Laundries and dry cleaning - 123 entries found

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1992

CIS 93-231 Mutti A., Alinovi R., Bergamaschi E., Biagini C., Cavazzini S., Franchini I., Lauwerys R.R., Bernard A.M., Roels H., Gelpi E., Rosello J., Ramis I., Price R.G., Taylor S.A., De Broe M., Nuyts G.D., Stolte H., Fels L.M., Herbort C.
Nephropathies and exposure to perchloroethylene in dry-cleaners
In a collaborative European study, the renal effects of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) were assessed by comparing markers of nephrotoxic effects in dry-cleaners and matched controls. Exposure was evaluated by measuring the solvent concentration in blood specimens and in air samples; urinary samples were also collected. Several renal disturbances were found among PCE-exposed workers compared with the controls. The findings indicate that solvent-exposed subjects, especially dry-cleaners, need to be monitored for the possible development of chronic renal diseases.
Lancet, 25 July 1992, Vol.340, No.8813, p.189-193. 29 ref.

1991

CIS 92-1238 Skender L.J., Karačić V., Prpić-Majić D.
A comparative study of human levels of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene after occupational exposure
The rate of trichloroethylene (TRI) and perchloroethylene (PER) absorption was investigated in workers who were occupationally exposed (1) to TRI in 4 dry-cleaning shops or (2) to PER in one dry-cleaning shop. Concentrations of TRI and PER in blood were analysed, as were concentrations of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in blood and in urine. Results varied widely: PER was found of workers in group (1), but TRI was not detected in blood from workers in group (2); most blood samples from group (2) workers did not contain a detectable quantity of TCE, and urine TCE concentrations in this group were very low. During the work-week, a significant difference was found in group (1) for TRI in blood and TCE in blood and urine. In group (2), however, the only significant difference during the work-week was found for PER in blood. The authors suggest that the most reliable biological indicators for TRI and PER exposure are TCE in blood and PER in blood, respectively.
Archives of Environmental Health, May-June 1991, Vol.46, No.3, p.174-178. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 92-926 Solet D., Robins T.G.
Renal function in dry cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene
This study reports on the relationship of perchloroethylene (PCE) in breath and on estimates of chronic exposure with the urinary ratios of total urinary protein, albumin, and n-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) to creatinine in dry cleaning workers exposed to PCE. Regression models including one or more exposure variables, demographic variables, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and the presence of diseases affecting kidney function were examined. Urine samples, breath samples, exposure histories, and medical histories were obtained from 192 dry cleaning workers. The results failed to demonstrate any consistent relationship between exposure and renal outcome variables. However, protein/creatinine and albumin/creatinine were significantly, although weakly and positively, associated with MAP; NAG/creatinine was weakly but significantly positively associated with age. The reasons why an association between exposure and renal outcome was not found are discussed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Nov. 1991, Vol.20, No.5, p.601-614. Illus. 38 ref.

1990

CIS 91-1224 Olsen J., Hemminki K., Ahlborg G., Bjerkedal T., Kyyrönen P., Taskinen H., Lindbohm M.L., Heinonen O.P., Brandt L., Kolstad H., Halvorsen B.A., Egenæs J.
Low birthweight, congenital malformations, and spontaneous abortions among dry-cleaning workers in Scandinavia
With a common study protocol, case-referent studies within cohorts were performed in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland to study reproductive hazards of women doing dry-cleaning work. Due to national differences not all of the studies could follow exactly the same procedures in data collection, but they were all based on the linkage of cohorts of dry-cleaning and laundry workers to national registers of births and reproductive failures. Summary measures from each study were combined without the data being pooled. The most significant finding was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion among the most exposed women in the Finnish data. This finding was only supported by the results of the other studies to a minor degree.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, June 1990, Vol.16, No.3, p.163-168. 11 ref.

CIS 91-536 Solet D., Robins T.G., Sampaio C.
Perchloroethylene exposure assessment among dry cleaning workers
In this assessment, breath samples and time-weighted breathing zone air samples were obtained at a number of dry cleaning plants using perchloroethylene (Perc). Equipment operators experienced significantly more exposure than non-operators, and workers in shops using equipment which required transfer of Perc-saturated clothing from washers to dryers showed higher exposure than those in shops using dry-to-dry machinery. One or more air samples in every transfer shop exceeded the OSHA permissible exposure limit, while no air samples in dry-to-dry shops exceeded this limit. Results suggest concern for exposure to operators in transfer shops and that compliance with permissible exposure limits is achievable by engineering controls with existing technology.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Oct. 1990, Vol.51, No.10, p.566-574. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 90-1921 Lynge E., Thygesen L.
Primary liver cancer among women in laundry and dry-cleaning work in Denmark
A cohort of laundry and dry-cleaning workers was identified from the Danish Occupational Cancer Register for the study of cancer incidence of persons exposed to tetrachloroethylene. The Register includes cancer incidence data for a 10-year period for 8567 women and 2033 men employed in laundry and dry-cleaning in 1970. A significant excess risk was found for primary liver cancer among the women, with 7 observed and 2.1 expected cases (standardised incidence ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.4-7.0). No case of primary liver cancer was observed among the men, for whom the expected value was 1.1. The excess risk of primary liver cancer among the women is unlikely to be explained exclusively by excess alcohol consumption.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Apr. 1990, Vol.16, No.2, p.108-112. 23 ref.

