CONTENTS

List of recurring abbreviations

Introduction

Replies received and commentaries

Proposed Conclusions

List of recurring abbreviations
 

Introduction

At its 274th Session (March 1999) the Governing Body of the International Labour Office decided to place on the agenda of the 89th Session (2001) of the International Labour Conference the question of the promotion of cooperatives.

In accordance with article 39 of the Standing Orders of the Conference, which deals with the preliminary stages of the double-discussion procedure, the office drew up a preliminary report,^[1] intended to serve as a basis for the first discussion of the question. The report contains an introduction to the question, an examination of the changing environment of cooperatives in developing, transition and industrialized countries and an analysis of the prerequisites for success in the promotion of cooperatives based on the law and practice in various countries. The report was accompanied by a questionnaire and was communicated to the governments of member States of the ILO, which were invited to send their replies so as to reach the Office no later than 30 June 2000.

At the time of drawing up the present report, the Office had received replies from the governments of the following 95 member States: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Republic of  Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, United Republic of  Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe.

Some replies arrived too late to be included in their entirety in the report; however, essential elements of these late replies have been included as far as possible. All replies received by the Office may be consulted by delegates at the Conference.

The governments of the following 60 member States stated that their replies had been drawn up after consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, and some included in their replies the opinions expressed on certain points by these organizations, or referred to them: Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Republic of  Moldova, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, United States, Zimbabwe. Other governments sent separately the observations from employers’ and workers’ organizations without referring to them, and in some cases replies were received directly from employers’ and workers’ organizations. Owing to the nature of the subject under discussion replies were also received from a number of national cooperative organizations.

This report has been drawn up on the basis of the replies received, the substance of which, together with brief commentaries, is given in the following pages. The Proposed Conclusions appear at the end of the report.

Replies received and commentaries

This section contains the substance of the replies to the questionnaire which accompanied the preliminary report. Each question is reproduced and followed by a list indicating the governments that replied to it, grouped in accordance with the nature of the replies (affirmative, negative or other). Where there is an observation qualifying or explaining the reply, the substance of each observation is given, in alphabetical order of countries, after the abovementioned list. Where a reply deals with several questions, or refers to an earlier question, the substance of the reply is given under the first of these questions and is only referred to in the other questions. The replies are followed by brief Office commentaries referring to the corresponding point(s) of the Proposed Conclusions at the end of this report.

Some governments gave information on their national law and practice in their replies. While this is most useful for the work of the Office, this information has not been reproduced unless it is necessary to understand the reply. Affirmative or negative replies from employers’ and workers’ organizations that are not accompanied by remarks are quoted only when they are contrary to the reply from the government, or when the government has not replied to the question.

General observations

Belgium. The development of cooperatives in the context of globalization will inevitably give rise to a dilemma: how might cooperatives reach the required size and obtain the necessary means while still retaining the essential characteristics that are part of their attraction? While globalization forces us to reason in increasingly broader terms, the simultaneous development of a countervailing tendency needs to be taken into account: in efforts to combat social exclusion and promote employment, for example, the importance of local and grass-roots activities is often emphasized. This is an area which favours cooperative activity. However, to fill this social role, particularly given that by definition their primary objective is not to make a profit, cooperatives need support from the authorities. This implies finding an equitable relationship between commercial enterprises and cooperatives (and other comparable actors), and providing the latter with the means to develop their activities. It is here that a new concept of the role of the State and decentralized authorities needs to be defined. The discussion on cooperatives will therefore contribute to the current global thinking with regard to the definition of a new social contract.

National Labour Council (CNT): The CNT notes that the introduction to the report in question presents the revision of Recommendation No. 127, as proposed by the ILO, as having a twofold objective: to adapt it to the changes that have occurred since 1966 in the concept of development and the role that the cooperatives can play in this area in developing countries, and to extend the revised standard to the transition countries, i.e. the former communist countries, and to the industrialized countries, where, according to the ILO, cooperatives have a new role to play. The concept of cooperatives covers a wide range of situations, depending on the country in question — and this is clearly highlighted in the report — and cooperatives’ role in development varies according to whether they are in developing countries, transition countries or industrialized countries. The CNT believes that the discussion that will take place at the international level with regard to the possible updating of Recommendation No. 127 should not lessen the significance of this instrument for those countries in which cooperatives form an essential component of development. It also considers the objectives defined in the questionnaire important and fully supports them. However, it believes that the cooperative is not necessarily the only legal structure through which these objectives can be attained. The objectives should be given more importance than the structure through which they are achieved.

Croatia. It is most important to formulate national policies that will, in today’s competitive environment, promote cooperatives and enable them to participate in the market. Within such policies, modalities should be established by which the government would ensure equal treatment of all the actors on the market. For example, the provision of easier access to credit facilities for cooperatives, which member States’ policies should include under current international standards, may give rise to discrimination.

Finland. Especially regarding the management of local services, the cooperative model offers a good basis for the developing countries at this stage of economic development. The boundaries of limited companies in the context of tight competition will soon be reached in this sphere. The cooperative model could be developed more strongly as a form of organization of civil society. It has many advantages compared with the traditional organizations of civil society. The ILO report underlines the role of the State in cooperative activities. The State has a general responsibility for the development and updating of the functioning of social institutions. This also applies to the cooperative form of organization. Cooperative organizations cannot, however, have any special status; the regulation of their activities should, as a rule, be based on equality with other business activities. This is also the case of minimum terms of employment of persons engaged in cooperatives. The State must maintain a favourable environment which promotes the functioning of the cooperative model and extends this form of organization to the social sector as well. The advanced service and benefit systems of welfare states are constrained by the gap between the employed and the unemployed. For reasons of expediency, access to benefits and services is tied to conditions whereby the applicant’s position is defined in “either/or” terms. Groups in a weak position on the labour market, such as the long-term unemployed and the disabled, may suffer as a result. Often different combinations of subsidy and wages are needed as a temporary solution to help them find employment. Subsidized employment and social enterprises have been necessary to fill the gaps in existing benefit and service systems or to improve the position of the most vulnerable social groups. It is hoped that new enterprise models will strengthen employment in such third-sector activities where conventional business activity does not fit naturally. The question of non-profit-making activities seems to constitute the basic guideline in cooperative activities and in social business activity. Non-profit-making activities often seem naturally suited to the social and health care sector. Health and participation cannot be regarded as only for those with earned and other income. The ILO Recommendation and cooperation with other international organizations are likely to help national efforts to promote employment. The development of one’s own systems can benefit from comparative study. A terminological survey will ultimately turn out to be to the benefit of better regulation.

France. General Confederation of Labour — Force Ouvrière (CGT-FO): The social economy reconciles economic and social concerns in a shared vision, giving priority to human beings over capital, through specific organizations that include cooperatives. Cooperatives worldwide have had to face major challenges in the 1990s, and these may be expected to increase in the coming decades with the deep-rooted changes affecting people’s lives throughout the world: rapid demographic growth, mounting pressure on the environment, concentration of economic power in the hands of a minority of the world’s population, the worsening poverty cycle and ethnic conflict. While it is clearly recognized that governments must endeavour to promote the role of cooperatives while respecting their specific characteristics, their uniqueness and their aims, at the same time they should not interfere in their operations. The cooperative movement, which is an integral part of the social economy, is closely linked to the trade union movement. It is in this spirit that we can affirm that the founding values underlying the cooperative movement make it a natural partner of our trade union organization, provided that the respective roles of each are clearly established without any ambiguity. As a fully-fledged actor in economic and social development at the local, national and international levels, the cooperative movement deserves a legal and institutional framework commensurate with its potential and aspirations. Equality of treatment and free competition should lead to the implementation of impartial policies that nevertheless respect the special characteristics and values of cooperatives. There is no denying that cooperatives have a constructive role to play in economic life and civil society by promoting entrepreneurship and wealth generation. Governance — the cornerstone of the cooperative movement — is still key to their success, but requires more investment in training. Because of its composition, the ILO has its own contribution to make to the development of the cooperative movement.

National Association of Cooperative Federations (GNC): It is incorrect to conclude that French cooperatives do not belong to the private sector, based on a distinction between the “private sector” and the “social economy”. They are part of the private sector, but can still claim to be part of the social economy, which differs from capitalistic enterprises in that it is based on the commitment of individuals and practises a form of management that is democratic, transparent and participatory. The distinction between non-profit and not-for-profit organizations is an interesting one, and is based on the general understanding of the English term “not-for-profit organization”. Some additional clarification may be necessary here, since the concept “sans but lucratif” in French is used for organizations which realize no profit; this does not apply to cooperatives, which generally have to generate a surplus and pay interests on shares. It would be helpful to draw a distinction between the share capital (or capital stock — capital social in French) and shareholders’ equity (capitaux propres), since it is a characteristic of cooperatives that they create indivisible reserves allowing development and continuity from one generation to the next. Without ruling out other innovative mechanisms for raising capital, and with due regard to the principle of limiting the interest paid on shares (reaffirmed by the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) Congress in 1995), legislators should encourage the systematic formation of indivisible reserves as a means of promoting the development of cooperatives.

