Aldehydes - 487 entries found

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1981

CIS 86-1056 Basic safety rules for the handling of acrolein
Reglas básicas de seguridad para el manejo de acroleína [in Spanish]
This illustrated guide provides information on the hazards and safe handling of acrolein used for the production of acrylonitrile. A summary in comic strip form is included.
Petróleos Mexicanos, Av. Marina National No.329, Edif. A. Colonia Huasteca, México D.F., C.P.11311, Mexico, 1981. 29p. Illus. suppl.

CIS 83-1327 Kločkovskij S.P., Cinman I.D., Kagramanjan N.P.
Determining micro quantities of formaldehyde in air
Opredelenie mikrokoličestv formaldegida v vozduhe [in Russian]
Formaldehyde in air is determined by collecting 1l of air in an evacuated bottle containing water, then treating an aliquot of the water with diazotised sulfanilic acid and barbituric acid. The resulting colour is measured as absorbance at 390nm and compared with a standard curve. The method can detect 0.02µg of formaldehyde with a coefficient of variation of 12%. A determination takes 20-25min.
Gigiena i sanitarija, July 1981, No.7, p.47-48. 3 ref.

CIS 83-168 Čakrtrová E., Flek J.
Evaluation of furfural exposure by means of biological exposure testing
Hodnocení úrovně expozice furalu biologickými expozičními testy [in Czech]
Report of a study carried out in a foundry using resin-bound moulding sand. To determine the level of worker exposure, the level of pyromucic acid (the main metabolite of furfural) was measured in the urine of groups of foundry workers who were followed up and underwent medical examination every 3 months for 2 years. There was combined inhalation and skin absorption of furfural.
Pracovní lékařství, Oct. 1981, Vol.33, No.9, p.316-318. Illus. 7 ref.

CIS 82-1630 Andersson K., Hallgren C., Levin J.O., Nilsson C.A.
Chemosorption sampling and analysis of formaldehyde in air - Influence on recovery during the simultaneous sampling of formaldehyde, phenol, furfural and furfuryl alcohol
A method based on trapping formaldehyde (F) on a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated Amberlite XAD-2 porous polymer was evaluated for air sampling in occupational environements. The F was converted to its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone on the absorbent. The method allowed for the sampling of F in the range 0.1-10mg/m³ of air based on a 3l(15min) sample and a coating of 1%. Furfural, phenol and furfuryl alcohol did not interfere with the procedure and could be sampled simultaneously. F and furfural hydrazones were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and phenol and furfuryl alcohol by gas chromatography.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Dec. 1981, Vol.7, No.4, p.282-289. Illus. 32 ref.

CIS 82-1594
Health and Safety Executive
Formaldehyde
Physical and chemical properties; metabolism; toxicity to animals and man (acute toxicity, skin and eye irritancy, effects of repeated exposure, allergic effects, carcinogenicity, effects on the reproductive system). Formaldehyde is a colourless, highly reactive gas with a pungent odour, very soluble in water; inhaled vapour is absorbed mainly in the upper respiratory passages, before reaching the lungs. The absorbed material is rapidly converted to formate both in the liver and the blood; it has high acute toxicity to animals, deaths being reported in several species after exposure to 15ppm for 10min; it has, under certain conditions, produced mutations in bacteria, yeasts and Drosophila. Tables: acute, subacute and chronic toxicity (inhalation studies in animals); effects on man (evidence from occupational exposure).
H.M. Stationery Office, P.O. Box 569, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Sep. 1981. 18p. Illus. 122 ref. Price: £2.20.

CIS 82-1030 Beritić T., Kovač S., Dimov D.
Current status of formaldehyde in environmental toxicology
Formaldehid u suvremenoj ekološkoj toksikologiji [in Serbocroatian]
Literature survey of formaldehyde, covering the following aspects: physical, chemical and biological properties; uses and presence of formaldehyde in the macro-environment and the workplace micro-environment; pathological effects (toxicity, allergenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity).
Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 1981, Vol.32, No.4, p.363-394. 74 ref.

CIS 82-1028 Haley T.J.
Review of the literature of glutaraldehyde
The chemistry, metabolism and toxicity to humans and animals of glutaraldehyde are reviewed. Studies of chronic toxicity, mutagenicity and teratological effects are needed.
Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Report, Sep.-Oct. 1981, Vol.1, No.7, p.2-4. 32 ref.

