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A 01 @ 01 ? 01 ? 01 ? 12 ? 12? ?? 12 ? 12 > 12 = 23 = 23? = 23 = 23 < 23 ; 34 ; 34? ; 34 + 34 + 34 + 45?     45 ? ? 45 ? 56 ?56  56 ? 57 ?  ? 67?    67  68  78  78#89   8:   9;   :J   <J  II  I60  56x  <56~  56??  56  56  56   ?56    56  ?  67  ?  67 ?  67? ? 676767??67?787878?7878?78?8989?898989 ?89 9: ?9:? 9: 9: ?9: :: :; :;? :; ?:; ?:; ;< ;<? ;< ;<? ;= <=? ?<= <= ?<>  =>   => ? =?  >??  >?  >? ? ?@? ? ?@ ?A?@A?@B?AC  BC  CD  DRQRQR?QR??QRQRQQQQQR?QRRS?RSST?STh????????????????????????  ?    ?       ?  ?          ?  ?            ?  ?          ?      ?  ?  ??.Qy-iloframe.tif* `(CG TimesScalable($     v e!  _2X_9 XXXX~2X X2X_9 =    1    XX~2See_SALC_ԀDoc._SALC_/XIV/MT/4,AnnexII,p.1,recommendation1.(a).#20; J#) `,CG Times )Scalable  e!  _/XXXXԀ  2  /0; X/X20;  /0; 20;EconomicandSocialEffectsofMultinationalenterprisesinexportprocessingzones,ILO/_UNCTC_,  Geneva,1988,p.4.#20; #2X_9 X 20;4XX X2X_9<6X9`(*Courier 10cpiTTT) e!  _ =    3    XXIdem,p.28.X~2X dTable_A dTable_B  =$    18    _XXIncentivesforLocalInvestors,ZimbabweInvestment_Centre_Ԁ(August1995),p.14.#X~2XW#((3$ e!      0   =$    38    _XXOECDDoc.COM/_DEELSA_/TD(95)7,p.44.#X~2XT#&0 d d e!  _ =    10    XXArt.4,LesothoNationalDevelopmentCorporationAct1967#X~2Xo# W_ =    11    XX_LNDC_ԀAnnualReport#X~2XT#XX~2Ԁ1993/94,_LNDC_,Maseru(Lesotho),p.1.#X~2X# e!  _Ԁ    22  XXArticle42,_Labour_ԀAct,1992.#X~2XX# =$    20    _XXArt.14(5)_NEPZ_ԀAct.#X~2XT#  e!  _2X_9 XXXԀ    13  20;  X2X_9 20;_BDC_ԀAnnualReport1994,BotswanaDevelopmentCorporation,Gaborone(Botswana),p.15and3,  respectively.#20; #2X_9 X 20; e!  _Ԁ =    17    XXGovernmentGazette,21April1995,GeneralNotice274of1995. ) e!  _ =    25    XX20;  20;_MEPZ_ԀAct,1995,Section7.#20; #  =$    37    _XXSeee.g.,Tradeand_Labour_ԀStandards,OECDDoc.COM/_DEELSA_/TD(95)7#X~2XT#XX~2; Annual  InvestmentIntentionsSurvey,CorporateLocation,September/October1995,p.12.#X~2X%# e!  _Ԁ2X_9 XXXX~2X X2X_9 =    26    XX~2Idem#20; O#.  =$    34    _XXIdem,p.3.ThesamplemaynotbeindicativeofthosefirmswhoaprioriruleAfricaoutoftheir  globalinvestmentstrategies.However,itcomprisesfirmswhoarewellinformedaboutinvestingintheregionandwhoseopinionsshouldgiveinsightintowhatisdeterringinvestmentinAfricaforallthoseseriouslyconsideringsuchanoption.#X~2XT# b =$    35    _XX_Biggs_Ԁetal.(1993).Africacancompete!,WorldBankDiscussionPapers,AfricaTechnical  DepartmentSeries,WorldBank,WashingtonDC,pp.5054.#X~2XT#  =$    36    _XXTheseinterviewswereconductedwithinvestorsinthetextilesandgarments(3),electronics(1),  metal(1),andplasticsindustries(1)andwithofficialsofthe_LNDC_Ԁand_BDC_ԀduringOctoberandNovemberinLesothoandBotswana.#X~2XT#  e!  _/XXXX    23  /0; X/X# /0;+#Article21,para.1(e),ConstitutionofNamibia.#X~2Xs# =_XX  =    40    Forinstance,AMCinHarare,see_Biggs_Ԁetal.(1993),atn.35,p.44.Thatthequotasystemaccounted  forasignificantincentiveto_FDI_ԀinSouthernAfricacanalsobegaugedbytheallegationsthatChineseinvestmentintoLesothohasbeenusedfortranshipmentofChinesemadegarmentstotheUSmarket,(idem,p.52).#X~2X# _ =    41    XXForinstance,inadditiontothoserequiredtosetupthe_EPZ_Ԁfacilities,investmentprojectsinthe  planned_EPZ_ԀinWalvisBayincludeamarbleprocessingplant,anoilrefinery,aregionalairline,andaclothingfactory.Onlythislatteroneisofafootloosekind,see_Lucienne_Ԁ_Fild_, Meetingtodrumupsupportfor @ _EPZ_,TheNamibian,May1995.  =$    42    _XXTheDeterminantsofForeignDirectInvestment,_UNCTC_,UnitedNations,NewYork(1992),p.60.#X~2XW#  =$    5    _Seee.g.,XX_UNCTAD_,ExportprocessingZonesin_Subsaharan_ԀAfrica,Part1,UNDoc  _UNCTAD_/_ECDC_/225(PartI),pp.14;_UNCTAD_#X~2X]#XX~2, ExportProcessingZones:RoleofForeignDirect  InvestmentandDevelopmentalImpact,UNDoc.TD/B/_WG_.1/6,Geneva,1993#X~2X#. _"  _ XXUKUS.,  @TTFCommonfeaturesof_EPZ_Ԁdevelopmentworldwide    Typicalactivities Foreigninvested_EPZ_Ԁfirmsessentiallyengageinsimpleassemblingoperationsandthe  mostsophisticatedfunctionssuchasresearchanddevelopment,designoradvancedmanufacturingprocessesareretainedintheparentcompaniesathome.Asaresultthepackageofassetsthatisintroducedinthehost_EPZ_Ԁisgenerally"poor".Since_EPZs_'exportedproductsaretypicallyassembledwithimportedinputs,thenetforeignexchangebenefitstothehosteconomyhavebeenmuchsmallerthanthevalueofgross_EPZ_Ԁexports.Thetechnologicalcontentof_EPZ_Ԁproductionislimited,andgiventhe"enclave"natureofmost_EPZs_,backwardlinkageswithlocalsuppliersarealsolimited.Problemsconcerningthevolatilityoftheoperationsofforeigninvestorshavealsocharacterizedmost_EPZs_. Success Wheresuccessful,however,_EPZs_Ԁhavecontributedtoforeignexchangeearningsandquick   generationofemployment.Moreimportant,_EPZ_Ԁschemeshaveprovidedsomeinitialconditionsforintegrationintheglobaleconomy,inAsiainparticular.Theoutstandingeconomicsuccessoftheseeconomiesisthemostvisiblephenomenonofthe1990s.Underlyingthissuccess,however,isasetoffactorsthataccountedforthecapacityoflocalemployerstoskilfullygainfromtheintroductionofforeignfirmsinthe_EPZs_..Withinthisframework,demonstrationeffectsandemulationbylocalAsianemployershavebeenthemainavenueforthetransferofknowledgeandorganizationalskillsfromforeign_EPZ_Ԁfirms.Anactiverolehasalsobeenplayedbygovernmentsinsupportingthisprocess. Failure 󀄀Itistoberecalledthatmanyzonesneverliveduptotheexpectationsoftheircreators,orwere  outrightfailures.Anumberofclassicalfactorswhichexplainthesefailurescanbeidentified.Theseinclude:poorplanning;"inconvenient"location;insufficientattentiontothebasicinfrastructuresuchasroads,airports,telecommunicationsorelectricitysupply;lackofeffectivepromotionandmismanagement.US.,UK.,MVX*OLE* =$    24    _XXTheNamibian,28February1996.#X~2XT#WPC:  pXXXX,,,,519art :DD#?@?#?#?(@@ )| )|   F226ffffffֿp= ף(\?TQ  +  )|  )|  )|   )|  )|  )|?  )|  )|   ) |   ) |   ) |   ) |   ) |  )|  )|  )|  )|  )|?  )|  )|  )|  )|  )| 4oCLLA"Arial Regular )|  )|CA"Arial Regular )|  )|CA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CA"Arial Regular )|  )|C  A"Arial Regular )|  )|C eeA"Arial Regular ) |  ) | C A"Arial Regular ) |  ) | C A"Arial Regular ) |   ) | C A"Arial Regular ) |   ) |     // :Table 5.1 Ranking of Constraints to Future ActivityAverage score (1)Legendd Q@Problems with business services%Problems related to market conditionsCost and/or quality of labour!Problems related to raw materialsProblems with transportOther regulationsImport/export regulationsProblems with financingRemittability of profit/capitalForeign exchange regulations"Problems with basic infrastructure Political and policy uncertainty @333333@ @ @@@@@ @`@ ) D ;DDmOA"Arial RegularO @    Table5.1RankingofConstraintstoFutureActivity  <, 2dOA"Arial RegularO @    Averagescore(1)13 =O  >O O  ?O O 8 13 @ w w  A7 B_) C}O  D`O  EBO  F%O  GO  HO g  IO I  JO +  K O   Ls O  MU O )13 N * 13 O  13 P +13 Q+13 R hOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.213 S m* m13 T  