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())' ())& '*)& &*)& &*)& ?&**& &**% %**$ %+*$ $+*$? ?$+*$ $+*$$++##?++"#,+"",+"?",+"??",,!!,, !-,  -, ? -, ? --?--?.-.-.-?.. ??../././/?? ?// // ?0/0000 ?00  10  10 ? 11? ? ?11  21  22  22  22  32  33  33 ? 43  44  ?44  54  55  55  66  ? ?66    77    77  ?  88  ?  88 ?   99::;;;<?c$"Small Circle"0 @!NUKUS.,..,,      TRU6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T  _***N*E1Xu: 9XXE*TRU6&A4U6&A46&A46&A4T**TRU6&A4U6&A46&A46&A4T*6 "#"i"#' '#_I#%$omc$%&OMC_/ILO/HC2/Inf.&(&7&()4)  ' '@^^)^jw!6&"`r0la `&Eq&Aj && " " &&&&@k k k  &&&&@k k k  &&&& &&&& &&&& &&&& &&&& @k k k  &&&&  " "&&@ ^lXXSTUDYONTHECOMPREHENSIBILITYOF 0    CHEMICALSAFETYINFORMATIONINFIVESOUTHERNAFRICANCOUNTRIES #Xe2Xl#s@^^)^@_ _ ^@@_ _ ^ lXXe2REPORT:NOVEMBER1997#Xe2Xl3 #  8 @^^)^@@@&^Forthe@ ^ ILOOCCUPATIONALSAFETY `" @!^ANDHEALTHBRANCH  P#  ++@(^by@^^)^ @__"^DR.RS_BALOYI_Ԉ +') @$^Consultant @ ^OccupationalHealthandEnvironmentalProtection(_PVT_)Ltd&%XXe2@!^Harare(Zimbabwe) /*-  81,/   @ff%^ CONTENTS    D "Page D   Acknowledgements!!F "ii L ListofTablesq!q!E "iii  ( 1.   u INTRODUCTION !!G "1   2.   u METHODOLOGYOFTHESTUDY !!G "1 H      u CountryReports!!G "2 P  3.   u Malawi !!G "2      u Regulations!!G "2      u FindingsoftheStudy!!G "3 p     u Resultsfromvisits,interviewsandquestionnaires!!F "3 L    u Questionnaireresponses!!G "3 (x    u Physicalvisitsinterviewsandobservations!!G "4 T 4.   u Lesotho !!F "5@(#..(#      u Regulations!!F "5     u Findingsofthestudy!!F "5 t    u Resultsfromvisits,interviewsandquestionnaires!!F "5 P    u QuestionnaireResponses!!F "6 ,|    u PhysicalVisitsandobservations!!F "6 X 5.   u Namibia !!F "7     u Regulations!!F "7     u FindingsoftheStudy!!F "8 x    u Resultsfromvisits,interviewsandquestionnaires!!F "8 T    u QuestionnaireResponses!!F "9 0      u PhysicalvisitsInterviewsandobservationsU!U!E "9  !\! 6.   u Swaziland U!U!F "10 "#    u RegulationsU!U!F "10 #$    u FindingsofthestudyU!U!F "10 |$%    u Resultsfromvisits,interviewsandquestionnairesU!U!F "10 X% &    u QuestionnaireresponsesU!U!F "11 4&!'    u PhysicalvisitsinterviewsandobservationsU!U!F "11 '`"( 7.   u Zimbabwe U!U!F "12 ($*    u RegulationsU!U!F "12 )$+    u FindingsofthestudyU!U!F "13 *%, 8.   u DATAANALYSIS U!U!F "13 8,'. 9.   u CONCLUSIONS U!U!F "14 -@)0 10. u RECOMMENDATIONS U!U!F "15 /*2   0+3 @&^ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   Theinitiativeandfundingofthisstudyonthecomprehensibilityofchemicalhazardcommunication L toolsinSouthernAfricancountrieswasfromtheILOOccupationalSafetyandHealthBranch(SEC_HYG_),Geneva,Switzerland.TheILO/_SAMAT_,Harareprovidedthetechnicalsupportfortheconductedstudy.Theworkofthestudywassupportedbygovernmentagenciesandvariousselectedcompaniesintheparticipatingcountriesintheregion.OursincerethankstotheChiefInspectorofFactoriesandotherofficials,managementandemployeesofcompaniesvisitedfortheircooperation,assistanceandwillingnesstosharewiththeconsultantvaluableinformationandexperiencesduringthestudy.SinceregratitudetoMrJ._Nkurlu_,SeniorSpecialist,WorkingConditionsandEnvironment,ILO/_SAMAT_,Harareforhisinvaluablecommentsandguidance,withoutwhichthisstudywouldnothavebeensuccessfullycompleted.  