Polycyclic hydrocarbons - 153 entries found

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1997

CIS 97-1620 Wu M.T.
Elevated serum liver enzymes in coke oven and by-product workers
Blood levels of two liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were measured for 213 steel workers employed for at least three months in two coke-operation work areas, and for 131 unexposed controls. Each work area contained a coke oven and a by-product plant. Airborne levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were also measured. Workers from Area I (shown to have high PAH levels) had significantly higher AST and ALT levels than the control group. Workers from Area II (lower PAH levels) had slightly, but not significantly, elevated AST and ALT levels. Results indicate that heavy exposure to coke oven emissions has adverse effects on the liver.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 1997, Vol.39, No.6, p.527-533. Illus. 22 ref.

CIS 97-1578 Moen B.E., Øvrebø S.
Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fire fighting by measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene
Urine samples were obtained from 9 students and 4 teachers at a firefighter training school before and 6 to 7 hours after extinguishing burning diesel fuel. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for 1-hydroxypyrene. A small but significant increase in 1-hydroxypyrene levels was found after fire fighting. Fire fighting may cause exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are classified as carcinogenic.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 1997, Vol.39, No.6, p.515-519. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 97-876 Feunekes F.D.J.R., Jongeneelen F.J., Laan H.v.d., Schoonhof F.H.G.
Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among trainers in a fire-fighting training facility
The exposure of fire-fighting trainers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was assessed by personal air sampling during fire-fighting activities. Uptake of PAH was determined by measuring concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (a metabolite of pyrene) in urine. There was evidence of exposure to and uptake of PAH among the instructors despite the short time of effective exposure and the routine use of respirators and protective clothing. Both tobacco smoking and exposure to smoke from fire appeared to increase 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations. Biological monitoring with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene may be useful in tracing highly exposed persons and in monitoring the effectiveness of control measures.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Jan. 1997, Vol.58, No.1, p.23-28. 35 ref.

1996

CIS 97-1588 Strickland P., Kang D., Sithisarankul P.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine as biomarkers of exposure and effect
The monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in human urine as biomarkers of internal dose is reviewed. Types of PAH metabolites detected are described and the association between metabolite levels and PAH exposure in human studies is discussed. The most widely occurring PAH metabolite is 1-hydroxypyrene-O-glucuronide (1- OHP-gluc). Elevated levels of 1-OHP or 1-OHP-gluc have been demonstrated in smokers, in patients receiving coal tar treatment, in road pavers, in coke oven workers and in subjects ingesting charbroiled meat. Although measurement of these metabolites is useful in assessing recent exposure to PAHs, their value as predictive markers of health outcomes has not been rigorously tested.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Oct. 1996, Vol.104, Suppl.5, p.927-932. 52 ref.

CIS 97-1587 Poirier M.C., Weston A.
Human DNA adduct measurements: State of the art
Human DNA adduct formation (covalent modifications of DNA with chemical carcinogens) is a promising biomarker for investigating the molecular epidemiology of cancer. DNA adducts have been observed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrosamines, mycotoxins, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, ultraviolet light and alkylating cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Methodologies and their application in exposure biomonitoring are reviewed, focusing on human blood cell PAH-DNA adduct measurements. DNA adduct dosimetry and correlation of DNA adducts with other biomarkers are also considered.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Oct. 1996, Vol.104, Suppl.5, p.883-893. Illus. 156 ref.

1995

CIS 97-215
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS): Update
Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: carcinogenic effects; teratogenic effects; skin diseases; immunotoxic effects. (Update of CIS 91-1624).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Aug. 1995. 458p. Illus. Bibl.ref.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp69.pdf [in English]

CIS 96-1267
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Worksafe Australia)
Guidelines for health surveillance
These guidelines are intended for appointed medical practitioners when planning and implementing a programme of health surveillance within enterprises. Such programmes should be instituted when a workplace assessment of health risks, conducted according to the National Model Regulations for the Control of Workplace Hazardous Substances (NOHSC 1005: (1994), see CIS 95-274), has determined that workplace exposure represents a significant risk to health. Contents of the 18 booklets: 1 - Introduction (basic aspects of health surveillance, extracts from the Model Regulations and the National Code of Practice (NOHSC: 2007 (1994), see CIS 95-274 as well), list of substances subject to control, criteria for determining whether a substance should be scheduled as requiring health surveillance). 2 - sample respiratory questionnaires to be administered to workers. 3-18: Specific substances (for each substance: information on health surveillance at time of employment, during exposure to a process where the substance is present and at termination of employment; data sheet with information on substance in question). The substances are: acrylonitrile, inorganic arsenic, asbestos, benzene, cadmium, inorganic cadmium, creosote, isocyanates, inorganic mercury, MOCA, organophosphate pesticides, pentachlorophenol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, crystalline silica, thallium, vinyl chloride.
Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, 1995-1996. 18 booklets in a ring binder. Bibl.ref.
http://www.ascc.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/481CF3F5-8C4B-4BCC-AF65-3FDBA031D43B/0/HealthSurveillance.pdf [in English]

CIS 96-884 Nadon L., Siemiatycki J., Dewar R., Krewski D., Gérin M.
Cancer risk due to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
In a study of 3,730 cancer patients and 533 controls in Montreal, Canada, associations were analyzed between 14 cancer types and exposure to six types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A detailed job history was obtained from each subject along with information on potential confounders. For most types of cancer evaluated, there was no evidence of excess risk due to PAHs at the levels encountered. For a few cancer sites (oesophagus, pancreas and prostate gland), there were suggestions of excess risk. For lung cancer, there appeared to be an increased risk due to PAHs among nonsmokers and light smokers, but not among heavy smokers. Limitations of the study are discussed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Sep. 1995, Vol.28, No.3, p.303-324. 52 ref.