CIS 82-726 Henry N.W.
Respirator cartridge and canister efficiency studies with formaldehyde
Breakthrough times were determined for formaldehyde (HCHO) on 3 types of commercial respirator cartridge, a canister and some new experimental cartridges. The cartridges and canister were challenged with 60l/min airflow containing HCHO at 0.25, 0.5 and 1 times the permissible exposure level of 3ppm under conditions of 50% relative humidity and 23°C. Average results are given for 3 tests of 10% and 50% breakthrough times. At test concentrations approaching the permissible exposure level acid gas and experimental cartridges had the longest breakthrough times and organic vapour cartridges were far less efficient as a protection against HCHO vapour. Increased relative humidity tended to increase breakthrough times in these experiments.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Dec. 1981, Vol.42, No.12, p.853-857. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 82-714 Travenius S.Z.M.
Formation possibilities of haloethers in industrial processes
An investigation of industrial processes involving the manufacture or use of formaldehyde resins, in both plastics and textile industries showed that bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) was not a significant health risk because the processes are carried out in sealed units, or produce steam which scavenges the BCME. Atmospheric formation of BCME from free formaldehyde and chloride ions in the air did occur at formaldehyde concentrations of 1ppm (TLV level) and BCME was present at >1ppb. Formation of BCME is a potent, direct-acting carcinogen, atmospheres in which formation is likely to occur should be continously monitored.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1981. 68p. 28 ref.

CIS 82-431 Niemelä R., Vainio H.
Formaldehyde exposure in work and the general environment
The health hazards of formaldehyde, arising from its irritating and sensitising properties and possible carcinogenicity, are discussed in terms of occupational exposure and exposure of the general population. Substitution of formaldehyde, isolation of processes in which it is used, improved ventilation, and the elimination of free formaldehyde from building materials are suggested as means of reducing exposure.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 1981, Vol.7, No.2, p.95-100. 24 ref.

CIS 81-1661 Bendjou C.
Formaldehyde exposure hazards - Recent data on possible carcinogenic risks
Risques de l'exposition au formaldéhyde - Données récentes à propos des risques éventuels de cancérogénèse [in French]
Chapters of this M.D. thesis are devoted to: physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde; industrial production; main uses; metabolism; toxicity; clinical findings in relation to type of poisoning. The final chapters cover possible carcinogenic risks: carcinogenic process, carcinogenic mechanisms at cellular level, methodology. Rat experiments have identified the carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde at concentrations of above 15ppm. Strict safety measures should be taken whilst awaiting the results of epidemiological studies in the USA: enclosure of processes, exhaust ventilation, monitoring of atmospheric concentrations; respect of threshold value (2ppm for 8h exposure per day, 5 days per week).
Université de Paris V, Faculté de médecine Necker - Enfants-Malades, Paris, France, 1981. 53p. 42 ref.

CIS 81-1596 Williams P.M., Whiteside I.R., Jones T.P.
An electrochemical instrument for atmospheric formaldehyde analysis
The Formaldemeter, an instrument for the detection and determination of atmospheric formaldehyde vapour which uses an electrochemical fuel cell detector in conjunction with an aspirating sampling system, is described. The instrument provides accuracy of measurement of formaldehyde concentration around the threshold limit value-ceiling; has high specificity to formaldehyde; is simple to operate; requires no ancillary equipment; is stable to variations in atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity; provides long-term stability of calibration and is easy to calibrate, check and adjust; can be used rapidly with minimum time delay between tests; has direct digital readout of vapour concentration; is suitable for field use; and is safe to use. Details of the construction of the instrument, its calibration, laboratory evaluation and use in field trials are provided.
International Environment and Safety, Apr. 1981, p.15-20. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 81-1320 Granati A., Calsini P., Lenzi R.
Criteria for the evaluation of toxic chemicals - Studies in the clothing industry
Criteri di valutazione di pericolosità di agenti chimici - Ricerche nell'industria dell'abbigliamento [in Italian]
Results of an epidemiological study in an Italian clothing factory between 1972 and 1978. Changes in the epidemiology, and immunological studies in 1979 corfirm the hypothesis that formaldehyde is a significant aetiological factor in the clinical disorders observed in clothing industry workers. It seems that formaldehyde does not act through immunological mechanisms but that its action is potentiated by a sensitisation to common allergens.
Medicina del lavoro, Jan.-Feb. 1981, Vol.72, No.1, p.22-32. Illus. 19 ref.

1980

CIS 86-428 Formaldehyde
Formaldeído [in Portuguese]
Data sheet on formaldehyde, containing information on: chemical composition, properties, main hazards, emergency measures, first-aid measures, handling and storage, and treatment of residues. The TLV in Brazil is: 1.6ppm (2.3mg/m³).
Fundacentro, C.P. 11484, CEP 05499 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 1980. 2p. Bibl.

