Statistical methods - 278 entries found

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1993

CIS 94-955 Nicas M., Spear R.C.
A task-based statistical model of a worker's exposure distribution: Part I - Description of the model; Part II - Application to sampling strategy
A task-based model to describe a single worker's exposures to a single airborne chemical toxicant is described. The model accounts for variability in short-term time-weighted average (TWA) exposure values within a task, and for variability in arithmetic mean exposure levels between tasks. A worker's total distribution of 8-hour TWAs is a mixture of day-specific distributions weighted by the relative frequency of each type of workday; the variance of the total distribution increases with greater day-to-day variability in the array of task times. Four alternative measurement strategies are examined. All survey designs provide unbiased estimates of the average exposure level, but stratified sampling may give greater precision for a fixed cost.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1993, Vol.54, No.5, p.211-227. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 94-950 Kumagai S., Matsunaga I., Kusaka Y.
Autocorrelation of short-term and daily average exposure levels in workplaces
On the basis of workplace exposure data for 16 worker-chemical combinations, the degree of autocorrelation in a series of short-term time-weighted average (TWA) exposure concentrations was investigated. Autocorrelation functions displayed various patterns that depended on the exposure time series. The mean of the autocorrelation coefficients across all worker-chemical combinations was similar to an exponential function, which signifies that the degree of autocorrelation, on average, decreased as the interval between two averaging periods increased. Autocorrelation in a series of 8-hr TWA was also analyzed for 10 worker-chemical combinations. In general, little autocorrelation was observed. A sampling strategy that would minimize the degree of correlation between measurements of short-term TWAs is discussed.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, July 1993, Vol.54, No.7, p.341-350. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 94-554 Starzyński Z., Iżycki J.
Occupational diseases in Poland during the years 1984-1992
An analysis of 86.871 cases of occupational disease in Poland occurring between 1984 and 1992 is presented. Hearing lesions, vocal organ diseases, contagious and invasive diseases, pneumoconioses, dermatoses, vibration syndrome, poisonings and chronic bronchitis were the most common. Among the aetiological factors, noise, industrial dusts, hepatitis virus, chromium and its compounds, lead and its inorganic compounds, carbon disulfide and carbon monoxide were the most important. In addition to statistics concerning the number of occupational disease broken down by sex, age, exposure duration, economic sector and region (voivodeships), statistics are also given on workmen's compensation.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1993, Vol.6, No.3, p.299-308. 10 ref.

CIS 93-1521
Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General Employment, Industrial relations and Social Affairs
Methodology for the harmonization of European occupational accident statistics
Méthodologie pour l'harmonisation des statistiques européennes sur les accidents du travail [in French]
This report gives an appraisal of the study on European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW), which started in January, 1990. The aim of the project was to formulate proposals for the harmonisation of statistics on accidents at work throughout the Community. The first part of the report presents the objectives of harmonisation, the legal background, a summary of existing documentation on the subject, a review of work previously carried out by the Commission, and an overview of the systems currently in operation in each Member State. The latter section indicates what measures will need to be taken in each Member State in order to implement the harmonisation proposals, which are presented towards the end of the report. Details on the way in which data should be transmitted to Eurostat are also given.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1993. 53p. Price: ECU 7.00.

CIS 93-1178 Oleinick A., Guire K.E., Hawthorne V.M., Schork M.A., Gluck J.V., Lee B.H., La S.
Current methods of estimating severity for occupational injuries and illnesses: Data from the 1986 Michigan comprehensive compensable injury and illness database
National and state estimates of the severity of occupational injuries and illnesses come from the annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (Survey) produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. To develop an independent estimate of missed work days, a research team created the Michigan Comprehensive Compensable Occupational Injury Database (Michigan Database) by linking state files with injury characteristics to files with workers' compensation information for injuries occurring in 1986. Cumulative missed work time was calculated or estimated for 72,057 injured workers, more than 97% of the 73,609 Michigan workers with compensable occupational injuries in 1986 identified through the close of the study. These data suggest that the national Survey may have failed to identify almost 373 million of 421 million missed work days in the private sector that have resulted, or will result, from 1986 occupational injuries. The present federal/state system for estimating occupational injury severity by measuring lost work days seriously underestimates the magnitude of the problem. The authors recommended that national estimates of injury severity be obtained from representative states by using state compensation data and that such estimates be used to evaluate current prevention and rehabilitation strategies.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 1993, Vol.23, No.2, p.231-252. 37 ref.