mm13 Um+13 Vuurr+13 WeJOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.413 X O* ooO13 Y  OO13 ZOo+13 [UU+13 \-OA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.513 ] 1* QQ113 ^  1113 _1Q+13 `77+13 aOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.513 b * 4_4@13 c u @@u13 d@_4_@u+13 e@pp@+13 fPOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.613 g * _@13 h X @@X13 i@__w@X+13 j@SS@+13 kPcOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.613 l * 13 m : :13 nZ:+13 o5g5g+13 pEWOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.713 q *   13 r    13 s  <  +13 t g g  +13 u( W OA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.713 v *   13 w   13 x    +13 y    +13 z { OA"Arial RegularOlll @    313 { *   13 |   13 }    +13 ~    +13  ] OA"Arial RegularOlll @    313  b * D %b 13  b %b % 13 %b D D % +13 %  h %h +13 5 @ OA"Arial RegularOlll @    3.213  D * d 7d D 13  D D  13 D 7d 7  +13   J J +13 ( " OA"Arial RegularOlll @    3.53   3 E7OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithbusinessservices3 3 DOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemsrelatedtomarketconditions3 3  OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Costand/orqualityoflabour3 3 uOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemsrelatedtorawmaterials3 3 XOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithtransport3 xx3 1:OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Otherregulations3 [[3 OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Import/exportregulations3 ==3 hOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithfinancing3   3 :J OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Remittabilityofprofit/capital3   3  - OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Foreignexchangeregulations3   3   OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithbasicinfrastructure3   3   OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Politicalandpolicyuncertainty3 J3  OA"Arial RegularO @    03   J3  9 OA"Arial RegularO @    13 77J3  a OA"Arial RegularO @    23 __J3 4 OA"Arial RegularO @    33 J3 \ OA"Arial RegularO @    4  WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerWPDraw30.Chartࡱ; "  !$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@Root Entrya.@pNOOle 9WPG20<CompObjZ)F! WPWin61[1]ࡱ a.@pWP Draw 3.0 Chart Embed SourceWPDraw30.Chartࡱ; U]ࡱ; WPC:  pXXXX,,,,519art :DD#?@?#?#?(@@ )| )|   F226ffffffֿp= ף(\?TQ  +  )|  )|  )|   )|  )|  )|?  )|  )|   ) |   ) |   ) |   ) |   ) |  )|  )|  )|  )|  )|?  )|  )|  )|  )|  )| 4oCLLA"Arial Regular )|  )|CA"Arial Regular )|  )|CA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CeeA"Arial Regular )|  )|CA"Arial Regular )|  )|C  A"Arial Regular )|  )|C eeA"Arial Regular ) |  ) | C A"Arial Regular ) |  ) | C A"Arial Regular ) |   ) | C A"Arial Regular ) |   ) |     // :Table 5.1 Ranking of Constraints to Future ActivityAverage score (1)Legendd Q@Problems with business services%Problems related to market conditionsCost and/or quality of labour!Problems related to raw materialsProblems with transportOther regulationsImport/export regulationsProblems with financingRemittability of profit/capitalForeign exchange regulations"Problems with basic infrastructure Political and policy uncertainty @333333@ @ @@@@@ @`@ ) D ;DDmOA"Arial RegularO @    Table5.1RankingofConstraintstoFutureActivity  <, 2dOA"Arial RegularO @    Averagescore(1)13 =O  >O O  ?O O 8 