Halogenated hydrocarbons - 1,937 entries found

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1999

CIS 01-165
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride (VC) is used to manufacture PVC and chlorinated solvents, and exposure to VC is essentially confined to workers in these industries. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of vinyl chloride (VC) can give rise to "vinyl chloride illness", with numerous symptoms including headache, dizziness and nausea. VC exposure causes a rare tumour (angiosarcoma of the liver); other cancers may also be associated with VC, but evidence is not conclusive. VC is mutagenic in humans. Summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1999. xxi, 356p. Approx. 850 ref. Price: CHF 72.00 (CHF 50.40 in developing countries).

CIS 01-144 Jang J.Y., Droz P.O., Chung H.K.
Uncertainties in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models caused by several input parameters
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models often use different input parameters, with unknown influence on the results. Differences in the simulation results obtained with various sets of parameters are examined. Chemicals considered were perchloroethylene, toluene and styrene. Metabolic parameters such as V_max and K_m and tissue-gas partition coefficients, especially for the fat compartment, varied considerably between authors. Such differences proved to have a large influence on PB-PK model results. Uncertainties were much more significant in urinary metabolite concentration than in alveolar and blood concentration for chemicals that are poorly metabolized. On the other hand, uncertainties were more significant in alveolar and blood concentrations than in urinary metabolite excretions for chemicals that are well metabolized. Careful attention is necessary in the selection and/or citation of values from published data. The validity of PB-PK models should be simultaneously confirmed with both the blood and/or alveolar concentration and urinary metabolite concentrations.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, July 1999, Vol.72, No.4, p.247-254. 73 ref.

CIS 00-1389 Levy B.S., Levin J.L., Teitelbaum D.T.
DBCP-induced sterility and reduced fertility among men in developing countries
Topics: agriculture; antifertility effects; Nemagon; cohort study; developing countries; ethics; nematocides; pesticides; spermatogenic disturbances; sterility; toxic effects.
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, Apr.-June 1999, Vol.5, No.2, p.115-150. Illus. 104 ref.

CIS 00-1083
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (DECOS)
1,2-Dibromoethane - Health-based calculated occupational cancer risk values
1,2-Dibromoethane is used as a fumigant. Additional lifetime cancer risk for 1,2-dibromoethane amounts to 4 x 10^-5 for 40 years of occupational exposure to 0.002mg/m³, and 4 x 10^-3 for 40 years of occupational exposure to 0.2mg/m³ Main topics covered: carcinogenicity studies and selection of the study suitable for risk estimation in occupational situations; carcinogenic activity in experimental animals, life-time low-dose exposure; health risk to humans; calculation of the health-based calculated occupational cancer risk values; existing occupational exposure limits; toxicity profile (eyes, skin and respiratory tract irritation, nose metaplasia and hepatotoxic effects). Summary in Dutch.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 16052, 2500 BB Den Haag, Netherlands, 1999. 32p. 21 ref.

CIS 00-1051 Ichihara G., Ding X., Yu X., Wu X., Kamijima M., Peng S., Jiang X., Takeuchi Y.
Occupational health survey on workers exposed to 2-bromopropane at low concentrations
Recent case studies in Korea and animal studies revealed the reproductive and haematopoietic toxicity of 2-bromopropane introduced into workplaces as an alternative to ozone-layer depleting chlorofluorocarbons. We aimed to clarify the dose-effect relationship of 2-bromopropane in workers. The exposure concentration of 2-bromopropane and haematological indices, hormonal levels, menstruation status and sperm indices were examined in 25 workers (11 males, 14 females) at a 2-bromopropane factory. Regression analyses of the examined indices against time-weighted average (TWA) of exposure concentration were conducted. Amenorrhoea or polymenorrhoea was observed only in older females. Haematological indices had a significant relation with TWA of exposure concentration in females with normal menstruation. However, no other indices showed any significant relation with TWA of 2-bromopropane. No severe cases of reproductive or haematopoietic disorders were found at less than 10 ppm (TWA), but a possible adverse effect of 2-bromopropane on haematopoiesis could not be disproved.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, May 1999, Vol.35, No.5, p.523-531. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 00-775 Aggazzotti G., Fantuzzi G., Righi E., Predieri G.
The evaluation of exposure to chloroform (CHCl₃) in indoor swimming pools and the biological monitoring of exposed subjects
La valutazione dell'esposizione a cloroformio (CHCl₃) nelle piscine coperte e il monitoraggio biologico dei soggetti esposti [in Italian]
Exposure to chloroform in indoor swimming pools was investigated. After having determined the optimal conditions for environmental and biological surveillance of chloroform, a survey of occupationally exposed subjects as well as of the users of swimming pools was conducted in order to determine the amount of chloroform absorbed and its elimination kinetics. Dosage in blood and in the alveolar air are good indicators of exposure, the latter being simpler to undertake.
Prevenzione oggi, 1999, Vol.XI, No.2, p.49-76. Illus. 38 ref.