CIS 90-927 Blair A., Stewart P.A., Tolbert P.E., Grauman D., Moran F.X., Vaught J., Rayner J.
Cancer and other causes of death among a cohort of dry cleaners
Mortality among 5,365 members of a dry cleaning union in St Louis, Missouri, was less than expected for all causes combined but slightly raised for cancer. Among the cancers, statistically significant excesses occurred for oesophagus and cervix and non-significant excesses for larynx, lung, bladder, thyroid, lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Mortality from emphysema was also significantly raised. The risk of this cancer showed a significant association with estimated cumulative exposure to dry cleaning solvents but not with level or duration of exposure. Excess emphysema and cancer could be linked to socioeconomic status and tobacco or alcohol use.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 1990, Vol.47, No.3, p.162-168. 26 ref.

1989

CIS 93-709
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften
Dry cleaning [Germany]
Chemischreinigung [in German]
Revised version of the safety regulations for dry cleaning installations in Germany. Update of document abstracted under CIS 87-30.
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Luxemburger Strasse 449, D-W-5000 Köln 41, Germany, 1989. 16 + 19p.

CIS 90-327 Junghannss U., Kimmig P.
Laundry from AIDS treatment units - No reason to become panicky
Wäsche aus AIDS-Stationen - Kein Grund zur Panik [in German]
Described methods of treating laundry from AIDS patients in hospitals include the collection in polyethylene bags with a thickness of 0.08mm or textile bags of 220g/m² which are impermeable to pathogens. Disinfection is achieved by washing at 90°C for 10 minutes, at 85°C for 15 minutes, at 40 to 50°C and adding aldehydes or at 60 to 65°C and adding chlorine. Microbiological checks of the washed laundry are recommended.
Krankenhaustechnik, Mar. 1989, Vol.15, No.3, p.66-67. Illus.

1988

CIS 90-1983 Le Stradic-Reygagne A.
Sulfite reducing agents, a new cause of occupational asthma
Les sulfites agents réducteurs, une nouvelle cause d'asthme professionnel [in French]
Prompted by the observation of 2 cases of occupational asthma in laundry workers exposed to sodium metabisulfite, this thesis in occupational medicine is intended to draw attention to the hazards of exposure to sulfites, which have so far been insufficiently appreciated. It analyses reports of sensitivity to sulfites that have appeared in the literature since 1976, reviews the physics, chemistry and metabolism of sulfites, their pathological effects, symptoms and diagnosis of those effects. There appears to be little relevant French regulation.
Université René Descartes, Faculté de médecine Necker-Enfants-Malades, 75 Paris, France, 1988. 155p. 117 ref.

CIS 90-575 Riala R.
Dust and quartz exposure of Finnish construction site cleaners
Construction site cleaners are exposed in their work to concrete dust containing quartz. This study involved stationary and personal monitoring of the dust concentration to which women cleaners were exposed while doing various types of work. Altogether 9 construction sites and 71 work phases were included in the study. The highest dust concentrations were measured in dry sweeping (mean total dust concentration 32mgm^-3 and respirable quartz concentration 0.53mgm^-3). Renovation construction sites were twice as dusty as new buildings. Moreover, the dust concentrations to which women cleaners were exposed when they helped building workers were high (total dust 20mgm^-3, respirable quartz 0.4mgm^-3). Dust exposure can be reduced by keeping dry sweeping to a minimum and cleaning with a vacuum cleaner.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1988, Vol.32, No.2, p.215-220. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 89-1354 Jung K.
Influence of cleaning frequency on wear of protective clothing for welders
Einfluss der Reinigungshäufigkeit auf das Verhalten von Schweisserschutzkleidung [in German]
Changes in flammability, in protection against burns by hot metal droplets, in UV absorption and size due to the washing of protective overalls for welders were studied. A variety of fabrics were used. Among other effects, flame retardant properties diminished markedly after 10 washings in spite of flameproofing after each washing.
Der Praktiker, 1988, Vol.40, No.12, p.601-603. Illus.