CIS 82-141 Babina M.D.
Identification and quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of substances emitted during the melting of polyethylene terephthalate
Identifikacija i količestvenno opredelenie veščestv, vydeljajuščijsja iz rasplava poliėtilentereftalata metodom gazovoj hromatografii [in Russian]
Polyethylene terephthalate subjected to temperatures of 160 and 260°C gives off volatile substances, principally acetaldehyde. Description of the conditions under which the principal substances emitted are analysed by means of a flame ionisation detector without using a sorbent or, in the case of acetaldehyde, after adsorption on silica gel, which makes the measurement more sensitive. Methods are also given for the determination of dimethyl terephthalate and diphenyl ether when both occur simultaneously in the air.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Oct. 1980, No.10, p.51-53. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 81-1939 Tarasov V.V., Liho V.G., Kamalov R.S.
Chromatographic determination of phenol, furfural and furfuryl alcohol in air
Hromatografičeskoe opredelenie fenola, furfurola i furilovogo spirta v vozduhe [in Russian]
Description of a method developed for determining the concentrations of these three substances when they are simultaneously present in air. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis takes only 20min. Sensitivity is 0.5µg for furfuryl alcohol and 1µg for phenol and furfural.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, July 1980, No.7, p.52-53.

CIS 81-1636 Kleinhans D., Dayss U.
State of the art concerning contact allergy due to formaldehyde
Aktuelles zur Formaldehyd-Kontaktallergie [in German]
Brief review of sources of formaldehyde in industry, medicine, textiles, cosmetics and in the household. Table of cleaning products containing formaldehyde or not. Information from manufacturers shows that small quantities of formaldehyde are found in a great many products.
Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt, 1980, Vol.28, No.4, p.101-103. 5 ref.

CIS 81-1285 Niemelä R., Riipinen H., Aatola S., Kähkönen E., Mäkelä P., Vähä-Söyrinki A.
Ventilation in particle board and plywood plants
Ilmanvaihto lastulevy- ja vaneritehtaissa [in Finnish]
Study to determine possibilities of reducing airborne formaldehyde (F) by different ventilation systems in 3 particle board plants (PBP), 2 plywood plants and one coating plant. Ventilation was analysed by mapping airflow patterns and measuring ventilation rate, F concentrations and thermal climate. Tracer technique was used to investigate the spreading routes of F. PBP had higher F concentrations than the plywood and cotaing plants, in spite of more forced ventilation. Significant differences in airflow (general ventilation, exhaust hoods) were observed in 3 PBP. At a ventilation rate of 20h^-1, F concentration was below 1cm³/m³, it was 2x higher in PBP having an air exchange rate of <10h^-1. Recirculation of exhaust air was common in PBP. F concentrations could be lowered by more efficient enclosure and local exhaust ventilation. The amount of free F in urea-formaldehyde resins (UFR) used in the PBP has a significant influence on F concentrations. Release of F from phenol-formaldehyde resins was smaller than that from UFR.
Työterveyslaitos, Laajaniityntie 1, 01620 Vantaa 62, Finland, 1980. 75p. Illus. 21 ref. Price: Fmk.20.00.

CIS 81-1310
Swedish Standard Committee (Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige)
Determination in air - Workplace air - Concentration of acrolein in air - Colorimetric method
Luftundersökningar - Arbetsplatsluft - Akroleinhalt i luft - Kolorimetrisk metod [in Swedish]
This standard (effective 1 july 1980) deals with the determination of concentrations between 0.1 and 0.6mg/m³. It covers: principle (absorption in a hydrogen sulfite solution); interferences; sampling and analytical reagents; sampling and analytical equipment; determination; evaluation of results; reporting of results.
SIS, Stockholm, Sweden, 1980. 6p. Illus. 1 ref. Price: Swe-cr.29,00.

CIS 81-1309
Swedish Standards Committee (Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige)
Determination in air - Workplace air - Concentration of lower aldehydes and ketones in air - Volumetric method
Luftundersökningar - Arbetsplatsluft - Halten lägre aldehyder och ketoner i luft - Titrimetrisk metod [in Swedish]
This standard (effective 1 July 1980) deals with the determination of concentrations > 7mg/m³. It covers: principle (absorption in a hydrogen sulfite solution); interferences; sampling and analytical reagents; sampling and analytical equipment; determination; evaluation of results; reporting of results.
SIS, Stockholm, Sweden, 1980. 5p. Illus. 1 ref. Price: Cr-swe.29.00.

