Chapter 4: Occupational Hygiene Preventive Measures

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Chemical risk assessment and occupational hygiene preventive measures in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Chapter 4

Occupational Hygiene Preventive Measures

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1

TYPE AND NUMBER OF SMEs SURVEYED

Type of SME	Number of SMEs surveyed	Type of SME	Number of SMEs surveyed
LEBANON
Aluminium frames Cotton rolls Electroplating Foundry and electroplaing Furniture carpentry	1 1 1 1 2	Furniture upholstery Ink production Iron tanks and mixers Plastic bags Shoe making	2 1 1 1 1
MAURITIUS
Car body filler manufacture Furniture making Hot dip galvanizing	1 1 1	Printing Textile dyeing	1 1
PAKISTAN
Auto repair (electrical, mechanical, body repair) Auto battery repair Carpet washing/finishing (handmade) Carpet (machine made) manufacture Chipboard/plywood manufacture Choloralkali plant Dental workshop Dyeing/processing of cloth Dyeing of head-dresses and clothes for women Fibreglass items manufacture Formaldehyde and resin manufacture Furniture making Laundries Leather tanneries Match manufacture	6 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 5 1	Paint manufacture Painting of sign boards Pesticide formulation/packing Printing and allied processes Polyester fibre manufacture Polypropylene bagds manufacture Polyuerthane foam manufacture Plastic items manufacture Pharmaceuticals formulation/packing Rubber products manufacture Shoes manufacture Soap + allied products manufacture Steel rerolling Surgical instruments manufacture Welding (ozyacetylene) Wool dyeing (for rugs)	2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1
SYRIA
Batteries manufacture Glass etching and mirrors Laundry and dry cleaning	1 1 1	Match manufacture Printing	1 1