CIS 89-365 Imbriani M., Ghittori S., Pezzagno G., Capodaglio E.
Urinary excretion of tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) in experimental and occupational exposure
Fifteen human volunteers were exposed to tetrachloroethylene vapour at 3.6-316mg/m³ for 2-4hr at rest and during high physical exercise. Subsequently, 55 workers who were occupationally exposed to tetrachloroethylene in eight commercial dry cleaning facilities were studied. In both the experimentally exposed subjects and occupationally exposed workers the urinary concentration (U.C.) of tetrachloroethylene showed a linear relationship to the corresponding environmental concentration. The findings indicate that UC of tetrachloroethylene can be used as an appropriate biological exposure indicator. In occupationally exposed subjects performing moderate work, the U.C. corresponding to the TWA of the TLV proved to be 120µg/L and its 95% lower confidence limit (biological threshold) 100µg/L. The effects of workload on the tetrachloroethylene urinary elimination are also accounted for.
Archives of Environmental Health, July-Aug. 1988, Vol.43, No.4, p.292-298. Illus. 35 ref.

CIS 89-201 Perchloroethylene at the workplace
Perchlorethylen am Arbeitsplatz [in German]
Perchloroethylene (synonyms: tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, ethylene tetrachloride) is used in dry-cleaning and metal degreasing. Concentration measurements at various workplaces in dry-cleaning shops gave values up to 290ppm. Known acute and chronic toxic effects include leukaemia and kidney tumours observed in rats and a higher but not statistically significant cancer incidence among exposed humans. Protective measures: substitution, closed systems, air exhaust and cleaning facilities, ventilation, protective clothing.
Amtliche Mitteilungen der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, Mar. 1988, No.2, p.8-9. Illus.

1987

CIS 90-722
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften
Ironing [Federal Republic of Germany]
Bügelei [in German]
These safety regulations cover machines used for pressing, crabbing and folding of textiles and textile articles, and for joining textiles with adhesives. Sections deal with: dangerous zones, hot surfaces, marking, operating elements, pedal switches, precautions for automatic start-up, mangle safety and lifting devices, maintenance, folding machine safety devices and emergency shutdown, machine operation and repair, instruction, prohibited work, age limits, periodic inspection. Supplement: rules of implementation.
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Luxemburger Strasse 449, 5000 Köln 41, Federal Republic of Germany, 1987. 16 + 12p.

CIS 88-1538 Redmond S.F., Schappert K.R.
Occupational dermatitis associated with garments
An outbreak of irritant contact dermatitis associated with residual perchloroethylene (PCE) in dry-cleaned garments was studied at a large semiconductor manufacturing facility. A new method was developed to measure PCE levels, which was used to detect concentrations ranging from 0.83 to 32.01ppm in the garment.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Mar. 1987, Vol.29, No.3, p.243-244. 4 ref.

CIS 88-184 Brown D.P., Kaplan S.D.
Retrospective cohort mortality study of dry cleaner workers using perchloroethylene
To evaluate the carcinogenic potential from occupational exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE), a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers employed in the dry cleaning industry was conducted among 1,690 workers from 4 labour unions. The majority of the cohort had potential exposure to petroleum solvents as well as to PCE while working in the dry cleaning industry. Mortality from primary cancer of the liver was of particular interest, due to the findings of excess liver cancer in mice exposed to PCE. Other sites of cancer were also of interest. A total of 493 deaths were observed, whereas 575.5 were expected based on US mortality rates. Mortality from all cancers combined was greater than expected (142 observed vs 122.9 expected). No deaths due to liver cancer were observed. Urinary tract cancer was the only specific site where there was a statistically significant excess in observed deaths (12 observed vs 4.7 expected). There was some consistency in these findings across the 4 individual unions and across race/sex groups. A subcohort of workers who were employed only in dry cleaning shops that used PCE as their primary solvent was identified from the union records. There was only 1 death from urinary tract cancer, whereas 1.3 deaths were expected in this subcohort.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, June 1987, Vol.29, No.6, p.535-541. 18 ref.

CIS 87-435 Tetrachloroethylene
Tétrachloroéthylène [in French]
Chemical safety information sheet. Acute exposure can induce a depression of the central nervous system (narcosis), hepatotoxic effects and cardiac arrhythmia. Chronic effects include irritation of the skin and eyes, neurological and psychological disorders. Exposure limit: TWA limit = 335mg/m³ (France, 1983).
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 1987. 4p. Bibl.

1986

CIS 88-1601 Seeber A., Kempe H.
Psychic effects of long-term exposure to tetrachloroethylene
Psychische Wirkungen bei langzeitiger Exposition von Tetrachlorethylen [in German]
101 drycleaners exposed on average to 250mg/m³ tetrachloroethylene, as well as 84 employees of hotels and department stores as controls, were subjected to a complex medical and psychological examination. The exposure groups were classified according to the intensity, the duration and the product of intensity and duration of exposure as well as according to alcohol consumption. Factors of age, sex and intellectual level were excluded. Numerous variables of psychic performance and of subjective symptoms discriminate between significantly exposed and non-exposed persons, but there are no significant differences between the groups of different degrees of exposure. There was no significant relationship between alcohol consumption and the psychic effects of tetrachloroethylene. The results are discussed in connection with the MAC of 300mg/m³ and with the interdisciplinary importance of the psychological effects of exposure to tetrachloroethylene.
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1986, Vol.32, No.3, p.142-145. Illus. 16 ref.

