Diseases of the respiratory system (except for pneumoconiosis & similar) - 2,965 entries found

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2008

CIS 08-1299 Girdler-Brown B.V., White N.W., Ehrlich R.I., Churchyard G.J.
The burden of silicosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and COPD among former Basotho goldminers
The burden of silicosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and COPD is described in 624 South African gold miners 18 months after cessation of work. Questionnaires were administered, and spirometry, chest radiography, tuberculosis investigations and urine HIV antibody assays were performed. The mean age of subjects was 49.4 years and their mean employment duration 25.6 years. Most subjects had had jobs with medium (26.5%) or high (65.4%) dust exposure. Current smoking rate was 35%, with ever smoking 61%. HIV antibodies were detected in the urine in 22.3%. Prevalences were: silicosis 24.6%, past tuberculosis 26%, current tuberculosis 6.2%, airflow obstruction 13.4% and chronic productive cough 17.7%. Almost 50% of these miners had at least one of these respiratory conditions.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Sep. 2008, Vol.51, No.9, p.640-647. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 08-1321 Naylor S., Fishwick D., Bradshaw L., Barber C., Tate P., Elms J., Robinson E., Rawbone R., Curran A.
Health and Safety Executive
Irritancy and sensitisation
The objective of this study was to document clinical differences between irritation and sensitization in the workplace, with a view to facilitating the diagnosis of cases of work-related respiratory disease. Until now, most clinical cases were assessed on the nature and duration of symptoms alone or in conjunction with simple measures of lung function and IgE testing. This study was particularly focused on determining whether irritation or sensitization in the workplace was associated with the workers' immune profile. It involved of 172 workers across five worksites, including 55 workers predominantly exposed to irritant chemicals (welders and metalworkers exposed to irritant gases), 76 workers predominantly exposed to sensitizers (workers exposed to latex and insect allergens) and 41 non-exposed office workers. Clinical tests were carried out to allow immune profile, lung function, airway responsiveness and reported respiratory symptoms to be compared between worker groups. Findings are discussed.
HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2008. vi, 62p. Illus. 20 ref.
http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr601.pdf [in English]

CIS 08-1303 Rosenberg N.
Occupational allergic respiratory diseases among painters
Affections respiratoires professionnelles allergiques chez les peintres [in French]
Occupational allergic respiratory diseases observed among painters essentially consist of rhinitis and asthma. Products likely to cause respiratory allergies include constituents of polyurethane, amine, phenolic and epoxy resins, inorganic (chromates, cobalt) and organic (azo) pigments, formaldehyde, and additives such as aromatic amines and polyfunctional aziridines. Dust levels found in the work environment can also be a causal factor. This article also discusses physiopathological mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention (limitation of exposure) and rules applying to the compensation of these diseases in France.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, June 2008, No.114, p.273-284. Illus. 39 ref.
http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TR%2043/$File/TR43.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-1289 Wild P., Bourgkard E., Paris C.
Lung cancer and occupational exposure to metals: Review of epidemiological studies
Cancer du poumon et exposition professionnelle aux métaux: une revue des études épidémiologiques [in French]
This literature survey discusses epidemiological findings concerning the relationship between lung cancer and occupational exposure to metals. Epidemiological data are briefly reviewed for the following known carcinogens: chromium, nickel, beryllium, cadmium, arsenic and silicon (in the form of crystalline silica), highlighting some of the aspects that are still not fully understood. Next, it examines in greater detail some of the metals for which the link between exposure and lung cancer risk is less certain, namely titanium, lead, iron, cobalt and tungsten. Despite a high risk of bronchopulmonary cancer among certain populations exposed to lead, there does not appear to be any dose-response relationship. Epidemiological studies carried out in the hard metal industry suggest a possible carcinogenic risk from cobalt in the presence of tungsten carbide. Other findings are discussed.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, June 2008, No.114, p.201-219. Illus. 160 ref.
http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TC%20120/$File/TC120.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-1311 Ranchal Sánchez A., Vaquero Abellán M.
Protocol for the health surveillance of teachers taking occupational diseases into account
Protocolo para la vigilancia de la salud del profesorado con atención a la enfermedad profesional [in Spanish]
The most frequent pathologies encountered among teachers are voice disorders. It is important to diagnose these diseases during regular medical examinations in this population at risk. An epidemiological survey on the state of health and occupational diseases was carried out involving a sample of 361 teachers (51.8% women). Based on the findings of the survey, a method for monitoring the health of teaching staff, including vocal health, is proposed.
Medicina y seguridad del trabajo, June 2008, Vol.LIV, No.211, p.47-60. Illus. 21 ref.
http://www.isciii.es/htdocs/centros/medicinadeltrabajo/revistamedicinatrabajo/Medicina_211.pdf [in Spanish]
http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S0465-546X2008000200007&script=sci_arttext [in Spanish]

CIS 08-1463 Seitz C.S., Bröcker E.B., Trautmann A.
Occupational allergy due to seafood delivery: Case report
Sensitization to fish or crustaceans requires intensive skin contact and/or airway exposure. This article presents the case of a truck driver delivering seafood for 10 years, and who neglected preventive measures such as wearing gloves and protective clothing. Despite his sensitization to fish and crustaceans, he tried to remain in his job but with ongoing allergen exposure: his symptoms progressed from initial contact urticaria to generalized urticaria, anaphylaxis and finally asthma. Among predisposed atopic individuals, even minor exposure to seafood allergens may lead to occupational allergy. With ongoing allergen exposure, progression to potentially life-threatening symptoms may occur.
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, May 2008, Vol.3, No.11, 3p. 14 ref.

