Air transportation - 364 entries found

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1991

CIS 92-301 Bason R., Yacavone D., Bellenkes A.H.
Decompression sickness: USN operational experience 1968-1989
During the period January 1969 to December 1989 decompression sickness was reported in 12 US Navy aircraft and involved 15 aircrew. The primary cause of decompression was a loss of cabin or cockpit pressurisation. The most common manifestation of decompression sickness was limb or joint pain, although some crew members experienced various manifestations of neurological dysfunction and one crewmember experienced chokes. Of the 15 afflicted aircrew, 13 had complete remission of symptoms by the time they landed, while 2 required compression therapy. Recommendations are given concerning the disposition of aircrew who develop decompression sickness.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.62, No.10, p.994-996. 10 ref.

CIS 92-288 Froom P., Shochat I., Strichman L., Cohen A., Epstein Y.
Heat stress on helicopter pilots during ground standby
Ambient thermal conditions were measured before takeoff and during an hour standby period in helicopter cockpits with a crew of 2 and with the cockpit doors open. The ambient wet bulb globe temperature index (WBGT) ranged from 13°C to 32°C. The main finding was a substantial and linear increase in cockpit heat stress during a one-hour standby period. It was concluded that the greenhouse effect and transfer of heat from the pilots' bodies to the cockpit result in high WBGT values, even with the helicopter doors open. The mean WBGT over the standby period can be predicted by the ambient WBGT.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1991, Vol.62, No.10, p.978-981. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 92-310 Wiant C.J., Baker S.P., Marine W.M., Vancil R., Keefer S.M.
Work-related aviation fatalities in Colorado 1982-1987
A review of all occupational aviation-related fatalities in Colorado during 1982-1987 identified 86 deaths. This paper provides statistics on the occupation of the workers involved, the purpose of the flight and the circumstances of the death. Five fatalities involved commercial air service, 16 were military personnel and 65 were associated with general aviation. Bad weather, aircraft malfunctions and power transmission wire strikes were the most significant factors in two-thirds of the crashes of civilian aircraft. The effect of poor pilot judgment is illustrated by descriptions of 3 accidents. Results of the study indicate a need for greater attention to the safety of workers whose jobs entail flying.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 1991, Vol.62, No.9, p.827-830. 13 ref.

CIS 92-309 Crowley J.S.
Should helicopter frequent flyers wear head protection? A study of helmet effectiveness
Flight helmets have been recommended as aircrew head protection since 1908, yet debate continues regarding their effectiveness. Estimates of helmet use in civilian helicopter aeromedical programmes range from 6.5% to 13%. The effectiveness of the US Army's SPH-4 flight helmet in reducing severe head injuries sustained during helicopter accidents was evaluated using the accident data base at the US Army Safety Center, Fort Rucker, Alabama. Analysis was restricted to severe (Class A) accidents that were at least partially survivable, using US Army Center criteria. Occupants not wearing a protective helmet were significantly more likely to sustain severe and fatal head injuries than were occupants wearing the SPH-4 (RR=3.8 and 6.3, respectively; p<.01). Unhelmeted noncockpit occupants were at higher risk of head injuries (RR=5.3 and 7.5; p<.01). All personnel regularly participating in helicopter flight, civilian or military, should be equipped with protective headgear.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, July 1991, Vol.33, No.7, p.766-769. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 92-282 Tubbs R.L.
Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss in fire fighters assigned to airport fire stations
Investigators from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) studied hearing levels and noise exposures of 197 fire fighters at 5 metropolitan fire stations. Two of the 5 stations served an international airport. The noise surveys consisted of personal noise dosimetry on fire fighters for the entire 24-hr tour of duty over 2 consecutive days. The audiometric examinations were pure-tone, air conduction tests. The dosimetry results revealed time-weighted averages ranging from 60 to 82dB(A). However, the levels encountered during Code 3 responses (sirens and air horns) reached 109dB(A) for a 1 minute time period. The audiometric results showed that the average fire fighter exhibited a characteristic noise-induced permanent threshold shift. Hearing loss was related to the amount of time on the job with decreasing hearing ability a function of years of service.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Sep. 1991, Vol.52, No.9, p.372-378. Illus. 14 ref.