1985

CIS 88-1079
Institut für Kommunalwirtschaft, Dresden
Occupational safety and health, fire protection. Textile cleaning. 01. Terms and definitions; safety requirements. 02. Safe behaviour conforming to principles of occupational safety and fire protection [German Democratic Republic]
Gesundheits- und Arbeitsschutz, Brandschutz. Textilreinigung. Termini und Definitionen; Sicherheitstechnische Forderungen. Arbeitsschutz- und Brandschutzgerechtes Verhalten [in German]
Standard /01 prescribes safety requirements for various laundry and dry-cleaning rooms, including construction and ventilation engineering measures, and for different types of washing machines, dry-cleaning installations and mangles. Standard /02 covers safe behaviour of textile cleaning workers regarding eating and smoking, protective clothing, risk behaviour, operation and maintenance of machines, handling of flammable solvents and of the textiles. The standards are effective 1 July 1988.
Verlag für Standardisierung und Standardversand, Postfach 1068, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, Sep. 1985. 4p./4p.

CIS 87-361
Gosudarstvennyj komitet SSSR po standartam
General requirements for dry cleaning of personal protective equipment [USSR]
Obščie trebovanija k processu himičeskoj čistki sredstv individual'noj zaščity [in Russian]
This standard (effective 1 Jan. 1987) applies to the cleaning of protective clothing, hand and arm protection, and personal safety devices (excepting those contaminated by pesticides or toxic, radioactive or water-soluble substances) with organic solvents. Contents: technical requirements, requirements for operation, methods of control, safety requirements.
Izdatel'stvo standartov, Novopresnenskij per.3, 123840 Moskva, USSR, 1985. 5p. Price: Rbl.0.03.

CIS 87-30
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften
Dry cleaning [Federal Republic of Germany]
Chemischreinigung [in German]
Safety regulations for dry cleaning installations in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Gereonstrasse 18-32, 5000 Köln 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1 Apr. 1985. 15+16p. Price: DM.2.00.

CIS 86-1677 Correlation between breathed air and urinary excretion in workers exposed to the three main chlorinated solvents
Corrélations entre l'air inspiré et l'excrétion urinaire chez les salariés exposés aux trois principaux solvants chlorés [in French]
Results of an epidemiologic study conducted by the collective action of occupational physicians. The study involved 85 employees of dry-cleaning establishments who were exposed regularly and daily to chlorinated solvents: trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The aim of the study was twofold: to establish a method of monitoring such workers, and to demonstrate the utility of collective action by occupational physicians. The general characteristics of chlorinated solvents are shown: metabolism; difficulties in conducting an on-site study and in monitoring short-term exposure; data on the entreprises concerned and on the workers monitored; results of sampling according to solvent. Comparative evaluation of the use of Transuri strips and of the Fujiwara test. Comments on an acceptable exposure limit for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TLV: 350ppm).
Publications Actions Scientifiques en Médecine du travail, Centre d'information des Services médicaux d'Entreprises et Interentreprises, 31 rue Médéric, 75832 Paris, Cedex 17, France, 1985. 99p. Illus. 21 ref.

CIS 85-1327 Materna B.L.
Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry
Field surveys were conducted at 67 establishments in the USA. 60% of the cleaning machines had either defective or non-operating local exhaust systems. Use of closed system processes resulted in lower mean exposure (28.3ppm) as compared to 86.6ppm for transfer operations. Means of reducing employee exposure by improving available control measures are described.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, May 1985, Vol.46, No.5, p.268-273. 15 ref.

1984

CIS 85-1666 Lindberg E., Bergman K.
Perchloroethylene, alcohol and influence on liver enzymes among solvent dry cleaning workers
Perkloretylen, alkohol och leverpåverkan hos arbetare i kemiska tvätterier [in Swedish]
Study involving 48 dry cleaners. A group which was exposed to 40ppm perchloroethylene (PER) on average and reported an average alcohol consumption equivalent to 80g pure alcohol per week had higher values for liver-specific enzymes than groups with the same exposure and low alcohol consumption or with similar alcohol consumption and low exposure. In a group exposed to 66-80ppm there was a tendency toward higher enzyme activity also in those who did not report regular alcohol consumption. In a smaller group which was investigated first at high exposure and later at lower exposure, enzyme activities decreased. Subjective symptoms such as headache or dizziness during exposure were reported in a group with high exposure (40ppm) but not at low exposure (10ppm).
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Publikationsservice, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, 1984. 23p. 13 ref.