CIS 08-1339 Glindmeyer H.W., Rando R.J., Lefante J.J., Freyder L., Brisolara J.A., Jones R.N.
Longitudinal respiratory health study of the wood processing industry
This 5-year longitudinal study examined non-malignant respiratory effects of wood processing dust exposure. Personal dust samples were collected from ten wood processing plants. Spirometric tests were conducted on 1164 workers from these plants, who also responded to questionnaires on their state of health, smoking and occupational exposures. Regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of exposure on annual change in FEV₁, FVC, FEF_25-75, and FEV₁/FVC. It was found that exposure to wood solids was not associated with significant adverse effects. However the respirable fraction of other particulate matter was associated with obstructive or restrictive effects in some cases. Other findings are discussed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Aug. 2008, Vol.51 No.8, p.595-609. Illus. 47 ref.

CIS 08-1304 Gustavsson P., Bigert B., Pollán M.
Incidence of lung cancer among subway drivers in Stockholm
In earlier studies, very high levels of airborne particles had been detected in the subway system in Stockholm, Sweden, and these particles were found to be more toxic to DNA in cultured human lung cells than particles from ambient air. This study involved a cohort comprised of all male transport and communication workers in Stockholm County who were gainfully employed in 1970. They were followed for cancer incidence until 1989. Lung cancer cases were identified from the national cancer register, and subway drivers were identified from the census in 1970. There were nine cases of lung cancer among the subway drivers, resulting in a standardized incidence ratio of 0.82 compared to the reference cohort of transport workers. In conclusion, the lung cancer incidence was not increased among the subway drivers.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 2008, Vol.51, No.7, p.545-547. 13 ref.

CIS 08-1301 Fireman E., Lerman Y., Stark M., Schwartz Y., Ganor E., Grinberg N., Frimer R., Landau D.A., Zilberberg M., Barenboim E., Jacovovitz R.
Detection of occult lung impairment in welders by induced sputum particles and breath oxidation
This study evaluated particulate matter in combined induced sputum (IS) and oxidation in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), in order to test whether underlying inflammatory changes are present in asymptomatic welders. Thirty welders from the Israel Defence Forces exposed to aluminium/iron (Group 1), 16 exposed to cadmium/chromium/iron/lead/nickel (Group 2) and 27 non-exposed administrative staff were studied. IS was recovered and particle size distribution, hydrogen peroxide and pH were measured; exhaled breath condensate also was collected. Group 2 had a higher percentage of neutrophils than all other participants and a higher percentage of particles of more than 2µm in diameter. Percent particles and years of exposure highly correlated. All welders' EBC samples had higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide than controls. Other findings are discussed.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 2008, Vol.51, No.7, p.503-511. Illus. 43 ref.

CIS 08-1284 van Kampen V., Merget R., Butz M., Taeger D., Brüning T.
Trends in suspected and recognized occupational respiratory diseases in Germany between 1970 and 2005
Based on the reports of the three German accident insurance agencies, the numbers of suspected and recognized cases of occupational respiratory diseases between 1970 and 2005 were collected and combined. The trends in the rates per 100,000 insured workers were calculated. Overall, a decline in occupational respiratory diseases since 1998 could be observed. This trend is mainly based on the decrease in non-malignant respiratory diseases caused by silica, and in obstructive airway diseases. In contrast, asbestos-induced diseases showed a levelling off or an increase (mesothelioma) during the last 10 years. These data indicate that prevention has been effective in reducing some of the most frequent occupational respiratory diseases in Germany.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 2008, Vol.51, No.7, p.492-502. Illus. 19 ref.

CIS 08-1283 Quint J., Beckett W.S., Campleman S.L., Sutton P., Prudhomme J., Flattery J., Harrison R., Cowan B., Kreutzer R.
Primary prevention of occupational asthma: Identifying and controlling exposures to asthma-causing agents
Primary prevention of occupational asthma requires the recognition and regulation of asthma-causing agents. This study examined 39 substances known to cause allergic occupational asthma in the United States, in order to determine the basis for their identification and their regulatory status. Occupational asthmagens recognized and regulated in the United Kingdom and Germany were also examined. It was found that United States regulatory agencies have not established consistent, evidence-based methods to identify and control exposures to substances that cause occupational asthma. Occupational asthmagens are identified primarily by non-regulatory organizations, and most are therefore not regulated. A regulatory process should include: establishing consistent identification criteria; publishing a list of occupational asthmagens; collecting use, exposure, and health effects information on asthma-causing substances; medical surveillance and medical removal protection; and stimulating the development of safer alternatives.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, July 2008, Vol.51, No.7, p.477-491. 56 ref.