Japan. Considering that cooperatives can fulfil various roles at each stage of social and economic development and that more than 40 years have passed since Recommendation No. 127 was adopted, it is appropriate to revise the Recommendation to adapt to the changing times.

Switzerland. Confederation of Swiss Employers (UPS): The issue of the promotion of cooperatives, as the report suggests, concerns first and foremost the developing countries and those in transition. In the case of Switzerland, a legal framework already exists in this area. We therefore see no reason, as far as Switzerland is concerned, to adopt any new standards in this area.

I. Form of the international instrument
 

Total number of replies: 95.

Affirmative: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Republic of  Korea, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Republic of  Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, United Republic of  Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe.

Negative: None.

Other: Chad, Cyprus, Kuwait.

Argentina. The problem of unemployment requires that national governments devote attention to the promotion of cooperatives.

Azerbaijan. Taking into account the political, economic and social changes that have taken place and have affected the conditions under which cooperatives operate.

Bahamas. This will provide an opportunity to incorporate the new and varied trends in economic development.

Barbados. Barbados Workers’ Union (BWU): Yes. Over the past 30 years several environmental changes have taken place which have had a serious impact on the way in which cooperatives operate. Recommendation No. 127 is limited to the developing countries. Cooperatives also have a role to play in industrial countries and in the former communist countries.

Belgium. Particularly in view of cooperatives’ contributions to employment and development policies.

Brazil. Given the radical changes in the world of work and the growth of the cooperative movement, particularly in labour, it is important to adopt a new international instrument on this subject.
National Confederation of Commerce (CNC): The topics which require regulations to govern specific circumstances, as in the promotion of cooperatives, must not be addressed in international instruments. However, were such an instrument to be adopted, it should take the form of a Recommendation to ensure the necessary flexibility.
National Confederation of Industry (CNI): Matters of an exceptional or sectoral nature or concerning specific conditions of work should not be the subject of a new international instrument until such matters have been fully examined in all their diversity and complexity. It would be more appropriate, given the need for flexibility, to adopt conclusions and general guidelines.
Association of Brazilian Cooperatives (OCB): Yes.

Bulgaria. This is particularly necessary for cooperatives in the countries of the former socialist bloc.

Burkina Faso. Standards on labour and workers’ protection should include the particular characteristics of the least developed countries.
National Employers’ Council of Burkina Faso (CNPB): No. Rather than a proliferation of standards, existing standards should be revised to adapt them to the new situation.
National Confederation of Workers of Burkina Faso (CNTB): The CNTB is mindful of the importance of promoting cooperatives.

Canada. By updating Recommendation No. 127, especially given the new international principles adopted in 1995 by the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA).

Chad. A new instrument would be welcome to replace Recommendation No. 127, which has become obsolete.
Confederation of Unions of Chad (CST): A new international instrument on the promotion of cooperatives is needed because Recommendation No. 127 does not take account of current economic, social, cultural and political changes.

Costa Rica. Given the major changes that the new economic and social order is undergoing, the adoption of a new instrument is appropriate.

El Salvador. The ILO has been passive in relation to the employment-generating contribution made by cooperatives.

Finland. Visible changes in the social, economic and political environment have affected developing countries, countries in transition and industrialized countries. Cooperatives have encountered new socio-economic problems. Yet they have remarkable self-help potential, which has not been fully recognized and utilized. New conditions and new structural concepts, which means reduced government involvement in cooperatives, make it advisable to reconsider the role that cooperatives will play in the future. When adopting a new universal standard, the characteristics of cooperatives must be clearly worked out in order to distinguish them from private enterprises. At the same time it should be borne in mind that in the industrialized countries the importance of cooperatives in the market economy is fully recognized.

France. GNC: Given the ILO’s close involvement in the development of cooperatives, it is appropriate now to update its position in this area. A Recommendation would appear to be the appropriate instrument.

Greece. Pan-Hellenic Confederation of Unions of Agricultural Cooperatives (PASEGES): Yes. This instrument must be adapted to the present circumstances, and take international development into account.

Guyana. It will allow for the updating of Recommendation No. 127, bringing new insights and experience into play.

Indonesia. Employers should provide a conducive environment, the opportunity and support to their employees to jointly organize themselves in cooperative societies in order to increase their welfare.
Workers’ organizations: Yes. The promotion of cooperatives should be directed at increasing workers’ welfare.

Italy. It would be timely and appropriate to have a single policy instrument to harmonize promotional action.

Jordan. Amman Chamber of Industry (ACI): Yes. The Conference should adopt the resolutions of the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) in this regard.

Kuwait. No objection to the adoption of an international instrument concerning the promotion of cooperatives, in line with international changes and developments, which can ensure flexibility in the labour market through free and honest competition.

Lebanon. A modern instrument is needed, which takes into account the level of economic and social development in member States.
National Federation of Cooperative Societies (NFC): The instrument should be based on developments achieved in the method of cooperative action adopted by the ICA.

Malaysia. Malaysian Agricultural Producers’ Association (MAPA): Yes.
Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF): No. Different countries have different priorities, therefore it should be for the countries to decide on the establishment of cooperatives.
Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC): Yes.
National Co-operative Organisation of Malaysia (ANGKASA): Yes.

Mali. To promote enterprises in the social economy.

Malta. The principles of cooperation, democracy and solidarity have a new relevance in this context of liberalization and individualism.
General Workers’ Union (GWU): This would provide a framework within which the social partners in different countries can operate.
Apex — Organization of Co-operatives (AOC): The ICA can play a key role with the ILO in the adoption of a new instrument.

Mauritius. An updated instrument is necessary to cope with the changes brought by the new economic order characterized by liberalization and globalization.

Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC): Given the rapid changes in all countries in the world, new ideas should be included in the new international instrument.

Mexico. A new instrument might be an alternative way of creating jobs, and could promote cooperatives and encourage discussion and enactment of laws and regulations which apply to them.

Morocco. Office for Cooperative Development (ODC): In the light of globalization and the opening up to a market economy and the challenges these will bring, new instruments are needed to bring the cooperative sector up to date.

Nicaragua. This is important, both because of what it represents to the economy of a country, and because of the philosophy of cooperation between cooperative members.

Panama. The ILO has been a world pioneer in the promotion of cooperatives. The Conference should approve the guidelines for a new role by the ILO in the light of the process of modernization and globalization.
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Services Cooperative (CACPYMER): The promotion of cooperatives is the most appropriate response in order to generate jobs at low cost.

Philippines. Yes, to strengthen the views of the ICA and the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU).
Bureau of Local Employment (BLE): Yes, many countries like the Philippines consider cooperatives such as workers’ cooperatives as a new modality for the promotion of employment.
Institute for Labor Studies (ILS): Yes, it is about time that an international instrument concerning the promotion of cooperatives is adopted by the Conference, as cooperatives are now becoming a popular form of business enterprise.

Romania. The earlier instrument no longer reflects contemporary realities.

Saint Lucia. Recommendation No. 127 overemphasized the role of government.

Spain. It is necessary to update and extend the coverage of the existing Recommendation.
Trade Union Confederation of Workers’ Committees (CCOO): It is useful to promote this form of collective employment through an international standard.

Sri Lanka. Given the rapid changes in the social, economic and political landscape a new international instrument is imperative to meet new challenges.

Switzerland. No objection at this stage to the adoption of a new international instrument on the promotion of cooperatives.
UPS: The UPS does not see the need for any international instrument in these areas. A general discussion would have sufficed.

United Republic of Tanzania. Because many changes have taken place since the present instrument was adopted.
Tanzania Federation of Free Trade Unions (TFTU): Yes, because of their positive role in offering services and especially with the focus of employment creation.

Togo. The social, political and economic climate has evolved since 1966. Furthermore, Recommendation No. 127 concerns only developing countries.

Trinidad and Tobago. Co-operative Credit Union League of Trinidad and Tobago (CCUL): Globalization and other international developments have made it necessary.

Tunisia. Given the political, economic and social changes that have occurred since Recommendation No. 127 was adopted, and which have had an impact on cooperatives worldwide, a new instrument should be adopted which would take the form of a Recommendation revising Recommendation No. 127.

Ukraine. Association of Small, Medium-sized and Privatized Enterprises of Ukraine (ASMPEU): A sounder legislative and regulatory framework is needed for the development of the cooperative movement, as are efforts to publicize its role in economic development.

United Arab Emirates. Such an instrument would promote cooperatives. Members can be guided by it.

United Kingdom. Updating, taking account of political changes, globalization and competitiveness.