1983

CIS 85-1977 Von Düszeln J., Thiemann W.
Health hazards in dry cleaning shops due to the use of tetrachloroethylene
Gesundheitsrisiko in Chemischreinigungen durch Verwendung von Tetrachlorethylen? [in German]
Following some statistical data on the consumption of tetrachloroethylene in the Federal Republic of Germany and a review of the different phases of the dry cleaning process, the methods and equipment used for the determination of tetrachloroethylene in the air of dry cleaning shops are described. The concentration is determined by absorption on a macroporous resin and by subsequent ECD gas chromatography. The geometric mean value found in 8 cleaning shops was 17.7ppm, a concentration well below the TLV of 50ppm in the Federal Republic. Toxicological aspects of acute and chronic intoxication as well as results of epidemiological studies are discussed. The effects of a long-term, low-level exposure not being clarified as yet, NIOSH recommends tetrachloroethylene be considered as a carcinogen. The TLV should be further reduced.
Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz, Prophylaxe und Ergonomie, 1983, Vol.33, No.8, p.260-267. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 84-1295 Prestar F., Zoubek G.
Occupational and environmental aspects of the use of tetrachloroethylene for dry cleaning
Arbeits- und Umweltschutzaspekte beim Umgang mit Tetrachlorethen in der Chemischreinigung [in German]
Characteristics, biological effects, metabolism, exposure limits, biological tolerance limits of tetrachloroethylene, safety of the dry cleaning process, dry cleaning techniques (precleaning, main cleaning, drying, deodorisation by ventilation or refrigeration, distillation), ventilation, leaks. An industrial hygiene study of dry cleaning facilities revealed excessively high levels of solvent during unloading of the cleaning machines and resulting from leaks, as well as general high levels during the winter. However, medical examination of the personnel exposed did not reveal any clinical abnormalities, which is attributable to the fact that the average concentrations of tetrachloroethylene in the air were well below the MAC of 50ml/m³.
Die BG, 1983, No.4, p.191-196. Illus.

CIS 84-837 Lauwerys R., Herbrand J., Buchet J.P., Bernard A., Gaussin J.
Health surveillance of workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops
Behavioural, renal, hepatic and pulmonary function (peak expiratory flow tests were performed in 26 workers (all but 2 women) at 6 dry-cleaning shops, and 33 non-exposed subjects. TWA exposure was 21 (9-38)ppm. Results of charcoal tube sampling and passive dosimetry were comparable. The urine was analysed for trichloroacetic acid and the expired air and venous blood for tetrachloroethylene. The internal dose may be better evaluated by measuring its concentration in the blood 16h after exposure, rather than immediately. If the blood concentration of tetrachloroethylene does not exceed 1mg/l at this time, the TWA exposure is likely to have been <50ppm. Such exposure caused no detectable effects on the central nervous system, liver or kidney.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1983, Vol.52, No.1, p.69-77. 28 ref.

CIS 84-834 Franchini I., Cavatorta A., Falzoi M., Lucertini S., Mutti A.
Early indicators of renal damage in workers exposed to organic solvents
438 workers from 11 factories and 29 dry-cleaning shops were studied: 57 exposed to perchloroethylene; 118 painters exposed to benzene homologues at 5 metalworking factories; 51 exposed to styrene vapours in glass-fibre-reinforced plastics boat and silo manufacture; and 212 workers exposed to C₅-C₇ alkanes; also 2 control groups (80 and 81 workers). Renal function was investigated by determination of total proteinuria, albuminuria and urinary muramidase and β-glucuronidase. There was little evidence of renal damage due to solvent exposure. Total proteinuria was significantly increased in workers exposed to alkanes and to styrene, but this finding did not correspond to other changes. Any renal damage appeared to be mild and tubular rather than glomerular. The methods are intended as screening procedures and not as a substitute for clinical diagnosis of renal diseases.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1983, Vol.52, No.1, p.1-9. Illus. 33 ref.

CIS 84-436 Ludwig H.R., Meister M.V., Roberts D.R., Cox C.
Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry cleaning industry
Industrial hygiene surveys were conducted by NIOSH at 44 commercial dry cleaning facilities as part of an industry-wide study to assess the health effects of long-term, low-level exposures to perchloroethylene (PCE). 96% of the exposures measured were within NIOSH recommended levels. Recommendations for work practices, ventilation, maintenance, plant layout and personal protective equipment are presented to reduce PCE exposures to lowest achievable levels.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug. 1983, Vol.44, No.8, p.600-605. 27 ref.

CIS 84-257 Davezies P., Briant V., Bergeret A., Eglizeau M., Prost G.
Study of working conditions in dry-cleaning establishments
Etude des conditions de travail dans les entreprises de nettoyage à sec [in French]
Ergonomic study of 30 enterprises with largely female work forces. Two types of work organisation were observed: traditional steam pressing and economical steam pressing. The 2 types differ in the qualifications of the staff, the interest of the work and the quality of the physical and chemical environment. Drawbacks were found in the organisation of the work, the classification and racking of clothes, and the lighting. The dry-cleaning solvent, which is usually perchloroethylene, is the most common toxic hazard. Although airborne perchloroethylene levels are usually below the TLV (50ppm), there is still unnecessary exposure due to faulty maintenance of the machines. It is recommended that the machines be regularly inspected for tightness.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1983, Vol.44, No.3, p.159-165. 2 ref.