CIS 81-1308
Swedish Standard Committee (Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige)
Determination in air - Workplace air - Concentration of formaldehyde in air - Colorimetric method
Luftundersökningar - Arbetsplatsluft - Formaldehydhalt i luft - Kolorimetrisk metod [in Swedish]
This standard (effective 1 July 1980) deals with the determination of concentrations between 0.1 and 5mg/m³. It covers: principle (absorption in a hydrogen sulfite solution); interferences; sampling and analytical reagents; sampling and analytical equipment; air sampling; determination; evaluation of results; reporting of results.
SIS, Stockholm, Sweden, 1980. 6p. Illus. 1 ref. Price: Swe-cr.29.00.

CIS 81-1298 Andersson K., Hallgren C., Levin J.O., Nilsson C.A.
Sampling and analysis of organic substances contained in the list of TLVs - VII. Chemisorption of acrolein and glutaraldehyde
Provtagning och analys av organiska ämnen på gränsvärdeslistan - VII. Kemosorption av akrolein och glutaraldehyd [in Swedish]
A solid adsorbent (Amberlite XAD-2) coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is used for sampling. The acrolein 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and glutaraldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone resulting from the reaction are desorbed by diethyl ether and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1980. 17p. Illus. 17 ref. Price: Swe-cr.10.00.

CIS 81-1027 Formaldehyde: Evidence of carcinogenicity.
Published as joint NIOSH/OSHA Current Intelligence Bulletin No.34, this warning notice recommends that formaldehyde be treated as a potential occupational carcinogen and that appropriate controls be used to reduce worker exposure. Formaldehyde vapour and a mixture of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid vapours have induced a rare form of nasal cancer in rats and mice. Formaldehyde has also demonstrated mutagenic activity in serveral test systems. Recommendations are presented with background information in industries and occupations using formaldehyde, number of workers exposed, toxicity, identifiers and synonyms for the substance, and standards.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Dec.23, 1980. 15p. 27 ref.

CIS 81-183
National Academy of Sciences
Formaldehyde - An assessment of its health effects.
Contents of this report: public exposure; effects on animals (short-term studies, prolonged studies, carcinogenic potential, mutagenic potential, embryotoxic/teratogenic potential); effects on humans (controlled experiments, physiological endpoints); analytical methods; inhalation exposure limits; recommendations.
ADA 087853. National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va 22151, USA, Mar. 1980. 38p. 160 ref. Price: paper US$5.00; microfiche US$3.50.

CIS 80-1609 Kim W.S., Geraci C.L., Kupel R.E.
Solid sorbent tube sampling and ion chromatographic analysis of formaldehyde.
Known concentrations of formaldehyde were generated and collected on solid sorbent tubes containing impregnated charcoal which converted formaldehyde to formate. After desorption with dilute hydrogen peroxide, the formate was analysed by ion chromatography (ion-exchange chromatography, background ion suppression, and conductimetric detection). The sample generation system, collection on impregnated charcoal, desorption, ion chromatographic analysis, and recoveries are described. The overall recovery of laboratory generated samples was 100% (standard deviation 11%). These samples were collected at 50 and 200cm³/min.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1980, Vol.41, No.5, p.334-339. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 80-741
Control Committee for Toxic Substances of the German Research Association (Senatskommission der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe).
Hazardous substances in industry - Carcinogenicity of antimony trioxide and formaldehyde
Gefährliche Arbeitsstoffe - Carcinogene Wirkung von Antimontrioxyd und Formaldehyd [in German]
The Control Committee for Toxic Substances of the German Research Association draws attention to a number of American studies reporting observed cancers during antimony trioxide production and animal experiments with formaldehyde. The Committee has placed these 2 substances in Category IIIB of the maximum allowable concentration (MAK) values in workplace air (this category is reserved for presumed carcinogens, subject to confirmation). Exposure to these substances should be kept as low as possible or avoided altogether.
Bundesarbeitsblatt, Mar. 1980, No.3, p.68-69.

1979

CIS 82-153 Formaldehyde
Properties, hazards (flammable, explosive), health hazards (gas causes irritation to eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract; liquid may cause severe eye burns), shipping and labelling, storage, handling, preplacement and periodic medical examinations, U.S. TLV (2ppm for 8h exposure: ACGIH), personal protective equipment (especially for the eyes), ventilation, first aid (eye irrigation and treatment of eye burns), waste and spill disposal.
National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA, 1979. 4p. 5 ref.

