News

• November 2009

  • Russia takes vigorous efforts to reduce tensions on labour market
    14 November 2009. Russia is taking vigorous efforts in order to alleviate tensions on the labour market, President Dmitry Medvedev said.
    Speaking at an APEC business summit on Saturday, he stressed the need for coordinated actions in providing social guarantees, ensuring the affordability and quality of training, and mobility of labour.
  • Uzbekistan imposes administrative penalty for using child labour in hazardous work
    4 November 2009. On November 4, Uzbekistan’s parliamentarians adopted a law on amendments to the Republic’s Code on Administrative Responsibility that envisions administrative penalty for the use of child labour in hazardous working conditions.
  • ILO says economic crisis eroding real wages for second year running
    3 November 2009. Global growth in real wages slowed dramatically in 2008 as a result of the economic crisis and is expected to drop even further this year despite signs of a possible economic recovery, the International Labour Organization (ILO) said today.

• October 2009

  • Eastern Europe and Central Asia AIDS Conference
    28-30 October 2009. On 28-30 October 2009 the Third regional Eastern European and Central Asian AIDS Conference took place in Moscow. More than 2500 delegates from all CIS countries as well as from Eastern Europe, Central Asia and many other countries took part in the conference.
  • ILO Executive Director visits Belarus
    27-29 October 2009. Kari Tapiola, Executive Director of the ILO for Standards and Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, visited Belarus on October 27-29 to study the observance of Belarus’ independent trade union rights and hold consultations on the implementation of ILO’s recommendations by the Belarussian government.
  • Kyrgyzstan: Aigul Ryskulova appointed Minister of Labour, Employment and Migration
    22 October 2009. On October 22, Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev signed a decree to appoint Aigul Ryskulova as head of new Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration.
  • Total amount of jobless persons in Russia goes down by 4% to top 5
    20 October 2009. The total amount of unemployed persons in Russia, which is calculated on the basis of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) methodology, decreased by four percent in September 2009, as compared to this August, and stood at 5.764 million people, the Prime Tass economic news agency said on Tuesday, quoting a regular report of the Federal State Statistics Service.
  • Informal employment curbs trade benefits for developing countries
    12 October 2009. A joint study from the International Labour Organization and the WTO has found that high incidence of informal employment in the developing world suppresses countries' ability to benefit from trade opening by creating poverty traps for workers in job transition.
  • Following international labour standards
    9 October 2009. What should be done amid economic downturn to protect workers’ rights? This issue topped the agenda of parliamentary hearings at the State Duma that focused on the development of Russia’s legislation in the social sphere and prospects for ratification of conventions of the International Labour Organization.

• September 2009

  • Tripartite meeting on Labour Administration Facing the Jobs Crisis
    21-22 September 2009. On September 21-22 Moscow hosted a tripartite meeting on Labour Administration Facing the Jobs Crisis. The meeting was convened to sum up the results of the ILO project Promotion of Good Governance in Labour Administration in the Caucasus and Central Asia.
  • Russia's ILO unemployment rate down 100,000 people in August
    21 September 2009. Russia's unemployment rate calculated under International Labor Organization standards fell by 100,000 people to 6.2 million in August, a 1.6% decline month on month, the country's top statistics body said on Monday.
  • Despite continued rise in unemployment, measures taken by G20 governments will save up to 11 million jobs in 2009, ILO says
    18 September 2009. Employment and social protection measures taken by G20 governments since the economic crisis began will have created or saved an estimated 7 to 11 million jobs in the G20 countries this year, the Director-General of the International Labour Office (ILO) said in a communication to be presented to the G20 Summit to be held in Pittsburgh on 24-25 September.
  • Trainers come to enterprises of Kaliningrad
    15-17 September 2009. On September 15-17 an educational seminar for trainers on the prevention of stigma and discrimination at workplace was held in Kaliningrad under support of the Immunopathology Center. The event was organized within the framework of the ILO project on HIV prevention at workplace that has been implemented in three Russian pilot regions in 2009.