CIS 08-848 Lemière C., Maghni K.
A new test for helping diagnose and evaluate occupational asthma: Induced sputum
Un nouveau test d'aide au diagnostic et à l'évaluation de l'asthme professionnel: l'expectoration induite [in French]
In order to evaluate a new test for helping the diagnosis and evaluation of occupational asthma, 24 workers with occupational asthma were recruited. Besides assessing their respiratory function, their bronchial inflammation was evaluated by sputum induction, a simple non-invasive method for evaluating bronchial cellularity. The results show that the functional and inflammatory parameters of subjects with occupational asthma improve mainly in the six months following removal from exposure. Furthermore, it appears that the workers with eosinophilic bronchial inflammation at the time of diagnosis evolve more favourably after removal from exposure than those without such inflammation.
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2008. iii, 15p. Illus. 30 ref. Price: CAD 7.35. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-545.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-825 Hayati F., Maghsoodloo S., DeVivo M.J., Thomas R.E., Lemiere C.
Quality control chart method for analyzing PEF variability in occupational asthma
This research investigated the effectiveness of a quality control chart as a method to explore the occupational nature of asthma using peak expiratory flow (PEF) as the measured variable. PEF measurements were recorded from several workers suspected of having occupational asthma. The measurements were recorded for periods of two weeks at work and two away from work. For each subject, an average quality control chart was developed and analysed using Shewhart methods. The chart allowed the detection and characterization of the increased variation in PEF between periods at the workplace and away from the workplace. It was found to be an effective and inexpensive method for the early detection of workers suspected for occupational asthma.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 2008, Vol.51, No.3, p.223-228. Illus. 37 ref.

CIS 08-824 Setta J.H., Neder A., Bagatin E., Terra-Filho M., Maris Nápolis L., Dal Corso S., Ferreira Amorin M.M., Tavares Rodrigues R., Godoy Fernandes A.L., Nery L.E.
Relationship between induced sputum cytology and inflammatory status with lung structural and functional abnormalities in asbestosis
In order to assess whether induced sputum cytology and local and systemic markers of inflammation may be helpful to characterize asbestosis status and progression, 39 ex-workers with asbestosis on high-resolution computed tomography and 21 non-exposed controls were evaluated. Sputum cytology and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in serum and sputum were related to lung function impairment. It was found that subjects with asbestosis had cytological abnormalities in induced sputum and increased local and systemic inflammatory status which were correlated to lung function impairment.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Mar. 2008, Vol.51, n°3, p.186-194. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 08-592 Mazurek J.M., Filios M., Willis R., Rosenman K.D., Reilly M.J., McGreevy K., Schill D.P., Valiante D., Pechter E., Davis L., Flattery J., Harrison R.
Work-related asthma in the educational services industry: California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993-2000
The objective of this study was to characterize work-related asthma (WRA) among persons working in educational services, identified by state-based occupational disease surveillance systems. A total of 2,995 WRA cases reported from 1993 to 2000 to four states, California, Massachusetts, Michigan and New Jersey, were examined. Nine percent of the WRA cases were employed in educational services, among which 69% were classified as new-onset asthma and 31% as work-aggravated asthma. New-onset asthma cases were further classified as occupational asthma (61%) or as reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (8%). The most frequently reported occupation was teachers and teachers' aides (54%). The most frequently reported agents were indoor air pollutants (28%), moulds (16%), dusts (14%) and cleaning products (7%).
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 2008, Vol.51, No.2, p.47-59. 52 ref.

CIS 08-588 Kaukainen A., Martikainen R., Riala R., Reijula K., Tammilehto L.
Work tasks, chemical exposure and respiratory health in construction painting
This case-control study on chemical exposure and respiratory health was carried out by means of a questionnaire addressed to 1000 construction painters and 1000 carpenters in Finland, all males (response rates 60.6% and 60.4%, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression models were adjusted for age, smoking and atopy. Compared to carpentry work, outdoor painting, more than indoor painting, was associated with asthma-like symptoms (odds ratios (OR) 2.7-6.5), rhinitis (OR 2.4), asthma (OR 4.7) and chronic bronchitis (OR 2.9). Risk factors for respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis were the use of epoxy and urethane paints, putties and plasters, as well as the use of glues or traditional paints. Water-based paints were not a common cause of symptoms, and their use should be further encouraged.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Feb. 2008, Vol.51, no.2, p.1-8. 38 ref.

2007

CIS 11-0663 Capone L., Consiglio E., Fulgenzi A.E., Jarés E., Labbate A., Poropat A.
Ministerio de trabajo, empleo y seguridad social
Occupational respiratory pathology
Patología respiratoria de origen ocupacional [in Spanish]
Report on five medical conferences on the most frequent occupational respiratory pathologies, organized by the Argentinian public OSH institution (Superintendencia de riesgos del trabajo, SRT), explaining the most suitable treatments and preventive measures to be adopted by workers, together with typical examples. Topics addressed: occupational asthma; occupational respiratory infections; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; pleural diseases; interstitial diseases.
Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (SRT), Bartolomé Mitre 751, C1036AAM Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2007. 101p. Illus. 2 ref. pdf document.

CIS 10-0154 Manganese and its compounds
Manganèse et ses composés [in French]
Occupational exposures to manganese and its compounds are mainly encountered in the steel and smelting industries, as well as in welding. Other industries such as dry cell manufacture, glassworks, and the production of paints and pigments can give also rise to exposures, as can certain pesticides used in agriculture. Occupational exposure to manganese occurs almost exclusively through inhalation, with the lungs and the central nervous system being the main target organs. In cases of chronic exposure, neurological disorders and in particular perceptual-motor performance, constitute the main critical effect. Higher exposures (generally above 5mg/m3) give rise to Parkinson-like symptoms. The identification of groups of exposed workers is possible by means of determinations in blood or urine. Monitoring of manganese exposure rests mainly on atmospheric sampling. Acceptable occupational exposure levels are 0.050 and 0.200mg/m³ respectively for respirable and inhalable fractions. Replaces CIS 03-827.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, 2nd quarter 2010, No.167, 10p. 72 ref.