1992

CIS 93-1707 Conkin J., Bedahl S.R., Van Liew H.D.
A computerised databank of decompression sickness incidence in altitude chambers
A hypobaric decompression sickness databank (HDSD) for use with personal computers is described. The databank consolidates some of the decompression sickness (DCS) information that has accumulated from altitude chamber tests from 1942 to the present. Data includes details of the test conditions in the altitude chamber, outcome of the test, physical characteristics of the test subjects, and denitrogenation procedures prior to decompression. The HDSD currently contains 378 records representing 130,012 altitude exposures.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 1992, Vol.63, No.9, Section 1, p.819-824. 12 ref.

CIS 93-1638 Armstrong B.G.
Confidence intervals for arithmetic means of lognormally distributed exposures
Distributions of concentrations of environmental contaminants are often approximately lognormally distributed. The arithmetic mean of such distributions is frequently the summary measure most relevant to health. Although methods for estimating arithmetic means of lognormal distributions from samples are becoming better known, methods for determining the precision of estimates by confidence intervals are not. In this paper, four approximate intervals are compared with the computationally cumbersome exact interval. Some of the approximate intervals are adequate for larger sample sizes (≥25), or small geometric standard deviations (GSD≤1.5), but none of them are accurate for small sample sizes and large GSDs. A table presents exact 95% confidence intervals for small sample sizes with GSDs up to 4.0. Real examples illustrate the methods.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1992, Vol.53, No.8, p.481-485. 11 ref.

CIS 93-1202 Althouse R.B., Castellan R.M., Wagner G.R.
Pneumoconioses in the United States - Highlights of surveillance data from NIOSH and other federal sources
This paper reviews information from the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) programmes and some other federal data sources that can be used to help target preventive efforts for coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis and to track progress toward their elimination. The data sources reviewed include: the NIOSH Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) Program; the NIOSH Coal Workers' X-ray Surveillance Program (CWXSP); the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) multiple-cause-of-death mortality data tapes; the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) conducted by NCHS; the Medicare Provider and Analysis Review (MEDPAR) files of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA); the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports of occupational injuries and illnesses.
Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, Apr.-June 1992, Vol.7, No.2, p.197-208. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 93-104 Magnavita N., Di Pasquale N., Salvitti F., Sacco A.
Use of statistics in occupational health - Analysis of papers presented at the national congresses of the Italian Society of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene
L'uso della statistica in medicina del lavoro - Analisi dei lavori presentati ai congressi nazionali della SIMLII [in Italian]
The statistical methods used in occupational health studies were evaluated by analysing the papers published from 1986 to 1990 in the proceedings of the annual meetings of the Italian Society of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene. Almost 70% of the 1,151 articles reviewed contained some kind of statistical analysis: methods more complicated than descriptive statistics were used in about 35%of the papers. Student's t test (15%) and chi square (12%) were the most common methods used. Other methods were less frequently used, so that it was possible to estimate that the learning of any new method would improve the understanding of about 1-2% of the articles. A wider use of statistical methods in data analysis is recommended; the attainment of a higher level of statistical knowledge should be a priority target in occupational health training.
Medicina del lavoro, July-Aug. 1992, Vol.83, No.4, p.307-317. Illus. 22 ref.

1991

CIS 94-612 Vacek P.M., McDonald J.C.
Risk assessment using exposure intensity: An application to vermiculite mining
An exposure-response model for assessing lung cancer risk was developed and applied to vermiculite miners. The approach was applied to a study of lung cancer mortality (recorded up to July 1983) in 406 male miners employed for at least 1 year before 1963 at a vermiculite mine and mill in Montana. Exposure records for airborne fibres and occupational histories were reviewed. The exposure data were grouped into five categories having average fibre concentrations of 0.0, 2.1, 7.0, 24.1, and 82.0f/mL. Twenty-one lung cancer deaths occurred in the cohort between 1963 and July 1983. Negative nonsignificant lung cancer risk coefficients were found for the 2.1f/mL exposure group. The lung cancer risk coefficients for the 82.0f/mL group were similar to those of the 7.0f/mL group. When compared with a risk model that used cumulative exposure as the exposure indices, the lung cancer risk coefficients using cumulative exposure indices underestimated the risk for the 7.0 and 24.1f/mL groups significantly and overestimated the risk for the 82.0f/mL group. The authors conclude that in order to access exposure response relationships from epidemiological data accurately, exposure intensity as well as duration must be taken into account.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 1991, Vol.48, No.8, p.543-547. 9 ref.