• August 2009

  • Modular training workshops in Dushanbe
    10-15 August 2009. At the request of national tripartite partners ILO experts organized workshops on modular training methodology from August 10 to August 20.

• July 2009

  • Preparatory training on social protection for Tajik migrants in Kazakhstan
    27-29 July 2009. Mariko Ouchi, Social Security Specialist of the ILO Subregional Office, visited Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on July 27-29 to conduct a preparatory training on social protection for Tajik migrant workers in Kazakhstan and to meet with EU consultants working on the project of pension reform analysis in Tajikistan.
  • Unemployment in Russia reaches 6.5 mln
    25 July 2009. Unemployment in Russia grew at a rate of 100,000 people a week in January and February 2009 and had reached 2.150 million by the middle of June.
  • General Agreement for 2009-2011 signed in Kyrgyzstan
    16 July 2009. On July 16, the government of Kyrgyzstan, the Federation of Trade Unions of Kyrgyzstan and the republic’s employers’ associations signed the General Agreement for 2009-2011.
  • Confederation of Labour (VKT) and the Russian Labour Confederation (KTR) signed a unification treaty
    16 July 2009. On July 16, the All-Russian Confederation of Labour (VKT) and the Russian Labour Confederation (KTR) signed a unification treaty at the Subregional Office of the International Labour Organization.
  • Dushanbe hosts seminar on stronger role of employers’ organization in Tajikistan’s social and economic development
    15 July 2009. On July 15, Dushanbe hosted a seminar on strengthening role of employers’ organizations in the social and economic development of Tajikistan. The event was organized by the International Labour Organization, the Employers’ Organization of Tajikistan with participation of representatives of the National Association of Dehkan Farms, business community and non-governmental organizations.
  • Plan of actions to regulate migration and employment in Kyrgyzstan
    9 July 2009. On July 9 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, hosted a roundtable meeting to discuss a plan of actions to regulate migration and employment amid crisis for 2010-2012.
  • Georgia: Prime-Minister meets with Trade Union Confederation chairman
    8 July 2009. On July 8, Georgian Prime Minister Nika Gilauri met with the chairman of the Georgian Trade Union Confederation (GTUC), Irakli Petriashvili.
    Trade unions have objections in relation to the effective Labour Code and they prepared their own legislative initiatives.
  • Prospects for HIV/AIDS prevention at workplace are discussed in the Kaluga region
    8 July 2009. On July 8 2009, in Kaluga, the International Labour Organization in close cooperation with Kaluga regional AIDS Center organized Round table «Prospects for cooperation between the Kaluga region and the ILO on the issue of HIV/AIDS prevention in the world of work”. This activity was implemented within the framework of the ILO new project aimed at reducing stigma and discrimination at workplaces through HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns.
  • Russia's unemployed exceed 6 mln - ILO
    2 July 2009. The number of Russia's jobless comprised 6.5 million in May, according to the International Labour Organization's Methodology to calculate unemployment. The country's federal statistics service made public these figures on Thursday.
  • ILO anniversary posters on Bishkek’s main street
    1 July 2009. In July the ILO anniversary posters appeared on Chui Prospect, the central street of the Kyrgyz capital, Bishkek, where all key government offices are located. Chui Prospect is also a popular promenade for both residents and visitors of the city. Thousands of people can now see these colourful posters every day.