CIS 92-164 DeHart R.L.
Occupational medicine support for international air carriers
This report discusses the occupational medical support provided by 6 major U.S. international air carriers. Each carrier arranges for medical support of employees through a variety of health care systems, ranging from an airline medical department to total use of contract medical services. The paper lists common work-related medical problems of airline employees, outlines the components of an airline occupational medicine programme and discusses the requirements of state and regulatory agencies, in particular workers' compensation procedures. The study showed that, on average, 65% of available medical resources were committed to non-flying employees in support of typical occupational medicine services.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 1990, Vol.61, No.1, p.67-70. 8 ref.

CIS 92-77 Publications and training material
Catalogue of IATA publications and training material available to the public. Although most publications bear on economic and organisational aspects of air transport, the "Safety Manager's Toolkit" may be a useful model for safety managers in any industrial sector, and the materials related to the safe transport of dangerous goods include copies of the relevant regulations and training materials (printed, audiovisual and computerised).
International Air Transport Association, IATA Centre, Route de l'aéroport 33, P.O. Box 672, 1251 Genève 15 Aéroport, Switzerland, 1991. 44p. Index. Gratis.

1990

CIS 94-1098 Edwards M., Edwards E.
The aircraft cabin - Managing the human factors
A number of human and other factors relevant to dealing with stress situations in aircraft are considered. There are two parts: cabin components, passengers, cabin crew, the scope of human factors; emergencies, major hazards, hardware, software, liveware, reactions after an emergency, human factors in design. Possible insufficiency of emergency equipment and procedures is discussed. Relevant international, US and UK legislation is surveyed.
Gower Technical, Gower Publishing, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot GU11 3HR, Hampshire, United Kingdom, 1990. xiii, 258p. Illus. 328 ref. Index. Price: GBP 30.00.

CIS 92-1707 Helicopter operations in the forest industry - A manual of standard practices
Planning and developing safe work procedures in forest industry helicopter operations are covered. Helicopter logging, cedar block flying by helicopter and transportation of injured workers by helicopter are explained with the aid of illustrations.
Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia, 6951 Westminster Highway, Richmond, British Columbia V7C 1C6, Canada, 1990. 66p. Illus.

CIS 92-475 Daniell W.E., Vaughan T.L., Millies B.A.
Pregnancy outcomes among female flight attendants
An examination of Washington State birth certificates over a period of 4 years showed no significant relationship between maternal employment as a flight attendant and any of the adverse pregnancy outcomes examined (low birthweight, prematurity, low Apgar scores, abnormal sex ratios). Although the study confirmed a previously reported finding that female flight attendants were nearly twice as likely to report a spontaneous foetal loss as the outcome of their last pregnancy, the relative risk was only 1.3 when comparison was restricted to women employed outside the home.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 1990, Vol.61, N.9, p.840-844. 25 ref.

CIS 92-694 Little L.F., Gaffney I.C., Rosen K.H., Bender M.M.
Corporate instability is related to airline pilots' stress symptoms
A symptoms of stress questionnaire was administered to 3 random samples of commercial airline pilots. The group of pilots employed by an airline company with a history of corporate instability reported significantly more stress and depression symptoms and a greater accumulation of symptoms than did the pilot groups employed by stable airlines. It is concluded that the relationship between corporate instability within the aviation environment and the subjective distress reported by pilots suggests the need for further investigation into the implications for health and safety.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1990, Vol.61, No.11, p.977-982. 30 ref.

CIS 91-1750 Schwesinger S.
Pulse-respiration quotient as an indicator of the type of stress
Zur Frage des Puls-Atem-Quotienten als Indikator zur Beurteilung der Beanspruchungsart [in German]
Pulse-respiration quotients were determined for 23 fighter pilots, 19 applicants for the job of military pilot and 17 student pilots. The 1st group operated a bicycle ergometer. The 2nd and 3rd groups performed mental tasks (concentration and tracking tasks). In addition, pulse rate and respiratory rate were measured in 17 fighter pilots during aerobatics. The pulse-respiration quotient does indicate whether stress is of a mental or physical nature.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, Sep. 1990, Vol.40, No.9, p.276-279. Illus. 6 ref.