Zimbabwe. This will enable member States to put proper legislation in place on cooperatives.

The large majority of member States replying to this question, including workers’ and employers’ organizations, were in favour of a new international standard on the promotion of cooperatives. The reasons given pointed mainly to the need to reflect the economic, social and political changes that have taken place worldwide since the adoption of Recommendation No. 127 in 1966. In addition, a number of replies mentioned the need to adopt an instrument relevant to all countries, and not just developing countries. Point 1 of the Proposed Conclusions has been drafted accordingly.
 

Total number of replies: 95.

Affirmative: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Republic of  Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, United Republic of  Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe.

Negative: Cameroon, Senegal, Syrian Arab Republic.

Other: Kuwait.

Argentina. The present Recommendation has helped to create a reference framework for the development of active policies.

Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan Entrepreneurs’ Confederation (AEC): The instrument should take the form of a Convention.

Bahamas. Guidelines established by the ILO can go a long way in providing strong guidance for cooperative regulations.

Belgium. A Convention would seem to be too restrictive.

Brazil. Considering that this is a new departure and that the subject is a complex one in each country, without rejecting the idea of a Convention, it would be more appropriate for the international instrument to take the form of a Recommendation.
CNC: A Recommendation, should the majority of member States decide to regulate this matter in an international instrument.
CNI: Only the adoption of a Recommendation, if no complexities arise and if such regulation is not considered premature.

Burkina Faso. CNTB: No. A Convention is an instrument that would protect workers effectively in that the State would be more involved.

Chad. To unite all the constituents, even though it will not be subject to ratification.
CST: Yes, the instrument should take the form of a Recommendation.

Costa Rica. It is appropriate for the instrument to take the form of a Recommendation, and for the technical and practical details of its application to be guided by national legislation. Recommendation No. 127 is a framework instrument for standards governing cooperatives that member States must heed. On that basis, if there is a need to codify the promotion of cooperatives then a new international labour standard should be drafted on the subject.

Egypt. The instrument should take the form of a Convention supplemented by a Recommendation.
Federation of Egyptian Industries (FEI): Yes. So that a follow-up of the Recommendation can be carried out by the ILO, programmes should be formulated that would enable Members to respond to the Recommendation.

El Salvador. It should be incorporated into the body of labour standards.

Estonia. Estonian Association of Trade Unions (EAKL): Yes. A Convention would be too restrictive.

Finland. As an instrument of international law, a Recommendation is more realistic than any other form. Since the scope of the instrument will be broadened to include all countries and not only developing countries, the instrument should be a completely new Recommendation, not just a revised version of Recommendation No. 127.
Federation of Finnish Enterprises (Suomen Yrittäjät): The ILO’s existing Recommendation excessively reflects the values and assumptions of the government-centred and centralized economic system, given its date of adoption. The new Recommendation should be more explicitly based on values consonant with a free market economy, voluntary economic organization and unionization, as well as with civil rights related to policy, economy, culture and society. Placing different forms of economic activity on an equal footing should constitute the basis for the legislation of different States and for international Conventions.
Confederation of Finnish Industry and Employers (TT) and Employers’ Confederation of Service Industries in Finland (Palvelutyönantajat): It is important that an instrument with the nature of a Recommendation be general and inclusive as to its content.

France. GNC: See reply to Question 1.

Germany. Only in this way is it possible to ensure that Recommendation No. 127 is revised.

Ghana. To provide guidelines for national policy to enable cooperatives to develop their self-help potential more fully, notably in transition economies undergoing structural reforms.
Ghana Employers’ Association (GEA): Yes, because modern cooperatives are not directly under the administration of governments. The members perceive the instrument as a means to achieve their common economic and social goals.

Greece. PASEGES: Yes. As a Recommendation, the instrument will be complied with to a greater extent.

Guyana. Cooperatives should be voluntary rather than regulatory and hence a Recommendation giving general guidelines would suffice.

India. This Recommendation should provide a comprehensive set of guidelines to national authorities.

Indonesia. The Conference should recommend that the establishment of workers’ cooperatives in the employer’s enterprise will not be detrimental to the operation of the company and even provide a win-win solution with regard to the working relationship between the employer and the employees.

Italy. It would be timely and appropriate to have an instrument that would be binding on all States and which would provide general policy.
Confederation of Italian Cooperatives (Confcooperative): It would be desirable to have a more forceful legal instrument (a Convention).
National League of Cooperatives and Mutual Associations (Legacoop): Yes.

Japan. The instrument should take the form of a Recommendation, considering that the proposed document is one of the international instruments of the ILO, and it shows the guidelines for the policy toward cooperatives formulated by the ILO’s constituents.

Jordan. ACI: No.
Federation of Jordanian Chambers of Commerce (FJCC): Yes.
General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions (GFJTU): Yes.

Kuwait. The Recommendation will be more flexible and provide all the details on the subject-matter; it will take into consideration the different socio-economic levels of various countries.

Malaysia. MEF: No.

Mali. To supplement a Convention.

Malta. A binding Convention would be self-defeating.
GWU: No. Preferably a form of Convention.
AOC: Yes. But supporting a Recommendation must imply a positive concrete action on the part of member States to support the promotion and development of cooperatives.

Mauritius. MLC: Government and other partners are more committed to a Recommendation from the ILO than mere proposals.

Mexico. A Recommendation could promote provisions adapted to the particular circumstances of each country.

Morocco. ODC: With a view to universal adoption as a basis for new laws.

Nicaragua. For the reasons given in reply to Question 1.

Oman. The Recommendation would provide more flexibility for Members; Members can be guided by the Recommendation while amending their legislation in this respect.

Panama. This should be a Recommendation on the role of cooperatives in the new social and economic order.
CACPYMER: Yes. This would be the first step towards establishing recognition and the structure for a future Convention.

Philippines. BLE: Yes, so that countries, as a matter of policy, may initiate proper measures to promote the establishment of cooperatives.
ILS: No. The instrument should be in the form of a Convention rather than a Recommendation to give it more force and effect among member States.

Qatar. In view of the different types of cooperatives, and their different experiences, the instrument should provide enough flexibility to be useful. A Recommendation would provide such flexibility.

Senegal. The instrument should take the form of a Convention, in order to provide more safeguards in promoting the interests of the low paid.

Spain. A Recommendation is the most suitable form of instrument.
CCOO: No. It would be advisable to have a Convention.
Galician Inter-Union Confederation (CIG): No. The instrument should be in the form of a Convention.

Sri Lanka. A Recommendation could provide the necessary guidelines for member States to voluntarily adopt appropriate measures according to their level of development.

Switzerland. If an instrument is to be adopted, it should take the form of a Recommendation.
UPS: See reply to Question 1.

United Republic of Tanzania. It is easier to adopt and implement Recommendations depending on the level of development of each country.
TFTU: Yes. This will help to set forth guidelines which could be followed by the member States so as to formulate policy on the formation of cooperatives.

Thailand. The ICA is directly responsible for cooperative affairs. The ILO should take a supportive role to prevent any overlap of roles. Consequently, the ILO instrument should take the form of a Recommendation.

Togo. This instrument, which will take the form of a Recommendation, should reflect the new perception of cooperatives as a means of attaining the common social and economic goals of their members.

Trinidad and Tobago. While the principles guiding cooperative development are universal, local situations are usually quite varied. Therefore, principles rather than specific provisions are appropriate.

Tunisia. See reply to Question 1.

United Arab Emirates. Workers’ organizations: A Recommendation is a useful tool and does not require ratification as is the case of Conventions.

The overwhelming majority of member States were of the opinion that a new international standard should take the form of a Recommendation since the issues involved concern mainly policy. Furthermore, a significant number of replies indicated that a Recommendation would provide the required flexibility. A few replies, particularly from some workers’ organizations, suggested that a Convention might be preferable in order to enhance application and reporting. Point 2 of the Proposed Conclusions has been drafted accordingly.

 II. Preamble
 

Total number of replies: 93.