CIS 96-878 Buchet J.P., Ferreira M., Burrion J.B., Leroy T., Kirsch-Volders M., Van Hummelen P., Jacques J., Cupers L., Delavignette J.P., Lauwerys R.
Tumor markers in serum, polyamines and modified nucleosides in urine, and cytogenic aberrations in lymphocytes of workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
The concentration of several tumour markers in blood, the excretion of polyamines and modified nucleosides in urine, and the presence of cytogenic aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes (sister-chromatid exchanges, high frequency cells (HFC), and micronuclei) were measured in 149 workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Results were related to PAH exposure parameters. HFC was the biomarker most consistently associated with the intensity of current exposure to PAHs. Based on the prevalence of abnormal HFC values, it is suggested that the concentration of PAHs in air should be kept below 6.4µg/m³ and the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in postshift urine below 2.7µg/g creatinine. Associations between other biomarkers and exposure parameters were weak.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1995, Vol.27, No.4, p.523-543. 60 ref.

CIS 95-2147 Viau C., Vyskocil A., Bouchard M., Carrier G.
Biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
La surveillance biologique de l'exposition aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques [in French]
Estimation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be complicated by the difficulty to evaluate accurately the absorbed dose associated with certain industrial processes. Two approaches of biological monitoring of exposure to PAHs were studied: (1) the measure of adducts formed between an electrophilic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the diolepoxide (BaPDE), and haemoglobin or albumin, and (2) the measurement of hydroxylated metabolites of pyrene or BaP in urine. Studies in animals and humans indicate that (1) the measurement of adducts appears adequate for the biological monitoring of exposure to electrophilic compounds when concentrations are sufficiently important and (2) in the case of PAHs, the measurement of hydroxylated metabolites in urine appears to be a useful indicator of exposure to these contaminants.
Travail et santé, June 1995, Vol.11, No.2, p.S7-S11. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 95-2167 Yrjänheikki E., Pyy L., Hakala E., Lapinlampi T., Lisko A., Vähäkangas K.
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a new coking plant
Exposure of workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in a modern coking plant in Finland established in 1987. This study was part of a more comprehensive follow-up study to develop reliable and useful biomonitoring methods for PAH exposure. Both personal and stationary sampling were carried out, using dust and gas sampling methods. Twelve PAH compounds were identified and quantified. The highest exposure levels were found in the working areas on the top of the oven battery, where the Finnish TLV (TWA) for benzo(a)pyrene (10µg/m³) was, in particular, exceeded in most personal and stationary samples. In most other samples the measurements were below the TLV.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1995, Vol.56, No.8, p.782-787. Illus. 21 ref.

1994

CIS 96-836 Clavel J., Mandereau L., Limasset J.C., Hémon D., Cordier S.
Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of bladder cancer: A French case-control study
A hospital-based case-control study of 658 male cases of bladder cancer and 658 male controls was carried out in 5 areas of France from 1984 to 1987. For each subject, occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was determined through questionnaires. The overall odds ratio for PAH exposure, adjusted for smoking, coffee drinking and occupational exposure to aromatic amines was estimated at 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.7, p<0.05). A slight but clear dose-response relationship was observed, and the trend remained significant after adjustment for cumulative smoking, with odds ratios of 1.2 (95% CI: 0.9-1.7), 1.4 (95% CI: 0.9-2.2) and 1.8 (95% CI: 0.8-3.9) for low, medium and high average exposures respectively compared to subjects unexposed to PAH (p<0.05). Moreover, a stronger association between bladder cancer and PAH exposure was detected in a heavy-smoker group.
International Journal of Epidemiology, Dec. 1994, Vol.23, No.6, p.1145-1153. 30 ref.

