiring considerable physical effort, also reported a greater number of job-related injuries. Data on inspection activity and fines shows that proposed penalties per hour of inspection time were higher in industries in which workers also noted hazards of noise, dangerous work methods or dangerous equipment.
Monthly Labor Review, Sep. 1980, Vol.103, No.9, p.11-14. 14 ref.

CIS 81-1178 Ulrich H.
Relations between work incapacity and satisfaction at work - Results of a pilot study
Zusammenhänge zwischen Arbeitsunfähigkeitsmorbidität und Arbeitszufriedenheit - Ergebnisse einer orientierenden Untersuchung [in German]
347 hotel workers and restaurant workers were studied. Aspects considered were: the work climate, relations between colleagues, workplace layout, and salary. There was a close relation between the incapacity rate and degree of satisfaction: dissatisfied workers showed a higher rate of respiratory and digestive disorders.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, June 1980, Vol.26, No.6, p.451-457. 36 ref.

CIS 81-584 Dejours C.
Work: mental wear and tear - An essay on the psychopathology of work
Travail: usure mentale - Essai de psychopathologie du travail. [in French]
The non-behavioural field occupied by imposed activity such as movements, rhythms, and production mechanisms, is studied. Contents: brief review of the history of work (defensive ideologies of the proletariat, individual defence mechanisms against work organisation, e.g. repetitive work); dissatisfaction and significant content of work tasks; dissatisfaction and ergonomic content of the work; work and anxiety (direct and indirect signs, effect of imposed work rhythm, work relations, forms of anxiety); the case of the fighter pilot; exploitation of frustation and anxiety; work organisation and illness.
Editions Le Centurion, 17 rue de Babylone, 75007 Paris, France, 1980. 156p. 105 ref.

CIS 81-583 Keravel F.
Prevention of mental disorders in industry: collaboration between medical services and social services
Pour la prévention des troubles mentaux dans l'entreprise: collaboration entre les services médicaux et les services sociaux. [in French]
MD thesis: historical background (growing awareness of importance of mental disorders in the workplace); review - with many case studies - of the principal personality disorders (neurotic and psychotic conditions). A very large part of the thesis is devoted to neuroses (definition, diagnosis, work-related aetiological factors, functional disorders of psychosomatic origin, nervous fatigue, emotional investment in work, absenteeism, occupational accidents, overwork and chronic depressive state). Brief considerations on problems of retirement. The importance of plant social services in France and in other countries is discussed (composition, means of action, objectives). The possibilities offered by joint action by the plant physician and the social welfare worker in the prevention of mental disorders is illustrated by the author's case studies.
Université de Paris VI, Faculté de médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France, 1980. 97p. 55 ref.

CIS 81-275 Human factors: Science for working and living.
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society annual meeting (Los Angeles, USA, Oct. 1980). Papers of interest to OSH were read under the main heads: anthropometry; automation; control design; designing computers for people; eye safety; health and safety in mining; measuring and reducing workload; physiological stress; research and design for mining; work in industry; work, stress and fatigue, working environments; workload assessment.
Human Factors Society, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, California 90406, USA, 1980. 682p. Illus. Bibl. Price: Members US$15.00.; non-members US$20.00.

CIS 81-269
Ergonomics Unit, Department of Applied Psychlogy, University of Aston in Birmingham
Assessing human reliability.
Summary of a multi-disciplinary pioneering course "techniques for improving and assessing human reliability in industry" (Apr. 1980) in the study of human fallibility and the interaction between man and the system he operates, designed for those concerned with the human impact on plant safety and reliability (engineers, designers, managers, loss assessors, ergonomists, behavioural researchers, and safety professinals), to bridge the gap between physical scientists and behavioural scientists. Considerations on automatic systems, error in button-pressing, designing-out humans.
Health and Safety at Work, June 1980, Vol.2, No.10, p.42-44.

CIS 81-278 Volkholz V., Fuchs K.D., Müller R.
Humanisation of work - principles
Humanisierung des Arbeitslebens - Grundsätze [in German]
This study, endorsed by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany, attempts to define principles for establishing working conditions adapted to man, using current knowledge in the field of labour science, aimed at safeguarding the dignity, personality, physical and mental health and working capacity of workers. These principles concern workplaces, machinery and equipment, hazardous substances used in industry, safe working methods and processes, responsibility for OSH questions, what the work consists of, work organisation, preventive medicine, OSH measures for specific workplaces, medical contraindications, diet, sanitary and washing facilities, leisure facilities and housing, in-plant OSH organisation, OSH at the national level, records and documentation, workers' rights and obligations, rights of co-determination of councils of workers' representatives, collaboration between employers' and workers' organisations.
Bundesarbeitsblatt, Oct. 1980, No.10, p.5-14, 83 ref.