CIS 91-131 Martin-Saint-Laurent A., Lavernhe J., Casano G., Simkoff A.
Clinical aspects of inflight incapacitations in commercial aviation
Sudden incapacitation can affect a pilot and even a whole crew during a flight, preventing them from performing their task in complete safety. In some cases, it could even cause an accident. Our study examines the causes of sudden in-flight incapacitation in Air France pilots and flight engineers from 1968-88. Ten cases were reported out of a population of 1,800 cockpit crew, each flying an average of 600 h/year. These cases of incapacitation were due to cardiac disorders, epileptic attacks, duodenal hemorrhages, infection, metabolic disorders, disorders affecting the whole crew (hypoxia due to a pressurisation deficiency, CO₂ intoxication caused by the inadequate packaging of a container refrigerated in dry ice). Mostly, incapacitation occurred during cruising, twice during approach, and once on the ground before starting up, with closed doors. Two of these cases led to flight diversions. None of them caused an accident. In this series, incapacitation for cardiac reasons was rearer and less serious than that caused by gastrointestinal or neurological disorders. Prevention is based on detection during systematic medical check-ups, and on crews being trained to recognise subtle cases of incapacitation early.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Mar. 1990, Vol.61, No.3, p.256-260. 14 ref.

CIS 90-2089 Chidester T.R.
Trends and individual differences in response to short-haul flight operations
A survey of airline pilots was undertaken to determine normative patterns and individual differences in mood and sleep during short-haul flight operations. The results revealed that over the course of a typical 2-day trip, pilots experience a decline in positive mood, or activity, and an increase in negative mood, or tension. On layovers, pilots report experiencing sleep of shorter duration and poorer quality than at home. Examination of the impact of 2 personality dimensions extracted from the Jenkins Activity Survey measure of the Type A personality, Achievement Striving and Impatience/Irritability, suggested that Impatience/Irritability may serve as a marker of individuals most likely to experience health-related problems on trips. Achievement Striving may serve as a predictor of performance in crew settings.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Feb. 1990, Vol.61, No.2, p.132-138. 20 ref.

CIS 90-1580 Band P.R., Spinelli J.J., Ng V.T.Y., Moody J., Gallagher R.P.
Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of commercial airline pilots
A cohort study of all male pilots employed by a Canadian airline since 1950 (913, of whom 630 still active) revealed statistically significant increases in deaths from aircraft accidents (23, expected 1.08), brain cancer (4, expected 0.96), rectal cancer (3, expected 0.69). Statistically significant increases in cancer incidence were found for non-melanoma skin cancer, brain cancer and Hodgkin's disease. Because of the small size of the study population, the excess risk for certain cancers suggested by this study need to be confirmed by larger cohort studies.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Apr. 1990, Vol.61, No.4, p.299-302. 25 ref.

CIS 90-1326 Dangerous goods regulations
These regulations are intended to provide procedures for shippers and operators by which articles and substances with hazardous properties can be safely transported by air on all commercial air transport. Step-by-step instructions are given for ensuring that all applicable requirements are met for classifying, packing, marking, labelling and documenting a consignment of dangerous goods. The instructions are followed by sections entitled: applicability; general information; classification of dangerous goods; dangerous goods list; packing instructions; packaging specifications and performance tests; marking and labelling; documentation; handling; classification tests for class 4 (flammable solids) and division 5.1 (oxidising substances). A list of package performance testing facilities is also included. French, German and Spanish versions of this manual are available from IATA.
International Air Transport Association, 26 chemin de Joinville, 1216 Cointrin, Genève, Switzerland, 31st ed. Effective 1 Jan. 1990 - 31 Dec. 1990. 512p. Illus.

1989

CIS 93-1893 Gourbat J.P., Martel V., Didelot F., Didier A.
Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in flight crews
Epidémiologie des maladies cardio-vasculaires dans le personnel navigant [in French]
Atherosclerosis complications are the main causes of medical disability certificates of flight crew members between 40 and 60yrs old. They are also the most feared sources of sudden loss of work capacity during flight. This article presents the results of an epidemiologic study of 1426 flight-crew members observed during 6yrs and of a retrospective study of 76 victims of atherosclerosis emergencies. Various risk factors (heredity, smoking, high blood pressure, hyperlipaemia, diabetes, etc.) are studied. The significantly lower (less than half that in the general population) incidence of cardiovascular diseases in flight crews can be explained by factors such as selection, better life-style and medical surveillance.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1989, Vol.28, No.111, p.208-213. 6 ref.

CIS 92-495 Marchant R., Guernsey J., Yoshida K.
Health effects of working at the site of the Gander Arrow air crash
This report describes an investigation of health concerns arising from work at the site of an air crash in Newfoundland, Canada in December 1985. A literature review indicates that the major chemical hazards related to firefighting at air crash sites are irritant gases, organic solvents and metals known to affect the lungs and kidneys. Although the evidence did not suggest a significant toxic exposure, the exposed group did experience more headaches, dizziness, sore joints, chest pains, severe colds and fatigue than the control groups, and it was concluded that a significant number of the workers suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. Recommendations are given for the recognition and treatment of such disorders.
Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medecine, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7, Mar. 1989. 125p. Bibl.ref.