CIS 95-2170 Petry T., Schmid P., Schlatter C.
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two different silicon carbide plants
A total of 38 personal and stationary samples were taken in the working atmosphere in two silicon carbide plants to determine the concentrations of 20 unsubstituted PAHs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These included benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(j+b+k)fluoranthene, dibenzo(ah)anthracene and indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene, all of which are carcinogenic. In plant A, the total PAH concentrations in the personal samples varied from 0.28 to 2.67µg/m³ with a mean BaP concentration of 0.05µg/m³ for all worksites. In plant B, the total PAH varied from 2.93 to 50.03µg/m³ with a mean BaP concentration of 0.13µg/m³. Compared to the exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in coke and aluminium plants, the concentrations measured in both silicon carbide plants were low.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Oct. 1994, Vol.38, No.5, p.741-752. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 95-1022 Ota H., Yamauchi T., Tanaka S., Miyama M., Yamaoka K., Yoshida S., Takizawa A.
Survey of benzo(a)pyrene in foundries
Benzo(a)piren chōsa jirei [in Japanese]
Airborne benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentrations at 25 foundries were determined and dust samples were taken from Aug. 1987 to Feb. 1993 in accordance with the Working Environment Measurement Standards. Dust samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Of 202 samples, 139 showed a higher BaP concentration that the mean concentration in the atmospheric air in Japan; some samples showed a 100-fold higher concentration. BaP concentration at shaking-out, sand-preparation and casting work-units was higher than elsewhere. Plants where coal-tar pitch was used in coremaking showed higher BaP levels than those using coal dust instead. There was a correlation between BaP levels and those of benzo(hi)perylene and benzo(k)fluoranthene. More than 85% of the BaP was found on respirable dust particles below 7µm in diameter.
Journal of Working Environment, 1 Mar. 1994, Vol.15, No.2, p.50-56. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 95-648 VanRooij J.G.M., Bodelier-Bade M.M., Hopmans P.M.J., Jongeneelen F.J.
Reduction of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in coke-oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to improved hygienic skin protective measures
The effect of hygienic skin protective measures on the internal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was studied in 13 coke-oven workers over two consecutive weeks. In one week the subjects worked under normal circumstances, in the other extra hygienic skin protective measures were taken: laundered working clothes and a new pair of gloves were provided before each 8h work shift, and both hands and face were washed before each break. The effect of the extra hygienic measures on the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion which indicates internal PAH exposure was assessed by biological monitoring. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration over the four-day work week was on average 37% lower when extra hygienic measures were taken, being 1.3 instead of 2.3µmole 1-hydroxypyrene per mole creatinine (p=0.03, n=13). Thus, simple hygienic skin protective measures resulted in a significant reduction of the internal PAH exposure.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, June 1994, Vol.38, No.3, p.247-256. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 95-223 Øvrebø S., Haugen A., Fjeldstad P.E., Hemminki K., Szyfter K.
Biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in an electrode paste plant
Comparison of several biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure among electrode paste plant workers and workers not occupationally exposed to PAH. The PAH exposure was quantified from samples collected with person-attached sampling devices. The level of pyrene was significantly correlated with both PAH level and the level of selected carcinogenic PAHs in this type of exposure. The mean concentration of the biomarker 1-hydroxypyrene in the PAH exposed workers' urine was 6.98µmol of 1-hydroxypyrene per mole of creatinine compared with 0.08 and 0.14µmol in the two reference groups. PAH-DNA adducts were measured in DNA from white blood cells by the enzyme radioimmunoassay and ³²P-postlabelling techniques. Only urinary 1-hydroxypyrene was significantly increased in the PAH-exposed group.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1994, Vol.36, No.3, p.303-310. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 95-231 Cevallos R., Assous M., Dournovo P., Nicolas P., Guillevin L.
Systemic sclerosis after cresol inhalation
Sclérodermie systémique après inhalation de crésol [in French]
A case of systemic sclerosis is reported in which the pathogen is probably inhaled cresol, a phenolic derivate of toluene, administered as a disinfectant in an unventilated office. In treatment, corticotherapy did not have any effect and improvement was only seen after factor XIII therapy.
Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail, 1994, Vol.55, No.1, p.43-45. Illus. 23 ref.

1993

CIS 95-1679 Victorin K., Valentin J., Wahlberg K.
Risk comparisons between limit values for ionizing radiation, PAH, and benzene in Sweden
The background of regulatory limit values for carcinogens is discussed and exemplified with the ambient and occupational air pollutants benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene, BaP), ionizing radiation and radon. The estimated cancer risks at different limit values are compared, as is the estimated number of cancer cases annually due to existing pollutant levels. Although the individual lifetime cancer risks are much higher at the occupational limit values for benzene and BaP than what is recommended for the general public, the estimated number of cancer cases annually is lower at existing pollutant levels. The individual cancer risk at the occupational limit for ionizing radiation is comparable to the occupational cancer risk with BaP, but higher than the one for benzene. The estimated number of cancer cases annually due to radiation is low and comparable to the estimated number due to the chemical air pollutants discussed.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Dec. 1993, Vol.18, No.3, p.381-391. 16 ref.