Affirmative: Algeria ((a), (b), (d) and (e)), Argentina ((b), (d) and (e)), Austria, Azerbaijan ((a) to (d)), Bahamas ((a) to (d)), Belarus ((a) to (d)), Belgium ((a) to (d)), Benin ((a) to (d)), Bolivia ((a) to (d)), Brazil ((a) to (d)), Bulgaria, Burkina Faso ((b)), Cambodia ((a) to (d)), Cameroon ((a) to (d)), Canada ((a) to (d)), Chad, Chile ((a), (c) and (d)), China ((a), (c) and (d)), Colombia, Costa Rica ((a) and (d)), Croatia ((b) to (d)), Cuba ((a) to (d)), Cyprus ((a) to (d)), Czech Republic ((a) to (d)), Denmark ((a) to (d)), Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia ((a), (c) and (d)), Ethiopia ((d)), Finland, France ((a), (c) and (d)), Gambia, Ghana ((a) to (d)), Guyana ((a) to (d)), Hungary ((a) to (d)), India ((a), (b) and (d)), Indonesia ((a) to (d)), Iraq ((a) to (d)), Israel ((a) to (d)), Italy ((a) to (d)), Jamaica ((a)), Japan ((a) to (d)), Jordan ((a) and (d)), Kenya, Republic of Korea ((a)), Kuwait ((a) to (c)), Lebanon ((a), (c) and (e)), Lithuania ((a) to (d)), Malaysia ((d)), Mali ((a) to (d)), Malta ((a) and (c)), Mauritius ((a) to (d)), Mexico, Republic of  Moldova ((a) to (d)), Morocco ((a) and (d)), Namibia ((a) to (d)), Nepal ((a) to (d)), Nicaragua ((a) to (d)), Norway ((a) to (d)), Oman, Panama, Philippines ((c) and (d)), Poland ((a) to (d)), Portugal, Qatar ((a), (b) and (d)), Romania ((a) to (d)), Russian Federation ((a) and (d)), Saint Kitts and Nevis ((a) to (d)), Saint Lucia ((c) to (e)), Senegal ((a) to (d)), Slovakia ((a) to (d)), Slovenia ((a) to (d)), Spain ((a) to (d)), Sri Lanka, Swaziland ((b) and (d)), Switzerland ((b) to (d)), Syrian Arab Republic ((a) to (d)), Tajikistan ((a) to (d)), United Republic of Tanzania, Thailand ((a) to (d)), Togo ((a) to (d)), Trinidad and Tobago ((a) to (d)), Tunisia ((a) to (d)), Turkey ((a) to (d)), Ukraine ((a) to (d)), United Arab Emirates ((a) to (d)), United Kingdom ((b) and (d)), Uruguay ((a) to (c)), Venezuela ((a) to (d)), Zimbabwe ((a), (c) and (d)).

Negative: Argentina ((a) and (c)), Azerbaijan ((e)), Bahamas ((e)), Barbados ((a) and (e)), Benin ((e)), Brazil ((e)), Cameroon ((e)), Chad ((e)), China ((b)), Costa Rica ((b), (c) and (e)), Croatia ((a) and (e)), Cuba ((e)), Czech Republic ((e)), Estonia ((b) and (e)), Germany ((a) to (d)), India ((c)), Indonesia ((e)), Iraq ((e)), Italy ((e)), Jordan ((b) and (c)), Republic of Korea ((b) to (e)), Kuwait ((d) and (e)), Lebanon ((b) and (d)), Malta ((b), (d) and (e)), Peru, Philippines ((a), (b) and (e)), Russian Federation ((b), (c) and (e)), Saint Lucia ((a) and (b)), Senegal ((e)), Slovenia ((e)), Spain ((e)), Swaziland ((a) and (c)), Syrian Arab Republic ((e)), Thailand ((e)), Ukraine ((e)), United Arab Emirates ((e)), United Kingdom ((a), (c) and (e)), United States ((a) to (e)), Uruguay ((d) and (e)), Venezuela ((e)), Zimbabwe ((b) and (e)).

Other: Algeria ((c)), Namibia ((e)), Nicaragua ((e)), Slovakia ((e)), Switzerland ((a) and (e)), Togo ((e)).

Argentina. (e) A report (“balance-sheet”) on the application of Recommendation No. 127.

Austria. Chamber of Agriculture of Tirol (BfT): (a), (c), (e) No.

Azerbaijan. (a) In the light of the objective of stimulating economic growth and development, raising living standards, meeting demand for labour and reducing unemployment. (b) Bearing in mind that agricultural cooperatives exist and the instrument refers to all such rural workers’ organizations. (c) Given the general population flow from the country to the cities and the importance of vocational guidance and training.

Barbados. BWU: (a) Yes. Given that the intention of these two instruments is to promote economic growth and development, improve living standards and combat unemployment and underemployment. (b) Yes. This would be useful in order to emphasize the link between the establishment of cooperatives and the need for workers to form democratic organizations which would encourage collectivity of interests and as a result contribute to economic and social development. (c) Yes. Important if government is to recognize its role in the institution of policies which promote education and training, especially in technical and vocational fields. These areas are vital if cooperatives are to develop and survive.

Brazil. (a) Considering that the use of the cooperative model may interface with the employment policies to be adopted by member countries, it would be appropriate to mention those instruments in the preamble. (b) The cooperative model has had a major impact on rural work, either through production or through labour cooperatives. (c) Policies developed for the cooperative system may positively or adversely affect personnel. (d) Some support policies for the cooperative movement may positively or adversely affect the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
CNI: (a) and (d) Yes, subject to the reply to Questions 1 and 2. (b) and (c) To be examined, with account being taken of the replies to Questions 1 and 2.

Bulgaria. (a) Unemployment is found to the same extent in state and cooperative enterprises. (b) Training for agricultural cooperatives needs to be improved. (c) This problem is related to the decline in the rural and urban population of the country as well as its overall population. At the same time indicators of human resource quality are improving. (d) The number of SMEs and jobs can be increased by creating industrial cooperatives.

Burkina Faso. (b) This sector does not receive enough formal attention.
CNPB: (a) Indicating the innovations that have occurred.

Chad. (a) The instrument should have a broader scope. (e) The previous instruments broaden the scope of the new instrument sufficiently.
CST: (a) to (d) Yes. (e) References to the following could also be included: the Plantations Convention, 1958 (No. 110), the Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 (No. 11), the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), and the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98).

Chile. Confederation of Production and Commerce (CPC): (b) and (c) Have not been ratified.

Costa Rica. (a) to (e) As it says in the definition, a cooperative is an “association of persons united voluntarily”. It is therefore most important to include the reference to international labour standards concerning labour and human resources management in the preamble, since cooperatives are formed by people.

Croatia. (d) This is the most important one.
Association of Workers’ Trade Unions of Croatia (URSH): (a) No, this is not really necessary. (e) No. Cooperatives are not generally widespread.

Cyprus. (a) Cooperatives have the potential to generate and sustain employment and thus can play an important role in this respect.

Egypt. (a) Since the cooperative sector is included in the economic development programme, which aims at achieving full, productive and freely chosen employment. (c) To increase attention on human resources development (HRD) issues under development programmes at the global level. (d) As job creation and combating unemployment are major issues addressed by cooperative action. (e) The Labour Administration Convention, 1978 (No. 150).
FEI: (a) Yes, given that the Convention and Recommendation previously adopted are authoritative sources considered as an important background on employment policy acquired rights, ratified by several member States. (b) No. This sector is largely considered as informal, and it is not easy to include a Convention on organizations which were not established in a formal manner, in most developing countries in particular. (c) Yes. Both the Convention and Recommendation are considered as an important background to which reference should be made in view of increased attention devoted to HRD under development programmes at the global level. (d) Yes, in order for the instrument to be more comprehensive, including more than one dimension, and to cover the multidimensional role of cooperatives. (e) No.

El Salvador. (a) Yes, in order to explain the reasons for it. (b) In order to specify the approach, the effects of which should be seen in those sectors that need better working conditions. (c) In order to define guidelines for the training of the working population. (d) So that it has an impact on local development. (e) Those that take into account the free movement of qualified human resources.

Estonia. EAKL: (b) No. (e) Yes, the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, and the Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention, 1962 (No. 117).

Finland. (e) Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169).

France. French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT): (a) It is appropriate to place development of cooperatives in a broader economic context of promoting employment, taking into account the diversity of different sectors and the need for quality jobs (safeguards provided under the terms of agreements).
GNC: Conventions and Recommendations in this area aim to promote employment; supporting the creation of cooperatives promotes development and creates employment. There would appear to be a degree of interaction between these instruments and the proposed new Recommendation, and there is no reason why this should not be stated clearly. The ILO could be invited to ensure that all Recommendations and Conventions relating to the economic and social policies of member States refer to the cooperative form of organization as one that is effective and able to respond to changing conditions faced by all countries, whether industrialized, transition or developing.

Germany. Confederation of German Employers’ Associations (BDA): (b), (c) and (d) Yes.

Ghana. Yes; analogous/supplementary.
GEA: (a) Yes. All human beings, irrespective of race and sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity. (b) Yes. There is massive underutilization of land and labour and given the needed encouragement, rural workers will be useful to themselves and effectively contribute to the economic and social development of their locality. (c) This will enable the individual to discover his or her hidden talents, developing them so as to become useful to himself/herself and society at large.
Trades Union Congress (TUC): (e) Ecological change, technological change.

Guyana. (a) Cooperatives can be the mechanism to link and absorb the informal sector into the formal sector. (b) Rural workers are among those uniting to form groups such as cooperatives. (c) Members of cooperatives need training and guidance, as any other group. (d) Cooperatives have been involved in job creation since their inception. If this could be included in the preamble, this would be reinforced.