CIS 81-1967 Parel F.J.
The permanent press industry - "Formaldehyde exposure, control and field analysis"
Sources of formaldehyde, and bis(chloromethyl) ether, new control technology, and the toxicological effects of these chemicals on exposed workers in the permanent-press textile industry were investigated. Sources include evaporation of excess formaldehyde from treated cloth and the decomposition of formaldehyde resins by hydrolysis. Exposure can be controlled by health engineering measures, the use of low free-formaldehyde resins, changes of catalyst, the use of chemical scavengers, after-washing of the fabric and steam treatment. Formaldehyde samples were taken in a textile after-finishing plant and were used to evaluate the old and new NIOSH methods for determination of the substance in air. The old method, which used impingers for sample collection and a wet chemistry analysis method gave better results than a new method in which solid sorbent tubes were used for sample collection and ion chromatography for analysis.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, 1979. 122p. Illus. 67 ref.

CIS 80-432
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Gruppen för utarbetande av standardmetoder.
Determination of furfural and furfuryl alcohol in air
Bestämning av furfural och furfurylalkohol i luft [in Swedish]
Standardised method by gas chromatography: principle, sampling on adsorbent, analysis after desorption, method of calculating concentration, contents of analysis report.
Metod nr 1019, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, June 1979. 8p. 1 ref.

CIS 80-119 Campbell D.N., Moore R.H.
The quantitative determination of acrylonitrile, acrolein, acetonitrile and acetone in workplace air.
This simple, sensitive procedure uses porous polymer adsorption and thermal desorption with gas chromatographic analysis. Detailed instructions are given. A static and a dynamic calibration procedure are compared. The additional equipment required costs around $2,000.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Oct. 1979, Vol.40, No.10, p.904-909. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 80-116 Kločkovskij S.P., Cinman I.D., Kagramanjan N.P.
Determination of formaldehyde levels in exhaust gases from internal combustion engines
Opredelenie formal'degida v vyhlopnyh gazah dvigatelej vnutrennego sgoranija [in Russian]
In opencast mines air pollution frequently occurs from exhaust gases containing high aldehyde concentrations, particularly formaldehyde (USSR TLV: 0.5mg/m³). Formaldehyde levels were determined by using chromotropic acid. Interference from nitrogen oxides is eliminated by adding sulfanilic acid to the solution to be analysed. The margin of error is ±10%; the method requires 20-25min.
Bezopasnost' truda v promyšlennosti, June 1979, No.6, p.47.

CIS 79-1364 Nagornyj P.A., Sudakova Ž.A., Ščablenko S.M.
General toxic and allergenic effects of formaldehyde
K obščetoksičeskomu i allergičeskomu dejstvija formal'degida [in Russian]
The authors considerd that the LC₅₀ for formaldehyde indicated in the literature was not established in conditions corresponding to present standards, and performed research on mice and rats. The results of their experiments showed that LC₅₀ is 588 ± 48mg/m³ for white rats, and 505 ± 64mg/m³ for white mice. The acute toxicity threshold, determined by the reduction in oxygen consumption, was 18mg/m³ for white rats. A concentration at the Soviet TLV of 0.5mg/m³ resulted in toxic and allergic (sensitisation) changes in the animals, following chronic exposure for 6 months, 5h daily.
Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija, Jan. 1979, No.1, p.27-30. 14 ref.

CIS 79-1349 Andersson K., Andersson G., Nilsson C.A., Levin J.O.
Sampling and analysis of organic substances contained in the list of TLVs - VI. Chemisorption of formaldehyde
Provtagning och analys av organiska ämnen på gränsvärdeslistan. VI - Kemosorption av formaldehyd [in Swedish]
A method of analysis is described using a sampling technique involving a solid adsorbant (Amberlite XAD-2) treated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone resulting from the reaction with the formaldehyde is desorbed by diethyl ether, and determined by gas chromatography.
Undersökningsrapport 1979:2, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Fack, 100 26 Stockholm, Sweden, 1979. 13p. Illus. 9 ref. Price: Swe-cr.10.00.

CIS 79-1032 Some monomers, plastics and synthetic elastomers, and acrolein.
After general remarks on the substances (glossary, production history), 17 monographs, which were reviewed by a working group of experts (Lyon, 7-13 Feb. 1978), are reproduced. The substances considered are: acrylic acid, methyl and ethyl acrylates and polyacrylic acid; acrylonitrile, acrylic and modacrylic fibres and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers; caprolactam and nylon 6; chloroprene and polychloroprene; ethylene and polyethylene; methyl methacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate; propylene and polypropylene; styrene, polystyrene and styrene-butadiene copolymers; styrene oxide; tetrafluoroethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene; 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene, 1,5-naphthylene, and 4,4'-methylenediphenylene diisocyanates, polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate and flexible and rigid polyurethane foams; vinyl and polyvinyl acetates and polyvinyl alcohol; vinyl bromide; vinyl and polyvinyl chlorides and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers; vinylidene chloride and vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers; N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and polyvinylpyrrolidone; acrolein. The data collected on the substances are presented under the headings: chemical and physical data; production, use, occurrence (air, water, occupational exposure, food, others), analysis; biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk; summary of data and evaluation. Supplementary corrigenda are appended.
IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol.19, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 2, France, Feb. 1979. 513p. 1,623 ref. Price: SF.60.00.