CIS 80-2090 Dejours C.
Anxiety and work
Anxiété et travail. [in French]
Considerations on: anxiety and occupational hazards (psychological tension in hazardous occupations); direct signs of anxiety (nervous tension, awareness of hazards); indirect signs (pretence of indifference to hazards, collective pressures and traditional collective attitudes in trades and occupations); situations giving rise to anxiety (timed production-line work; work relationships, frustration and aggressiveness); forms of anxiety (relations between anxiety and deterioration of mental or bodily functions); anxiety and distress in occupation (intrapsychic conflicts, failure of collective defences against anxiety, repercussions of an accident on the mental status of a worker).
Travail et emploi, July 1980, No.5, special number "Conditions de travail et de vie", p.29-42.

CIS 80-2083 Potter H.
Alcoholism and occupational safety
Alkohol und Arbeitssicherheit [in German]
El alcohol y la seguridad del trabajo [in Spanish]
Alcool e sicurezza del lavoro [in Italian]
L'alcool et la sécurité du travail [in French]
Difficulties encountered in attempting to pinpoint the role of alcohol in accidents and determine the percentage of occupational accidents due to alcohol are considered. Different surveys give percentages varying between 7.5% and 35%. One fact is stressed: alcohol potentiates the effects of harmful substances and physical agents, and thus increases predisposition to accidents. Suggested measures which could reduce or suppress alcohol consumption in the workplace include mechanisation of heavy physical work, thermal insulation, ventilation, air-conditioning and above all the distribution of soft drinks. Review of physiological requirements as regards intake of fluids, and suitable non-alcoholic beverages. Other preventive measures include prohibition or restriction of alcohol consumption, and screening and selection of personnel. Many examples of accidents are given. Spanish translation published in "Notas y documentos sobre prevención de riesgos profesionales", 148, 4° trimestre 1984, p.65-73.
Cahiers suisses de la sécurité du travail, Caisse nationale suisse d'assurance en cas d'accidents, Luzern, Switzerland, Mar. 1980, No.133. 30p. Illus. The Spanish version is in: I.N.M.S.T., No.902, p.65-73.

CIS 80-1390 Zohar D., Cohen A., Azar N.
Promoting increased use of ear protectors in noise through information feedback.
Hearing loss occurring with and without the use of earplugs was measured in workers of a noisy department of a metal fabrication plant. The results were fed back to individual workers to motivate greater use of ear protectors. Over the next 5 months, use of earplugs rose to 85-90%. Only 10% of a control group of workers given a standard lecture on hearing conservation and subjected to disciplinary threats wore earplugs over the same period. The effectiveness of feedback is seen as a 2-stage process involving individual reinforcement and group adoption of new norms for behaviour.
Human Factors, Feb. 1980, Vol.22, No.1, p.69-79. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 80-1120 Klen T., Verho E.
Distribution and utilisation of occupational safety information in agricultural undertakings
Työsuojelutiedon välitys ja käyttöönotto maataloudessa [in Finnish]
Questionnaire survey of 550 Finnish farms inspected in 1971, to determine what factors (initiative, cost aspects, improvements in farm machinery, awareness of occupational hazards) influence decisions to try to improve working conditions in agriculture; 77% of the sample returned the questionnaire. Improvements were more common among farmers with a high socio-economic status.
Tutkimuksia 163/1980, Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1980. 56p. Illus. 18 ref. Price: Fmk.15.00.

CIS 80-872 Kletz T.A.
The shaking of the foundations.
Literature review challenging some basic assumptions and ways of approaching the subject of occupational safety and health: getting correct priorities; changes in basic concepts over the last 15 years (should one aim to remove all potential hazards, or is it possible to do so; changing aspects of role of human failure in accidents; greater social awareness; increasing size of plants; less credit for the assumption that technicians know their jobs (serious fires, explosions and other incidents since the 1960s); increasing recognition of the importance of the safety officer's task.
Occupational Safety and Health, Jan. 1980, Vol.10, No.1, p.8-11. 30 ref.

CIS 80-581 Levenson H., Hirschfeld M.L., Hirschfeld A.H.
Industrial accidents and recent life events.
This study compares the number and types of life changes (list of 39 items) in a group of industrially injured persons with a control group, and documents the degree to which life change (stress) might cause industrial accidents. 164 subjects were studied. Before their accidents, these subjects experienced more undesirable changes than people in general. They had also had continually escalating life stressors years before their accidents, and increasing difficuly in the health, work, social and financial areas.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1980, Vol.22, No.1, p.53-57. Illus. 10 ref.

1979

CIS 81-1168
International Ergonomics Association/Human Factors Society
International directory of educational programs in ergonomics/human factors.
156 programmes in Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, United Kingdom, USA, and Yugoslavia are listed. Details given are: name of institution, programme title, degrees, admission prereguisites, programme characteristics/description.
Human Factors Society, 1124 Montana Avenue, Suite B, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, California 90406, USA, Aug. 1979. 16p.

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