CIS 92-482 Iglesias R., Gonzalez G., Morales S.T.
Occupational injuries suffered by flight attendants while on board
An evaluation was made of the problem of inflight occupational injuries suffered by flight attendants on Mexicana Airlines from 1983 to 1987. The injuries most frequently observed were contusions, skin cuts, sprains, fractures, spine disorders, and severe barotitis. Parts of the body commonly affected were the hands, feet and spine. The study identified some unsafe actions and conditions in the flight attendants' working environment and recommendations are made for the avoidance of injuries.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1989, Vol.60, No.11, p.1109-1111.

CIS 92-623 Friedberg W., Faulkner D.N., Snyder L., Darden E.B., O'Brien K.
Galactic cosmic radiation exposure and associated health risks for air carrier crewmembers
The dose equivalent to air carrier crewmembers from galactic cosmic radiation was estimated for each of 32 nonstop flights within the USA. Flying times were from 0.4 to 13 hours. The annual dose equivalents received on the flights ranged from 0.2 to 9.1mSv (20 to 910mrem), or 0.4 to 18% of the recommended annual limit for occupational exposure of an adult. Characteristics of galactic and solar cosmic radiation are reviewed and examples given of calculations for estimating radiation-induced risks of fatal cancer, genetic defects and harm to an embryo or foetus.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1989, Vol.60, No.11, p.1104-1108. 14 ref.

CIS 91-678 Diebschlag W., Heidinger F., Kurz B., Löwenthal I., Rohmert W., Rückert A.
Measurement of actual postural forces during luggage and pallet handling at a large airport
Pilotstudie zur Messung der bei Lade- und Palettierungstätigkeiten auf einem Grossflughafen auftretenden Ist-Kräfte [in German]
A force transducer in form of a thin inlay in workers' shoes was used for the first time to measure postural forces during manual lifting of luggage as well as during the moving of pallets. Forces were highest (up to 2332N) in loading and unloadiang operations in the cargo bay of the airplane, due to the forced squatting posture required. The forefoot bore the highest strain.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, 1989, Vol.24, No.5, p.98-105. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 90-793 Safe wood transport by helicopter
Sicherheit beim Holztransport mit Helikopter [in German]
Transport de bois héliporté et sécurité [in French]
This illustrated booklet which can be used for training purposes provides practical information on: work organisation, protective clothing, lifting tackle and appliances; the working area around the helicopter; landing, hand signalling, radio contact, organisation of transport, the landing area, the unloading zone, the loading area, hooking of the load, important safety rules, what to do in case of an accident.
Caisse nationale suisse d'assurance en cas d'accidents, Sécurité au travail, Case postale, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland, 1989. 44p. Illus.

CIS 90-1032 Angerer P., Bahemann-Hoffmeister A., Mauermayer R., König P., Kessel R.
Influence of heavy physical work on lung function
Der Einfluss schwerer körperlicher Arbeit auf Messwerte der Lungenfunktion [in German]
Lung function was impaired in 38 healthy workers after they were engaged in the loading and unloading of airplanes; this decrease could not be demonstrated in a control population. Parameters measured were: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), maximal expiratory flow.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, 1989, Vol.24, No.6, p.121-124. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 90-331 Rohmert W., Löwenthal I., Rückert A.
Workload and physiological strain caused by baggage handling at a large airport
Belastung und Beanspruchung von Flugzeugabfertigern eines Grossflughafens [in German]
The heart rate of 38 workers loading and unloading baggage as well as moving palettes and containers inside the freight compartment of airplanes at a large airport was measured throughout a work-shift. A high heart rate was measured during loading and unloading in a squatting posture. The influence of age, qualification and type of shift is discussed. A loading and unloading technique which reduces muscular strain is described.
Arbeitsmedizin - Sozialmedizin - Präventivmedizin, 1989, Vol.24, No.3, p.47-52. Illus. 13 ref.