CIS 92-820 O'Brien T.R., Flanders W.D., Decoufle P.
Use of the Mantel-Haenszel ξ² overestimates precision in studies with sparse data
Probability values or "test-based" confidence limits computed on the basis of the Mantel-Haenszel ξ² statistic may be invalid if minimum cell-size requirements are not met. In 30 studies of occupational proportionate mortality published from 1985 through 1987, the Mantel-Haenszel ξ² was used in potential violation of cell-size requirements in 21 studies. Sixteen (76%) studies included at least one value that, when compared with testing with the Poisson distribution, was erroneously reported as statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The authors conclude that by using the Mantel-Haenszel ξ² with sparse data, some epidemiologists overestimate precision.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.33, No.10, p.1081-1083. 18 ref.

CIS 92-843 Windau J., Rosenman K., Anderson H., Hanrahan L., Rudolph L., Stanbury M., Stark A.
The identification of occupational lung disease from hospital discharge data
The Bureau of Labor Statistics-State Health Department Select Committee on Occupational Illnesses and Injuries conducted a study of hospital discharge records in the US in order to determine their usefulness for identifying cases of occupational disease. Four states searched the diagnosis fields on computerised hospital discharge records for selected occupational lung diseases: pneumoconiosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, and respiratory conditions due to chemical fumes and vapours. The hospital discharge data identified more cases of pneumoconiosis than did the BLS data systems. Numerous cases of extrinsic allergic alveolitis and respiratory conditions due to chemical fumes and vapours were also identified. Patterns evidenced in the data were generally consistent with current knowledge of the diseases. The inclusion of industry and occupation on the hospital discharge record, further study of the quality of diagnosis coding, and the use of these data by additional states will enhance the usefulness of these data for occupational disease surveillance.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.33, No.10, p.1060-1066. 9 ref.

CIS 92-863 Olsen G.W., Kusch G.D., Stafford B.A., Gudmundsen S.L., Currier M.F.
The positive known association design: A quality assurance method for occupational health surveillance data
The positive known association design is a population-based quality control strategy that can be used with occupational health surveillance data. It rests on the premise that there are well established biological associations that should be detected in any relatively large medical surveillance data base. The design offers the occupational health physician a method to test, on a population basis (i.e., high periodic medical surveillance examination participation rates by employees), the quality of periodic medical surveillance data. Several well established biological associations were evaluated and observed in the study, including a dramatic relation between white blood cell counts and smoking.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Sep. 1991, Vol.33, No.9, p.998-1000. 8 ref.

CIS 92-444 The functions of the Danish Registry of Occupational Injuries - Occupational accidents and diseases
Sådan fungerer Arbejdsskaderegistret i Danmark - arbejdsulykker og arbejdsbetingede lidelser [in Danish]
Description of the Register of Occupational Accidents and the Register of Occupational Diseases, the 2 components of the Registry of Occupational Injuries operated by the Danish National Labour Inspection Service. All accidents which result in 1 or more days' absence from work, and all diseases that are known or suspected to be work-related, are registered. Examples of the use of the registers are given, as are the principles of compilation of statistical tables from the available data.
The Registry of Occupational Injuries, Directorate of Labour Inspection, Landskronagade 33-35, 2100 København Ø, Denmark, 1991. 47p. Illus.

CIS 92-434 Hawkins N.C., Landenberger B.D.
Statistical control charts: A technique for analyzing industrial hygiene data
Industrial hygienists are often confronted with decisions regarding the acceptability of monitoring or other types of data. Professional judgment is most often used to make these evaluations, but some industrial hygienists are now beginning to apply more rigourous, quantitative methods such as statistical data analysis. In cases where monitoring data have been collected sequentially with a structured sampling plan, the statistical control chart may be a suitable method for evaluating results. Control charts facilitate the evaluation of time trends in data and allow the industrial hygienist to identify changes in the levels over time and in the variability of data gathered in monitoring campaigns. While a useful tool in some situations, control charting has some limitations as applied to industrial hygiene data.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Aug. 1991, Vol.6, No.8, p.689-695. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 91-1846 Glendon A.I.
Accident data analysis
Discussion of the important role of accident data as a tool for accident prevention. Three main levels at which accident data may be collected are described and analysed. Reasons for collecting and using accident data are then considered before a brief review of some of the problems associated with using accident data. Two case examples of how accident data have been used respectively in an organisation and research context are given, including a summary of criteria for an adequate reporting and recording system. Criticisms of traditional representations of accident data are balanced by a statistical approach to accident data analysis that seeks to improve their utility as a diagnostic tool.
Journal of Health and Safety, Aug. 1991, No.7, p.5-24. Illus. 39 ref.