• June 2009

  • Azerbaijan: New president of Employers’ Confederation
    30 June 2009. On June 30 the National Confederation of Entrepreneurs’ (Employers’) Organizations of Azerbaijan elected Mammad Musayev as its new president.
  • Belarus to join the UN Convention on Disabled Persons’ Rights
    29 June 2009. Joint UNDP/UNICEF/ILO project entitled Assistance to Belarus in Joining the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Implementation was launched in April 2009.
  • Bishkek hosts regional conference on the role of cooperatives
    24-25 June 2009. Central Asian Regional Conference on “The Role of Cooperatives in Poverty Reduction and Employment Growth” organized by ILO COOP in partnership with Raiffaizen Foundation took place in Bishkek on 24-25 June 2009.
  • World Bank says Russian unemployment may reach 13% by year-end
    24 June 2009. Unemployment in Russia may reach 13% of he country's labor force by the end of 2009, the World Bank said in a report Wednesday, the business news agency Prime-TASS reported.
  • International Labour Conference concludes its work
    19 June 2009. The International Labour Organization (ILO) concluded its annual meeting here today with the adoption of a historic Global Jobs Pact by government, employer and worker delegates and after considering a wide range of issues, including HIV/AIDS, gender equality and the effect given to ILO labour standards.
  • ILO adopts « Global Jobs Pact » aimed at creating jobs, protecting workers and stimulating economic recovery
    19 June 2009. Faced with the prospect of a prolonged global increase in unemployment, poverty and inequality and the continuing collapse of enterprises, the International Labour Organization (ILO) today adopted a Global Jobs Pact designed to guide national and international policies aimed at stimulating economic recovery, generating jobs and providing protection to working people and their families.
  • Data on unemployment level in Russia to be verified
    17 June 2009. The Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development and the State Statistics Service will assess the real state of things with overall unemployment in the country, Tatyana Golikova, the minister of health and social development, told reporters on Wednesday.
  • World Day Against Child Labour 2009. ILO says crisis increases risk of girls becoming child labourers
    10 June 2009. The global financial crisis could push an increasing number of children, particularly girls, into child labour, according to a new report issued by the International Labour Office (ILO) for the World Day Against Child Labour on June 12.
  • ILO anniversary high on the agenda of national workshop in Tajikistan
    3 June 2009. On 3 June, Kokhi Vahdat, the main conference hall in Dushanbe, hosted a national workshop on the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Tajik Migrant Workers and a presentation of the ILO Global Report on Forced Labour.
  • Kaliningrad region to start HIV workplace prevention campaign
    3 June 2009. On June 3, 2009, Kaliningrad regional Center of immune-associated diseases – International Labour Organization held Round table “Prospects for cooperation between the Kaliningrad oblast and the International Labour Organization on the issue of HIV/AIDS prevention in the world of work” under the auspices of the Government of the Kaliningrad territory. This activity was implemented within the framework of the ILO new project aimed at reducing stigma and discrimination at workplaces through HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns.
  • Heads of State, government and leaders from the world of work tackle the global jobs crisis
    2 June 2009. Some 4,000 representatives of government and employers’ and workers’ organizations are to meet here on 3-19 June to search for an effective response to the growing impact of the economic and financial crisis on employment, social protection and the world of work.

• May 2009

  • ILO says job losses are increasing due to economic crisis
    28 May 2009. The International Labour Office (ILO) today issued new labour market projections for 2009, showing a further increase in unemployment, working poor and those in vulnerable employment.
    In presenting the new data, ILO Director-General Juan Somavia, said the ILO’s annual International Labour Conference, to be held in Geneva on 3-19 June, was to consider an emergency “global jobs pact” designed to promote a coordinated policy response to the global jobs crisis.
    Full text of the Report "Global Employment Trends" (PDF, 2.1 Mb)
  • Rights and Challenges of Women and Children Living with HIV: roundtable in Kazan
    17 May 2009. Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan – Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), under the auspices of the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan, held a round table meeting on Rights and Challenges of Women and Children Living with HIV in the National cultural center “Kazan”.
  • Over 30% of children in Kyrgyzstan do hard labour
    14 May 2009. More than a third of children in Kyrgyzstan are forced to do jobs that are unacceptable for their age, according to a study released on Thursday.
  • Gevorg Petrosyan apponted as Labour and Social Affairs Minister of Armenia
    12 May 2009. On May 12 Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan signed a decree to appoint Gevorg Petrosyan as Labour and Social Affairs Minister. He replaced on this post Arsen Hambardzumyan. Gevorg Petrosyan was born in Yerevan on September 4, 1972.
  • New ILO report says “cost of coercion” to workers in forced labour surpasses USD 20 billion per year
    12 May 2009. In a new study on the patterns of forced labour worldwide, the International Labour Office (ILO) says the “opportunity cost” of coercion to the workers affected reaches over USD 20 billion per year.
    Full text of the Report "The Cost of Coercion" (PDF, 1.0 Mb)

