Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Labour Costs
3. Wages and Earnings in 1993
4. Occupational Wages
5. Occupational Wage Differentials
6. Difficulty in the Payment of Wages
7. Low Pay within Industry
8. Wage Flexibility
9. Entitlement to Enterprise Benefits
10. Unions, Collective Agreements and Wages
11. Concluding Remarks
Introduction
For many decades, wages in Russian industry were very low, and there was also a popular view that wage differentials were narrow due to the ideology of 'levelling' and the effect of centralised direction of the wage 'tariff' scale. The average wage was close to the minimum wage; and differentiation took place via the privileged access to social insurance (works experience based) and other forms of enterprise based b s. Since the late 1980s; s great deal has changed.
This paper examines the pattern of wages, earnings and benefits in Russian industry in 1993 through analysis of data from the third round of the Russian Labour Flexibility Survey (RLFS3), a representative survey of 340 manufacturing establishments in four major industrial areas of Russia - Moscow City, Moscow Region, St.Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Although not necessarily representative of the whole country, these do represent the largest industrial areas, and the survey is the largest and most detailed of its kind, involving extended interviews with senior management. Fieldwork was camped out in July, 1993, and most of the data relate to the previous year or the month of May, 1993.
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