CIS 00-56
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: irritation of respiratory tract, skin and eyes; respiratory symptoms (sore throat, cough, discomfort, breathing difficulties); gastrointestinal effects (nausea, abdominal cramps); hepatic effects; proteinuria; headaches.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, July 1999. xix, 185p. Illus. approx. 250 ref.

CIS 00-41
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Carbon tetrachloride
Conclusions of this criteria document: acute symptoms after carbon tetrachloride exposure are independent of the route of intake and characterized by gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, dyspnoea and death. Liver damage appears after 26 hours or more. Kidney damage is evident often only after two to three weeks following poisoning. Summaries in French and Spanish.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1999. xviii, 177p. approx. 530 ref. Price: CHF 42.00 (CHF 29.40 in developing countries).

CIS 00-174 Dell L.D., Mundt K.A., McDonald M., Tritschler J.P., Mundt D.J.
Critical review of the epidemiology literature on the potential cancer risks of methylene chloride
Literature survey with the aim of critically reviewing and summarizing the epidemiological evidence published to date on the carcinogenicity of dichloromethane to humans. Papers for review were identified through the US National Library of Medicine's Medline. Studies were classified according to three categories. Primary studies focused on the association between dichloromethane and cancer among occupational cohorts primarily exposed to dichloromethane. Secondary studies identified dichloromethane a priori as a potential exposure of interest, and which was either characterized or described for exposed workers separately. Tertiary studies evaluated cohorts either minimally exposed or presumed exposed to dichloromethane but for which no exposure estimation or separate classification was made. Continued follow-up of the established cohorts may elucidate the few and inconsistent relationships reported to date. However, it appears likely that risks associated with exposure, if any, are small and limited to rare cancers.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Oct. 1999, Vol.72, No.7, p.429-442. 40 ref.

CIS 00-38 Trifluoromonobromomethane
Trifluoromonobromometano [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit (OSHA): 6100mg/m³. Health hazards: irritation of the skin; cardiac arrythmia; narcotic effects at high concentrations.
Noticias de seguridad, Nov. 1999, Vol.61, No.11, 3p. Insert.

CIS 00-37 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,2,3-Tricloropropano [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit (OSHA): 300mg/m³. Health hazards: narcotic effects; irritation of the upper respiratory tract; liver damage.
Noticias de seguridad, Nov. 1999, Vol.61, No.11, 4p. Insert.

CIS 00-36 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetracloroetano [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Exposure limit (OSHA): 35mg/m³; NIOSH recommends a reduction of the limit to 6.87mg/m³. Health hazards: skin absorption; hepatic and renal damage; neurotoxic effects (depression of the central nervous system); brain and lung oedema.
Noticias de seguridad, Oct. 1999, Vol.61, No.10, 4p. Insert.

CIS 99-1799 Trichloronaphthalene
Tricloronaftaleno [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Topics: anorexia; trichloronaphthalene; chloracne; data sheet; determination in air; eczema; elimination of spills; explosion hazards; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatotoxic effects; irritation; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; personal protective equipment; respirators; skin absorption; USA; vertigo; waste disposal.
Noticias de seguridad, June 1999, Vol.61, No.6, 4p. Insert.

CIS 99-2017 Jackman L.
Going green - The options
The demise of halon has prompted a fresh look and a greater appreciation of other existing fire suppression systems and the development of some new ones. Attributes of several alternative protection systems are reviewed. Topics: bromotrifluoromethane; carbon dioxide extinguishers; carbon dioxide; case study; dry extinguishing powder; extinguishing agents; fire detection; fire fighting; fire protection; halogenated hydrocarbons; inert substances; mists; smoke detectors; sprinkler systems; total flooding systems.
Fire Prevention, Jan. 1999, No.316, p.30-33.