CIS 91-1506 Stiebert H.
Work-related injury and illness statistics in Canada
This paper describes the National Work Injuries Statistics Program of Canada. Statistics are derived from administrative records created by Workers' Compensation Boards to settle claims from employees who sustained work-related accidents. Since 1982, the number of time-loss injuries (with the exception of 1983) has increased every year, reaching almost 621,000 in 1989. Data show that industry distributions have not changed significantly. The paper describes how the data may be used to identify problems as well as focus action for the prevention of accidents.
Publications Sales, Statistics Canada, Ottawa K1A 0T6, Canada, July 1991. 12p. 3 ref.

CIS 91-1505 Work injuries, 1987-89
Accidents du travail, 1987-1989 [in French]
These tables show numbers of time-loss injuries arranged by province, sex, age, occupation, industry, month and year of injury, nature of the injury, part of the body injured, source of the injury and type of accident. There is a detailed analysis of injuries occurring to truck drivers in 1989.
Publications Sales, Statistics Canada, Ottawa K1A 0T6, Canada, Feb. 1991. 53p. Price: CAD 25.00 (In Canada); USD 30.00 (in the US); USD 35.00 (other countries).

CIS 91-1497 Buringh E., Lanting R.
Exposure variability in the workplace: Its implications for the assessment of compliance
The paper derives rules of thumb for avoiding biased sampling results when recording occupational exposures for regulatory compliance. Estimates of the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) are used to calculate a confidence interval around the mean exposure and compare this interval to a limit value. The questions of when to sample and how many samples to take for a reliable assessment of exposure variability (GSD) are examined. Biased estimates of the variance of the exposure distribution are caused by the small number of survey samples usually collected. There is a high likelihood of an underestimate of variance, which rapidly increases if 8h time-weighted average samples are collected on consecutive days or within a week. In 80% of the within-week exposure-time series the estimated GSD may be too low, by as much as a factor of 2. Autocorrelation is a likely explanation for the bias.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Jan. 1991, Vol.52, No.1, p.6-13. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 91-1150
Health and Safety Executive
Workplace health and safety in Europe: A study of regulatory arrangements in France, West Germany, Italy and Spain
Detailed survey of the systems for labour inspection and protection and for the keeping of OSH statistics in France, Germany (former West Germany), Italy and Spain. Recent statistics and trends in occupational accidents are given throughout.
HMSO Books, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, United Kingdom, 1991. 78p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: GBP 9.00.

1990

CIS 06-1330
Worksafe Australia
Workplace injury and disease recording standard
This standard provides individual workplaces with a guide to the establishment of an inexpensive and easy to use method of recording information on work injury and disease. It provides details of the data to be recorded and guidance on interpreting and analyzing the recorded information. Includes a sample recording form.
Australian Safety and Compensation Council, info@ascc.gov.au, 1990. 29p.
http://www.ascc.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/0AE64126-8A4A-41DD-9673-8FFEF7F27F47/0/WorkplaceInjuryDiseaseRecording.pdf [in English]

CIS 93-1841 Employment injuries and occupational illnesses 1985-1987
Les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles, 1985-1987 [in French]
This statistical report provides information on work injuries and occupational diseases and their costs for all jurisdictions in Canada and provides selected statistics for international comparisons. Although the report generally covers the period 1978-1988, actual periods covered for certain items may differ because of the unavailability of timely data. Sources of data and data collection methods are explained. Statistical analysis is not provided.
Publications Distribution Centre, Labour Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0J2, Canada, 1990. 180p. Illus.

CIS 93-103 Davies J.K.W.
A Bayesian analysis of some accident data
Bayesian theory may be used to derive methods for solving two important problems in the analysis of industrial accident statistics: the ranking of a set of explanatory variables in terms of their ability to predict accident counts in a given workforce over a number of years; the ranking of a set of workforces according to the measure of agreement between the accident rate in each workforce and the pooled accident rate in all the other workforces. The methods are illustrated with reference to some statistics from the UK mining industry and comparisons are made with solutions derived from conventional statistical theory.
The Statistician, 1990, Vol.39, p.11-17. 8 ref.