1978

CIS 79-1328 Acrolein.
Acrovelin is a toxic, flammable, colourless to lightly yellow liquid with an extremely irritaing, acrid, pungent odor. A very reactive compound, acrolein exhibits reactions characteristic of both aldehydes and vinyl compounds. Contents of this data sheet: properties; uses (acrylic resins, intermediate for many substances); labelling and shipping (container specifications); storage (closed containers); personnel hazards (burns or skin contact, flammability); handling; personal protective equipment; ventilation; fire and explosion hazards; txicity (threshold limit value is 0.1ppm time-weighted average); poisoning symptoms; first aid; medical examinations; contaminated clothing treatment; waste disposal.
Data Sheet 1-436-78, Revised 1978, National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA, 1978. 5p. Illus. 4 ref.

CIS 79-1056 Nordic Group of Experts for TLV Documentation - 1. Formaldehyde
Nordiska expertgruppen för gränsvärdesdokumentation - 1. Formaldehyd [in Swedish]
Literature survey of formaldehyde toxicity: paths of entry, distribution, biotransformation and elimination; toxicological mechanisms; irritant effects on skin, conjunctival tissue and mucosae of upper airways, effects on bronchi and lungs, liver, central nervous system and reproductive system; skin and respiratory allergies; mutagenicity; exposure indices; acute and chronic effects. TLVs adopted in 20 countries.
Arbete och hälsa - Vetenskaplig skriftserie 1978:21, Arbetarskyddsverket, Stockholm, Sweden, Oct. 1978. 27p. 58 ref.

CIS 79-329
H70, Information sheets on hazardous materials, Fire Protection Association, London.
n-Butyraldehyde.
Uses, hazards (fire, explosion, low flash point, heavier than air, accumulates in basements; heat may cause boiling with pressure increase in closed containers and release of narcotic and toxic vapours), fire fighting, precautions (storage tanks, drum storage, flame arresters, ventilation, use of electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres and fireproof enclosure of electrical apparatus, with reference to pertinent British standards), source of further information, relevant British regulations, physical and chemical properties.
Fire Prevention, June 1978, No.125, p.49-50. 7 ref.

CIS 79-180 Šedivec V., Flek J.
Biologic monitoring of persons exposed to furfural vapors.
Studies of experimental exposure to 7-30mg/m³ furfural in 5 subjects are described. The quantity of furfural retained in the body was calculated from the atmospheric concentration, pulmonary retention, lung ventilation and exposure duration. The urinary total (bound and free) furoic acid was determined in relation to the retained dose. Results were more reliable when expressed in terms of urine concentrations (mg/l) than against time. Exposure tests based on the results are described: whole-shift urine collection provides a good compromise between 24-h (impracticable) and short-term (unreliable) sampling. Biological limits of urinary total furoic acid are suggested for 24-h, whole-shift and short-term sampling on the basis of a retained furfural dose of 50 and 100mg, calculated from inhalation of the Soviet (10mg/m³) and U.S. (20mg/m³) exposure limits, respectively.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 15 Sep. 1978, Vol.42, No.1, p.41-49. 8 ref.

CIS 79-170 Flek J., Šedivec V.
The absorption, metabolism and excretion of furfural in man.
Volunteers were exposed to 7-30mg/m³ furfural for 7.5h. Lung retention was 77.9%; less than 1% of retained furfural was eliminated via the lung. Metabolites were furoylglycine and 2-furanacryluric acid; no free furoic acid was found in the urine. The biological half-life of furfural was 2-2.5h. Skin absorption occurred at a rate of some 20-30% of the dose retained in the lungs, increasing with increasing temperature and relative humidity. When one hand was immersed in liquid furfural absorption was the same as after exposure to an air concentration of 10mg/m³ for 8h.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1978, Vol.41, No.3, p.159-168. Illus. 8 ref.