13 @ w w  A7 B_) C}O  D`O  EBO  F%O  GO  HO g  IO I  JO +  K O   Ls O  MU O )13 N * 13 O  13 P +13 Q+13 R hOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.213 S m* m13 T  mm13 Um+13 Vuurr+13 WeJOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.413 X O* ooO13 Y  OO13 ZOo+13 [UU+13 \-OA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.513 ] 1* QQ113 ^  1113 _1Q+13 `77+13 aOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.513 b * 4_4@13 c u @@u13 d@_4_@u+13 e@pp@+13 fPOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.613 g * _@13 h X @@X13 i@__w@X+13 j@SS@+13 kPcOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.613 l * 13 m : :13 nZ:+13 o5g5g+13 pEWOA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.713 q *   13 r    13 s  <  +13 t g g  +13 u( W OA"Arial RegularOlll @    2.713 v *   13 w   13 x    +13 y    +13 z { OA"Arial RegularOlll @    313 { *   13 |   13 }    +13 ~    +13  ] OA"Arial RegularOlll @    313  b * D %b 13  b %b % 13 %b D D % +13 %  h %h +13 5 @ OA"Arial RegularOlll @    3.213  D * d 7d D 13  D D  13 D 7d 7  +13   J J +13 ( " OA"Arial RegularOlll @    3.53   3 E7OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithbusinessservices3 3 DOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemsrelatedtomarketconditions3 3  OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Costand/orqualityoflabour3 3 uOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemsrelatedtorawmaterials3 3 XOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithtransport3 xx3 1:OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Otherregulations3 [[3 OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Import/exportregulations3 ==3 hOA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithfinancing3   3 :J OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Remittabilityofprofit/capital3   3  - OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Foreignexchangeregulations3   3   OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Problemswithbasicinfrastructure3   3   OA"Arial RegularO;;; @    Politicalandpolicyuncertainty3 J3  OA"Arial RegularO @    03   J3  9 OA"Arial RegularO @    13 77J3  a OA"Arial RegularO @    23 __J3 4 OA"Arial RegularO @    33 J3 \ OA"Arial RegularO @    4BOlePartOlePres000#;1$;  ^  $1  ^&Arial3-- .  &Arial-&Arial-"System--^2 :Table 5.1 Ranking of Constraints to Future Activity            w- -&Arial-- .  --!2 +Average score (1)+---$  << ---%  << -- !0--% 00  ---$< 0c<---%< 0c<-- %< 0-- %#<T T0-- %d< 0--- !* !& !" ! ! ! ! ! !  ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! !  ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !{---- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !} !y !u !q !m !i---- ! ! ! !{ !w !s !o !k !g !c !_ ![ !W---- !u !q !m !i !e !a !] !Y !U !Q !M !I !E---- $JG-- -%JG-- ! - -%!GG!!--- $GJJG!G-- -%GJJG!G-- !G--%G"GYY"G"-&Arial- -  .  -- 2 I2.2V--- $WT-- -%WT-- !- -%TT--- $TWW TT-- -%TWW TT-- !T--%TTeeT--  .  -- 2 V2.4 c--- $][-- -%][-- !- -%[[--- $[]][[-- -%[]][[-- ![--%[[ll[--  .  -- 2 \2.5i--- $][-- -%][-- !- -%[[--- $[]][[-- -%[]][[-- ![--%[[ll[--  .  -- 2 \2.5i--- $da-- -%da-- !- -%aa--- $addaa-- -%addaa-- !a--%aarra--  .  -- 2 c2.6p--- $da-- -%da-- !- -%aa--- $addaa-- -%addaa-- !a--%aarra--  .  -- 2 c2.6p--- $jh-- -%jh-- !- -%hh--- $hjjhh-- -%hjjhh-- !h--%hhyyh--  .  -- 2 i2.7v--- $jh-- -%jh-- ! - -%hh--- $hjjhh-- -%hjjhh-- !h--%hhyyh--  .  -- 2 i2.7v--- $~{