CIS 95-243 Sturaro A., Parvoli G., Doretti L., Gori G., Bartolucci G.B.
GC-MS investigation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the manufacture of rubber tubes
Mineral oils and carbon black containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are normally used in the manufacture of rubber tubes. Owing to the toxicity of these chemicals it is important to have methods for their identification and for the monitoring of their concentration in the air of the workplace. Such a method using a two-stage air sampler and GLC SIR MS to monitor eight PACs is reported here. PAC identification was confirmed by reference to commercially available pure compounds. Using the method, detection limits of 8-15ng/mL, corresponding to a level of 12-23ng/m³ in the workplace, were achieved. These are well below the NIOSH, OSHA and ACGIH prescribed TWAs.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, June 1993, Vol.37, No.3, p.327-334. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 94-1632 Cenni A., Sciarra G., Sartorelli P., Pappalardo F.
Environmental and biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke plants and other workplaces
Pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene were used as indicators of the presence of PAHs in a number of workplaces. A coke plant, a pyrite mine, a railway tunnel under construction, and several earthenware factories were investigated. Workers on the site underwent urine tests for PAH metabolites. The coke plant had the highest concentrations of the PAH indicators in the environment and in the workers' urine. Summary in Italian.
Medicina del lavoro, Sep.-Oct. 1993, Vol.84, No.5, p.379-386. 21 ref.

CIS 94-1291 Ny E.T., Heederik D., Kromhout H., Jongeneelen F.
The relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and in urine of workers in a Söderberg potroom
The relationship between increase of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene over the workweek and the airborne concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene and coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPVs) were studied among groups of workers in a vertical-stud Söderberg potroom of an aluminium smelter. There was a strong correlation between the natural logarithm of the pyrene concentration and the natural logarithm of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in personal air samples. A strong positive correlation was also found between the natural logarithm of increase in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and the natural logarithm of the estimated airborne PAH exposure when the use of extra layers of cloth under respirators was taken into account. A contradictory fact was found: the use of extra facial protection seemed to lead to a strong increase of 1-hydroxypyrene over the workweek.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, June 1993, Vol.54, No.6, p.277-284. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 94-1233 Kriek E., Van Schooten F.J., Hillebrand M.J.X., Van Leeuwen F.E., Den Engelse L., De Looff A.J.A., Dijkmans A.P.G.
DNA adducts as a measure of lung cancer risk in humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Workers in the coking, foundry, and aluminium industry can be exposed to high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and are at an increased risk for lung cancer. Theoretically, DNA adduct formation is a more relevant biological parameter for assessing exposure risk than PAH in the work atmosphere because adduct levels reflect that part of the dose that escapes detoxification and binds to DNA. The study analyzed white blood cell (WBC) DNA from coke-oven workers and from workers in an aluminium production plant and demonstrated the presence of PAH-DNA adducts. Forty-seven percent of the coke oven workers had detectable levels of PAH-DNA adducts in their WBC compared with 27% of the controls (p<0.05). In the aluminium workers, no PAH-DNA adducts were detected by ELISA. The more sensitive ³²P-postlabelling assay showed the presence of PAH-DNA adducts in 91% of the aluminium workers. There was no correlation of WBC adduct levels with the concentration of PAH in the work atmosphere.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Mar. 1993, Vol.99. p.71-75. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 94-256 Purdham J.T., Bozek P.R., Sass-Kortsak A.S.
The evaluation of exposure of printing trade employees to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
This study was undertaken to determine the exposures of printing press operators to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and total particulate (TP), and to evaluate the factors contributing to exposure in the printing industry. Personal time-weighted average exposures of press room workers were determined on two consecutive days at nine sites, including two newspaper operations. The average PAH exposure was 16.5µg/m³ (including naphthalene), the average TP exposure was 0.63mg/m³. Newspaper plants had significantly lower exposures than commercial printing operations. Factors identified as contributing to exposure to TP were: the effectiveness of the ventilation systems, the method of feeding the press, the type of paper and the print impression area.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Feb. 1993, Vol.37, No.1, p.35-44. 25 ref.

CIS 93-1885 Hansen E.S.
A follow-up study on the mortality of truck drivers
The aim of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between occupational exposure to vehicle exhaust and cancer risk. For this purpose, a cohort of 14,225 truck drivers was followed throughout a ten-year period with regard to cause-specific mortality. Comparisons were made with another cohort of unskilled male laborers. Both of the occupational groups compared were identified at a census and no supplementary data on individual exposure history were available. The study showed an increased mortality for lung cancer (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 160, 95% confidence interval (CI) 126-200) and multiple myeloma (SMR 439, 95% CI 142-1,024). It seems likely that exposure to diesel exhaust has contributed to the increased lung cancer risk observed. The possible relationship between multiple myeloma and certain constituents of vehicle exhaust may be worth attention in future investigations.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1993, Vol.23, No.5, p.811-821. 45 ref.

1992

CIS 97-2003 Opinion adopted by the Italian National Advisory Toxicological Committee on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Parero espresso dalla Commissione Consultiva Tossicologica Nazionale sugli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici [in Italian]
This report evaluates potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, food and drinking water, and provides quantitative estimates of the risk of PAH-associated lung cancer and of carcinogenic risk associated with ingestion of benzo(a)pyrene.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy, 1992. 69p. Index. Bibl.ref.