CIS 99-1592 Sala M., Sunyer J., Otero R., Santiago-Silva M., Camps C., Grimalt J.
Organochlorine in the serum of inhabitants living near an electrochemical factory
The impact of occupational and lifestyle factors on concentrations of organochlorine compounds in a general population sample living near an electrochemical factory with a high airborne concentration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was evaluated by collection of serum samples. HCB and polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in all samples; concentrations of HCB were the highest ever reported. This population incorporated HCB directly through occupation in the factory, by airborne pollution, and consumption of locally caught fish. Concentrations of other common organochlorine compounds were not higher than expected. Environmental exposures to these compounds deserve attention owing to their persistence and potential health effects. Topics: age-linked differences; hexachlorobenzene; chemical industry; cross-sectional study; determination in blood; exposure evaluation; neighbourhood populations; non-occupational factors; polychlorinated biphenyls; sex-linked differences.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1999, Vol.56, No.3, p.152-158. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 99-1237 Moysich K.B., Mendola P., Schisterman E.F., Freudenheim J.L., Ambrosone C.B., Vena J.E., Shields P.G., Kostyniak P., Greizerstein H., Graham S., Marshall J.R.
An evaluation of proposed frameworks for grouping polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener data into meaningful analytic units
In a case-control study of serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on breast cancer risk, measured levels of 56 congener peaks were available for analysis. Several approaches for grouping these compounds were considered: chlorination, factor analysis, enzyme induction and occurrence and other toxicological aspects. The utility of a framework was based on the mechanism of biological actions within each framework, lack of colinearity among congener groups, and frequency of detection of PCB congener groups in measured serum levels of 192 healthy postmenopausal women. Grouping these congeners with respect to degree of chlorination and the previously proposed framework based on enzyme induction, occurrence and other toxicological aspects were the most useful approaches to reducing a large number of PCB congeners into meaningful analytic units. Topics: biological effects; classification systems; evaluation of technique; polychlorinated biphenyls; toxicity evaluation.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 1999, Vol.35, No.3, p.223-231. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 99-917 Verplanke A.J.W., Leummens M.H.L., Herber R.F.M.
Occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene and its effects on the kidneys
The effects of tetrachloroethylene (TCE) exposure on the kidneys were investigated in 82 exposed and 19 nonexposed workers from four dry-cleaning shops. The mean inhaled amount of TCE in the exposed group was 8.4mg/m³, corresponding to a mean 8-hour time-weighted average exposure of 7.9mg/m³. A chronic dose index (CDI) was estimated from data on the current TCE dose and the occupational history of individual subjects. The mean CDI in the exposed group was 400 months x mg/m³. Effects on the tubules were assessed with the parameters N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β-galactosidase, alanine aminopeptidase, and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in urine. Early effects on the glomeruli were monitored with the parameter albumin in urine. Total protein in urine was determined for the general assessment of effects on the glomeruli and tubules. The tubular parameter RBP was increased in the exposed group compared with the nonexposed group. In conclusion, occupational exposure to TCE may cause a minor effect on the tubular RBP at exposure levels below the Dutch occupational exposure limit (240mg/m³). Topics: tetrachloroethylene; beta-galactosidase; aminopeptidase; determination in urine; dry cleaning; enzymological tests; epidemiologic study; exposure evaluation; limitation of exposure; renal dysfunction; urinary metabolites.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 1999, Vol.41, No.1, p.11-16. 24 ref.

1998

CIS 07-1431
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Carbon tetrachloride - Health and safety guide
This document provides practical guidance on the application of exposure limitation guidelines contained in Environmental Health Criteria 208 (see CIS 00-41). Contents: identity and uses of carbon tetrachloride; human health hazards; health surveillance and first aid; safety in storage and use; environmental hazards; summary of chemical safety information for use in the workplace; current regulations and guidelines. Symptoms of acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride include gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, such as nausea, dizziness and dyspnoea; may result in death. Liver and kidney damage is also possible.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1998. 25p. 6 ref.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg108.htm [in English]