CIS 09-1225 Birdsey J., Alterman T., Petersen M.R.
Race, occupation, and lung cancer: Detecting disparities with death certificate data
Mortality odds ratios for lung cancer versus all other causes were calculated for 218,341 Afro-American and Caucasian men who had been employed in the metal industries. Afro-American men were found to be at increased risk for lung cancer mortality when compared with Caucasian men among the 4668 coke oven workers (OR 1.38), but not among the 33,605 white-collar workers (OR 0.95). Implications of these findings are discussed.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 2007, Vol.49, No.11, p.1257-1263. Illus. 45 ref.

CIS 09-1224 Mauer M.P., Cummings K.R., Carlson G.A.
Health effects in New York State personnel who responded to the World Trade Center disaster
The state of health of 1423 New York State personnel who responded to the World Trade Center disaster was evaluated. Data collected by means of questionnaires, clinical examinations and laboratory tests were subjected to logistic regression analyses. Lower and upper respiratory symptoms were reported by nearly half of the study participants. One third reported a psychological symptom. Some health effects were associated with having been caught in the cloud of dust on the day of the terrorist attack. Other findings are discussed.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Nov. 2007, Vol.49, No.11, p.1197-1205. Illus. 28 ref.

CIS 09-1023 Dimich-Ward H., Taliadouros V., Teschke K., Chow Y., Abboud R., Chan-Yeung M.
Quality of life and employment status of workers with western red cedar asthma
The impact of current employment status and other factors on quality of life was evaluated for workers diagnosed with western red cedar asthma in British Columbia, Canada. Data were collected by means of structured telephone interviews. Among the 213 participants, employment status was the most consistent predictor of quality-of-life domains, with highest scores for employed subjects, particularly those who were no longer exposed to red cedar. Subjects who had quit work because of their asthma had worse scores, particularly for vitality and general health perceptions. Other factors independently associated with specific aspects of poor quality of life were having asthma-like symptoms, taking medication, and not being married.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2007, Vol.49, No.9, p.1040-1045. 29 ref.

CIS 09-566 Kuzmickiene I., Stukonis M.
Lung cancer risk among textile workers in Lithuania
The purpose of this study was to investigate lung cancer incidence in textile industry workers in Lithuania by the type of job and evaluate the relation between occupational textile dusts exposure and lung cancer risk in a cohort of 14,650 Lithuanian textile workers who were followed from 1978 to 2002. Lung cancer risk was analyzed using the standardized incidence ratios (SIR) calculated by the person-years method. The expected number of cases was calculated by indirect methods using Lithuanian incidence rates. During the period of 25 years, 70 cancer cases for men and 15 for women were identified. The SIR 0.94 for men was 0.94 and 1.36 for women. Other findings are discussed.
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Nov. 2007, Vol.2, No.14, 5p. 26 ref.
http://www.occup-med.com/content/pdf/1745-6673-2-14.pdf [in English]

CIS 09-328 Mirabelli M.C., Zock J.P., Plana E., Antó J.M., Benke G., Blanc P.D., Dahlman-Höglund A., Jarvis D.L., Kromhout H., Lillienberg L., Norbäck D., Olivieri M., Radon K., Sunyer J., Torén K., van Sprundel M., Villani S., Kogevinas M.
Occupational risk factors for asthma among nurses and related healthcare professionals in an international study
This study examined the relations between self-reported work tasks, use of cleaning products and latex glove use with new-onset asthma among nursing and other healthcare workers. A cohort of 332 participants from 22 European sites working in nursing and other related healthcare jobs followed during a nine-year period responded to a questionnaire about their work environment, occupational tasks, products used at work and respiratory symptoms. Poisson regression models were used to compare the risk of new-onset asthma among healthcare workers exposed to various substances to that of unexposed respondents who reported administrative occupations during the entire follow-up period. Compared to the referent group, increased risks were observed risks among hospital technicians (risk ratio RR 4.63) and among those using ammonia and/or bleach at work (RR 2.16). Other findings are discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, July 2007, Vol.64, No.7, p.474-479. 29 ref.

CIS 09-327 de Fátima Maçãira E., Algranti E., Coeli Mendonça E.M., Bussacos M. A.
Rhinitis and asthma symptoms in non-domestic cleaners from the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of rhinitis and asthma symptoms among cleaners and to analyse associated risk factors. Questionnaires on respiratory symptoms were administered to 341 cleaners working in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, full occupational histories were obtained, and skin prick tests and spirometry were performed. The timing of their symptoms onset in relation to occupational history allowed estimating the proportion of work-related asthma and rhinitis. Risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Asthma and rhinitis were present in 11% and 35% of the cleaners, respectively. Risk factors of work-related asthma and rhinitis included years of employment and atopy. There was a higher risk of rhinitis among women. Other findings are discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, July 2007, Vol.64, No.7, p.446-453. Illus. 36 ref.