CIS 93-1231 Mielżyńska D., Śnit M.
Urine mutagenicity in workers directly employed in coke production
Mutagenicity and toxicity of urine samples of 30 coke oven workers (group I) and 26 individuals composing a control group (group II) was estimated using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. Urine mutagenicity and toxicity, tested with strain TA 98 and metabolic activation, was significantly higher in group I than in group II. Using the strain TA 100, urine samples of coke oven workers showed only direct toxicity. Mutagenic and toxic activity was observed mostly in workers exposed to the highest BaP concentrations. No correlation was found between obtained results and tobacco smoking. Increased urinary mutagenic activity in group I resulted from exposure to very high BaP concentrations. It is concluded that urine samples of exposed coke oven workers should be periodically tested for mutagenic activity. It is recommended that workers with mutagenic urine be shifted to work posts with lower exposure to mutagens.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1992, Vol.5, No.4, p.363-371. 20 ref.

CIS 93-927 Guillemin M.P., Herrera H., Huynh C.K., Droz P.O., Vu Duc T.
Occupational exposure of truck drivers to dust and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: A pilot study in Geneva, Switzerland
The exposure of 15 truck drivers from Geneva, Switzerland, to dust and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the driver's cabin was determined and compared with a control group of six office workers. The drivers were divided into smokers and non-smokers and into long-distance and local drivers. Total dust exposure of the local truck drivers of 0.3mg/m³ was three times higher than that of the long-distance drivers and the control group. A similar difference was obtained for the exposure to PAH except that the controls assumed a middle position. Smoking had no influence on the exposure to dust and PAH. The results do not explain why lung cancer is more prevalent among truck drivers than in other professional groups.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1992, Vol.63, No.7, p.439-447. Illus. 32 ref.

CIS 93-482 Verma D.K., Julian J.A., Roberts R.S., Muir D.C.F., Jadon N., Shaw D.S.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - A possible cause of lung cancer mortality among nickel/copper smelter and refinery workers
A retrospective industrial hygiene investigation was undertaken to explain the cause of a statistically significant excess lung cancer mortality observed in a subset of a large cohort of nickel workers involved in mining, smelting, and refining of nickel and copper in Ontario (Canada). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how an industrial hygiene follow-up assessment of an epidemiological finding can help to identify a likely cause. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) alone or in association with particulate and gaseous contaminants (e.g. SO₂) were likely the causative agents of the excess lung cancer observed among the lead welders, cranemen, and arc furnace workers of the copper refinery.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1992, Vol.53, No.5, p.317-324. Illus. 30 ref.

1991

CIS 92-1281 Castegnaro M., Barek J., Jacob J., Kirso U., Lafontaine M., Sansone E.B., Telling G.M., Vu Duc T.
Ministry of the Environment (France)
Laboratory decontamination and destruction of carcinogens in laboratory wastes - Some polycyclic heterocyclic hydrocarbons
The following polycyclic heterocyclic hydrocarbons are considered: dibenz[a,j]acridine, dibenz[a,h]acridine, 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and 13H-dibenzo[a,i]carbazole. Reagents proposed for eliminating the carcinogenic potential of these compounds include: potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and iron(II) chloride, and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom, 1991. 50p. 66 ref. Price: GBP 8.00.

CIS 92-1245 Kubasiewicz M., Starzyński Z., Szymczak W.
Case-referent study on skin cancer and its relation to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - II. Study results
The study was performed on a group of 376 males suffering from skin cancer and on 2 control groups, 752 males each, matched according to age. Referents were randomly sampled from the general population as well as from hospital wards and dermatological out-patient clinics. The analysis of occupational exposure to different products containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced data which indicated an increased risk of skin cancer in persons exposed to mineral oil (odds ratio = 1.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.05). In the case of exposure to sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons other than mineral oils, no significant increase in skin cancer risk was noted.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1991, Vol.4, No.2, p.141-147. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 92-840 Brandt-Rauf P.W.
Advances in cancer biomarkers as applied to chemical exposures: The ras oncogene and p21 protein and pulmonary carcinogenesis
Pulmonary carcinogenesis due to occupational and environmental exposures to chemical carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons presents an interesting model for the study of possible oncogene-related cancer biomarkers. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are important respiratory carcinogens and have been shown to cause specific mutational lesions that can lead to the activation of the ras oncogene and expression of its p21 protein product; ras oncogene activation and p21 expression frequently are detected in human lung cancers. In addition, the p21 protein is detectable via immunoblotting techniques in the serum of lung cancer patients and in selected persons in exposed worker cohorts at risk for the development of lung cancer. Thus, the ras oncogene and p21 protein may be useful biomarkers for monitoring pulmonary carcinogenesis in exposed populations.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Sep. 1991, Vol.33, No.9, p.951-955. 52 ref.

CIS 91-1644 Thomas B.
Commission of the European Communities
Pollution at coke works
Pollution dans les cokeries [in French]
Report of investigations into the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and bezene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in and around coke workers. PAH emission from 7 sources on a coking plant were documented and on old coke oven batteries the 2 major sources were shown to be the coke oven door and the charge hole lids; the level of emissions from modern plants with self-sealing doors was significantly lower than from older plants. The highest concentrations of BTX were found on the by-product plant, although the highest yields in terms of weight per tonne of coke produced were associated with the battery. Details are given of the sampling and analysis methods used.
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, 1991. ix, 53p. Illus. Price: ECU 6.25.