CIS 07-1430
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
Hexachlorobenzene - Health and safety guide
This document provides practical guidance on the application of exposure limitation guidelines contained in Environmental Health 195 Criteria (see CIS 98-832). Contents: identity and uses of hexachlorobenzene; human health hazards; health surveillance and first aid; safety in storage and use; environmental hazards; summary of chemical safety information for use in the workplace; current regulations and guidelines. Hexachlorobenzene may cause slight irritation to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes; inhalation results in irritation of the respiratory tract.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1998. 27p. 7 ref.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg107.htm [in English]

CIS 04-263 Barker P., Cary R., Dobson S.
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals ((IOMC)
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluroroethane
Conclusions of this criteria document: most available data on the toxicological properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluroroethane have been derived from studies conducted with laboratory animals. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluroroethane exhibits relatively low toxicity. There are indications of developmental toxicity following maternal exposure in rats and rabbits. The evidence for carcinogenicity is limited to an increased incidence of Leydig cell adenomas following exposure to 50,000ppm. The substance has not been found to be genotoxic in studies conducted to date.
World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales Service, 1211 Genève 27, Switzerland, 1998. iv, 18p. Illus. 48 ref.
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad11.pdf [in English]

CIS 01-1631
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for chloromethane (Update)
This profile was prepared in accordance with guidelines set by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the EPA. The key literature related to the toxic effects of chloromethane is identified and reviewed. Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: neurotoxic effects (burred vision, dizziness, confusion, convulsion, coma); kidney and liver damage; tachycardia, increased pulse rate and decreased blood pressure. (Update of CIS 91-1262).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Dec. 1998. xix, 241p. Illus. Approx. 450 ref.

CIS 01-1752 Angerer J., Ball M., Bollmacher H., Buck M., Krämer A., Woppowa L.
Second interlaboratory test on the determination of pentachlorophenol and lindane in indoor air organized by KRdL of VDI and DIN
Zweiter Ringversuch der KRdL im VDI und DIN für die Bestimmung von Pentachlorphenol und Lindan in Luft [in German]
The toxicity of the organochlorine compounds pentachlorophenol (PCP) and µg-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) requires indoor air measurements in order to evaluate possible exposure levels. In 1997, the German Commission on Air Pollution Prevention (KRdL) organized the second interlaboratory test for the determination of pentachlorophenol and lindane in indoor air. 45 laboratories participated in the test using either the VDI-test schedule or their own method. The results indicate an improvement in the analysis consistency compared to the first test conducted in 1995, which may be attributed to a better training of the participants or an increase in the use of the standard operating procedure developed by the VDI.
Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft, Sep. 1998, Vol.58, No.9, p.333-336. 12 ref.

CIS 01-149 Charron K.A., Puskar M.A., Levine S.P.
Field validation of passive monitors for the determination of employee exposures to methylene chloride in pharmaceutical production facilities
A series of field evaluations was performed to estimate the overall uncertainty of three passive monitors to determine methylene chloride (MeCl₂) concentrations. Area samples were exposed in a pharmaceutical production facility at five MeCl₂ air concentrations for both permissible exposure limit (PEL) and short-term exposure limit (STEL) periods. A specially designed evaluation chamber was used to concurrently expose six of each type of passive monitor while concurrently collecting six active samples from locations surrounding the dosimeter array. The actual MeCl₂ concentrations for the PEL sampling periods ranged from 0.9 to 63ppm. The pooled overall uncertainty results for all the passive monitors evaluated under PEL sampling conditions met the NIOSH accuracy recommendations. Pooled overall uncertainty for PEL evaluations for the three monitors were 17%, 13%, and 17%. Actual MeCl₂ concentrations for the STEL sampling periods ranged from 14 to 357ppm. Pooled overall uncertainty results for two monitors evaluated under STEL sampling conditions met the NIOSH accuracy recommendations; however, one passive monitor was slightly greater than the NIOSH recommendation. Pooled overall uncertainty for STEL evaluations for the three monitors were 541±18%; ±16%; and ±27%.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1998, Vol.59, No.5, p.353-358. Illus. 15 ref.