CIS 09-456 Krakowiak A., Wiszniewska M., Krawczyk P., Szulc B., Wittczak T., Walusiak J., Pałczynski C.
Risk factors associated with airway allergic disease from exposure to laboratory animal allergens among veterinarians
This study examines the risk factors for the development of occupational airway allergy (OAA) from exposure to laboratory animal allergens (LAA) among Polish veterinarians. Two hundred veterinarians responded to the questionnaire and were subjected to skin prick tests for common allergens and LAA (rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit). Evaluation of total serum IgE level and specific IgE against occupational allergens was performed. The prevalence of asthmatic and ocular symptoms was statistically more prevalent in the group of veterinarians sensitised to LAA versus non-sensitised subjects. The most frequent occupational allergens of skin and serum reactivity were LAA (44.5 and 31.5%, respectively). In 41 (20.5%) and in 22 (11%) subjects, serum specific IgE to natural rubber latex allergens and disinfectants was also found. Serum sensitisation to cat allergens and daily contact with laboratory animals (LA) increased the risk for developing occupational rhinitis. Furthermore, having worked more than 10 years and daily contact with LA were also significant risk factors for the development of OAA. Other findings are discussed.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, May 2007, Vol.80, No.6, p.465-475. Illus. 41 ref.

CIS 09-298 Francis H.C., Prys-Picard C.O., Fishwick D., Stenton C., Burge P.S., Bradshaw L.M., Ayres J.G., Campbell S.M., Niven R.M.
Defining and investigating occupational asthma: A consensus approach
The objective of this study was to propose a definition of occupational asthma and to define the framework of resources necessary to run a specialist occupational asthma clinic. A modified RAND method was used to gain a consensus of opinion from an expert panel of clinicians running specialist occupational asthma clinics in the United Kingdom. Consensus was reached over 10 terms defining occupational asthma. Disagreement arose on whether low dose irritant-induced asthma existed, but the panel agreed that if it did exist, they would include it in the definition of "work-related asthma". The panel agreed on of resources which should be available to a specialist occupational asthma service, including spirometry testing, non-specific provocation challenge and specific IgE to a wide variety of occupational agents. It is hoped that the outcome of this process will improve uniformity of definition and diagnosis of occupational asthma.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 2007, Vol.64, No.6, p.361-365. Illus. 25 ref.

CIS 09-316 Kayumba A.V., Bråtveit M., Mashalla Y., Moen B.E.
Acute respiratory symptoms among sisal workers in Tanzania
In this study on the prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms among sisal processors, 163 dust-exposed brushing and decortication workers and 31 low-exposed security workers from six sisal estates in Tanzania were interviewed using a symptom score questionnaire to determine the prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms during work. Groups were compared using various statistical methods after adjusting for confounding factors. After the first working day of the week, 73% of the brushing workers reported dry cough, 66% sneezing, 65% productive cough, 63% running nose and 34% stuffy nose. Brushing workers had a significantly higher prevalence of these symptoms than decortication workers. Brushing and decortication workers had significantly more dry cough and sneezing than the control group of security workers, when adjusting for age, smoking, past respiratory diseases and residence. Processors of sisal fibre have a high prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms. More detailed studies on work and health in sisal estates are needed, including exposure studies.
Occupational Medicine, June 2007, Vol.57, No.4, p.290-293. Illus. 10 ref.

CIS 09-319 Jones S.R., Atkin P., Holroyd C., Lutman E., Vives i Batlle J., Wakeford R., Walker P.
Lung cancer mortality at a UK tin smelter
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lung cancer mortality and quantitative measures of exposure in a tin smelter. Using available records of occupational hygiene measurements, exposure matrices for arsenic, cadmium, lead, antimony and polonium-210, covering the main process areas of the smelter, were established as well as work histories from personnel record cards for the previously defined cohort of 1462 male employees. Three different methods of extrapolation were used to assess exposures prior to 1972 when no measurement results were available. Lung cancer mortality was examined in relation to cumulative inhalation exposure by Poisson regression analysis. No significant associations could be found between lung cancer mortality and simple cumulative exposure to any of the substances studied. When cumulative exposures were weighted according to time since exposure and attained age, significant associations were found between lung cancer mortality and exposures to arsenic, lead and antimony. Other findings are discussed.
Occupational Medicine, June 2007, Vol.57, No.4, p.238-245. Illus. 45 ref.

CIS 09-56 Valcin M., Henneberger P.K., Kullman G.J., Umbach D.M., London S.J., Alavanja M.C., Sandler D.P., Hoppin J.A.
Chronic bronchitis among nonsmoking farm women in the agricultural health study
The purpose of this study was to examine agricultural risk factors for chronic bronchitis among non-smoking women working on farms in the United States. Self-reported data from the 21,541 women in the Agricultural Health Study were used to evaluate occupational risk factors. Odds ratios (ORs) of chronic bronchitis for occupational exposures were adjusted for age and State. Applying manure and driving combines were independently associated with chronic bronchitis. Off-farm job exposures associated with chronic bronchitis were organic dusts, asbestos, gasoline, and solvents. Five pesticides were associated with chronic bronchitis after multivariate adjustment and sensitivity analyses: dichlorvos (OR 1.63), DDT (OR 1.67), cyanazine (OR 1.88), paraquat (OR 1.91) and methyl bromide (OR 1.82).
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2007, Vol.49, No.5, p.574-583. 35 ref.

CIS 09-64 Bowlin S.J., Clark B.D., Prebay R.K., Klein P.J., Perkins L.L.
General mortality from 1944 through 1994 for a silicon-based chemical company
The objective of this study was to reevaluate the statistically significant elevated risk of lung cancer among men with ≥20 years of employment at a United States manufacturer of silicon-based materials. The cohort included 712 deaths among 8266 employees who were hired from 1943 to 1992 with follow-up through 1994. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for 63 causes of death. Statistical analyses confirmed a significant increased mortality from cancer of the bronchus, trachea and lung among men prior to 1985. SMRs after 1985, however, were not statistically significant.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, May 2007, Vol.49, No.5, p.526-539. 14 ref.