CIS 89-1330 Dangerous goods regulations
These regulations are intended to provide procedures for shippers and operators by which articles and substances with hazardous properties can be safely transported by air on all commercial air transport. Step-by-step instructions are given for ensuring that all applicable requirements are met for classifying, packing, marking, labelling and documenting a consignment of dangerous goods. The instructions are followed by sections entitled: applicablility; general information; classification of dangerous goods; dangerous goods list; packing instructions; packaging specifications and performance tests; marking and labelling; documentation; handling; classification tests for class 4 (flammable solids) and division 5.1 (oxidising substances). A list of package performance testing facilities is also included. French, German and Spanish are available from IATA.
International Air Transport Association, 26 chemin de Joinville, 1216 Cointrin, Genève, Switzerland, 30th ed. Effective 1 Jan. 1989 - 31 Dec. 1989. 502p. Illus.

1988

CIS 96-184 Ernsting J., King P.
Aviation medicine
This manual provides a basic reference book on occupational medicine related to aviation. Contents: the pressure environment (effects of pressure change, decompression sickness, oxygen equipment and pressure clothing, toxic gases and vapours in flight); biodynamics (long duration acceleration, head injury and protection, vibration); thermal stress and survival; special senses (spatial disorientation, motion sickness, vision in flight, noise and communication); aviation psychology (cognitive processes, stress and workload, ergonomics); special types of flight; commercial aviation and health; health and hygiene (international health regulations, health of airline ground staff, transport of animals); clinical aspects of aviation medicine (sleep and wakefulness, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and other diseases); accident investigation.
Butterworth-Heinemann, Lineacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, United Kingdom, 2nd ed., 1988 (paperback edition 1994). xii, 738p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Index. Price: GBR 65.00.

CIS 92-684 Leimann Patt H.O.
The right and wrong stuff in civil aviation
Aircrew members are considered to work in a hostile environment and must rely on their own psychic resources to counteract their "aeronautical anxiety". Various relationships of motivation and defence give rise either to the flying adaptation syndrome or the various forms of the secondary flying disadaptation syndrome when aircrew members must face the danger of flight. These alterations may cause temporary or permanent medical disqualification due to the impairment of safety which they provoke. This paper proposes an analysis of the interplay between motivation, psychic defences and aviation stress to explain the manifestations of flight adaptation and disadaptation seen in some aircrew members.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 1988, Vol.59, No.10, p.955-959. 22 ref.

CIS 90-294 Fleury J.F., Deboets D., Voisin D., Assaad C., Maffre N.M., Viou F., Bellaiche G.
Dental pains provoked by altitude. Report on one case
Les aérodontalgies - Mise au point à propos d'une observation [in French]
Tooth pain occurring in diseased, treated or healthy teeth during flights at altitudes above 1,600 meters may affect flight crews and passengers. The circumstances of occurrence, causative dental lesions, characteristics of the pain, predisposing factors and treatment are reviewed. The central role of the dental pulp is confirmed. Flight crews should be the object of strict dental surveillance, given the incapacitating effects of pain and its effect on safety.
Revue de stomatologie et de chirurgie maxillo-faciale, 1988, Vol.89, No.1, p.15-20. 33 ref.

CIS 89-1676 Matschke R.G.
Noise protection and radio communication - A little-regarded contradiction
Lärmschutz und Sprechfunkverkehr - ein wenig beachteter Widerspruch [in German]
An active noise compensation circuit is described which neutralises the original noise by reverse-phase noise. The effectiveness of earphones equipped with this circuit in reducing cockpit noise without interference with radio communication signals was studied with the crews of a helicopter and an airplane under real flight conditions. Considerable noise reduction in the low-frequency range was obtained.
Audiologische Akustik - Audiological Acoustics, 1988, Vol.27, No.5, p.166-176. Illus. 23 ref.

CIS 89-1085 Regulations of the National Board of Civil Aviation on the transport of dangerous substances and magnetic materials [Sweden]
Luftfartsverkets driftsbestämmelser om transport av farligt gods och magnetiskt material [in Swedish]
This regulation on the air transport of dangerous goods and magnetic materials covers: definitions; application; classification; limitations on the air transport of dangerous goods; packing; marking and labelling; responsibility of the sender; responsibility of the airline; information; training; reporting of accidents and incidents.
In: Lagstiftning om transport av farligt gods, Arbetarskyddsnämnden, Box 3208, 103 64 Stockholm, Sweden, 5th ed., 1988. p.47-56.