1990

CIS 92-601 Meyer M.
Risk analysis after fires
Gefährdungsanalyse nach Bränden [in German]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo(a)pyrene) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans are identified as being present in soot from fires in buildings with technical installations such as transformers or cables. The concentration of these substances must be determined prior to return of employees to the rooms. If the limits of 50ppm for benzo(a)pyrene and of 0.002ppm for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or dibenzofurans are exceeded, rooms may be entered only with a respirator, protective gloves and disposable overall.
Sicherheitsingenieur, Nov. 1990, No.11, p.12-14, 16-21. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 92-230 Jongeneelen F.J., van Leeuwen F.E., Oosterink S., Anzion R.B.M., van der Loop F., Bos R.P., van Veen H.G.
Ambient and biological monitoring of cokeoven workers - Determinants of the internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in the breathing zone air of 56 battery workers at 2 cokeovens during 3 consecutive days. The concentration of total PAH ranged up to 186µg/m³. The concentration of pyrene ranged up to 24µg/m³. Preshift and end of shift urine samples were collected to determine 1-hydroxypyrene, a metabolite of pyrene. Both the ambient air monitoring data and the biological monitoring data showed that the topside workers were the heaviest exposed workers. The relation between air monitoring data and biological monitoring data was not strong. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify determinants of the internal dose. The combination of exposure and smoking amplify each other and the use of a protective airstream helmet decreases the internal dose. Alcohol consumption and the use of medication did not have an effect on the toxicokinetics of pyrene.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 1990, Vol.47, No.7, p.454-461. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 92-219 Sherson D., Sabro P., Sigsgaard T., Johansen F., Autrup H.
Biological monitoring of foundry workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
This investigation describes benzo(a)pyrene (BP) serum protein adduct concentrations in 45 foundry workers and 45 matched non-occupationally exposed controls. High and low BP exposure groups were defined using breathing zone hygienic samples for both quartz and BP exposures. A newly developed enzyme linked immunosorbent assay detected benzo(a)pyrenediolepoxide-I binding to serum protein. Mean BP protein adduct concentrations (SD) for non-smoking and smoking foundry workers were significantly higher than mean values for non-smoking and smoking controls. Foundry workers with high exposures to either quartz or BP had slightly raised mean adduct concentrations compared with foundry workers with low exposure for quartz or BP. Highest mean adduct concentrations were found among a small group of workers with simultaneous high exposures to both quartz and BP suggesting an additive effect. These data support the presence of a possible aetiological connection between an increased risk of lung cancer and BP exposure among foundry workers, and of an additive effect between BP and quartz. Measurement of BP serum protein adduct concentrations appears to be a useful method by which groups exposed to BP may be biologically monitored.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 1990, Vol.47, No.7, p.448-453. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 91-1624
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Occupational studies of workers exposed to mixtures of PAHs (e.g. coal tar, coke oven emissions, soot, shale and crude oil) provide evidence that certain PAHs are carcinogenic in humans. Lung cancer is associated with inhalation exposure, and skin cancer with dermal exposure to PAH-containing mixtures. Animal data suggest that humans exposed to PAHs may be at risk for developing haematological diseases. Glossary.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Dec. 1990. xii, 231p. Illus. ca. 650 ref.

CIS 91-1264
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for creosote
Dermal exposure to either coal-tar or beechwood creosote results in skin and eye irritation as well as benign skin lesions in both humans and animals. Coal-tar creosote also induces skin phototoxicity. Causes of acute allergic dermatitis have been reported following contact with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) resin. Acute ingestion of high doses of coal-tar or beechwood creosote leads to adverse neurological effects and possibly death. Based on human and animal data, it is considered possible that chronic exposure to creosote may increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Glossary.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Dec. 1990. xi, 119p. Illus. ca. 160 ref.

CIS 91-1230 Lafontaine M., Attenont H., Hubert G., Taiclet A., Truy S.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fumes in foundries
Emission d'hydrocarbures polycycliques en fonderie [in French]
The purpose of this survey was to determine current levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in steel-casting and iron foundries. Contents: description of the sources of PAH emissions of foundry processes, sand binders. The relative influence of different parameters, particularly by that of new bonding processes, is also covered.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 4th Quarter 1990, No.141, Note No.1802-141-90, p.799-807. Illus. 16 ref.