CIS 08-1315 Sim M.
The need for an occupational disease surveillance system in Australia
Cancer and respiratory diseases are important causes of ill health in Australian workplaces. Workers' compensation data are the only national source of data which can be used to measure the occurrence of these diseases, but these data are known to seriously underestimate their true extent. Disease surveillance has been used as an effective tool to reduce the burden of disease in the public health setting in Australia and for occupational diseases in several other countries. This article argues in favour of a national occupational disease surveillance system, in combination with other data sources (such as exposure surveillance data), as a means of assisting government, industry, unions and practitioners to more effectively reduce the burden of occupational disease in Australia.
Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, Dec. 2007, Vol.23, No.6, p.557-562. 20 ref.

CIS 08-1211 Heutelbeck A.R.R., Janicke N., Hilgers R., Kütting B., Drexler H., Hallier E., Bickeböller H.
German cattle allergy study (CAS): Public health relevance of cattle-allergic farmers
This study involved farmers from all regions of Germany who were reported to the Agricultural Institutions for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention (Landwirtschaftliche Berufsgenossenschaften) between 1990 and 2002 with a suspected occupational cattle-allergic airways disease. A total of 513 patients were identified considering following parameters: age, gender, onset of airways symptoms related to contact with cattle, beginning of employment disability, total and specific Immunoglobulin E against cattle allergens, and lung function.. Of these patients, 24.8% showed cattle-related symptoms of asthma, 11.7% of rhinitis, and 60% of both asthma and rhinitis. Other findings are discussed.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nov. 2007, Vol.81, No.2, p.201-208. Illus. 29 ref.

CIS 08-1064 Wallaart J., Winder C.
A survey of New Zealand farmers' knowledge about the risks and prevention of occupational respiratory disease
About 10% of the working population of New Zealand is employed in agriculture. Some types of farming appear to have a higher level of occupational respiratory disease than among the general population. In this study, farmers' knowledge about the risks and prevention of occupational respiratory disease was assessed by means of a questionnaire survey. The findings suggest that the level of knowledge is low, despite numerous attempts by government and other agencies to raise awareness in this community. Implications are discussed.
Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, Oct. 2007, Vol.23, No.5, p.469-479. Illus. 27 ref.

CIS 08-1070 Sikkeland L.I.B., Haug T., Stangeland A.M., Flatberg G., Søstrand P., Halvorsen B, Kongerud J.
Airway inflammation in paper mill workers
Paper mill workers are exposed to microorganisms. To study whether inflammatory airway response could be detected in sputum of non-symptomatic workers, 29 healthy nonsmoking men were recruited from four paper mills in Norway; 17 were exposed to high levels of and 12 workers to low levels of microorganisms. A reference group of 22 healthy, nonsmoking, non-exposed men was also studied. Differential cell counts of induced sputum were performed, gene expressions of isolated sputum macrophages were studied and inflammatory parameters were analyzed. Sputum from highly-exposed workers had a significantly higher percentage of neutrophils than that from low-exposed and non-exposed workers. There was also an increased gene expression of various inflammatory parameters in induced sputum from the highly-exposed group. These findings show that paper industry workers exposed to microorganisms develop sub-clinical airway inflammation.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 2007, Vol.49, No.10, p.1135-1142. Illus. 24 ref.

CIS 08-1053 Ulvestad B., Randem B.G., Andersson L., Ellingsen D.G., Barregard L.
Clara cell protein as a biomarker for lung epithelial injury in asphalt workers
This study investigated whether asphalt workers showed signs of lung epithelial injury as shown by increased Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) in serum after six months of exposure. Asphalt pavers, asphalt plant operators and engineers from a large Norwegian road construction and repair enterprise underwent lung function tests and blood sampling before the start and at the end of the road working season. Blood samples were analysed for concentration of CC16 and interleukin-6 (IL-6). After adjustment for smoking, pavers had a significantly larger increase in CC16 concentration after the season as compared with that of engineers and plant operators. Among pavers, changes in serum CC16 were correlated with those of IL-6. CC16 increases over the season in pavers and appears to be a useful biomarker for lung epithelial injury in exposed workers.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oct. 2007, Vol.49, No.10, p.1073-1078. Illus. 20 ref.

CIS 08-593 Krakowiak A., Krawczyk P., Szulc B., Wiszniewska M., Kowalczyk M., Walusiak J., Pałczyński C.
Prevalence and host determinants of occupational bronchial asthma in animal shelter workers
This study examined the risk factors of airway allergy in 88 animal shelter workers in Poland, occupationally exposed to cats and dogs, who responded to a questionnaire concerning the history of exposure to animal allergens and job characteristics. They were subjected to skin prick tests for cat, dog, rat and mouse allergens, and determinations of total serum IgE and specific IgE levels. Bronchial hyperreactivity and peak expiratory flow rate were measured at work and off work only in workers with symptoms suggestive of occupational asthma (OA). The prevalence of OA was 9.1%. Sensitization to dog allergens was higher than to cats. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant role of a family history of atopy, having a dog as pet in the past and growing up in the country (odds ratios of 5.9, 6.47 and 7.59 respectively).
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Apr. 2007, Vol.80, No.5, p.423-432. Illus. 38 ref.