CIS 89-1048 Girodo M.
The psychological health and stress of pilots in a labour dispute
This study investigated the psychological stress and psychiatric symptomatology in a representative sample of pilots involved in a labour dispute with management. Standardised epidemiological psychometric instruments revealed that one quarter of the pilots could be labelled "psychologically at risk" showing elevated symptoms of anger-hostility, paranoia, and obsessive-compulsiveness. A certain combination of personality scores with stress reactions was found to correctly classify pilots who were healthy vs "at risk" with 92% accuracy. Interviews with pilots revealed both general causes of stress associated with a labour dispute as well as specific sources of disturbances threatening safety in the air.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, June 1988, Vol.59, No.6, p.505-510. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 89-635 Naito T.
Temporary threshold shift under long-term noise exposure
Chōjikan sōon-bakuro ni yoru Temporary Threshold Shift [in Japanese]
Temporary threshold shift was measured 2 minutes after noise exposure (TTS₂) in 17 subjects. High speed electric railway noise, car noise and aircraft noise were used as noise sources. TTS₂ was measured hourly during 8 hours of exposure to each of these noises, and after cessation of exposure. TTS₂ was not detected in the case of railway noise exposure. TTS₂ at 4000Hz was observed after exposure to car and aircraft noise. TTS₂ was recognized more frequently at 4000Hz than at 2000Hz.
Tōhō Igakkai Zasshi - Journal of the Medical Society of Toho University, Mar. 1988, Vol.34, No.6, p.561-568. Illus. 14 ref.

1987

CIS 89-1652 NIOSH Alert - Reprints: October 1980 - December 1986
Thirteen alerts requesting assistance are reprinted: 2-nitropropane; benzidine-, o-tolidine-, and o-dianisidine-based dyes; controlling carbon monoxide hazard in aircraft refuelling operations; electrocutions of workers in fast food restaurants; injury of workers by robots; electrocutions from contact between cranes and power lines; deaths and injuries from excavation cave-ins; hazards in the use of water spray (fog) streams to prevent or control ignition of flammable atmospheres; occupational facilities in confined spaces; grain auger electrocutions; fatalities due to fires and explosions in oxygen-limiting silos; electrocutions due to damaged receptacles and connectors; fatalities of workers who contact electrical energy.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA, Sep. 1987. 105p. Bibl.

CIS 88-1891 Glazer I., Cohen S.
An improved comprehensive medical kit for passenger aircraft
Description of a medical kit designed for use by physicians on board the aircraft for medical emergencies. A full list of the contents of the kit is provided.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1987, Vol.58, No.11, p.1122-1126. Illus. 12 ref.

CIS 88-1731 Samel A., Wegmann H.M.
Desynchronization and internal dissociation in aircrew
Continuous records of sleep, sleepiness, urine samples and subjective fatigue ratings were obtained from and continuous monitoring of body temperature and electrocardiogram (ECG) was carried out on 12 B747 cockpit crew members during a base-line period of 36h, 3 days of operating regular passenger flights between Frankfurt and San Francisco and 44h after their return to Germany. The circadian aspects of hormone and electrolyte excretion in addition to those of rectal temperature and ECG are discussed. Due to dissociation and desynchronisation, irregular work hours for pilots lead to rhythm disturbances, which may impair the well-being and, in some cases, may also affect the performance of aircrew during duty.
Ergonomics, Sep. 1987, Vol.30, No.9, p.1395-1404. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 88-1730 Gander P.H., Graeber R.C.
Sleep in pilots flying short-haul commercial schedules
To observe the effects of these flight operations on sleep, 74 pilot volunteers were monitored before, during and after three- or four-day duty schedules. Subjects kept daily logs of sleep patterns and they rated the quality of each night's sleep. Heart rate and the activity of the non-dominant wrist were recorded every 2 min throughout the study to be used as physiological indicators of sleep quality. Pilots flying scheduled short-haul commercial duties do experience sleep restriction. Evidence from other laboratory and field studies suggests that sleep restriction may have detrimental effects on subsequent daytime sleepiness, performance and mood.
Ergonomics, Sep. 1987, Vol.30, No.9, p.1365-1377. Illus. 17 ref.

CIS 88-1729 Folkard S., Condon R.
Night shift paralysis in air traffic control officers
This questionnaire survey was designed to examine the possibility that paralysis might reflect the level of sleep deprivation associated with different shift systems or individuals. A sample of 435 air traffic controllers from 17 countries who were on a variety of different work schedules was used. The incidence of this paralysis was affected by four main factors, all of which might reasonably be assumed to influence the level of sleep deprivation or sleepiness among workers on night shift. These were the time of night, the number of consecutive night shifts, the requirement to work both a morning and a night shift starting on the same day and individual differences in the flexibility of sleeping habits. These results suggest that the incidence of this paralysis may indeed prove to be a useful "critical incident" for comparing the level of sleep deprivation associated with different shift systems or individuals.
Ergonomics, Sep. 1987, Vol.30, No.9, p.1353-1363. Illus. 11 ref.