CIS 91-1226 Schwartz B.S., Ford D.P., Bolla K.I., Agnew J., Rothman N., Bleecker M.L.
Solvent-associated decrements in olfactory function in paint manufacturing workers
To assess the effects of low-level organic solvent exposure on olfactory function, 187 workers in two paint manufacturing facilities were tested using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), a standardised, quantitative test of olfactory function. Industrial hygiene air samples over the past 13-15 years revealed that average solvent exposures in these plants were 2-40% of the existing threshold limit values for the three chemicals measured. The results showed that solvents may cause nervous system dysfunction at lower levels than previously suspected, and that the olfactory system may be a critical target organ for the neurotoxic effects of solvents and other chemicals.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1990, Vol.18, No.6, p.697-706. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 91-830 Brandt-Rauf P.W., Smith S., Perera F.P., Niman H.L., Yohannan W., Hemminki K., Santella R.M.
Serum oncogene proteins in foundry workers
Oncogene activation can be detected by immunoblotting for oncogene proteins in serum. This technique has been applied to screen a cohort of foundry workers with well-defined workplace exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens. Three of the 18 individuals screened were found to have abnormal expression of the proteins of the ras and fes oncogenes. These three individuals were known to have had medium to high workplace exposures to benzo(a)pyrene and to have correspondingly high levels of benzo(a)pyrene DNA adducts in their peripheral leukocytes. These results suggest the feasibility of using serum oncogene proteins along with DNA-carcinogen adducts as potential molecular epidemiological markers in exposed worker populations.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, Spring 1990, Vol.40, No.1, p.11-14. 22 ref.

CIS 91-457 Steineck G., Plato N., Norell S.E., Hogstedt C.
Urothelial cancer and some industry-related chemicals: an evaluation of the epidemiologic literature
The authors add combustion gases / soot from coal to the list of substances considered as increasing the risk of urothelial cancer. It is however uncertain whether this risk is due to contaminants of aromatic amines in tar volatiles or whether it depends on other agents, such as nitroarenes or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The authors find some support for the hypothesis that exposure to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons increases the risk of urothelial cancer. For creosote, cutting fluids and cutting oils, hair dyes, and polychlorinated biphenyls, data are scarce. Available data do not support the hypothesis that asbestos is associated with urothelial cancer.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1990, Vol.17, No.3, p.371-391. Illus. Bibl.ref.

1989

CIS 92-915 Wolff M.S., Herbert R., Marcus M., Rivera M., Landrigan P.J., Andrews L.R.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues on skin in relation to air levels among roofers
To assess the utility of skin wipes as an index of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, skin wipe and breathing zone air samples were obtained for 10 roofers during removal of an old coal-tar pitch roof and application of new asphalt roof. Skin wipes were obtained immediately before and after the workshift. Anthracene was present in air but not in skin samples. After the workday, the skin samples were significantly correlated with the air samples taken the same day but not with those taken 4 days earlier. Skin wipes can provide a useful measure of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Archives of Environmental Health, May-June 1989, Vol.44, No.3, p.157-163. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 91-539 Kubasiewicz M., Starzynski Z.
Case-referent study on skin cancer and its relation to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Study design
The authors present the first stage of a case-referent study conducted to confront a hypothesis suggesting the existence of an important causal relationship between the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and skin cancer. The investigated group consisted of patients suffering from skin cancer, while control groups comprised individuals from the general population, patients from hospital departments and dermatological outpatients clinics. The present paper deals with the characteristics of cases and their referents, ways of selecting examinees, a method of data collecting, the work of interviewers and the information concerning localisation and histopathological forms of diagnosed skin cancers.
Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1989, Vol.12, No.3, p.222-228. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 90-1989 Gustavsson P.
Cancer and ischemic heart disease in occupational groups exposed to combustion products
Investigation of the incidence of cancer, especially lung cancer, and the mortality from ischaemic heart disease in occupational groups exposed to combustion products. Chimney sweeps, waste incinerator workers, gas workers, bus garage workers, as well as slaughterhouse workers exposed to fumes from the smoking of meat, were studied. The overall evaluation strongly indicates that occupational exposure to combustion products, including diesel exhausts, increases the risk of lung cancer. An increased risk of ischaemic heart disease may also be related to such exposures. There also seems to be an association between exposure to combustion products and oesophageal cancer, but the numbers were small. The findings are corroborated by other recently published epidemiologic and experimental studies.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet, Förlagstjänst, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1989. 48p. 134 ref.

CIS 90-571 Kullman G.J., Doak C.B., Keimig D.G., Cornwell R.J., Ferguson R.P.
Assessment of respiratory exposures during gilsonite mining and milling operations
An industrial hygiene study of the entire United States gilsonite industry was done by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to evaluate the potential for occupational problems resulting from exposures to gilsonite and its constituents (Gilsonite is a solidified hydrocarbon substance). Air samples were collected at four gilsonite mining companies including nine mines and three mills. Gilsonite workers had no measurable exposures to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds, asbestos fibres, or hydrogen sulfide gas. Several organic gases/vapours and metals were detected in the airborne samples; but, none exceeded the current exposure standards. Gilsonite workers in some job categories were exposed to high levels of dust, exceeding ACGIH nuisance dust recommendations. These dusts, comprised largely of aliphatic hydrocarbons, had a large aerodynamic size distribution with average mass median aerodynamic diameters above 30µm.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1989, Vol.50, No.8, p.413-418. Illus. 20 ref.