CIS 83-2018 Cornu J.C., Aubertin G., Morice A., Claude G.
Cotton garments with wash-resistant flame-retardant finishes - The effects of washing on flammability
Vêtements de coton traités par un procédé d'ignifugation durable - Influence des lavages sur l'inflammabilité [in French]
Representative flame-retardant cotton garments from the French market were subjected to repeated machine washing and tested for maintenance of their flame-retardant properties by standard methods. The results were highly variable, even for a given type of garment, which indicates that fireproofing techniques have not yet been mastered by the manufacturers. Closer quality control during manufacture is called for. It seems desirable to set up product standards to assure that garments on the market consistently meet minimum standards.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 4th quarter 1983, No.113, Note No.1454-113-83, p.543-548. Illus.

1982

CIS 85-234 Whiter than white - Occupational health and safety in commercial laundries
Plus que blanc - la santé et la sécurité du travail dans les buanderies [in French]
Contents of this guide: fire hazards; dangers of infections from soiled garments and linens; handling of laundry bags; ventilation and air conditioning. Preventive measures to be taken are shown in table form for each step of the process and type of hazard.
Association pour la santé et la sécurité du travail, 294, Carré St. Louis, Montréal, Québec H2X 1A4, Canada, 1982. 16p. Illus.

CIS 83-1747 Petitot M., Léna J.
Safety, health and ergonomics in dry cleaning works
Hygiène, sécurité, ergonomie dans les entreprises de nettoyage à sec [in French]
Part 1 deals with general requirements: development of the trade over the last 20 years, different types of dry cleaning, description of trade (workers, premises, machines, workplaces, operations, hazards, occupational accidents and diseases). Part 2 reports on a study in 26 works: types; social, medical and ergonomic criteria. Part 3 reviews ergonomic measures to improve working conditions: human factors, fire and poisoning hazards, perchloroethylene contamination of workplace air, thermal environment, work postures, press accident hazards, noise, lighting and hygiene. The final chapter reviews the legislation: occupational diseases, special medical supervision, labelling, labour code and scheduled installations. The main harmful factors highlighted by the study are: thermal environment, use of toxic substances and poorly laid-out workplaces in undersized premises.
Association médicale inter-entreprises du Morbihan et localités limitrophes, Ilot 10-12, rue de la Belle-Fontaine, B.P. 171, 56104 Lorient Cedex, France, July 1982. 127p. 58 ref.

CIS 83-1020 Hashimoto H., Kadowaki H., Aizawa Y., Nakamura K., Takahashi H., Hitosugi M., Takata T.
Use of, and exposure to, organic solvents in laundries
The use of organic solvents in 11,791 laundries was surveyed and exposure levels of laundry workers to tetrachloroethylene were evaluated in 8 laundries in summer and winter. Consumption of petroleum was 2.7 times that of tetrachloroethylene. The concentrations of tetrachloroethylene in the atmosphere were within the permissible range except in one laundry. Exposure levels of tetrachloroethylene evaluated by gas monitor, expired gas analysis and urinary excretion of trichloroacetic acid correlated with its concentration in air. Both the concentration in the atmosphere and exposure levels of tetrachloroethylene were higher in winter than in summer.
Occupational Health Journal, May 1982, Vol.5, No.3, p.21-26. Illus. 9 ref.

CIS 83-824
Federation of Industrial Mutual Accident Insurance Associations (Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften)
Laundries
Wäscherei [in German]
These safety regulations are applicable to the washing of linen and other textile articles in machines. General rules concerning the construction, equipment and use of the machines are followed by more detailed provisions concerning the different types of machine (washers, washer/spinners, spinners) and laundry operations (washing of cleaning rags, hospital linen): stability, marking, protective systems for loading openings and barrels, heating, premises, disinfection, prevention of inadvertent movements, personal protective equipment. Rules of application and commentaries are added.
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Gereonstrasse 18-32, 5000 Köln 1, Federal Republic of Germany, 1982. 13+12p. Price: DM.2.20.

CIS 83-221 Kuželová M., Kovařík J., Popler A., Fiedlerová D.
Chronic effects of tetrachloroethylene on the health of exposed persons
Chronický vliv tetrachloroethylenu na zdravotní stav exponovaných osob [in Czech]
Results of a 5-year study on 11 men and 34 women exposed on average for 6 years to tetrachloroethylene during dry cleaning of clothes (28 subjects) and machine-part degreasing (17 subjects). Atmospheric tetrachloroethylene concentrations exceeded the Czechoslovak threshold limit values in the dry cleaning shops (up to 1,000mg/m³ in the breathing zone of machine operators) but not in degreasing shops. No organic effects of tetrachloroethylene exposure could be found in exposed workers. However, 68% had neurovegetative complaints (headache, fatigue, sleepiness, vertigo) and 53.3% had objective neurotic symptoms. EEG examination of 28 workers showed, in 5 cases, pathological anomalies which, in 3 cases, had no clinical correlation. No reliable exposure test for tetrachloroethylene was found.
Pracovní lékařství, Feb. 1982, Vol.34, No.2, p.54-58. 35 ref.

