Training in the application of standards and use of manuals is an essential complement of technical advisory activities. The Department has been organizing training courses and seminars as part of technical cooperation projects, at national, sub-regional and international levels since 1990. The main courses, held sometimes in English and at other times in French, take place at the ILO's Training Centre at Turin, Italy. Staff of the Department is responsible for developing their training material, giving the lectures and conducting practical exercises. The Department has also participated in training activities organized by other institutions. The Department is in the process of producing a comprehensive Training Compendium, the first module of which came out in 2004.