CIS 00-1398 Blair A., Hartge P., Stewart P.A., McAdams M., Lubin J.
Mortality and cancer incidence of aircraft maintenance workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other organic solvents and chemicals: Extended follow up
The aim of the study was to extend the follow-up of a cohort of 14,457 aircraft maintenance workers to the end of 1990 to evaluate cancer risks from potential exposure to trichloroethylene and other chemicals. In the combined follow-up period (1952-90), mortality from all causes and all cancer was close to expected. Significant excesses occurred for ischaemic heart disease, asthma and bone cancer, whereas significant deficits occurred for cerebrovascular disease, accidents and cancer of the central nervous system. Workers exposed to trichloroethylene showed non-significant excesses for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancers of the oesophagus, colon, primary liver, breast, cervix, kidney and bone. None of these cancers showed an exposure-response gradient and relative risks (RRs) among workers exposed to other chemicals but not trichlorethylene often had RRs as large as workers exposed to trichloroethylene. Workers exposed to solvents other than trichloroethylene had slightly increased mortality from asthma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma and breast cancer. These findings do not strongly support a causal link with trichloroethylene because the associations were not significant, not clearly dose-related, and inconsistent between men and women.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1998, Vol.55, No.3, p.161-171. 56 ref.

CIS 00-618
Department of Labor - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Methylene chloride: Final Rule [USA]
In 1997 OSHA issued a standard regulating occupational exposure to methylene chloride (dichloromethane), which lowered the 8h TWA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) from 500ppm to 25ppm, and set a 15min short term exposure limit (STEL) of 125ppm. This final rule adds a provision for temporary medical removal protection for exposed workers at a particular risk because of an existing medical condition. It also amends the startup dates by which certain employers must comply with the standard.
Federal Register, 22 Sept. 1998, Vol.63, No.183, p.50712-50722.

CIS 00-493
Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for chloroethane (Update)
Topics: ethyl chloride; criteria document; exposure evaluation; frostbite; glossary; health hazards; irritation; limitation of exposure; literature survey; narcotic effects; neurological effects; neurotoxic effects; sensitization; skin absorption; toxic effects; toxicity evaluation; toxicology; USA.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Dec. 1998. xix, 147p. Illus. 223 ref.

CIS 00-48
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Toxicological profile for 1,4-dichlorobenzene: Update
Contents: public health statement; health effects; chemical and physical information; production, import, use and disposal; potential for human exposure; analytical methods; regulations and advisories; glossary. Health hazards include: irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract; skin blotches; hepatic toxicity; haematological effects (blood-cell anomalies, such as anaemia); neurological effects. (Update of CIS 96-2225).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Dec. 1998. xix, 253p. Illus. approx. 410 ref.

CIS 99-1447 Chlorobiphenyl (42% chlorine)
Clorodifenilo (42% de cloro) [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Topics: carcinogenic effects; carcinogens; chlorobiphenyl; chloracne; data sheet; determination in air; elimination of spills; first aid; health hazards; hepatic damage; irritants; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; personal protective equipment; respirators; threshold limit values; USA; waste disposal.
Noticias de seguridad, Dec. 1998, Vol.60, No.12. 4p. Insert.

CIS 99-1446 Methyl iodide
Yoduro de metilo [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Topics: carcinogens; iodomethane; data sheet; determination in air; elimination of spills; first aid; health hazards; irritants; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; neurotoxic effects; personal protective equipment; threshold limit values; USA; waste disposal.
Noticias de seguridad, Dec. 1998, Vol.60, No.12. 3p. Insert.

CIS 99-1571 Carpenter D.O.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and human health
Known or suspected health effects of various congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reviewed. Results of animal and human studies indicate that PCBs interfere with many biological functions, including the immune system, the nervous system, and several endocrine functions, and the foetus. PCBs cause certain cancers in animals. PCBs are mixtures of multiple congeners, differing on the basis of the numbers and positions of chlorine atoms around the biphenyl ring, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that different congeners may have very different effects. These observations suggest that the health hazards from PCB exposure have been underappreciated. Topics: carcinogenic effects; embryotoxic effects; endocrine effects; health hazards; immunotoxic effects; literature survey; metabolic process; neurotoxic effects; polychlorinated biphenyls; thyroid disorders; toxic effects; toxic metabolites.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1998, Vol.11, No.4, p.291-303. 86 ref.