CIS 92-1141 Records and statistics. Element No.12
This one-hour training course includes an instructor's guide, handouts, overheads and workshop instructions. Course participants are trained to: identify material to be recorded; differentiate between records and statistics; plot frequency and severity rates; evaluate statistics; plot trends.
Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia, 6951 Westminster Highway, Richmond, British Columbia V7C 1C6, Canada, rev. ed., 1990. 1 kit.

CIS 92-653 Schröder H., Wolf J.
Comparison of the hazards posed by chipboard presses - Proposal of a method of statistical analysis
Risikovergleich Spanplattenpressen - Vorschlag einer statistischen Analysemethode [in German]
Data on accidents with chipboard presses in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1981 and 1985 were statistically evaluated. The connection of the severity of accidents with various operational stages of the machines was analysed. It was found that severe accidents occur primarily at repair work when the feeding section is kept operating.
Die BG, Aug. 1990, No.8, p.457, 460-463. Illus. 3 ref.

CIS 91-1868 Work injury statistics for Canada
Statistiques sur les accidents du travail au Canada [in French]
A series of 4 data sheets which provide disability rates, fatality rates, nature of injury by occupation, and source of injury by occupation for Canada covering the time period 1982-1986.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6, Canada, 1990. 1 set. Illus. CAD 4.00 (Canada); USD 5.00 (USA); USD 6.00 (elsewhere).

CIS 91-1173 Kleine W., Sonnenberg S., Haas J.
Dermatological findings in occupational medical practice
Dermatologische Befunde in der betriebsärztlichen Praxis [in German]
Screening of 257,064 summaries of case histories from the files of industrial physicians in the Federal Republic of Germany yielded 8724 cases of skin diseases. The records covered the period from 1982 to 1987 and included all types of workers with the exception of seamen and miners. Data are presented on types of skin diseases, nationalities, age, sex and professions involved. An excessively high number of skin diseases was found among chemical workers.
Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 1990, Vol.44, No.3, p.137-144. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 91-1378 Li C.C., Hwang S.L., Wang M.Y.
Static anthropometry of civilian Chinese in Taiwan using computer-analyzed photography
In this study, 95 body measurements were taken from a total of 933 subjects randomly selected from the population of Taichung County. Five measurements were taken directly, the rest were taken from photographs. The data were entered via a digitiser into a microcoputer and the resulting anthropometric database was analysed to provide a statistical tabulation organised by age, sex and occupation. Problems associated with the photographic technique and the sampling strategy are discussed, and results are compared with previous studies. The study is said to demonstrate a systematic and efficient method for the collection and updating of anthropometric data.
Human Factors, June 1990, Vol.32, No.3, p.359-370. 11 ref.

CIS 91-436 Lalich N., Burnett C., Robinson C., Sestito J., Schuster L.
A guide for the management, analysis, and interpretation of occupational mortality data
This guide provides a descriptive summary of various aspects of data collection, processing, analysis and follow-up based on NIOSH occupational health surveillance activities with state health departments. Methods for improving data quality are described, coding procedures are discussed and statistical measures are compared and contrasted. The report includes references to professionnal and technical literature and a list of contact persons at NIOSH and in the state health departments.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA, Sep. 1990. 82p. Illus. 83 ref.

CIS 91-100 Freivalds A., Johnson A.B.
Time-series analysis of industrial accident data
Considering the cyclical nature of accident and injury data, it is reasonable to consider the use of time-series analysis for modelling these data. One approach involved fitting a Box-Jenkins, auto-regressive, moving average model to the data and using the model to forecast future values. A second approach utilised sine or cosine models to fit the cyclical pattern. A comparison of the 2 models, for a set of injury data in a glass manufacturing facility, indicated a clear superiority of the Box-Jenkins approach; not only for fitting a seasonal cycle, but also for accommodating monthly trends.
Journal of Occupational Accidents, Oct. 1990, Vol.13, No.3, p.179-193. 16 ref.

CIS 90-1898 Sieber W.K.
National occupational exposure survey - Volume II. Sampling methodology
The aim of the US National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted in 1981-1983 was to compile data on the types of potential exposure agents found in the workplace, and the kinds of safety and health programmes implemented at plant level. The study consisted of on-site observational surveys in nearly 5,000 establishments in 98 geographical areas. This volume describes the method used for the selection of the sample of plants to be surveyed, and the estimation techniques used to project survey data to the US as a whole.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Feb. 1990. 15 ref.