ANNEX 2

CHEMICALS USED BY SMEs IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

	Substance Mixture	Chemical name (if applicable)	Some common, local or trade names	Usage
1	Calcium carbide	Calcium carbide	Welding masala	To generate acetylene gas for oxyacetylene welding
2	Lacquer	-	Polish Manders gloss finish Ducolux Catasheen	- To harden and finishing the paints and bring a shine on them - Plastic items manufacture
3	Caustic soda	Sodium hydroxide	Caustic soda	- Textile dyeing and finishing metal cleaning - Soap manufacture - Electroplating - Galvanizing
4	Sulphuric acid	Hydrogen sulphate	Gandhak ka taizab	- Battery repair - Dyeing - Leather tanning - Eelectroplating
5	Bleaching liquid	Sodium hypochlorite	Bleach	Washing and cleaning of textile products
6	Methylmethacrylate	Methylmethacrylate	Methylmethacrylate	Thermosetting plastic for dental shops and other applications
7	Plaster of Paris	Calcium sulphate	Plaster of Paris	- Models in fibreglass - Dental laboratories
8	Bleaching powder	Calcium hypochlorite	Rang kat	- Textile dyeing/finishing - Laundries
9	Hydrocarbon fuels Kerosene Gasoline	- -	Kerosene Matti ka tail Petrol, gasoline Petrol, gasoline	As degreaser in auto repair and printing shops Degreaser and solvent in printing, auto repair, plastic and rubber products manufacture
10	Dyes	-	Rang	Textile dyeing
11	Sulphur	Sulphur	Gandhak	Manufacture of sulphuric acid, matches, additive to some dyes
12	Wood glue	Formaldehyde Casein and other ingredients	Glue Ghiri Aerolite UF resin	Furniture making
13	Methylated spirit	Ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol	Spirit	Furniture making
14	Mercuric oxide	Mercuric oxide	Sindoor	Furniture making
15	Turpentine oil	-	Tarpeen ka tail	- Paint/varnish manufacture - Printing
	Substance Mixture	Chemical name (if applicable)	Some common, local or trade names	Usage
16	Varnish	-	Varnish Citopac Polyuretanico 2526/A50	- Printing - Paint manufacture - Furniture making
17	Zinc oxide	Zinc oxide	Lithophone	- Paint manufatcure - Auto body shops
18	Sodium carbonate	Sodium carbonate	Dhobi soda (Pakistan) Soda ash	- Engineering industry - Textile industry for washing, glass - Sodium silicate manufacture
19	Talc	Magnisium and other silicates	Talc	Paint manufacture
20	Pigments	-	Rang	Paint manufacture
21	Enamel	-	Enamel	- Painting workshops - Furniture making
22	Inks	-	Ink	Printing
23	Benzene	Benzene	Benzene	Printing
24	MEK	Methylethyl ketone	MEK, 2-butanone	Plastics, paints, inks, fibreglass items manufacute
25	Toluene	Toluene	Toluene, methylbenzene	- Plastic, rubber, printing industries - Paints/inks manufacture
26	MDI	Methylene bis (4-phenyl) isocyanate	MDI	Ingredient of some glues
27	Sodium sulphide	Sodium sulphide	Sodium sulphide	Tanneries
28	Chromium sulphate	Chromium sulphate	Chrome Pak	- Tanneries - Electroplating
29	Formalin	Formaldehyde + water	Formalin	Tanneries
30	Urea	Urea	Urea	- Fertiliser - Resin manufacture - Leather tanning
31	Sodium bicarbonate	Sodium bicarbonate	Soda	Tanneries
32	Lime	Calcium oxide	Choona	Tanning, bleaching powder manufacture
33	Ammonium chloride	Ammonium chloride	Noshadar Ammonium chloride	- Tanneries - Chipboard manufacture - Flux in ti plating - Galvanizing
34	Acetic acid	Acetic acid	Sirkay ka taizab	Wool dyeing
35	Ammonia	Ammonia	Ammonia	- Ice factories - Chipboard manufacture
36	Sodium chloride	Sodium chloride	Namak	- Chlorine/sodium hydroxide manufacture - Textile dyeng and finishing
	Substance Mixture	Chemical name (if applicable)	Some common, local or trade names	Usage
37	Hydrogen peroxide	Hydrogen peroxide	Hydrogen peroxide	Textile dyeing and finishing
38	Hydrochloric acid	Hydrochloric acid	Namak ka taizab	- Textile dyeing/finishing - Soap manufacture - Electroplating - Pickeling of metals