• April 2009

  • 

    ILO study room opened at the Academy of Labour in Moscow (PDF, 130 Kb)

    29 April 2009. Festivity was in the air today at the Russian Academy of Labour and Social Relations - the academy hosted the ILO90 anniversary event.
  • Tripartite collective agreement signed in Armenia
    27 April 2009. Today a tripartite collective agreement on additional guarantees in social and labour relations was signed by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, President of the Republican Employers' Union of Armenia and the Chairman of Trade Unions' Confederation of Armenia.
  • Anit-trafficking project coordinators meet in Vienna
    26-29 April 2009. On April 26-29 the ILO’s chief technical advisers and national project coordinators for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia had a mission to Vienna within the framework of the EU-funded ILO/OSCE/ICMPD regional project “Development of a comprehensive anti-trafficking response in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
  • ILO awarded a diploma of the Russian Health and Social Development Ministry
    24 April 2009. On April 24, an official meeting to mark the 90th anniversary of the International Labour Organization and World for Safety and Health at Work took place in Moscow. At the meeting the director of the ILO Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Martina Lubyova, was awarded a diploma of the Russian Health and Social Development Ministry signed by the minister Tatiana Golikova.
  • 

    ILO90 special event at the Lomonosov readings (PDF, 257 Kb)

    23 April 2009. Lomonosov readings are well known among the Russian and international academic community. This authoritative conference, named after Mikhail Lomonosov, the illustrious Russian scientist, poet and one of the founders of Moscow State University, is annually hosted by the School of Economics, MSU.
  • 

    Representatives of Central Asian states get together in Astana to mark ILO 90th Anniversary (PDF, 112 Kb)

    22-23 April 2009. On 22- 23 April 2009 the Kazakhstan capital hosted a conference to mark the ILO 90th anniversary. The conference, that was initiated by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population, became a regional event as it brought together the ILO constituents from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, as well as the representatives of ministries, social partners, parliamentarians and international organizations.
  • 

    Russian trade unions mark ILO 90th anniversary (PDF, 90 Kb)

    22 April 2009. MOSCOW, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 22 April – ILO 90th anniversary was the first item on the agenda of the FNPR General Council meeting held in Moscow on 22 April 2009.
    Report by Mikhail Shmakov, FUTUR Chairman, at the FITUR General Council Meeting (PDF, 72 Kb)
  • ILO marks its 90th anniversary with global dialogue for decent work and a fair globalization
    20 April 2009. Amid the worst financial and jobs crisis since the Great Depression, the International Labour Organization (ILO) will mark its 90th anniversary in the week of 21-28 April. During this period, there will be a global convergence on the common theme of social dialogue on decent work for a fair globalization in commemorative events in more than 100 countries across the world. This launches a global dialogue aimed at fostering hope and action for an embattled world of work.
  • 

    ILO 90th Anniversary Campaign: Moscow Metro Billboards (PDF, 304 Kb)

    17 April 2009. These colorful billboards appeared today, 17 April 2009, at the central metro stations in Moscow as part of the ILO 90th anniversary campaign. The posters were jointly designed by ILO Moscow and the Department of Communication in Geneva.
  • ILO subregional director visits Baku
    13-15 April 2009. On April 13-15 ILO Moscow Office Director Martina Lubyova visited Baku, Azerbaijan, to meet with tripartite constituents to evaluate the current Decent Work Country Programme (DWCP) and discuss development of a new one starting as of 2010.
  • Media advisory - ILO to mark its 90th anniversary
    7 April 2009. In 2009 the ILO celebrates its 90th Anniversary, against a backdrop of financial crisis and critical levels of unemployment around the world. Looking to the future means understanding the past, and as such the ILO’s 90th anniversary celebrations world wide focus on the theme of "90 years working for social justice" with a strong forward looking element, asking how the ILO's experience working through crisis can add a unique voice to the present day response to economic crisis.
  • Perm hosts international conference on occupational safety and health
    7 April 2009. On April 7, the city of Perm, Russia, hosted an international scientific conference on pressing problems of occupational safety and management of professional risks.
    Taking part in the conference were leading researchers and experts from Perm, Moscow, St. Petersbrug, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Kirov, Omsk, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan and Udmurtia. Reports from Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Moldova were heard.
  • 