CIS 90-1182 Leger J.P., Macun I.
Safety in South African industry: An analysis of accident statistics
This paper examines the adequacy of published accident statistics in South Africa as valid measures of safety performance, in the light of claims that the safety record of South African industry has improved over the past 4 decades. Trends in occupational accidents, specifically those in the manufacturing industries, are also investigated. Three important sources of published occupational accident statistics exist in South Africa, and the limitations of each are discussed. The most frequently used index for measuring accident rates is the disabling injury frequency rate (DIFR), calculated from workers' compensation returns. Analysis of the data reveals inconsistencies in compiling compensated accidents statistics which result in a DIFR for "all industries" lower than that actually experienced. Over a 20-year period, fatality rates published by the factory inspectorate showed no significant decline in manufacturing industry as a whole or in sub-sectors, while DIFRs improved steadily in each case. It is concluded that when analysing accident trends, greater emphasis should be placed on fatality rate data. Recommendations are made to improve accident reporting and data publication.
Journal of Occupational Accidents, Feb. 1990, Vol.11, No.3, p.197-220. Illus. Bibl.

1989

CIS 91-1809 Dewell P.
British Occupational Hygiene Society
Some applications of statistics in occupational hygiene
The opening chapters of this handbook cover general statistical techniques (distributions, means and standard deviations, confidence limits). These are followed by accounts of statistics found useful in testing occupational hygiene data; the tests take account of the distribution from which the sample was drawn, and the effect which this may have on the results of some common comparative tests. These include sample sizes, probability plotting, paired t-tests and f- and t-tests. Final chapters cover some formulae and useful numerical approximations, and an occupational hygiene statistics glossary.
Science Reviews/HHSC Ltd., P.O. Box MT27, Leeds LS17 8QP, United Kingdom, 1989. 74p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: GBP 21.00.

CIS 90-1181 Karunaratne V.M.
Assessment of safety performance
The importance of keeping detailed and accurate statistics on occupational accidents and associated costs (human and material costs, lost production, cost of replacing personnel) is emphasised in this article. ILO (ICLS) and ANSI definitions related to occupational injuries are given and commented on. A method for the calculation of scheduled charges for disabilities (equivalent man-days lost) is also described. Summary in Sinhalese.
Sri Lanka Labour Gazette, Dec. 1989, Vol.40, No.4, p.11-36.

CIS 90-1191 National traumatic occupational fatalities: 1980-1985
The Division of Safety Research of the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set up a database containing information from death certificates for work related deaths recorded in the USA since 1980. This report describes traumatic occupational deaths occurring from 1980-1985 and provides information on these deaths at national and state levels as well as by occupation and industry. Tables indicate which industries in each state have a high risk of fatal injury. The data show that there has been a decreasing rate of fatal injuries among US workers, although the cause of this decrease cannot be identified from the data given. Workers in mining and transportation, as well as transport operatives and farmers are shown to be at greater risk of dying at work. It is concluded that these analyses demonstrate that the database may be used to identify high risk groups of workers, and allows monitoring of trends in occupational mortality.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Sep. 1989. 28p. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 90-1264 Muir D.C.F., Julian J.A., Shannon H.S., Verma D.K., Sebestyen A., Bernholz C.D.
Silica exposure and silicosis among Ontario hardrock miners: III. Analysis and risk estimates
An epidemiological investigation was undertaken to determine the relationship between silicosis in hardrock miners in Ontario and cumulative exposure to silica (free crystalline silica - α quartz) dust. This report describes the analytical method and presents the risk estimates.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 1989, Vol.16, No.1, p.29-43. 26 ref.

CIS 90-1356 Fletcher B.
Reliability of air flow measurements in assessing ventilation system performance
When air velocity measurements are taken to assess the performance of a ventilation system, the readings are subject to several possible sources of error and variations. This report identifies errors and indicates how statistical methods may be used to draw inferences from the measurements. Examples are given of room ventilation measurement and spray booth measurements. It is concluded that in order to quantify the reliability of the measurements, a range can be determined within which the mean will be to any required degree of certainty.
Health and Safety Executive, Library and Information Services, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom, 1989. 15p.