39	Chlorine	Chlorine	Chlorine	- Textile finishing - Bleach manufacture
40	Styrene	Styrene	Styrene	Fibreglass items manufacture
41	Thinner	-	Thinner, Power thinner	- Printing/painting works - Plastic industry
42	Acetone	Acetone	Acetone	Ingredient in paint thinners
43	Methanol	Methyl alcohol	Methanol	Formaldehyde manufacture
44	Potassium nitrate	Potassium nitrate	Potash	Match manufacture
45	Tere phthalic acid	Tere phthalic acid	Tere phthalic acid	Polyester fibres manufacture
46	Monoethylene glycol	Monoethylene glycol	Monoethylene glycol	Polyester fibres manufacture
47	Trichloroethylene	Trichloroethylene	Triclone Trichloroethylene	Metal degreasing
48	TDI	Toluene diisocyanate	TDI	Polyurethane foam manufacture
49	Polyethylene glycol	Polyethylene glycol	Polyol	Polyurethane foam manufacture
50	Tegoamine	Mixture of teramines	Tegoamine	Polyurethane foam manufacture
51	Chalk	Calcium carbonate	Chalk Limestone	Paints, rubbe/plastic items manufacture
52	Sodium silicate	Sodium silicate	Sodium silicate	Soap manufacture
53	Rosin	-	Bairoza	Soap manufacture
54	Neoprene adhesive	-	Superbond	Furniture manufacture
55	Filler pastes for wood and metals	-	Putteen Colicol Palatal K770 V-21	- Furniture manufacture - Auto body repair
56	Ethyl acetate	Ethyl acetate	Acetic ester	Solvent in thinners, inks, paints
57	Isopropanol	Isopropyl alcohol	Isopropnol IPA	Solvent in thinners, inks, plastic items manufacture
58	Ethylamine	Monoethyl-amine	Ethylamine	Ink manufacture
59	Xylene	1,2 Dimethyl Benzene	Xylene	Ingredient in paints, thinners, inks
60	Dibutyl-phthalate	Dibutyl-phthalate	DBP	Ink, paint manufacture
61	Methylacetate	Methylacetate	Methyacetate Methyl ethnoate	Plastic industry
62	White spirit	[Mixture of hydrocarbons]	Stoddart solvent White spirit	Paint, thinners, inks, plastics and rubber items manufacture
63	Zinc	Zinc	Zinc Jist	- Galvanising - Plastic industry
	Substance Mixture	Chemical name (if applicable)	Some common, local or trade names	Usage
64	Sodium cyanide	Sodium cyanide	Sodium cyanide	Electroplating
65	Silica sand	Silicon dioxide	Foundry sand Silica sand	- Foundries - Sodium silicate - Glass manfacture
66	Tri-sodium phosphate	Tri-sodium phosphate	Tri-sodium phosphate	Electroplating
67	Rubber paint	-	Finicolor Super Duplex	Shoes manufacture
68	Hexane	Hexane	Hexane Hexyl hydride	Rubber items manufacture
69	Brightener for electroplating	-	Marcolux Brightener Glanzzusatz	Additive to gold electroplating applications
70	Brightess correction liquid for electroplating	-	Ni Konz.	Additive to gold electroplating applications
71	Potassium cyanide	Potassium cyanide	Potassium cyanide	Gold electroplating
72	Siver nitrate	Siver nitrate	Siver nitrate	Silver electroplating
73	Foaming agent	-	Sprühex Galvanotechnik	To prevent mist gneration in electroplating baths
74	Zinc chloride	Zinc chloride	Zinc chloride	Galvanizing
75	Bleaching agents	1-Methoxy-2-propanol (main ingredient)	Diadawin EWN 2005	Textile dyeing and finishing
76	Detergent	-	Alovan IS	Textile dyeing and finishing
77	Cationic polymer	-	Croscolor FIX DRS	Textile dyeing and finishing
78	Sodium meta silicate	-	Croscolor RW100	Textile dyeing and finishing
79	Formic acid	Formic acid	Formic acid	- Chipboard manufacture - Textile dyeing and finishing
80	Textile softener	-	Dynasoff	Textile dyeing and finishing
81	Developer	-	Agfa Developer G101C CP 296B EN 144	Printing
82	Fixer	-	Agfa fixer G333C	Printing
83	Plate cleaner	-	RC95 KN250	Printing
84	Roller washer	-	Roller washer euromaster	Printing
85	Propanol	n-Propyl alcohol	Propanol	Ingredient in some inks, paints and fillers
86	Zinc phosphate	Zinc phosphate	Zinc phosphate	Ingredient in car stopper paste
97	Mica	-	Abraq Mica	Ingredient in car stopper paste
98	Calcite	-	Calcite	Ingredient in car stopper paste
99	Baryte	-	Baryte	Ingredient in car stopper paste