    Martina Lubyova was appointed Director of the ILO Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, with effect from 1 April 2009

    
    Ms. Lubyova's biodata (PDF, 8 Kb)

• March 2009

  • G8+6 Social Summit: Call for employment and social policies to drive growth and recovery
    30 March 2009. At a special G8+6 Social Summit, International Labour Organization Director-General Juan Somavia called for new employment and social protection policies to drive economic growth and a recovery from the global economic crisis.
  • World Bank sees Russia's unemployment reaching 12% by year-end
    30 March 2009. Unemployment in Russia is expected to reach 12% of the country's labor force by the end of 2009, Zeljko Bogetic, the World Bank's chief economist for Russia, told reporters Monday, the economic news agency Prime-Tass said.
  • President Dmitry Medvedev: the number of unemployed in Russia is about 6 million
    15 March 2009. The employment situation is difficult, but in general it is under control, President Dmitry Medvedev said in an interview with Channel One News Programs Director Kirill Kleimenov.
  • ILO warns economic crisis could generate up to 22 million more unemployed women in 2009, jeopardize equality gains at work and at home
    5 March 2009. The economic crisis is expected to increase the number of unemployed women by up to 22 million in 2009, the International Labour Office (ILO) says in its annual Global Employment Trends for Women report (GET) 1/, released here today, adding that the global jobs crisis is expected to worsen sharply with the deepening of the recession in 2009.
  • New Minister of Labour and Social Protection of Kazakhstan
    4 March 2009. On March 4, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Gulshara Abdykalikova as the Republic’s Labour and Social Protection Minister. She replaced Berdybek Saparbayev, who became the governor of the East Kazakhstan Region.

  • The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and the International Labour Office (ILO) held a conference on "Civil society in the Black Sea region and the Eastern Partnership countries – Promoting civil and social dialogue" in Brussels on 2 and 3 March 2009

    4 March 2009. The participants requested the EESC to use its expertise in developing civil society networks and play a key role in the setting–up of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum.
    EESC to play a key role in the establishment of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum (press release) (PDF, 143 Kb)

  • The EESC takes forward its cooperation with the civil society of the Black Sea Region and the Eastern Partnership countries

    2-3 March 2009. On 2-3 March 2009, the conference on "Civil Society in the Black Sea Region and the Eastern Partnership Countries - Promoting Civil and Social Dialogue" will provide a new opportunity for the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and the International Labour Office (ILO) to take forward cooperation among organised civil society organisations from the EU and the Eastern Neighbours countries, as well as Turkey and Russia.
    • The EESC takes forward its cooperation with the civil society of the Black Sea Region and the Eastern Partnership countries (press release) (PDF, 17 Kb)
    • Conference program (PDF, 75 Kb)