India. (c) No, since the ILO will be considering revision of Recommendation No. 150.

Indonesia. (a) Workers should not be treated as a means of production, but must be con­sidered an asset. (b) There should be an interdependent relationship between employers and employees. Mutual cooperation will sustain sound performance of the company and also give benefit to both parties. (c) Quality improvement of human resources will bring about productivity and efficiency. It is mandatory for the company to enhance the technical skill and managerial competence of employees, as they are also considered as the asset of the company. (d) Government and the private sector should provide an adequate environment, business opportunities and technical assistance to cooperatives and SMEs as they contribute substantially to the absorption of surplus labour.
Workers’ organizations: (b) Yes, since it deals with informal sector development.

Italy. (a) These instruments are still valid and offer a practical view of social issues. (b) Certainly, with regard to the production systems in countries with a predominantly agricultural economy. (c) In the light of technological and production trends, this reference to constant upgrading seems all the more timely today. (d) Bearing in mind that the societal implications of cooperatives can generally be traced back to the SME typology, reference to this Recommendation is all the more necessary and appropriate. (e) No.
Legacoop: Yes.

Japan. Japanese Trade Union Confederation (JTUC-RENGO): (d) The social welfare objectives may be promoted.

Kenya. (d) It is proposed that job creation measures be targeted at the informal sector. (e) ILO Convention No. 87 is another example.

Lebanon. (a) Yes. Both instruments embody the promotion of cooperatives. (b) No. Both instruments are related to a specific category of workers, but the cooperative context covers larger areas, and addresses all categories in society. (d) No. Cooperative action and concepts are different from those of SMEs. Both promote job creation and contribute to socio-economic development. (e) Yes. The preamble can also refer to the role of Conventions related to employment agencies in providing employment opportunities for those wishing to work in the cooperative area.

Mali. (a) Management of statistical information on enterprises in the social economy. (b) Support for the autonomous organization of workers. (c) Motivate workers and cooperatives to be creative. (d) Macroeconomic considerations.

Malta. GWU: (a) and (d) This would reaffirm the governments’ commitment to their social responsibility as regards employment.

Mauritius. (a) Since cooperatives have been directly involved with the creation of employment. (b) Cooperatives are found mainly in rural areas and the rural community. (c) Cooperative development depends on skilled and well-educated members. (d) The cooperative model is one of the most appropriate forms of business to group together people in SMEs.
MLC: (d) In many countries a great deal of emphasis and investment is focused on SMEs.

Mexico. (a) Yes, since they embody basic principles of employment policy. (b) These instruments encourage the cooperation of the trade unions, particularly with regard to the rural population. (c) Vocational guidance and training are essential for obtaining employment and promoting appropriate training to enable cooperatives to integrate, operate and develop. (d) Yes, since the creation of SMEs is also aimed at the generation of productive and lasting employment. (e) The ICA Statement on the Co-operative Identity, which sets out the definition, values and principles of cooperatives.

Morocco. ODC: (c) to (e) Yes. (a) and (b) No. (c) Yes. Since the human being is at the centre of all development, human resources development should be the point of reference in any development strategy. (d) Yes. In as much as cooperatives are an operational means of creating jobs by encouraging SMEs. (e) Activities should focus on financial, economic, educational and cultural aspects.

Nicaragua. (e) The Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182).

Oman. (a) Where necessary. (b) If this is required, without affecting the substance of the international instrument to achieve its objectives. (c) Also taking into account the conclusions adopted by the 88th Session of the ILC on development of human resources. (e) Yes. Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29); Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105).

Panama. (a) The Convention and the Recommendation contain indications on how workers’ groups can be organized through cooperatives. (b) Cooperatives are excellent models for the organization of rural workers, as regards production, services and employment (work) based on self-management. (c) Cooperatives are educational organizations which are very important for human resources development, as indicated by the Convention and Recommendation. (d) Cooperatives are extremely important in the entrepreneurial training of their members and the promotion of SMEs. (e) Article 12 of the ILO Constitution.
CACPYMER: (a) Without such a preamble it would be too weak and unstable to achieve the essential objectives in this field. (b) No. It is not the right time to try to address the issue of rural workers as well. (c) This is fundamental to the promotion of cooperatives. (d) This is also an integral part of our cooperative’s activity and philosophy.

Philippines. BLE: (a) Yes. Cooperatives similar to industrial workers’ cooperatives target workers being laid off and/or about to be laid off in companies as a result of downsizing and rightsizing/structural adjustments. (b) Yes. Cooperatives similar to community-based enterprises aim to develop business in communities, especially in rural areas, as a means to generate employment in the countryside. (c) Human resource development is a prerequisite for cooperative formation and capability building of members. (d) Industrial workers’ cooperatives (IWCs), industrial homeworkers’ cooperatives (IHCs) and community-based enterprises (CBEs) are typically small and medium-sized enterprises that are intended to generate employment.
ILS: (a) Yes. The essence of the second preambular paragraph of Convention No. 122 could be considered in the drafting of the preamble of the proposed instrument, as it states that:

        Considering further that under the terms of the Declaration of Philadelphia it is the responsibility of the International Labour Organization to examine and consider the bearing of economic and financial policies upon employment policy in the light of the fundamental objective that ‘all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity’.

(b) The essence of the first, second and third preambular paragraphs of Convention No. 141 could also be considered as they state that:

        Recognising that the importance of rural workers in the world makes it urgent to associate them with economic and social development action if their conditions of work and life are to be permanently and effectively improved, and

        Noting that in many countries of the world and particularly in developing countries there is massive underutilization of land and labour and that this makes it imperative for rural workers to be given every encouragement to develop free and viable organizations capable of protecting and furthering the interests of their members and ensuring their effective contribution to economic and social development, and

        Considering that such organizations can and should contribute to the alleviation of the persistent scarcity of food products in various regions of the world.

Qatar. (a) The cooperative sector is an important one; it can play a major role in the economic, social and employment fields. (b) Cooperatives in rural areas, particularly in developing countries, can play a major role in rural development; most of the developing countries have a majority rural population. (d) A large number of cooperatives, with different tasks and functions, in spite of their small size, can play a major role in creating job opportunities and combating unemployment.

Saint Lucia. (a) No. Not all cooperatives are directly aligned to the labour market (for example, credit unions).

Senegal. (a) and (d) Cooperatives are important institutions which contribute to job creation. (b) Rural workers make up the majority of the active population in the developing countries. (c) Taking into account the specific training requirements of cooperative members.

Slovakia. (a) and (b) Cooperatives are an important factor influencing employment. (c) Cooperatives are an important factor influencing employment, and they also solve the social problems of their employees (members). (d) Cooperatives are an important factor influencing employment, and they have a bearing on SMEs. (e) United Nations resolution 47/90 on the role of cooperatives in the light of new economic and social trends, adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 1992.

Spain. CCOO: (a) Yes, because the promotion of productive and freely chosen employment should be a priority for member States. (b) Yes, at present the majority of rural workers in Spain are organized in cooperatives. (c) Yes, because vocational training and guidance are important to improve the skills of workers. (d) Yes, because the Recommendation serves to create productive employment.

Sri Lanka. (a) Promotion of cooperatives should be an integral component of the comprehensive employment policy delineated by the instrument, given its potential in addressing the problems of unemployment and underemployment. (b) Rural workers’ organizations in terms of these instruments cover not only wage earners, but the self-employed such as farmers, tenants and small owner-occupiers in rural areas. Thus their organization is desirable. (c) These instruments provide guidance for human resource development and thereby increase employment opportunities and sustainability. (d) This is another area where cooperatives could function effectively. (e) Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention, 1962 (No. 117).
Ministry of Co-operative Development (MCD): (a) Yes. It will become a common feature.

Switzerland. (a) and (e) The preamble should not include a reference to Convention No. 122, which Switzerland has not ratified. However, it should include a reference to Recommendation No. 169 and possibly the Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988 (No. 168), which offer a way of re-employing long-term unemployed people during periods of labour shortage.
UPS: The preamble should include only a reference to Recommendation No. 189.

Tajikistan. (b) Agricultural cooperatives are among the best forms of production in agriculture. (d) Cooperatives contribute significantly to job creation.

United Republic of Tanzania. (a) Cooperatives should not be looked upon as an association for members but as institutions for the promotion of employment opportunities. (b) There is a need to promote more employment opportunities in rural areas, where the majority of the people in developing countries live. (c) This Convention cuts across all the developmental activities of human beings. (d) This is a new area with the highest potential for creation of employment opportunities and also for cooperative activities.
TFTU: (a) Yes, because the promotion of cooperatives is linked to employment creation. (b) Yes, because most cooperatives aim to foster rural development. (c) It has to do with human resource development as one factor for effective labour market policies. (d) With the level of unemployment in many countries and failure of the large-scale sector to create employment, the focus now should be on promoting SMEs so as to create more jobs.