CIS 08-650 Carel R., Olsson A.C., Zaridze D., Szeszenia-Dabrowska N., Rudnai P., Lissowska J., Fabianova E., Cassidy A., Mates D., Bencko V., Foretova L., Jenout V., Fevotte J., Fletcher T., 't Mannetje A., Brennan P., Boffetta P.
Occupational exposure to asbestos and man-made vitreous fibres and risk of lung cancer: A multicentre case-control study in Europe
To investigate the contribution of occupational exposure to asbestos and man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF) to lung cancer, a multicentre case-control study was conducted in seven European countries during the period 1998-2002. Comprehensive occupational and sociodemographic information was collected from 2205 newly-diagnosed male lung cancer cases and 2305 controls matched by age, smoking habits and occupational exposures. The odds ratios (ORs) of lung cancer were 0.92 in Central and Eastern Europe and 1.85 in the United Kingdom. Similar ORs were found for exposure to amphibole asbestos. The OR for MMVF exposure was 1.23 with no significant differences by country. Possible reasons for the differences between the United Kingdom and the other countries are discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 2007, Vol.64, No.8, p.502-508. 38 ref.

CIS 08-581 Siemiatycki J.
Investigating cancer risks related to asbestos and other occupational carcinogens
While it is estimated that 90% of lung cancers among men and 70% among women are attributable to smoking, the rest are believed to be due to occupational factors. Occupational cancer remains a critically-important area of research, both for lung cancer and other cancers. This editorial argues that it is important to have in place the resources needed for such research. It is likely that population-based case-control studies will be the primary design used. This will require creating and maintaining a cadre of experts who can carry out the exposure assessment needed for such research.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 2007, Vol.64, No.8, p.500-501. 14 ref.

CIS 08-580 Kreiss K.
Emerging opportunities to prevent occupational lung disease
Although 80% of cases of chronic obstructive respiratory disease are attributable to smoking, the remaining 20% are believed to be mostly due to occupational causes, particularly among persons below the age of 45. This editorial argues that population-based multidisciplinary follow-up of sentinel cases of emerging lung diseases suspected to be due to occupational factors can enable occupational physicians to recommend risk-based preventive measures.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aug. 2007, Vol.64, No.8, p.499-500. 12 ref.

CIS 08-603 Bonneterre V., Maître A., Liaudy S., Perdrix A.
Respiratory diseases due to the exposure to hard metal dust
Affections respiratoires liées à l'exposition aux poussières de métaux durs [in French]
Hard metals, essentially based on tungsten carbide (CW) and cobalt (Co), are generally produced using powder metallurgy processes such as hot isostatic pressing, more rarely by melting. Many groups of subjects are exposed to these metals during their production, machining, welding and brazing. Co alone can cause immunoallergies such as asthma or non-respiratory impairments; when linked to CW, sometimes together with other metal carbides, it can cause pulmonary fibrosis and bronchopulmonary cancers. Contents of this review article on respiratory diseases caused by exposure to hard metal dust: hard metal production processes; metabolism and monitoring of occupational exposure; pathological effects on the human organism; collective prevention measures; medical supervision; current procedures for obtaining occupational disease compensation in France.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Toxicologie-Pathologie professionnelle, 2nd Quarter 2007, No.155, 8p. 77 ref.