CIS 99-1597 Goh V.H.H., Chia S.E., Ong C.N.
Effects of chronic exposure to low doses of trichloroethylene on steroid hormone and insulin levels in normal men
Serum levels of insulin and some adrenal steroid hormones were examined in 85 men chronically exposed to low doses of trichloroethylene (TCE). Each worker had urine collected and analyzed for trichloroacetic acids (UTCA) on the same day that a blood sample was taken for analyses of serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), androstenedione, cortisol, aldosterone, and insulin. TCE exposure did not cause any significant changes to adrenal steroid hormone production. Results showed that UTCA was significantly correlated to serum insulin levels. Insulin and SHBG responded in tandem, with the highest levels found in workers exposed to TCE for less than two years; levels of both parameters were significantly lowered in those exposed for more than two years. A triphasic response in insulin levels to TCE, which depended on the duration of exposure, was noted. Initial exposure caused an acute rise in insulin levels. This was followed by a fall to normal levels in those exposed 2-4 years and then a slight rise in those exposed for more than six years. The mechanism for this pattern of response to TCE exposure is not known. Topics: trichloroethylene; determination in blood; determination in urine; hormone secretion; hormones; insulin; long-term exposure; steroids.
Environmental Health Perspectives, Jan. 1998, Vol.106, No.1, p.41-44. 23 ref.

CIS 99-1432 Tetrafluoromethane
Topics: arrhythmia; tetrafluoromethane; data sheet; elimination of spills; explosion hazards; fire hazards; first aid; frostbite; glossary; health hazards; limitation of exposure; New Jersey; personal protective equipment; storage; threshold limit values; toxic gases; unconsciousness; USA.
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Right to Know Program, PO Box 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1998. 6p.

CIS 99-1104 Methyl chloride
Topics: antifertility effects; carcinogenic effects; chloromethane; chemical burns; convulsions; data sheet; elimination of spills; explosion hazards; eye injuries; fire hazards; first aid; flammable gases; frostbite; glossary; health hazards; hepatotoxic effects; irritation; limitation of exposure; medical examinations; nephrotoxic effects; New Jersey; personal protective equipment; pulmonary oedema; skin absorption; skin injuries; storage; threshold limit values; unconsciousness; USA.
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Right to Know Program, PO Box 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1998. 6p.

CIS 99-954
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) - Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
Chloroform (No.1). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (No.29). 1,1-Dichloroethene (No.33). Chloroethane (No.60). 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene (No.86). N,N'-Diphenylguanidine (No.96). Phenylenediamines (No.97). Aminofen (No.118)
Supplementary reports to CIS 94-994, CIS 92-570, CIS 94-1009, CIS 94-1679, CIS 95-1797 and CIS 96-287. Topics: 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene; 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)aniline; animal experiments; diphenylguanidine; p-phenylenediamine; phenylenediamine; chloroform; ethyl chloride; vinylidene chloride; o-phenylenediamine; criteria document; ecotoxicology; Germany; legislation; literature survey; toxic effects; toxicology; translation.
S. Hirzel Verlag, P.O.Box 10 10 61, 70009 Stuttgart, Germany, 1998. 120p. Bibl. Price: DEM 80.00.

CIS 99-930 Du C.L., Wang J.D.
Increased morbidity odds ratio of primary liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver among vinyl chloride monomer workers
Based on a search of hospital computer files on labour insurance, occurrence of disease was investigated in 2224 workers with occupational exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). There was a significantly increased risk of admission to hospital for primary liver cancer, cirrhosis of the liver and other chronic diseases among these workers. Ten out of 11 cases of hepatoma were carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Alternative agents of primary liver cancer were largely ruled out, suggesting that the combination of hepatitis B and VCM exposure may lead to primary liver cancer. Topics: vinyl chloride; chemical industry; cirrhosis; epidemiologic study; infectious hepatitis; liver cancer; morbidity.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 1998, Vol.55, No.8, p.528-532. 37 ref.

CIS 99-950
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (Werkgroep van Deskundigen ter Vaststelling van MAC-waarden)
Bromoethane - Evaluation of the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity
Summary in Dutch. Topics: carcinogenic effects; ethyl bromide; criteria document; mutagenic effects; Netherlands; toxicity evaluation; toxicology.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 1236, 2280 CE Rijswijk, Netherlands, 1998. 35p. 4 ref.