1988

CIS 90-1282 Dymova E.G., Belikov A.B., Murav'eva G.V., Žigalov V.P., Grinberg A.A.
Hygienic evaluation of working conditions in the graphite products industry
Gigieničeskaja ocenka uslovij truda v proizvodstve grafitovyh izdelij [in Russian]
Graphite and coke dust, containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), featuring among them such carcinogens as benzanthracene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene, were the main workplace hazard at the surveyed undertaking. Airborne dust and PAH levels depended on the process stage and type of operation being performed. Worst affected were workers engaged in the main operations, such as grinding, measuring, proportioning, impregnation and press loading, unloading and operation. Since among the identified carcinogens only benzo(a)pyrene has an established exposure limit (USSR MAC = 0.015µg/m³; airborne), its measured airborne concentrations were used in the quantitative determination of PAHs in workplace air. Benzo(a)pyrene was found both in the air and on the exposed parts of the workers' bodies at concentrations exceeding permissible levels. Work intensity and microclimate were assessed to obtain a more comprehensive idea of working conditions. Both microclimate and ergonomic parameters of work proved substandard. A set of measures is proposed for improving working conditions and preventing occupational illness among graphite product workers.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, July 1988, No.7, p.19-21. 2 ref.

CIS 89-1877 Gustavsson P., Gustavsson A., Hogstedt C.
Excess of cancer in Swedish chimney sweeps
The incidence of cancer was investigated among 5,266 Swedish chimney sweeps employed between 1918-80. An analysis of the mortality showed an increased number of deaths from coronary heart disease, respiratory diseases, liver cancer, and excessed risks for cancer of the lung and oesophagus. In addition, a more than doubled risk for bladder cancer and an increase of malignancies of the haematopoietic system was found. There were, however, no cases of scrotal cancer, the classic occupational hazard among chimney sweeps. Chimney sweeps are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons generated by the combustion of organic material (coal, wood, coke, and oil). They are also exposed to cancerogenic metals (arsenic, nickel, and chromium). These results support the need for improved working conditions.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1988, Vol.45, No.11, p.777-781. 21 ref.

CIS 89-1888 Gustavsson P., Gustavsson A., Hogstedt C.
Arbetsmiljöinstitutet
Excess cancer morbidity in Swedish chimney sweeps
Canceröversjuklighet bland svenska skorstensfejare [in Swedish]
The incidence of cancer was investigated among 5,266 Swedish chimney sweeps employed at some time from 1918 to 1980 and information on cases of cancer from 1958 to 1981 was collected from the Swedish cancer registry. National cancer rates were used as a reference. A total of 214 cancers were found, compared to 162 expected. An increased risk of developing bladder cancer (23 observed vs. 9.8 expected) was a new finding. Risk excesses were also found for cancer of the lung, oesophagus and haematopoietic organs. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dust, sulfur dioxide, asbestos and metals have probably contributed to the excess risks in varying degrees.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1988. 21p. 24 ref.

CIS 89-1204 Moulin J.J., Mur J.M., Wild P., Demonchy A., Eloy E., Jeannot A.
Epidemiological study of mortality among workers at a coal tar distillation plant
Etude épidémiologique de mortalité parmi les salariés d'une usine de distillation des goudrons de houille [in French]
This epidemiological study (using proportional mortality ratios, standard mortality ratios and case-control techniques) was undertaken to analyse excess mortality due to cancers of the bladder, prostate, larynx and lung among 963 subjects at a plant distilling coal tar, which is rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The results, which took into account the occupational histories, smoking habits and alcohol consumption of the subjects, did not show any risk connected with the presumed exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The negative results may be due to the age of the subjects and to the relatively short period between the beginning of exposure and the beginning of the study.
Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 1988, Vol.36, No.1, p.99-107. 18 ref.

CIS 89-1187 Jongeneelen F.J., Anzion R.B.M., Scheepers P.T.J., Bos R.P., Henderson P.T., Nuenhuis E.H., Veenstra S.J., Brouns R.M.E., Winkes A.
1-Hydroxypyrene in urine as a biological indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in several work environments
The exposure of workers in various environments to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed by the determination of a marker-metabolite in urine. The high level of 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine of an operator of a creosote-impregnating plant suggested substantial exposure to PAHs. A fast-excreting component with a half-life of 1-2 days and a slow-excreting component with a half-life of 16 days were found. Preliminary results of a study among road workers laying asphalt showed increased levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene when tar-blended asphalt or tar-blended asphalt mix was applied. A significant increase in the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene level of workers exposed to diesel exhaust was not found. Neither experimental exposure of rats, nor the expoure of workers in industry to black newspaper printing ink, revealed an enhanced level of urinary hydroxypyrene.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1988, Vol.32, No.1, p.35-43. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 89-886 Lafontaine M., Attenont H., Truy S.
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in carbon electrode manufacturing plants
Exposition aux hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques dans l'industrie productrice d'électrodes en carbone [in French]
Workplace monitoring was carried out in French electrode manufacturing plants. After explaining how samples were obtained and analysed and describing their findings, the authors conclude that there are workplaces in electrode manufacturing plants with high exposure levels to PAHs, particularly during preparation and shaping. Preventive measures seem to be limited to case-by-case remedies, such as improved ventilation or improvements in the manufacturing process. Personal protective equipment (filtered-air helmet) can prove useful, however.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 3rd Quarter 1988, No.132, Note No.1688-132-88, p.453-457. Illus. 7 ref.

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