CIS 78-1981 Hurley G.F., Ketcham N.H.
A solid sorbent personal sampling method for the determination of acrolein in air.
The method, using activated carbon with analysis by gas chromatography, was developed for acrolein in the 0.05 to 5ppm range for a 5l air sample. Sensitivity is 0.25µg acrolein. The method is based on the discovery that acrolein can be adsorbed on and recovered from hydroquinone-treated carbon with efficiencies of up to 90%. Samples must be frozen or analysed the same day. Airborne contaminants do not interfere with the analysis.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1978, Vol.39, No.8, p.615-619. 5 ref.

CIS 78-1335 Kane L.E., Alarie Y.
Evaluation of sensory irritation from acrolein-formaldehyde mixtures.
Mice were exposed to 11 combinations of different concentrations of acrolein-formaldehyde atmosphere and their respiratory rate was monitored. A mathematical model proposed for taste receptor stimulation was applied to the data obtained for acrolein and formaldehyde alone and the different combinations. The model appeared adequately to describe sensory irritation due to these chemicals. There seems to be a competitive agonism between acrolein and formaldehyde, which appear to act at the same receptor sites (i.e. the response is less than the sum of the 2 individual responses) when they are present together.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Apr. 1978, Vol.39, No.4, p.270-274. 10 ref.

CIS 78-1307 Bitron M.D., Aharonson E.F.
Delayed mortality of mice following inhalation of acute doses of CH₂O, SO₂, Cl₂ and Br₂.
The single doses given by inhalation were: 320ppm formaldehyde (CH₂O), 900, 1,400 or 1,900ppm sulfur dioxide (SO₂), 170 or 290ppm chlorine (Cl₂) and 240 or 750ppm bromine (Br₂). Mortality was measured over the following weeks. At 320ppm, the toxicity sequence was Cl₂>>Br₂>CH₂O>>SO₂. The time of death depended markedly on exposure duration in the case of CH₂O and Br₂. Thus Cl₂ is by far the most toxic compound, followed by Br₂, then by CH₂O, with SO₂ being the less toxic of the four.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Feb. 1978, Vol.39, No.2, p.129-138. 16 ref.

1977

CIS 78-1630 Frimat P., Furon D., Haguenoer J.M., Ascher R.
Formaldehyde and its polymers (medical problems) - Chief uses of formaldehyde in industry, hazards and prevention
L'aldéhyde formique et ses polymères (problèmes médicaux) - Principaux emplois de l'aldéhyde formique dans l'industrie, ses risques, sa prévention. [in French]
2 communications to the Regional Joint Technical Committee for the Chemical Industry (Lille, France). (1) Physical and chemical properties; principal uses; pharmacology and toxicology; pathology (acute, subacute and chronic poisoning - skin and mucosal lesions, lung lesions, etc.); technical prevention; detection and determination in air; medical prevention. (2) Observation of affected workers; preparation of the compound (hazards of the reactions); physical and chemical properties; hazards (fire, skin and respiratory effects); details of applications in agriculture, building, wood, rubber, analytical and industrial chemistry, leather and hides, foundries, medicine, paper, plastics, textiles, domestic; example of industrial use of formol resins; training of personnel; collective and personal prevention; storage; tank trucks; etc., first aid; review of French regulations.
Caisse régionale d'assurance maladie du Nord de la France, 11 boulevard Vauban, 59024 Lille Cedex, France, 11 Oct. 1977. 7 and 34p. 14 ref. Illus. Gratis.

CIS 78-1333 Zajceva Z.V., Prohorova E.K., Grebennikova L.A.
Monitoring of furfural concentrations in workplace air by polarography
Poljarografičeskoe opredelenie furfurola v vozdušnoj srede proizvodstvennyh pomeščenij [in Russian]
The method described in this article is based on the absorption of furfural by an acid solution of hydroxylamine, on the elimination of oxygen by inert gas sweeping, and on polarographic determination at a potential of -0.4 to -0.9V. This method is specific in the presence of methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, phenol, turpentine, formic acid and acetic acid; formaldehyde interferes with the results. Sensitivity is 0.2µg/cm³. Graphs illustrate the variation of the height of the peak as a function of pH, and results compared with those obtained by polarography and by photocolorimetry are shown in tables.
Naučnye raboty institutov ohrany truda VCSPS, 1977, No.108, p.51-55. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 78-1020 Weber-Tschopp A., Fischer T., Gierer R., Grandjean E.
Experimental irritation effect of acrolein in man
Experimentelle Reizwirkungen von Akrolein auf den Menschen [in German]
Healthy subjects were exposed to acrolein: (a) for 40min to an increasing concentration up to 0.6ppm (53 subjects), (b) for four 90sec exposures at different levels (42 subjects), and (c) for 60min to 0.3ppm (46 subjects). Subjective irritation increased with the concentration and duration of exposure. Changes were significant at 0.09-0.3ppm. The U.S. TLV of 0.3ppm should be reexamined.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 9 Nov. 1977, Vol.40, No.2, p.117-130. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 78-1012 Levin J.O., Westermark S.O.
Analytical methods for organic substances on the TLV list. II. Phenol, furfural, furfuryl alcohol
Analys av organiska ämnen på gränsvärdeslistan. II. Fenol, furfural, furfurylalkohol [in Swedish]
Report on a comparative study during which activated charcoal and Amberlite XAD-2 were tested for their adsorption capacities. The latter adsorbent proved to be superior to charcoal. Description of the gas chromatographic analyses of the 3 compounds after sampling in factory air.
Undersökningsrapport 1977:24, Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Fack, 100 26 Stockholm, Sweden, 1977. 10p. 6 ref.