CIS 88-1672 Martin N.A., Popplow J.R.
Scott Emergency Escape Breathing Device evaluation for use by aircraft cabin crew and passengers
This emergency breathing device proved to be effective in providing noncockpit aircraft crew with smoke protection, adequate vision and hypoxia prevention for at least 15min in the event of a fire, smoke or decompression emergencies at altitudes up to 7000m, following a brief exposure to 9753m.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 1987, Vol.58, No.8, p.747-753. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 88-1399 Niemcryk S.J., Jenkins C.D., Rose R.M., Hurst M.W.
The prospective impact of psychological variables on rates of illness and injury in professional employees
416 male air traffic controllers were studied to determine the future effects on illness and injury of stressful changes at work or outside as well as of social relations and attitude to management. The predictions were studied over 9 and 27 months. Subjects reporting any life-change stress, type A behaviour patterns and dissatisfaction with management had 80-252% more future accidental injuries and 38-69% more morbidity over 27 months than other subjects. Those with better social relations also had fewer injuries and illness. Predictions were stronger for 27 months than for 9 months.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1987, Vol.29, No.8, p.645-652. 21 ref.

CIS 88-333 Nicholson A.N.
Sleep and wakefulness of the airline pilot
Well-documented discussion of the design of schedules for aircrew on passanger aircraft. There are 2 main considerations: aircrew must be able to achieve an acceptable sleep pattern (involving short periods of sleep and naps), and the arrangement of work hours is affected by the fact that some duty time is taken up by relatively low levels of performance. Individual variation in the quality of sleep in pilots must also be taken into consideration.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, May 1987, Vol.58, No.5, p.395-401. Illus. 18 ref.

1986

CIS 88-2042 Okamoto K., Takyu H., Inoue J.
Hearing loss in airplane crew
Kōkūki jōmuin no nanchō ni kansuru kenkyū [in Japanese]
From 1970 through 1984, 289 airplane crew who failed to satisfy hearing criteria in physical examinations were studied. Hearing loss in the left ear was more frequently found than in the right. Because the noise level (L_eq) in cockpits was found to be about 90dB, the noise did not seem to have caused the hearing loss. Hearing loss in cockpit crew might be due either to head-phone sound or to an individual hypersusceptibility.
Journal of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Mar. 1986, Vol.8, Supplementary Number, p.129-133. Illus. 5 ref.

CIS 88-1656 Shippers and manufacturers: Additional requirements: Air
Expéditeurs et fabricants: Exigences supplémentaires: transport aérien [in French]
Unless otherwise specified, the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDG regulations) apply to all means of transport. Some sections of the regulations, however, set out provisions that apply solely to one mode of transport. This leaflet outlines those provisions which are of interest to consignors shipping dangerous goods by air.
Transport of Dangerous Goods Directorate, Transport Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0N5, Canada, 1986. 6p. Illus.

CIS 88-1644 Exporters and importers - Additional requirements: International air
Exportateurs et importateurs - Exigences supplémentaires: envois internationaux par air [in French]
This guide describes the regulations with which the international consignment of dangerous goods by air must comply.
Transport of Dangerous Goods Directorate, Transport Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0N5, Canada, 1986. 2p.

CIS 88-882 Metges P.J., Flageat J., Mouchon Y.
Vertebral pain in helicopter pilots in 1985. Result of a multi-centre study
Rachialgies des pilotes d'hélicoptères en 1985. Résultats d'une enquête pluricentrique [in French]
Comparative study of 232 helicopter pilots and 175 non-flying personnel. It consisted of a questionnaire survey and a clinical examination. Vertebral pain turned out to originate in the muscles and the ligaments. This kind of pain can have an adverse effect on the working capacity of the pilots and on safety in the air, and it seems to occur at a later time than in previous studies, due to ergonomic improvements and better physical training of pilots.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1986, Vol.25, No.100, p.310-315. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 88-339 Sleep and wakefulness in international aircrews
Special issue devoted in its entirety (6 major articles) to the problem of sleep and wakefulness patterns and circadian rhythm in aircrew subject to many time-zone shifts in the course of their work.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Dec. 1986, Vol.57, No.12 (Section II), p.B1-B64. Illus. Bibl.