CIS 08-514 Gautrin D., Daigle S., Goyer N.
Occupational asthma - Information and prevention
Asthme au travail - Information et prévention [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. This leaflet addresses the issue of the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis in general terms. It explains what constitute asthma and rhinitis, together with their diagnosis and treatment. The allergens most frequently encountered in various occupational sectors are summarized in a table. Together with this leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms, the IRSST published six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail (see CIS 08-515/520), explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures.
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 6 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-513.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-520 Roberge B., Audet E., Gautrin D.
Occupational asthma - Plumbing and heating
Asthme au travail - Plomberie et chauffage [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. The IRSST published a leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms (see CIS 08-514), together with six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail, explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures. This leaflet specifically addresses occupational asthma and rhinitis among plumbing and heating systems workers, together with the means of protection against specific allergens encountered in this work environment (metal fumes, zinc chloride, solvents, nitrogen oxides, mineral oils).
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 4 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-512.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-519 Roberge B., Audet E., Gautrin D.
Occupational asthma - Animal health
Asthme au travail - Santé animale [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. The IRSST published a leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms (see CIS 08-514), together with six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail, explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures. This leaflet specifically addresses occupational asthma and rhinitis in the animal health sector, together with the means of protection against specific allergens encountered in this work environment (animal proteins, latex proteins, formaldehyde, chlorhexidine, cleaning agents).
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 3 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-511.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-515 Roberge B., Audet E., Gautrin D.
Occupational asthma - Plastering
Asthme au travail - Plâtrage [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. The IRSST published a leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms (see CIS 08-514), together with six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail, explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures. This leaflet specifically addresses occupational asthma and rhinitis in plastering, together with the means of protection against specific allergens encountered in this work environment (lime, plaster, calcium carbonate, isocyanates).
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 3 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-510.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-518 Roberge B., Audet E., Gautrin D.
Occupational asthma - Dental hygiene
Asthme au travail - Hygiène dentaire [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. The IRSST published a leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms (see CIS 08-514), together with six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail, explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures. This leaflet specifically addresses occupational asthma and rhinitis among dental hygienists, together with the means of protection against specific allergens encountered in this work environment (acrylates, silica, plaster, cleaning agents, latex proteins).
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 4 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-509.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-516 Roberge B., Audet E., Gautrin D.
Occupational asthma - Carpentry and woodworking
Asthme au travail - Charpenterie et menuiserie [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. The IRSST published a leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms (see CIS 08-514), together with six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail, explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures. This leaflet specifically addresses occupational asthma and rhinitis in the carpentry and woodworking sector, together with the means of protection against specific allergens encountered in this work environment (wood dust, adhesives, solvents, isocyanates, silica).
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 3 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-508.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-517 Roberge B., Audet E., Gautrin D.
Occupational asthma - The bakery and confectionery industry
Asthme au travail - Boulangerie et pâtisserie [in French]
In order to adopt suitable measures for the prevention of occupational asthma and rhinitis, it is important to understand the health hazards in various vocational training and occupational settings. The IRSST published a leaflet presenting these two respiratory diseases in general terms (see CIS 08-514), together with six other leaflets covering specific occupational activities in more detail, explaining the risk factors and proposing suitable preventive measures. This leaflet specifically addresses occupational asthma and rhinitis in the bakery and confectionary sector, together with the means of protection against specific allergens encountered in this work environment (wheat proteins, egg proteins, natural enzymes, cleaning agents).
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, Sep. 2007. 6p. Illus. 3 ref.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RF-507.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-669 Ameille J., Clin-Godard B., Descatha A., Letourneux M.
Benign respiratory diseases caused by the inhalation of asbestos
Maladies respiratoires bénignes liées à l'inhalation d'amiante [in French]
Benign asbestos-related diseases may involve the lung or the pleura. Asbestosis is an interstitial pulmonary fibrosis caused by high levels of exposure to asbestos, which is becoming less frequent because of improved prevention measures. Asbestosis is associated with an increased risk of bronchial and lung cancer. By itself, pulmonary fibrosis may increase this risk regardless of the cumulative exposure to asbestos. Pleural plaques are circumscribed areas of fibrosis of the parietal layer of the pleura. Usually asymptomatic, they are by far the most frequent asbestos-related diseases. There is no evidence that subjects with pleural plaques present an increased risk of lung cancer or mesothelioma, compared to other subjects with similar exposure but without plaques. Benign pleural effusions and fibrosis of the visceral pleura are much less frequent. Fibrosis of visceral pleura may be responsible of chest pain and restrictive ventilatory impairment. It is radiologically characterized by the presence of parenchymal bands and/or rounded atelectasis in association with a pleural thickening. Procedures for the compensation of asbestos-related occupational diseases in France are reviewed.
Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, Toxicologie-Pathologie professionnelle, 3rd Quarter 2007, No.156, 11p. 156 ref.

CIS 08-573 Rosenberg N.
Occupational asthma due to enzymes
Asthme professionnel aux enzymes [in French]
Enzymes are used in many industries and activities. Whenever they are handled as powders or aerosols, there is a risk of respiratory sensitization. Sensitization is due to their protein structure and not to their enzymatic activity. The sectors of activity most frequently involved are the detergents industry, enzyme production, biotech research, the pharmaceutical industry and the food industry, particularly the bakery products industry. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exposure to enzymes in powered or aerosol form and positive skin or blood tests. Atopy constitutes a risk factor but enzyme asthma is always the result of deficient working conditions; its prevention requires strict workplace hygiene. Rhinitis and asthma caused by enzymes are recognized as occupational diseases in France.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 4th Quarter 2007, No.112, p.553-564. 64 ref.
http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TR%2040/$File/TR40.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-570 Matrat M., Andujar P., Pairon J.C.
Occupational respiratory diseases
Maladies respiratoires professionnelles [in French]
Main conclusions of this literature survey on occupational respiratory diseases: bronchial reactivity to bakery allergens is closely related to the severity of skin allergy; close to 7% of health care employees suffer from asthma linked to their occupation (use of latex gloves, administering aerosols and drugs, cleaning of instruments and surfaces); for all asthma patients of working age, obtaining a detailed occupational history is of key importance for improving the diagnosis of the cause of asthma; among populations previously exposed to asbestos, the earlier smoking was given up, the lower the risk of bronchopulmonary cancer; there is a link between exposure to crystalline silica and the risk of lung cancer; some genetic polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer among workers exposed to chromium.
Documents pour le médecin du travail, 4th Quarter 2007, No.112, p.519-529. Illus. Bibl.ref.
http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TF%20166/$File/TF166.pdf [in French]

CIS 08-601 McGregor D.
Risk of multiple myeloma and cancers of the respiratory system, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, prostate, testes and skin in firemen
Risque de myélome multiple et de cancers des voies respiratoires, de l'œsophage, de l'estomac, du pancréas, de la prostate, des testicules et de la peau chez les pompiers [in French]
The objective of this literature survey was to evaluate the risk of developing certain types of cancer among firemen. It resulted in the publication of several reports. This report addresses the risk of multiple myeloma and cancers of the respiratory tract, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, prostate, testicles and skin. It concludes that available epidemiological data do not indicate that the cancers examined in this analysis can be assumed to occur in firefighters as a result of their occupation. This conclusion is based on the absence of a significant increase in risk in most of the studies and the minimal increase in risk in the cases where it is present. See also CIS 08-598/600.
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2007. i, 37p. 79 ref. Price: CAD 8.40. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge.
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-522.pdf [in English]
http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-521.pdf [in French]

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