CIS 78-776 Ogier M., Duverneuil G.
Allergic dermatitis due to cinnamaldehyde
Dermites allergiques à l'aldéhyde cinnamique. [in French]
Short communication to the Society of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Lyon, France, on 10 Dec. 1976. Cinnamaldehyde (a component of cinnamon essence) is used as a flavouring agent in the food industry. Description of a case of parakeratotic eczema in an exposed worker. The allergic nature of the condition was demonstrated.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, Sep. 1977, Vol.38, No.9, p.835-836.

CIS 78-17
H54, Information Sheets on hazardous materials, Fire Protection Association, London.
Formaldehyde (commercial solutions containing 30-45 per cent by weight formaldehyde gas in water and methanol).
Details are given of uses of formaldehyde, hazards (flammability, toxicity), fire fighting, precautions (storage, spillages), source of further information, characteristics, other properties dependent on formaldehyde and methanol concentration (table of values).
Fire Prevention, Feb. 1977, No.117, p.47-48.

1976

CIS 77-1076 Criteria for a recommended standard - Occupational exposure to formaldehyde.
Recommendations are made for the prevention of adverse effects of formaldehyde on the health and safety of workers. The ceiling concentration is 1.2mg/m³ (1ppm) for any 30-min sampling period. Other recommendations relate to medical supervision, labelling, personal protection, information of employees, work practices, monitoring and record keeping. The criteria on which the recommendations are based are discussed at some length under the following heads: biological effects of exposure; environmental data; development of a standard; work practices. Procedures for sampling and analysis of formaldehyde in air are described in detail and additional information (recommendation for a material data sheet, properties of the substances, uses in the US, forms of formaldehyde polymers, occupations with potential exposure to the substance, dose-response relations in animals exposed to formaldehyde, standards in effect in various countries, etc.) is given in appendices.
HEW Publication No.(NIOSH)77-126, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, Dec. 1976. 165p. 222 ref.

CIS 77-1061 Dubreuil A., Bouley G., Godin J., Boudène C.
Continuous inhalation of small doses of formaldehyde: Experimental studies in rats
Inhalation, en continu, de faibles doses de formaldéhyde: étude expérimentale chez le rat. [in French]
Rats were exposed to continuous inhalation of 1.6, 4.55 and 8.07ppm formaldehyde. Results were based on clinical examination, bodyweight changes, feed intake, lung alveolar macrophage activity, and relative organ weights. Comparison with corresponding data for exposure to acrolein showed no adaptation to formaldehyde. Its toxicity was 15 times less than that of acrolein.
European Journal of Toxicology - Journal européen de toxicologie, July-Aug. 1976, Vol.9, No.4, p.245-250. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 77-1034 Wayne L.G., Bryan R.J., Ziedman K.
Irritant effects of industrial chemicals: Formaldehyde.
Occupational health surveys were conducted in 3 plants; a shirt factory and 2 wood products plants. Formaldehyde levels in the first were 0.2-0.8ppm; average levels in the two wood products plants were 0.6-0.9ppm. 83 workers in a wood products plant wee given ophthalmologic examinations; medical histories were ovtained, and eye irritation symptoms were ascertained. No relations of eye disorders or symptoms to chronic formaldehyde exposure or work history were found. Possible acute effects of formaldehyde on visual function were examined by administering tests of visual acuity, depth perception, peripheral vision, accommodation, fixation, and colour vision to 50 workers in one wood products plant both before and after work. No acute effects of formaldehyde on worker's performances occurred at formaldehyde levels which average 0.4ppm.
DHEW Publication No.(NIOSH)77-117, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA, July 1976. 148p. Illus.

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