Togo. (a) Yes, because cooperatives should be established and developed to provide their members with income-generating activities. (b) These are instruments which should not be ignored by the new instrument. (c) Yes, because cooperatives are a means of developing human resources. (d) Because of the subject dealt with in Recommendation No. 189, the new instrument should refer to this text. (e) Many instruments deal indirectly with matters concerning cooperatives. Attempts should be made to avoid unduly lengthening the list of references.

Trinidad and Tobago. Employers’ Consulting Association (ECA): (a), (b) and (c) No. There may be a need to revise this given global changes. (e) Yes, where they are supportive of the revised Recommendation.
CCUL: (a) No. These Conventions and Recommendations may also need revision for the same reason given in reply to Question 1. (b) and (c) No. These Conventions and Recommendations may need to be revised. (e) Wherever they might be supportive of the revised Recommendation.

Ukraine. (c) This is a component of any economic development programme for ILO member States.

United Kingdom. (a) No, the preamble should not be too long and complicated. (b) Yes, rural cooperatives are very important. (d) Yes. Cooperative option for management and ownership of SMEs.

Zimbabwe. (a) Yes, since cooperatives create employment. (b) Cooperatives in Zimbabwe are now prevalent in urban areas, hence this will not be appropriate. (c) To assist member States in training cooperative members. (d) This Recommendation is very dynamic, hence it will guide the new instrument.

A large number of replies gave strong support to an instrument containing a preamble referring to the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), and Employment Policy (Supplementary Provisions) Recommendation, 1984 (No. 169), the Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention (No. 141) and Recommendation, 1975 (No. 149), the Human Resources Development Convention (No. 142) and Recommendation, 1975 (No. 150), and the Job Creation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Recommendation, 1998 (No. 189). Point 3 of the Proposed Conclusions has been drafted accordingly.

III. Objective, scope and definition
 

Total number of replies: 95.

Affirmative: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin ((a) to (c)), Bolivia, Brazil ((a) to (c)), Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia ((a) to (c)), Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile ((a), (c) and (d)), China, Colombia, Costa Rica ((a) and (b)), Croatia ((a) to (c)), Cuba ((a) to (c)), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark ((a) to (c)), Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan ((a) to (c)), Jordan, Kenya, Republic of  Korea ((a) to (c)), Lebanon, Lithuania ((a) to (c)), Malaysia, Mali, Malta ((a), (b) and (d)), Mauritius, Mexico ((a) to (c)), Republic of  Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, ­Norway ((a) to (c)), Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal ((a) to (c)), Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland ((a) to (c)), Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, United Republic of  Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States ((a) to (c)), Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe.

Negative: Benin ((d)), Brazil ((d)), Costa Rica ((c) and (d)), Cuba ((d)), Republic of Korea ((d)), Kuwait ((a) and (d)), Malta ((d)), Mexico ((d)).

Other: Croatia ((d)), Japan((d)), Kuwait ((b) and (c)), Norway ((d)), Portugal ((d)), Swaziland ((d)), United States ((d)).

Argentina. (a) Cooperatives need to be differentiated on the basis of three main conceptual categories: (1) self-managing cooperatives (associative); (2) sales/marketing and transforming (producer) cooperatives; (3) cooperatives that provide services for members. All three types create employment but differ in their objectives. This observation applies throughout the questionnaire. (b) Mention should be made in particular of service-provider cooperatives as a form of social organization. (c) Notably for promoting savings and investment at local and regional levels, irrespective of global movements of capital. (d) Support to regional economies, better social structures and cohesion.

Austria. BfT: (c) and (d) No.
Agriculture and Forestry Employers’ Association of Salzburg (LuFAS): (a) to (d)Yes.
Presidents’ Conference of the Chambers of Agriculture of Austria (PKLK): (a) to (d) Yes.

Azerbaijan. (d) Develop labour markets and markets for goods and services, improve purchasing power, increase incomes, develop enterprise, create a middle class.

Barbados. (d) Yes. Develop entrepreneurial skills.
BWU: (a) Unemployment and underemployment are two phenomena which make private initiative and entrepreneurship a vital alternative for the creation of jobs. Cooperatives provide a valuable alternative for the creation of jobs. (b) Education can improve the sense of social consciousness whereby persons who may lack individual power can have a mechanism through which they can improve their knowledge and skills collectively.

Belgium. (c) Cooperatives can provide a new direction for savings and investment. (d) Contribute to sustainable development; help create synergies for programmes that are beneficial to social development; provide an alternative to an absolute market economy. Who would contribute towards attaining the objectives decided upon: the members or the cooperatives? Cooperatives represent one of the legal means of meeting the need for solidarity. There are also other ways of doing this in Belgium. This questionnaire does not cover those options.

Brazil. (a) Wage employment is governed by labour legislation, with all the implications that this involves. Cooperative legislation is not to be confused with labour legislation in this country. Therefore, there is the possibility of creating self-employment and income. (b) The instrument should highlight the role that cooperatives can play to improve members’ social well-being. In addition, it must codify the essential characteristics of the cooperative model. (c) It is essential to establish a cooperative system that will meet social concerns and the need for the investment of capital to train members and to set up and develop organizations. (d) No. It is fundamental for the cooperative system not to serve as a tool for employers’ interests in the sense of simply replacing personnel protected by labour legislation with cooperative workers.

Bulgaria. (a) Under market conditions, cooperatives operate like private enterprises. Safeguarding a cooperative’s income is therefore a condition for creating new jobs. (b) A cooperative also has a social purpose — to provide its members with work and an income and to organize social and cultural activities. (c) Job creation is linked to increases in savings and investment. (d) Carrying out regional and national functions: in the transport, supply and industrial sectors.

Burkina Faso. (a) This instrument would constitute a protective framework and hence a means of providing security for all current and future activities. (b) Creating a secure environment for goods and people helps solve the problems of daily life and increase income. (c) The need to save and invest will arise with the increase in income. (d) Meeting families’ health care needs and expenses related to children’s school attendance in an increasingly difficult global economic environment.
CNPB: (a) The revised instrument should provide a dynamic impetus among the cooperatives receiving ILO technical cooperation. (d) Account should be taken of the need for active solidarity between cooperatives of the North and South.
CNTB: (a) Yes, Given state disengagement, it is recommended to generate employment through private initiatives. (d) Increase GDP; improve health care; promote education.

Canada. (c) Savings and credit cooperatives/credit unions are one of the fastest growing cooperative sectors. Their potential for impact on poverty reduction is high. (d) The existence of cooperatives sustains community capacity for undertaking all types of cooperative activities. Cooperatives can increase equity/equality, in economic and gender terms, impact on income disparities, protect community interest, spread economic power, and operationalize total quality management and fair trade. Cooperatives can also improve the social coverage of wage earners and fight against illegal work and child exploitation.

Chad. (d) Cooperatives will enable their members to gain their independence and assert their dignity.
CST: The instrument should aim to promote the potential of cooperatives in all countries to assist their members to attain other economic and social objectives (cf. (a), (b) and (c)), promote the creation of cooperatives, and promote associations of cooperatives and the creation of SMEs and industries in response to unfair competition by modern enterprises.

China. (d) To provide services to the community, promote fair trade and facilitate the establishment of a harmonious society.

Costa Rica. (d). Include democratizing the economy and increasing the number of owners of production and consumer goods and services. Include an indication of the means to be used and an explanation of how to develop that potential. The other social and economic objectives are as follows:

—   promote the economic well-being of members through their joint endeavour and joint use of capital;
—   use every available means to foster the development of those activities relating to the production of common        goods and services;
—   encourage the full development of the individual by offering a mechanism whereby as­sociates can engage in        organized participation and share the socio-economic benefits which are the outcome of a common endeavour;
—   secure the social and economic well-being of members, set up social services, improve the cultural and technical        level, establish relations with other cooperatives nationally and regionally so as to organize and offer mutual joint        services and thereby promote the proper development of the cooperative movement in the country;
—   establish contacts and solidarity among associates and promote a spirit of mutual help in the social, economic and        cultural spheres;
—   promote the training and education of members and their families. Such training must be geared to fundamentals,        so that successive layers of knowledge and skills can be acquired and people can efficiently undertake the        democratic management of their enterprises;
—   create the right conditions for developing economies of scale through vertical and horizontal integration of the        production process, but without concentrating income and decision-making in fewer hands.

Croatia. URSH: (d) Yes. Maintaining the social and economic viability of small communities which depend upon one specific sectoral activity, such as tourism.

Cyprus. (d) Education, housing, health.

Czech Republic. (d) Competitive advantage; enhancement of wages; with regard to the multifunctional role of agriculture in rural areas.