CIS 83-187 Seitz B., Gaucher P., Reverdy C.
Case of silicosis in a cleaners and dryers
A propos d'un cas de silicose chez un employé de teinturerie pressing [in French]
Report on a case of silicosis in a dryers and cleaners due to the unsafe use of diatomaceous earth for the regeneration of cleaning solvents.
Archives des maladies professionnelles, 1982, Vol.43, No.6, p.477-478.

CIS 82-345 Tobelem W.
French National Research and Safety Institute (Institut national de recherche et de sécurité)
Garment presses
Presses à repasser [in French]
Intended for top and line management and supervisors, this technical information sheet briefly reviews the hazards of work with garment presses and the corresponding safety measures. Four main types of press are considered: twin-table presses, cabinet-type presses, vertical presses and rotary presses. Description of the equipment, reviews of the statutory requirements, advice on the purchase, installation and use of garment presses. Safety measures for the four types of machine (depending on the machine: two-stage press action, two-hand controls, covering of press pads, guard frame, sensing devices); advice on plant maintenance and inspection. The hazards (causes and their presentation) together with the correponding safety measures are summarised.
Cahiers de notes documentaires - Sécurité et hygiène du travail, 1st quarter 1982, No.106, Note No.1362-106-82, p.23-38. Illus. 7 ref.

1981

CIS 83-228 Raffi G.B., Violante F.S.
Is Freon 113 neurotoxic? A case report
A case of neuropathy in a woman occupationally exposed (cloth cleaning) to Freon 113 (trichlorotrifluoroethane) for about 7 years is described: exposure, clinical signs, electromyographic examination, clinical improvement after cessation of exposure. It is suggested that this fluorocarbon has a neurotoxic action, and the need of further research to confirm this hypothesis is emphasised.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nov. 1981, Vol.49, No.2, p.125-127. 8 ref.

CIS 82-1661 Bossi M.C., Arcabasso G.D., Annoni P.L., Mainardi M.
Hepatic lesions in perchloroethylene poisoning
Lesioni epatiche nella intossicazione da percloroetilene [in Italian]
The literature on hepatic involvement in perchloroethylene poisoning is briefly reviewed, and a report is given of the case of acute perchloroethylene poisoning diagnosed in a woman who had worked for 22 years in a drycleaning shop. The hepatomegaly, which initially prompted a diagnosis of hepatic neoplasm, had a benign course and was finally diagnosed, on the basis of scintigraphy, laparoscopy and biopsy, as acute hepatic lesion due to perchloroethylene.
Rivista degli infortuni e delle malattie professionali, July-Aug. 1981, Vol.48, No.4, p.421-424. 21 ref.

CIS 81-1756 Closed-circuit dry-cleaning installations - Harmful substances and recommended industrial hygiene measures
Geschlossene Chemischreinigungsanlagen - Schadstoffsituation, Empfehlungen für den sicheren Umgang [in German]
This report describes a machines employing a closed-circuit solvent-recovery system, and the methods and programme for analysing the air used in assessing industrial hygiene conditions with closed-circuit machines (115) and conventional machines (354). Tetrachloroethylene concentrations exceed the threshold limit values for only a short period of time during drum loading. No relation was found between subjective symptoms, the duration or degree of exposure, or the tetrachloroethylene concentration. Recommendations on maximum load, control of the reduction unit, unloading, workroom size and ventilation.
BIA Report No.2-81. Berufsgenossenschaftliches Institut für Arbeitssicherheit, Postfach 20 43, 5205 St. Augustin 2, Federal Republic of Germany, 1981. 33p. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 81-1377 Bensadoun M.
Poisoning in 5 laundry workers due to ammonia from the thermal degradation of urea
Intoxication par dégradation thermique de l'urée en ammoniac chez cinq ouvriers blanchisseurs. [in French]
MD thesis. Clinical and paraclinical findings in 5 laundry workers, following a group poisoning incident, who presented with miscellaneous signs and symptoms and, in particular, respiratory symptoms suggesting ammonia poisoning. Review of the features of ammonia poisoning: history, physical and chemical properties, industrial uses of ammonia, pathology, physiopathology, various clinical forms, sequelae, treatment, safety and health measures, legislation in France. Specific features of a case of group poisoning due to the ammonia from the decomposition of the urea in a new laundry detergent.
Université de Paris VI, Faculté de médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, 1981, 37p. 32 ref.