CIS 90-863 Pearce N., Checkoway H., Dement J.
Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: IV. The analysis of case-control data
This paper reviews the basic methods of analysis of data from case-control studies. The standard analytic methods are outlined first for a single stratum. The discussion is then extended to stratified analysis, multiple exposure levels, and analyses allowing for disease induction and latency periods. Finally, logistic regression is discussed as an extension of the more basic forms of analysis. The methods are illustrated with data from a study of lung cancer among asbestos textile plant workers.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1989, Vol.15, No.4, p.403-416. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 90-861 Checkoway H., Pearce N., Dement J.M.
Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: II. Analysis of cohort data
This paper reviews strategies and statistical methods for analysing data from occupational cohort studies. Emphasis is placed on the common methods for grouped data analysis involving external and internal comparison populations. Analysis procedures reviewed are standardised mortality ratio, standardised rate ratio, and Mantel-Haenszel techniques for estimating relative risks. Methods for control of confounding, assessment of effect modification, and allowance for disease latency are discussed. These concepts and procedures are illustrated with data from a historical cohort mortality study of workers from an asbestos textile plant.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1989, Vol.15, No.4, p.375-394. Illus. 69 ref.

CIS 90-911 Ulm L., Lange H.J., Pache L.
Statistical method for assessing threshold limit values
Statistisches Verfahren zur Festlegung von Schadstoffgrenz-konzentrationen [in German]
The statistical method which is presented for deriving threshold limit values uses a linear mathematical model to describe the concentration-effect relationship. The method is explained by using silica coal dust as an example. A TLV of 2.5mg/m³ is obtained in that case.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, 1989, Vol.39, No.5, p.126-131. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 90-806 Murphy D.J., Huizinga M.A.
A new approach to collecting farm accident data
Since the early 1940s, newspaper clippings and personal interview surveys have been the primary methods for collecting agricultural accident data. Accident data forms and survey procedures were standardised during the late 1960s, and many US statewide surveys were conducted throughout the 1970s. In recent years, the implementation of the standardised survey procedure has become difficult and appears to no longer be viable. A personalised mail survey approach was recently tested in Pennsylvania with excellent results. The personalised mail survey research procedures may become an efficient, long-term method of agricultural accident data collection.
Journal of Safety Research, Spring 1989, Vol.20, No.1, p.21-29. Bibl.

CIS 90-466 Henter A., Hermanns D.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz
Fatal accidents 1983-1986, statistical analysis based on a labour inspectorate survey
Tödliche Arbeitsunfälle 1983 bis 1986, statistische Analyse nach einer Erhebung der Gewerbeaufsicht [in German]
The investigation deals with fatal accidents in industry, excluding mining and highway traffic accidents. The basis of the statistical analysis is the record sheet for fatal accidents drawn up by the Factory Inspectorate (Gewerbeaufsicht) of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Focal points discussed in this paper are personal-, plant- and work-related features of accidents, fatal electrical accidents, accidents involving dangerous substances and trends in accidents.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Postfach 101110, 2850 Bremerhaven 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1989. 141p. Illus. 6 ref.

1988

CIS 93-9
Bureau of Labour Protection, Ministry of Labour
Statistical standard for economic losses from injuries or fatal accidents of enterprise staff and workers [China]
Quiyi zhigong shanhwang shigu jingji sunshi tongji biaozhun [in Chinese]
This standard (effective 1 May 1987) describes the methods of statistical evaluation of economic loss from industrial accidents causing injuries or fatalities. It describes the different sources of direct and indirect economic losses to be computed, methods of calculating the actual sum lost, methods of expressing the rates of economic loss, and grading of accidents according to degree of economic loss. More calculations on economic losses are given in the appendix. The whole standard is discussed in an appended commentary.
In: Reference Collection of National Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1985-1986, China Standards Publishing Co., Beijing, China, Apr. 1988, p.464-472. Price: CNY 11.00 (whole volume).

CIS 90-813 Hoffmann B.
Fifteen years experience with the new occupational accident notification form
15 Jahre neue Unfallanzeige [in German]
The mandatory notification of occupational accidents in the Federal Republic of Germany is carried out since 1974 on a standard form for all workplaces. Although the data thus collected are very useful, criticism focuses on four issues: 1) the use of random samples amounting to 10% of the total data; 2) too shallow a classification; 3) the lack of adequate reference data, such as hours worked at the machines at which the accidents occurred; 4) the delay in the publication of statistics.
Die BG, Nov. 1988, No.11, p.704-708. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 90-505 Ruppe K., Heuchert G., Enderlein G., Wulke P.
Relations between age, state of health and occupational health measures among exposed workers
Beziehungen zwischen Lebensalter, Gesundheitszustand und arbeitsmedizinischen Massnahmen bei exponierten Werktätigen [in German]
On the basis of the results of more than 500,000 periodic medical examinations performed in 1986 on exposed workers, relations were investigated between chronic morbidity, age, sex, restricted ability to work and medical intervention (change of workplace or medical treatment).
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, July 1988, Vol.34, No.7, p.431-434. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 89-1843
Health and Safety Executive
Collecting information on disease caused by work
Increased concern about health hazards at work has been reflected in the greater interest shown by the media and in the public debate of the subject in the United Kingdom. This discussion document aims to stimulate consideration and discussion of the issues raised, particularly the problems of collecting high-quality information on the incidence of occupational ill-health. In the appendices: list of reportable diseases and associated work activities; initiatives arising from the report of the Medical Advisory Committee; current projects of the Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit.
Health and Safety Executive Sales Point, St Hugh's House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY, United Kingdom, 1988. 42p. 5 ref.