Denmark. Federation of Danish Cooperatives (FDC): (b), (c) and (d) No.

Egypt. (a) It is necessary to know the source of such potential: whether possible funding by the State, assistance provided by developed countries or grants from international organizations. (b) The objective of cooperatives is to improve social conditions at the country level, a remedy for side-effects of economic reforms in addition to improving social well-being. (d) The creation of employment opportunities mitigates the effects of economic reforms.
FEI: (a) Yes. The source of such potential should be determined: Is it through local funding, international development agencies, assistance by developed countries or any other source? (b) Cooperatives today are a remedy in view of the economic reform programmes implemented in most developing countries; cooperatives are aimed at providing a means of mitigating the impact of economic reforms; their aim is not affluence. (d) The creation of employment opportunities mitigates the impact of economic reforms in developing countries.
Egyptian Trade Union Federation (ETUF): (d) The objective should be to strengthen coordination and cooperation between trade union organizations and cooperatives.

El Salvador. (d) Invest in other enterprises; contribute to local development projects.

Finland. (a) To create employment and expand access to income-generating activities is especially important in developing countries and for women in particular. The primary task of cooperatives is to provide services to their members. Although creating employment is an important objective, cooperatives as private sector enterprises should not be seen as having an obligation to solve unemployment problems. (b) By definition, yes. The social well-being of members is the result of viable cooperative activities which will improve the economy of members. (c) By means of saving and investment, the social well-being of members will improve. (d) Preventing exclusion could be one of the objectives.
TT and Palvelutyönantajat: (a) The goals of boosting employment and economic growth are best backed up by measures aimed at improving the general conditions for business activities. Such measures are presented in the Recommendation No. 189.
Central Organization of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) and Finnish Confederation of Salaried Employees (STTK): (a) This might be one way to create new forms of participation in the economic and social life of society. (d) See comment under (a) above; this might lead to activities in areas where profits are not big enough to interest enterprises.

France. CFDT: All of these objectives are worth pursuing, with a view to meeting the various needs of citizens in terms of goods and services, and being innovative in responding to those needs by taking account of new expectations.
GNC: The ICA Congress adopted a position on these points in 1995. It is recommended that the definitions and objectives adopted on that occasion by the cooperative movements be retained. In particular, the ILO Recommendation should include the definition of a cooperative adopted by the ICA.

Germany. (c) Credit cooperatives are important finance providers for all population groups, especially in the area of microfinance. (d) In economic terms with regard to national and international trade relations/market-based promotion of economic development.
BDA: (d) No.

Ghana. (c) This improves economic growth and employment. (d) Develop human resources and help to alleviate the negative effects of adjustment affecting the weak/vulnerable groups of the population.
GEA: (a) Structural adjustment programmes embarked upon by many developing and industrialized countries have brought about widespread upheavals, unemployment and poverty. (b) Cooperatives are expected to generate employment opportunities and to provide an effective base for disadvantaged groups to organize themselves for their social and economic benefit. (c) The cooperative financial sector has been the most dynamically growing cooperative sector in terms of turnover worldwide, from 1960 to 1999. (d) Cooperatives can alleviate poverty and mitigate, at least in the short term, the hardship that is likely or has already been created in the wake of transition from centrally planned to market economies and structural adjustment.
TUC: (d) Non-governmental organizations can also help in other areas to address the social needs of certain communities.

Greece. PASEGES: (d) Yes. Contribute in general to economic development in line with their mode of operation, and using the available natural resources rationally; contribute through educational activities to the intellectual development of their members and to strengthening their capacities.

Guyana. (a) Cooperatives can be used as a vehicle to reduce unemployment and should not be a closed-shop affair. (d) Improved housing, education and transportation.

India. (a) The focus should be on income-generating activities. This should lead to self-employment. Special emphasis is needed for activities in rural areas. (b) A cooperative is based on an economic activity. Economic well-being automatically leads to improved social well-being.

Indonesia. (a) Cooperatives are considered as economic organizations for the people that can provide social and economic benefits to members and their immediate communities. (b) Cooperatives provide an assured market and price for members’ products. (c) Some cooperatives have successfully mobilized savings from their members and have supported investment by their members. (d) Increase productivity and quality of products/services, improve job culture that is conducive to occupational safety and health, and ensure sustainable environmental development. Many cooperatives have provided medical services, education, emergency needs, business consultancy and business information to their members and immediate community.
Workers’ organizations: (d) Efforts should be taken to improve the cooperative.

Israel. (a) There is still room for expansion even in the very industrialized countries. (d) Better education and more involvement of women and young people.

Italy. (a) to (c) These may provide a considerable boost to the economy. (d) For instance, those of the third sector and those of services to the individual in the broadest sense.
Legacoop: The instrument must promote the entrepreneurial capability of cooperatives in all countries so that they fulfil the aspirations of members in attaining certain objectives. The objectives mentioned in the question should be fully supported. There have been and are cooperative entrepreneurial experiments that have efficiently and jointly achieved these objectives.

Japan. Since the proposed document is an international instrument of the ILO, its contents should be limited to those in compliance with the ILO’s mandate. (d) It may contribute to the promotion of social solidarity through the participation of cooperative members in social activities.

Jordan. ACI: (d) Development of local communities, development of self-reliance by providing funds for the establishment of income-generating projects which can have an effect on the previous points.

Kenya. (d) The instrument should also empower the rural poor as well as the urban working poor. It should further aim to enhance democratization, income distribution and civic education.

Kuwait. (a) The new instrument should aim to help cooperatives solve the unemployment problem. (b) One of the most important objectives of cooperatives is achieving social well-being through meeting peoples’ needs in the form of food, clothing, housing, health, education, employment, transportation and telecommunications. (d) Such organizations help increase the socio-economic level of individuals, either as producers or consumers, through the utilization of natural and human resources available, conservation of the environment, productive activities, income generation and achieving social justice and stability.

Lebanon. (a) Creation of self-employment as well as employment in general and related activities which would expand income-generating activities. (b) This will depend on available financial and administrative capabilities. (c) These are cooperatives’ objectives, and depend on cooperatives’ capabilities to provide services at competitive prices and of excellent quality. (d) Health, educational, housing and consultancy services; this could be done gradually and according to available resources.
Ministry of Housing and Cooperatives (MHC): (d) Involve young people in economics and social decision-making.
NFC: (a) Since this will increase the stability of cooperatives, increase affiliation with the aim of obtaining services that will help them in their daily life. (d) By achieving and improving on economic objectives, social conditions and stability would be enhanced and educational opportunities and health services would also be attained.

Malaysia. (a) Identifying a market-based mechanism will enable cooperative participation in the competitive market. (b) The principles of cooperation can provide a valuable basis for equal wealth distribution and addressing the social needs of members. (c) Savings and investment are a form of distributing the added value generated in a business enterprise. (d) Cooperatives need creative inputs by exploring potentials available in the field of information technology and education.
MTUC: (d) Express the economic concerns and needs of members, who by and large are from the low-wage earning community.
ANGKASA: (d) Promote democracy.

Mali. (d) Individual and collective well-being (groupings, associations, community cooperatives, villages, neighbourhoods, groups). Help in the event of accidents, retirement and even contributing to the provision of care.

Malta. (d) Confirm that cooperation can exist and is effective — indeed, superior to competition.
GWU: (a) Cooperatives could become an instrument through which individuals team up to create employment themselves and promote the social dimension. (d) Whereas cooperatives could help in attaining economic objectives, especially in newly developed countries, they could be the instrument to instil again social objectives in developed countries.
Union Haddiema Maghqudin (UHM): (d) Promote entrepreneurship.
AOC: (a) Cooperatives are known to generate employment through collective use of resources. (b) Yes, the values and principles of cooperatives promote the human dimension and hence improve social well-being. (c) Through collective use of the resources of their members, cooperatives have better means of generating savings and investment. (d) The two principles of working together and concern for community help to promote solidarity apart from other economic benefits, not only at the local level but also on the international scene. Thus, apart from the benefits of economic globalization, cooperatives can promote the globalization of solidarity.

Mauritius. (a) With limited capital members can pool their resources to set up viable enterprises for job creation. (d) Service to the community; poverty alleviation; protection of the environment.

Mexico. (a) and (b) The promotion of cooperatives should meet individual and collective needs, through the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. All this must be adjusted to the particular circumstances in each country. (c) Savings are the basis of investment, and for this reason saving by the public must be encouraged. (d) No. Incorporating too many objectives could jeopardize basic principles.

Mongolia. Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions (CMTU): (d) Ensure economic democracy.