CIS 99-938
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards (Werkgroep van Deskundigen ter Vaststelling van MAC-waarden)
1,2,3-Trichloropropane - Evaluation of the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity
Summary in Dutch. Topics: 1,2,3-trichloropropane; carcinogenic effects; criteria document; genetic effects; mutagenic effects; Netherlands; toxicity evaluation; toxicology.
Gezondheidsraad, Postbus 1236, 2280 CE Rijswijk, Netherlands, 1998. 35p. 36 ref.

CIS 99-899 Luo J.C.J., Liu H.T., Cheng T.J., Du C.L., Wang J.D.
Plasma Asp13-Ki-ras oncoprotein expression in vinyl chloride monomer workers in Taiwan
Enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting was used to detect Asp13-Ki-ras oncoprotein in the serum of workers exposed to vinyl chloride. This oncoprotein has been associated with the development of liver angiosarcoma. 12.4% of exposed workers were positive for the Asp13-Ki-ras oncoprotein in plasma (none of the 18 controls tested positive). 14.5% of the more highly exposed workers were plasma-positive, and 9.1% of the lesser exposed. There was a linear trend between exposure and plasma-positivity. Topics: vinyl chloride; chemical industry; cohort study; determination in blood; dose-response relationship; exposure evaluation; liver cancer; serum protein changes; Taiwan (China).
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 1998, Vol.40, No.12, p.1053-1058. 19 ref.

CIS 99-556 Ukai H., Okamoto S., Takada S., Inui S., Kawai T., Higashikawa K., Ikeda M.
Monitoring of occupational exposure to dichloromethane by diffusive vapour sampling and urinalysis
Carbon cloth as an adsorbent in diffusive sampling was tested for its capacity to adsorb dichloromethane (DCM) vapour and to retain adsorbed DCM after termination of exposure. Urine samples collected from DCM-exposed workers were analysed for DCM by the head-space technique. After extraction with carbon disulfide, DCM in the cloth was analysed on a DB-WAX capillary column by flame-ionization detection gas chromatography; DCM in urine was analysed by electron-capture detection. Results indicate that diffusive sampling with carbon cloth as an adsorbent is applicable to 4h monitoring of exposure up to 100ppm DCM vapour. DCM concentrations detected in end-of-shift urine samples correlated linearly with time weighted average DCM concentrations measured in the breathing-zone air of exposed workers. Topics: adsorption sampling; dichloromethane; description of technique; determination in urine; dose-response relationship; evaluation of technique; exposure evaluation; gas chromatography; passive dosimeters; personal sampling.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sep. 1998, Vol.71, No.6, p.397-404. Illus. 30 ref.

CIS 99-552 Nazimek T., Surgiewicz J.
Methoxychlor
Metoksychlor [in Polish]
Topics: methoxychlor; description of technique; determination in air; gas chromatography; sampling and analysis.
Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy, 1998, Vol.19, p.122-126. 6 ref.

CIS 99-539 Makhniahvili I.
4-Chlorostyrene
4-Chlorostyren [in Polish]
Topics: p-chlorostyrene; description of technique; determination in air; gas chromatography; sampling and analysis.
Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy, 1998, Vol.19, p.45-49. 5 ref.

CIS 99-532 Kaneko T., Wang P.Y., Sato A.
Development of occupational exposure limits in Japan
The development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) in Japan is described using benzene and trichloroethylene as examples. To establish the OEL for benzene, the OEL committee of the Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) calculated the risk of benzene-induced leukaemia by means of an average relative risk model. It was decided that benzene exposure should be controlled by a reference value corresponding to a lifetime risk (10^-3 or 10^-4) of leukaemia rather than by a time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. These lifetime risks correspond to an OEL for benzene of 1ppm and 0.1ppm respectively. Concerning trichloroethylene, the OEL committee felt it was not appropriate to assume carcinogenicity, and that the OEL should be established on other, especially neurological, criteria. Based on findings that long-term exposure to trichloroethylene at 50ppm can cause neurotoxic effects, the committee proposed an occupational reference value of 25ppm. General environmental standards should be about 1/1,000 of occupational values. Topics: animal experiments; benzene; carcinogenic effects; trichloroethylene; epidemiological aspects; harmful substances; hazard evaluation; hepatotoxic effects; Japan; leukaemia; limitation of exposure; mutagenic effects; nephrotoxic effects; neurotoxic effects; threshold limit values; toxicity evaluation.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 1998, Vol.11, No.1, p.81-98. 86 ref.