1980

CIS 81-501 Nethercott J.R., Pierce J.M., Likwornick G., Murray A.H.
Genital ulceration due to Stoddard solvent.
5 cases are presented of ulcerative and erythematous lesions of the genitals and buttocks occurring in workers whose coveralls were still damp after having been dry-cleaned using Stoddard solvent. Findings were consistent with irritant contact dermatitis. The literature on the commonest dry-cleaning methods is reviewed. Recommendations to avoid the problem are made.
Journal of Occupational Medicine, Aug. 1980, Vol.22, No.8, p.549-552. Illus. 18 ref.

CIS 81-116 Mathiron C.
Prevention of hazards of contact with, and vapours of, tetrachloroethylene used in equipment for removing grease in dry cleaning establishments
La prévention des risques liés au contact et aux vapeurs de perchloréthylène utilisé en machines à dégraisser dans les ateliers et établisements effectuant le nettoyage à sec. [in French]
Communication to the Joint Technical Regional Committee for the Textile Industry (Comité technique régional des industries textiles), Lille, France. Contents: properties of tetrachloroethylene (TCE); hazards (paths of entry; acute and chronic toxicity); conditions for use of TCE in dry cleaning; preventive and protective measures (protection against vapour inhalation; storage in airtight containers; transfer pumping; observance of standards for the equipment used; inspection of equipment; supplied-air masks; workplace air monitoring).
Caisse régionale d'assurance maladie du Nord de la France, 11 boulevard Vauban, BP 3008, 59024 Lille Cedex, 12 June 1980. 9p. Illus. 14 ref. Gratis.

CIS 80-1632 Shipman A.J., Whim B.P.
Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene in metal cleaning processes and to tetrachloroethylene in the drycleaning industry in the U.K.
The exposure evaluation is based on personal sampling and adsorption of air samples over activated carbon and determination by gas chromatography. Most installations operate at well below threshold limit values (preliminary results). The technique is valuable for diagnosing the causes of high solvent levels.
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1980, Vol.23, No.2, p.197-204. 6 ref.

CIS 80-1232 Safety devices for spin dryers and washing machines in laundries
Dispositifs de sécurité pour essoreuses et laveuses de blanchisserie. [in French]
Contents: interlocking (electromagnetic devices, mechanical or electrical delay systems; rotation detector); automatic positioning of drum and interlocking of lid.
Travail et sécurité, Jan. 1980, No.1, p.70-75. Illus.

1979

CIS 80-1351 Blair A., Decoufle P., Grauman D.
Causes of death among laundry and dry cleaning workers.
Causes of death of 330 laundry and dry cleaning workers were analysed against exposure to carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. The increased risk for malignant neoplasms was mainly due to an excess of lung and cervical cancer and a slight excess of leukaemia and liver cancer.
American Journal of Public Health, May 1979, Vol.69, No.5, p.508-511. 24 ref.

CIS 80-1087 Lukaszewski T.
Acute tetrachloroethylene fatality.
The case is reported of a man who died shortly after trying to clear a plugged line in a dry-cleaning establishment. Tetrachloroethylene concentrations were: blood 4.4mg/100ml, brain 36mg/100mg, lung 0.3mg/100mg. He died too rapidly for metabolites to be detected in the urine.
Clinical Toxicology, 1979, Vol.15, No.4, p.411-415. 15 ref.

CIS 80-867 Hazards in the dry cleaning industry.
The history of solvent use in dry-cleaning operations and the results of a summer and winter study at 19 commercial and 4 coin-operated dry-cleaning plants are given: exposure to benzene and carbon tetrachloride was nil; perchloroethylene exposure was below the TLV (100ppm). Operational standards are set out (use of carbon adsorber pick-ups; general room ventilation (air change every 3-5min); make-up air; automatic local exhaust ventilation systems; no recirculation of exhausted air; use of low-velocity room fans; wearing of apron and gloves); maintenance programme; checking for leaks; personal sampling equipment or pocket dosimeters; availability of organic vapour cartridge respirator. A data sheet on perchloroethylene is appended.
Michigan's Occupational Health, Aug. 1979, Vol.23, No.1, p.1-6. Illus.

CIS 79-1982 Málek B., Krčmářová B., Rodová O.
Epidemiological survey of the incidence of liver tumour in workers exposed to trichloroethylene - II. Negative results of retrospective surveys in dry cleaning workers
Epidemiologická studie o výskytu nádorů jater u osob pracujících s trichlóretylénem: II. Negativní výsledek retrospektivních šetření u chemických pradláků [in Czech]
The authors examined medical files of 57 dry cleaning workers, aged 25-85 years, with 1 to 35 years of exposure to trichloroethylene. In spite of the high degree of exposure shown by urinary trichloroacetic acid levels (over 100mg/l in nearly 60% of the cases, with, in some cases, levels approximating 1,000mg/l) no case of liver cancer was found. The 6 reported cases of cancer involving other organs corresponded to the normal incidence of the disease in the respective age groups.
Pracovní lékařství, Apr. 1979, Vol.31, No.4, p.124-126. Illus. 1 ref.

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