Morocco. (d) The establishment of housing cooperatives and the provision of food products and good quality equipment at lower-than-market prices.
ODC: (a) In order to achieve their objectives with regard to the economic, social and educational needs of their members, cooperatives must broaden their activities and incorporate new areas of activity. (b) A proportion of any surplus should be set aside for social purposes. (c) In order to ensure that cooperatives have their own sources of finance and to enable them to overcome the difficulties of obtaining outside finance which hinder their development and growth. (d) Reduce production costs; provide training and combat illiteracy; information.

Namibia. (a) The employment creation potential of cooperatives is limited. (d) For example, higher agricultural output; more local value addition; better housing, etc.

Nicaragua. (a) Yes, although not all countries, because of their economic differences, have the same concept of what cooperative activity is.

Norway. (d) Cooperatives are requested to promote the fundamental rights enshrined in the ILO’s core Conventions.

Panama. (a) Cooperatives comprise the most important and necessary elements of job creation: human resources (members), capital (financial resources) and technology (training in production methods). (b) Cooperatives have a great responsibility in the social welfare of their members through education and the provision of services. (c) The financial self-management of cooperatives should be based on capital formation through the savings of members and investment guarantee deposits and savings. (d) Promote job creation (employment); contribute to poverty reduction; promote the establishment of ethical and moral values.

Philippines. BLE: (a) Should the instrument become a Recommendation, the cooperative members will benefit from this kind of assistance. (b) One of the organizational objectives of cooperation is human and social development. (c) Another key element of cooperatives’ objectives is economic sustainability. (d) Autonomy and democratic governance, job creation and employment security.
ILS: (a) Creating employment and expanding income activities are the prime objectives of cooperatives. (b) Cooperatives have developed a new pattern of social relations that is evidently broader in its democratic base, and more effective in the process. (c) A cooperative is both a social and economic movement. It promotes not only the economic well-being of members, but also solidarity among them.

Qatar. (a) This may require a review of the objectives and policies on cooperatives. (d) Community development; contribute to the provision and improvement of educational and health services.

Saint Lucia. (d) Gender equality.

Slovakia. (d) Improve the living standard of their members and employees. Increase the country’s economic potential.

Spain. (d) The instrument should serve to promote incomes and employment, entre­preneurship, democratic management, social services and the elimination of social exclusion of disadvantaged groups.
CCOO: (a) The CCOO and the European trade union movement through the European Union support the initiative to create employment through cooperatives. (c) The CCOO wishes to participate in the development of a form of cooperation which can respond to the social needs of people while creating an effective labour market. (d) Social solidarity, community service and employment promotion.
CIG: (a) There is need for a suitable policy for the creation of cooperatives in order to promote employment. (c) The development of cooperative credit and savings societies should be given priority, and consideration should be given to the involvement of the commercial banking sector. (d) Reinforce democratic structures in the national economy.

Sri Lanka. (a) Cooperatives have the potential to create employment in a variety of sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing services. (c) Cooperatives are very effective in the areas of thrift and credit. Hence there is immense potential in mobilizing savings and investment, especially amongst the lower strata of society.
Ceylon Cooperative Employees’ Federation (CCE): (d) For example, environmental development.

Swaziland. (d) Health, educational and sports facilities.

Switzerland. (a) to (c) Especially in developing countries. (d) In the agricultural sector, it is essential to spread knowledge and encourage technology transfer. As regards the labour market, it is important to harmonize the needs of the economy with the social objectives of reintegration (creation of social enterprises in the form of cooperatives).
UPS: It is not necessary to promote the role of cooperatives in particular. On the other hand, persons or enterprises wishing to organize in this way, or in other ways, should be free to do so. The important thing is that freedom of contract should be respected by States. The matter of defining cooperatives should be left to national legislation.

Syrian Arab Republic. (a) By supporting cooperatives and SMEs, which help in the creation of new job opportunities and achieving full employment, which leads to economic development. (b) Providing housing, social security and health insurance for those who have a limited income. (c) Provided that cooperatives and their members could benefit from such savings, which should be tax exempt. (d) Help eradicate poverty and increase national income.

Tajikistan. (a) Yes, because many cooperatives are involved in cottage industries and traditional arts and crafts. (b) Yes, because the elimination of producers’ cooperatives in the former USSR led to the impoverishment of the consumer market, a deterioration in consumer services and the loss of traditional crafts. (c) Since cooperatives are economically independent producers of goods and services, based on the principles of self-management and self- financing. (d) Reduce social tensions by creating new jobs; improve training and skills; re­inforce and develop a culture of training that meets the specific needs of individual cooperatives; facilitate the acquisition of up-to-date knowledge and skills.

United Republic of Tanzania. TFTU: (a) Because the aim is to promote cooperatives which in return should create jobs and expand access to income-generating activities. (d) It is necessary to improve the welfare of the people. Furthermore, linkages between small, medium-sized and large-scale enterprises would be created.

Togo. (a) With account being taken of the shrinking of the employment market, which is sparing no country, whether developed or developing. (b) Social well-being should be one of the main concerns of cooperatives to be included in the new instrument. (d) Improvements in the quality of life, and the creation of wealth and jobs in all sectors of economic activity.

Trinidad and Tobago. (b) Improvement of social well-being of individuals will lead to improvements in communities. Improvement in communities will lead to a healthier country. Growth and development will thrive in a healthy country. (c) Increasing savings and investment will reduce the burden on governments in providing social services. Cooperatives must be seen as mediums through which members can create wealth. (d) Improve standards of living; forge links with labour and employers’ organizations.
ECA: (d) Include gender equity, youth development and wealth creation among cooperative members.
CCUL: (d) Gender equity; youth development; wealth creation among lower income groups and members of cooperatives.

Tunisia. (d) Promote the democratic and efficient management of cooperative enterprises.

Ukraine. ASMPEU: (a) Less than average attention is devoted to cooperatives by legislatures and executive authorities, and provisions in this area are still inadequate.
Central Committee of the Trade Union of Workers of the Agro-Industrial Complex of Ukraine (TUWAIU): (a) Without new jobs, cooperatives will not be able to expand their activities and their economic conditions will deteriorate. (d) To reflect all the different aspects of the task of attaining economic and social objectives.

United Kingdom. (a) Individuals, communities and governments need to know the possibilities of cooperatives.

Zimbabwe. (a) Cooperatives play a vital role in reducing unemployment and they generate income. (d) In times of bereavement cooperatives should continue assisting the beneficiaries of the deceased member.

Replies were strongly affirmative to all subparagraphs, particularly (a) to (c). In regard to (d), the majority of comments proposed additional areas where cooperatives have considerable potential. The most frequently cited areas included the provision of health care, housing, training, education and business services; development of the community; protection of the environment; promotion of democracy and equality in economic and gender terms.

The Office considers these suggestions reasonable and Point 4 of the Proposed Conclusions has been drafted accordingly.
 

Total number of replies: 95.

Affirmative: Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, ­Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Republic of Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, United Republic of Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe.

Negative: Brazil, Hungary, Iraq, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Oman, Tajikistan, United Kingdom.

Other: Algeria, Lebanon, Switzerland.

Belgium. It should be able to be adapted to the specific economic and social situation of each particular sector where cooperatives operate.

Brazil. No, problems arising with the use of the cooperative model lie in the interface with labour legislation and precisely the form of workers’ or labour cooperatives. It is understood that the instrument should focus only on this mode of organization.
CNC: Yes, should the instrument adopted be a Recommendation.
CNI: Yes, subject to the replies given to Questions 1 and 2.
OCB: Yes, government support will be needed for this purpose.

Bulgaria. Cooperatives carry out their activities in all sectors. They form part of the single social and economic entity of the State.

Canada. The instrument should apply to the various types of cooperatives for which such an instrument could be sustainable and effective. It must, however, have sufficient focus to obtain results.

Chad. The instrument should not be limited in scope. This would discriminate against cooperatives wishing to come under its scope.
CST: Yes.

Chile. CPC: No, there are sectors that require special standards given their particular characteristics.

Costa Rica. The instrument should be generally applied, irrespective of the type or form of cooperative or the social or economic sector concerned.

Finland. As far as possible. However, the objective and measures of the Recommendation may have to take into account regional varieties and difference in types of cooperatives.

France. CFDT: It is undoubtedly necessary to examine the legal diversity that exists in this area in different countries — for example, cooperatives, associations and mutual societies in France.
GNC: See reply to Question 4.

Ghana. Yes, to make the instrument more comprehensive.
GEA: Yes. The structure of cooperative enterprises the world over is currently evolving to cope more effectively with competitive pressure from other forms of business organizations.

Guyana. Cooperative activities in all forms should be guided by the instrument if cooperatives are to retain their distinctive roles.

Italy. With a view to comprehensive action, but account must be taken of the principle of solidarity which characterizes the mutual association or friendly society approach as a whole.
Legacoop: In the implementation of this instrument any possible distinctions based on the type of cooperative and the economic and social sectors where cooperatives operate a