ANNEX 3

CHEMICALS' USE ACCORDING TO TYPE OF SME

	Type of SME	List of chemicals
1	Auto body repair	Calcium carbide, paint (nitrocellulose based), body filler (mixture of metal oxides and resins), thinner, lacquer, enamel, sodium hydroxide, 'rubbing compound', 'glasso'
2	Battery repair	Sulphuric acid
3	Carpet (hand knotted) washing	Sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite
4	Dental workshop	Methylmethacrylate, plaster of Paris, modelling wax
5	Plate making (for printing)	Hydrogen peroxide, copper sulphate, acetc acid, 'Developer G90', 'Developer Flex', 'Photo Opaque'
6	Laundring	Soap, calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder), gasoline
7	Dyeing of headdresses	Dyes, sodium hydroxide, calcium hypochlorite, sulphur powder
8	Furniture/upholstery making	Neoprene adhesive, 'Ghiri' (wood adhisive)
9	Furniture making	- Glue (formaldehyde and casein based), methylated spirit, thinner, 'Lakh' (a tree gum), Sindoor (mercury oxide), dyes, filler (mixture of zinc oxide, talc and resins) - Contact cement, gasoline, polyvinyl acetate, 'Citopac Poliuritanico 2526/A50', 'Catalizzatore Poliuretanico 1226 BOL' (catalyst) - Urea formaldehyde resin, wood finish catalyst, 'Catasheen', wood glue
10	Paint and allied products manufacture Car body filler and stopper paste manufacture	- Turpentine oil, Titanium dioxide, 'lithophone' (zinc oxide), varnish, talc, pigments, alkyl resins, ckalk (calcium carbonate), yylene, methylene chloride, white spirit, butyl acetate, mineral oil, diacetone alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), isobutanol, isopropanol, nitrocellulose chips - Palatal K770 V-21 (unsaturated polyester resin), zinc phosphate, isobutyl acetate, xylene, toluene, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, mica, calcite, talc, barytes, nitrocellulose chips, bentone
11	Painting of sign boards	Paints, enamels, kerosene oil, fluorescenet dyes, glue
	Type of SME	List of chemicals
12	Printing Printing, including plate making	- Printing inks, benzene, kerosene, thinner, Mobil oil (lubricant), chromic acid, grease, varnish - Agfa fixer G333C, Hydrofast 8000 (gum), Inkote (printing inks), RC95 (plate cleaner), KN250 (plate cleaner), EN144 (plate developer), EP32 (plate developer), Polychrome 850S (plate conserving agent), Eurogum (plate conserving agent), white alcohol, integran (varnish), Agfa Developer CP296B, Agfa Developer G101C, Roller Washer Euromaster, Lubricant Omega 57, Roller cleaner poroplas, Roller washer blue
13	Shoe making Shoe making	- PVC granis, dioctylphthalate (DOP), methyl ehtyl ketone (MEK), toluene, MDI, glues, gasoline, thinners, dyes, plastic scra, rubber, leather - Leather, rubber, rubber adhesive, toluene, hexane, white spirit, 'Finicolor Super' (dye), gasoline, Kentac (filler for soles), Duplex (coluring agent), Diamante
14	Leather tanning	Sodium sulphide, sulphuric acid, formaldehyde, urea, sodium bicarbonate, inks, 'katha' (a colouring wood for vegetable tanning), mineral oil, chromium sulphate, lime, ammonium chloride
15	Oxyacetylene welding	Calcium carbide, oxygen gas, fluxes (ammonium chloride and others), welding rods
16	Wool dyeing	Acetic acid, sulphuric acid, wool dyes (chrome, acid and metal complex dyes)
17	Chipboard and plywood manufacture	Formaldehyde, urea, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, phenol, sulphuric acid, antifoam
18	Chloralkali plant	Salt (sodium chloride), sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid, chlorine gas, lime, mercury
19	Textile dyeing and finishing Textile dyeing and finishing	- Detergent, desizer (diastase), sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, 'disperse dyes', 'direct dyes', hydrogen peroxide, formic acid, hydrochloric acid, elastomer, softener, acetic acid, calcium hypochlorite - Diadawin EWN 200% (bleaching), Avolan IS, Croscolor FIX DRS, Croscolor Oz, Viscavin CAM, Heptol Eswh-M, hydrogen peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, Sandalube JNF, acetic acid, formic acid, sodium sulphate, Dynasoff perfume, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, Subitol LSN, calcium hypochlorite, Belfasin SI, Meropan BreM, Biavin SFM Conc
20	Fibreglass items manufacture	Glass fibres, styrene, spirit, 'DER 331' (DOW), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), thinner, MDI, toluene, acetone, epoxy resin (828), 'unsaturated polymer', paints, plaster of Paris
	Type of SME	List of chemicals
21	Formaldehyde and resin manufacture	Methanol, formaldehyde, urea, formic acid, sodium hydroxide
22	Match manufacture	Poassium nitrate, glue, glass powder, 'kissal', zinc oxide, sulphur, lead oxide, phosphorus
23	Pesticide formulation and packing	Methamidophos, monochrotophos, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, endosulfan, feslan, dimethoate, fenvalerate, methylparathion, fenfluorid, kerosene
24	Polyester fibre manufacture	Tere phthalic acid, monoethylene glycol, sodium sulphite, hydrazine, titanium dioxide, antimony oxide, cutting oils, trichloroethylene, chlorine
25	Polyurethane foam manufacture	TDI (toluene diisocyanate), Polyol (polyethylene glycol), silicone oil, stannous octoate, 'Tegoamine' (mixture of tertiary amines), methylene chloride
26	Rubber items manufacture	Rubber methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), clay, pigments, accelerators (PBM, MBTS, MBT), gasoline, chalk
27	Soap and allied products manufacture	Sodium silicate, soya/cotton oil, RBD (fat), sodium hydroxide, rosin, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, palm oil
28	Sodium silicate manufacture	Sodium carbonate, sodium hypochlorite, silica sand, sodium nitrate
29	Surgical instruments manufacture	Trichloroethylene, chromium sulphate, emery sand, sulphuric acid, cutting oils
30	Ink production	Aluminium powder, ethyl acetate, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), isopropyl alcohol, toluene, ethyl glycol, monoethylamine, xylene, pigments, titanium dioxide, resin, dibutylphthalate (DBP)
31	Plastic bags manufacture	Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), High density polyethylene (HDPE), inks, isopropyl alcohol, methyl acetate
32	Aluminium frames manufacture	Acrylic sealant
33	Iron tanks and vessels manufacture	Oxygen gas, methane, welding rods, grease (lithium based), white spirit, lacquer, paints (e.g., chrome orange), red iron oxide
34	Foundry and electroplating (gold, silver, nickel)	Silver oxide, propane, foundry sand, gasoline, nitro-synthetic-finish-lacquer, 'power thinner', limestone, ziny, trisodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium cyanide, Osazol EN 143 (developer), sulphuric acid, nickel, silver nitrate, Makrolux (brightener), Ni Konz., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, gold, potassium cyanide, Sphühex (foaming agent)
35	Metal galvanizing	Hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, zinc, zinc chloride, sodium hydroxide

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Updated by RS/AS. It was modified and approved by JT. Last updated: February 2000