CIS 89-1517 Hammer W., Thaer G., Kemeny P.
A method for the analysis of accident frequency - Illustrated by ladder accidents
Eine Methode zur Analyse der Häufigkeit von Unfällen - dargestellt am Beispiel von Leiterunfällen [in German]
A log-linear model is described for analysing the connection between accident frequency and three or two variables such as size of enterprise, work process, cause of accident, sex and age. The statistical evaluation method is applied to falls from portable ladders on farms. The analyses yielded e.g. a 16 times higher accident rate with ramps than with step ladders. Fewer accidents occurred when ladders were used inside buildings than outside. The accident rate rose with increasing farm size and age of personnel.
Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 1988, Vol.42, No.1, p.39-46. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 89-1180 Seta J.A., Sundin D.S., Pedersen D.H.
National Occupational Exposure Survey - field guidelines
The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) was a nationwide data gathering effort designed to develop a base of data which would support the development of estimates of the number of workers potentially exposed to various chemical, physical and biological agents, and describe the distribution of those potential exposures. Data relating to in-plant health and safety programs were also collected. An ancilliary objective was to compile the data in such a way that analysis of potential exposure trends would be possible by comparing NOES data with similar data in the National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS). Walk-through investigations were conducted from 1981-1983 in 4,490 facilities in 523 different industry types employing approximately 1,800,000 workers in 410 occupational categories. More than 10,000 different potential exposure agents and over 100,000 unique tradename products were seen during the on-site visits. This manual presents historical information, instructions and procedures provided to the NOES surveyors. It is intended as a reference for evaluating the survey data, the survey procedures and the data collection guidelines.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Mar. 1988. 194p.

1987

CIS 88-1860
(Worksafe Australia)
National data set for compensation-based statistics
This report proposes the establishment of nationally comparable statistical collections for the recording of occupational injuries and diseases in Australia. The data items would be collected by State, Territory and Federal agencies responsible for compensation. Contents: coverage, limitations; objectives and uses of the national data set, analysis, dissemination; concepts and methods for collecting data; national data set inclusions and exclusions; implementation issues; appendices.
Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, 1987. 95p. Illus. 35 ref. Appendices.

CIS 88-1859 Henter A., Hermanns D.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz
Fatal accidents 1981 and 1982 - Statistical analysis based on a labour inspectorate survey
Tödliche Arbeitsunfälle 1981 und 1982 - Statistische Analyse nach einer Erhebung der Gewerbeaufsicht [in German]
Fatal accidents which occurred in trade and industry in 1981/1982 were studied. The mining industry and road traffic accidents were excluded. The statistical analysis is based on data from fatal accident investigation sheets. The analysis now covers a period of 5 years and gives information on accident frequencies and on the structure of accident black spots for specific branches and workplaces. Furthermore, the accidents caused by electricity and "work substances" are characterised. There were no appreciable differences, when the results were compared with those previously obtained.
Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für neue Wissenschaft GmbH, Postfach 10 11 10, 2850 Bremerhaven 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1987. 162p. Bibl. 5 ref. Price: DEM 24.00.

CIS 88-1866 Work accident records and analysis
This data sheet describes the recordkeeping requirements of the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the US) and the definitions and methods of ANSI Z16.1. This standard has been withdrawn as of 31 Dec. 1987 and will not be reinstated. Covered are: recordkeeping systems; requirements and rates; investigation and analysis. A model form, a chart of scheduled charges (in terms of number of days of disability) for loss of members or impairment of body function, nature of injury versus part of body, and source of injury versus type of finger cuts are presented.
National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, 1987. 28p. Illus. 13 ref.

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