CIS 99-598
Health and Safety Executive
Dichloromethane - Exposure assessment document
Topics: aerosols; dichloromethane; chemical industry; criteria document; exposure evaluation; job-exposure relation; paint removal; threshold limit values.
HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS, United Kingdom, 1998. v, 32p. 10 ref. Price: GBP 7.50.

CIS 99-571 Onofrj M., Thomas A., Paci C., Rotilio D.
Optic neuritis with residual tunnel vision in perchloroethylene toxicity
Case report of a dry cleaning worker with severe bilateral optic neuritis and high concentrations of perchloroethylene and metabolites in the blood and of chloroform in urine. Although environmental concentrations of perchloroethylene were within normal limits, there was a five-fold increase in vapours emitted when ironing dry-cleaned fabrics. Results suggest that inhalation of perchloroethylene vapours was the cause of this ocular nerve toxicity. Topics: blindness; tetrachloroethylene; case study; determination in air; determination in blood; determination in urine; dry cleaning; hemianopia; optic neuritis; short-term exposure; visual function disorders.
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology, Oct. 1998, Vol.36, No.6, p.603-607. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 99-220 Hahn A., Michalak H., Begemann K., Heinemeyer G., Gundert-Remy U.
Transport accident involving vinyl chloride - Health effects in 325 victims
Transportunfall mit Vinylchlorid - Gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen bei 325 Betroffenen [in German]
Topics: accident descriptions; vinyl chloride; determination in air; determination in urine; hazard evaluation; health hazards; irritation; neighbourhood populations; pyrolysis products; rail transport; results of explosions.
Umweltmedizin in Forschung und Praxis, July 1998, Vol.3, No.3, p.144-155. Illus. 47 ref.

CIS 99-199 Rhomberg W.
Exposure to polymeric materials in vascular soft-tissue sarcomas
Topics: aetiology; angiosarcoma; vinyl chloride; polyvinyl chloride; long-term exposure; occupation disease relation; polymers; sarcomas; thyroid cancer.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, July 1998, Vol.71, No.5, p.343-347. 42 ref.

CIS 98-1161 Hexachlorobutadiene
Topics: carcinogens; hexachlorobutadiene; chemical burns; data sheet; elimination of spills; embryotoxic effects; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatic damage; irritation; limitation of exposure; medical examinations; New Jersey; personal protective equipment; renal damage; respirators; skin absorption; storage; threshold limit values; USA; waste disposal.
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Right to Know Program, PO Box 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1998. 6p.

CIS 98-1160 Heptachlor
Topics: agricultural chemicals; carcinogens; data sheet; elimination of spills; embryotoxic effects; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatic damage; heptachlor; limitation of exposure; liver cancer; medical examinations; neurotoxic effects; New Jersey; personal protective equipment; renal damage; respirators; skin absorption; storage; threshold limit values; unconsciousness; USA; waste disposal.
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Right to Know Program, PO Box 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368, USA, 1998. 6p.

CIS 98-819
Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) - Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA)
Benzyl chloride
Translation of a report finalized in German in May 1996. Topics: benzyl chloride; carcinogens; criteria document; ecotoxicology; Germany; irritants; legislation; literature survey; threshold limit values; toxic effects; toxicology; translation.
S. Hirzel Verlag, P.O. Box 10 10 61, 70009 Stuttgart, Germany, 1998. xiv, 129p. Bibl.ref. Price: DEM 80.00.

CIS 98-749 Blair A., Cantor K.P., Zahm S.H.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and agricultural use of the insecticide lindane
Topics: agriculture; cancer; lindane; case-control study; insecticides; length of exposure; lymphoma; pesticides; USA.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jan. 1998, Vol.33, No.1, p.82-87. 19 ref.

CIS 98-425 Propylene dichloride
Bicloruro propilénico [in Spanish]
Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Topics: propylene dichloride; data sheet; dermatitis; determination in air; elimination of spills; explosion hazards; fire fighting; fire hazards; first aid; health hazards; hepatic damage; irritation; limitation of exposure; medical supervision; narcotic effects; personal protective equipment; renal damage; respirators; skin absorption; USA; waste disposal.
Noticias de seguridad, June 1998, Vol.60, No.6. 4p. Insert.

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