CIS 87-348 Vail G.J., Ekman L.G.
Pilot-error accidents: male vs female
General aviation accident records from the files of the US National Transportation Safety Board were analysed by gender to observe the number and rate of pilot-error related accidents from 1972 to 1981 inclusive. Males had a higher rate of accidents than females, and a higher portion of the male accidents resulted in fatalities or serious injuries than for females. Type of certificate, age, total flight time, flight time in aircraft type, phase of operation, category of flying, degree of injury, specific cause factors, and miscellaneous acts/conditions were analysed. There was a difference in all variables.
Applied Ergonomics, Dec. 1986, Vol.17, No.4, special issue, p.297-303. 4 ref.

CIS 87-212 Montagne C., Chatelard R., Medvedeff M.
Occupational pathology in the aeronautical industry
La pathologie professionnelle dans l'industrie aéronautique [in French]
Article in 2 parts. Part 1 analyses occupational accidents and diseases among French aeronautical engineering workers in 1982. Part 2 analyses the same among maintenance workers of a large airline. The main occupational risks seem to be those of highly-skilled engineering workers in general (exposure to toxic fumes, metal dust and cutting fluids), those of workers in the chemical and petroleum industry (exposure to fuel, solvents and detergents), those of workers in the electroplating and surface-treatment industries, and those specific to aeronautics: radar maintenance, materials testing by x-rays and gamma rays, pickling and coating the fuselage, puttying the fuel tanks. Medical surveillance and work schedules.
Médecine aéronautique et spatiale, 1986, Vol.25, No.97, p.71-78.

CIS 86-873 Sloan S.J., Cooper C.L.
Stress coping strategies in commercial airline pilots
The literature reveals a clear deficiency in knowledge of how aircraft pilots cope with psychosocial stress. In a study of 442 commercial pilots, 4 factors were identified: stability of relationships and home life, reason and logic, social support, and wife's involvement. Implications for the study of other occupations are also highlighted.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Jan. 1986, Vol.28, No.1, p.49-52. 13 ref.

1985

CIS 90-1769 Dangerous Goods (Consignment by Air) (Safety) Ordinance - Chapter 384 of the Revised Edition 1985 [Hong Kong]
Ordinance conferring powers of entry, inspection and seizure on "authorised officers" in connection with the transport by air of dangerous goods.
Government Printer, Hong Kong, 1985. 4p.

CIS 87-304 Löfstedt P., Englund K., Lindmark A., Landström U.
Noise, vibration and alertness in helicopter flying
Buller, vibrationer och vakenhet under helikopterflygning [in Swedish]
Measurements were made on two different types of helicopter. Hkp 3 (Agusta Bell 204) and Hkp 6 (Agusta Bell 206B). These parameters were recorded during flights: noise, vibration and wakefulness. Exposure to noise and vibration was mainly correlated to the main rotor's energy and speed. Both types of exposure were dominated by frequencies under 10Hz. Analysis of wakefulness during flights lasting about 4 hours or less than 2 hours was based on EEG and EKG recordings. As expected, the level of wakefulness was influenced by the stress to which pilots were exposed. Increased alertness was found at the start and end of flights and when problems were encountered during a flight. In some instances there was also a gradual increase in fatigue during flights. The correlation between fatigue, and the types of flights and the noise and vibration factors is discussed.
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1985. 53p. Illus. 67 ref.

CIS 86-2046 Muroya H., Tada M., Sato K., Ikeda M.
Mental effect and fatigue of JNR employees caused by inspection work of rails and bridges by helicopter
To prevent railway accidents on the Japanese National Railways, employees inspect the rails and bridges by helicopter. To learn about the psychological impact of this work, 148 questionnaires were delivered and collected. In addition, 15 of these employees were checked for usual heart rates. 22% of the respondents reported no fatigue after getting out of the helicopter; 78% registered fatigue. Mental effects were reported for the evenings before the employees' scheduled flights. The mental effects were most marked in employees in their twenties. Mental effects were not due to the helicopter itself, but to the type of work involved. The reason why most of the employees in their twenties and thirties registered fatigue after work is because of the filming and changing of films that is necessary.
Bulletin of the Railway Labour Science Research Institute, Nov. 1985, No.39, (Offprint) p.37-50. Illus. 8 ref.

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