• February 2009

  • ILO delegates call for urgent new policy measures to address growing job losses in the financial sector
    27 February 2009. Worker, employer and government representatives called for urgent new policies and measures to mitigate the severe impact of the global financial and economic crisis on the more than 20 million financial sector workers worldwide and to stimulate a sustainable economic recovery.
  • Message by Juan Somavia Director-General of the International Labour Office on the occasion of World Day of Social Justice
    20 February 2009. Today we mark the first World Day of Social Justice, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in November 2007. The General Assembly invited member States and all those seeking to promote social justice to re-connect with the objectives and goals of the World Summit for Social Development.
  • Unemployment in Russia hits 6.1 mln
    19 February 2009. The total number of unemployed in Russia grew to 6.1 million in January, up 5.2% on the previous month, while only 1.7 million people were officially registered as jobless, the state statistics body said on Thursday.
  • Bishkek hosts conference devoted to World Day for Social Justice
    18 February 2009. On February 18, the UN House in Bishkek hosted a conference chaired by Kyrgyz Vice-Premier Uktomkhan Abdullayeva and UNDP Kyrgyzstan Resident Representative Neal Walker. It was devoted to the World Day for Social Justice that will be annually marked on February 20 beginning from this year.
  • ILO European Regional Meeting calls for coordinated response to economic crisis
    13 February 2009. The 8th European Regional Meeting of the International Labour Organization (ILO) concluded here today with calls for a coordinated effort to maintain employment and restore economic growth amid “the most serious economic crisis to hit Europe for 60 years”.
  • ILO European Regional Meeting opens amid calls for an urgent and coordinated response to the economic crisis
    10 February 2009. The 8th European Regional Meeting of the International Labour Organization (ILO) opened here today with calls for an integrated approach to halt the spiraling economic slowdown and build a new, “stronger, cleaner and fairer” economy for the future.
  • 8th ILO European Regional Meeting. Delegates to examine employment and social consequences of financial crisis
    9 February 2009. The 8th European Regional Meeting of the International Labour Organization (ILO) begins its work here Tuesday faced with the challenge of forging a “decent work” response to the financial and economic crisis and mounting job losses and social hardship.
  • 8th ILO European Regional Meeting, Lisbon, 9-13 February 2009. Impact of Global financial crisis on world of work expected to be high on agenda of quadrennial meeting
    4 February 2009.The 8th European Regional Meeting of the International Labour Organization (ILO) will take place here on 9-13 February amid growing concerns over the impact of the global financial crisis on the world of work in Europe and Central Asia.

• January 2009

  • Total number of jobless in Russia may hit seven million in 2009
    29 January 2009. The total number of the jobless in Russia may amount to seven million people in 2009, said on Thursday to reporters Deputy Minister of Health and Social Development Maxim Topilin.
  • ILO Global employment Trends report 2009 - Unemployment, working poor and vulnerable employment to increase dramatically due to global economic crisis
    28 January 2009. The global economic crisis is expected to lead to a dramatic increase in the number of people joining the ranks of the unemployed, working poor and those in vulnerable employment, the International Labour Office (ILO) says in its annual Global Employment Trends report (GET).
    Based on new developments in the labour market and depending on the timeliness and effectiveness of recovery efforts, the report says global unemployment in 2009 could increase over 2007 by a range of 18 million to 30 million workers, and more than 50 million if the situation continues to deteriorate.
    Full text of the Report (PDF, 585 Kb)
  • Russia: 1.522mn registered unemployed, 6mn jobless
    26 January 2009. There are 6mn jobless in Russia, Yuri Gertsy, head of the Federal Labour and Employment Service, told the Ekho Moskvy station. He said the assessment was made on the basis of the ILO methodology and includes both registered and unregistered unemployed.
  • ILO will discuss Minsk's progress on recommendations in June
    23 January 2009. The implementation by the Belarusian government of the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s recommendations will be on the agenda of the organization's conference in June, Kari Tapiola, the ILO's executive director for standards and principles, told BelaPAN.
  • Rostrud expects no unemployment surge in 2009
    22 January 2009. Russian federal labour and employment service head Yuri Gertsiy expects no unemployment surge in 2009.
    "We do not expect unemployment surge but suppose that the number of jobless will increase to some degree," he told a news conference on Thursday.
  • ILO experts visit Minsk to discuss observance of trade union rights
    19 January 2009. On January 19, a group of ILO experts led by Kari Tapiola, Executive Director of the ILO for Standards and Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, and the secretary-general of the International Trade Union Confederation, Guy Ryder, arrived in Minsk.
  • Our new publications
    15 January 2009. Publications released by our Office in the end of 2008 would be enough to organize a small exhibition. They cover different countries of the region and different areas of our work. In the newsline we can only give you a short introdution to these publications. Those who are interested can find their full texts in the Publications section
    More... (PDF, 248 Kb)
  • Nazgul Tashpaeva appointed as Labour and Social Development Minister of Kyrgyzstan
    10 January 2009. On January 10 Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev signed a decree to appoint Nazgul Tashpaeva as Labour and Social Development Minister. She replaced Uktomkhan Abdullaeva, who was appointed as Vice-Premier of the Republic.

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