T @&^iii TABLES Table1:0 a TypesofCompaniesSelectedfortheStudyMalawiLa "a " Table2:0 a TypesofCompaniesSelectedfortheStudyLesotho (a "a " Table3:0 a TypesofCompaniesSelectedfortheStudyNamibia a "a " Table4:0 a TypesofCompaniesSelectedfortheStudySwaziland a "a " Table5:0 N SimilaritiesandDivergencesofRegulationsl  N "N " Table6:0 a TypicalEmployeesResponsestoChemicalWarningSymbolsH  a "a "   $t  8e2XXdXXd8  o4Xua& 9XXu: 9Xo1.0   u   INTRODUCTION " "  0  0u " "0u "u "InSouthernAfricathemanufactureanduseofchemicalsisrapidlyincreasinginalleconomic h sectors.ManyofthechemicalsusedinthecountriessurveyedinthisstudyareimportedmainlyfromSouth Africa,EuropeandUnitedStatesofAmerica. p " " 0  0u " "0u "u "Themajorconcernwithchemicalsintheregionistheirsafeuseandthelackofinformationfrommanufacturersorimporterstousersofchemicals,particularlyemployees,onthepotentialhazardsandsafetyprecautionstobetaken.Thecomprehensibilityofthechemicalinformationavailabletoemployeesandthechemicalhazardcommunicationsystemsusedatworkplaceswasassessedduringthestudy.Thecountriesintheregionthatwereidentifiedandparticipatedinthestudyinclude,Lesotho,Malawi,NamibiaandSwaziland.AsimilarstudywasconductedinZimbabwein1992andthesamestudyprotocolwasusedduringthisstudy.  " "   0 u   Theobjectivesofthestudyinclude: u "u " 0    " " 0  0u " "0u "u "(a)0:  " "describeforeachcountrythesystemsandrelatednationalregulations,ifany,usedmost L commonlyintheworkplacetoconveyinformationandwarningsonchemicalhazards; : ": " 0  0u " "0u "u "(b)0:  " "evaluatecomprehensibilityofhazardcommunicationtoolsbytestingthemona 0 representativepanelofworkers; : ": " 0  0u " "0u "u "(c)0:  " "_analyze_Ԁtheinformationcollectedtoidentifyspecificissuesrelatedinparticularto t hazardsymbolsor_pictograms_Ԁandprecautionarystatements; : ": " 0    " " 0  0u " "0u "u "(d)0:  " "makerecommendationsonfactorswhichmayneedtobeconsideredwhenharmonizing X hazardcommunicationtoolsforintegrationinaGloballyharmonizedsystemofclassificationandlabellingofchemicals,withparticularattentiontotheperceivedneedsofdevelopingcountries. : ": " 2.0   u   METHODOLOGYOFTHESTUDYT " "  2.10 u 0u "u "Theworkplacessurveyedincludedoperationsinvolvingdrycleaning,chemicalsformulation,  !\! hidestanning,hotelandcateringservicesinNamibia;horticulture,seedschemicaltreatment,drycleaning,animalslaughteringandrendering,chemicalsmarketinganddistributionandpaintformulationinMalawi;hotelandcateringservices,textilemanufacturing,fibreglassmaterialsmanufacturingandagriculturallaboratoriesinLesothoandsugarcanegrowing,paintformulation,hotelandcateringservices,pulpandpaperchemicalsprocessinginSwaziland.  " " 2.20 u 0u "u "Ateachworkplacevisited,aquestionnaireandinterviewsofbothrepresentativesof '<#) managementandemployeeswerecarriedouttodeterminetheirknowledge,attitudesandawarenessofchemicalshandled,usedandstoredattheworkplace.  " " 2.30 u 0u "u "Samplesoflabelsonchemicalcontainersandanyprintedmaterialsandpostersusedfor \+&- disseminatinginformationonchemicalsafetywerecollectedfordetailedreviewandanalysis.  " " 2.40 u 0u "u "Whereavailable,chemicalsafetydatasheets,chemicalsafetypolicy,inventoryofchemicals, -d(/ chemicalsafetymanual,labelsoncontainersandwarningsymbolswereprovided.  " " 2.50 u 0u "u "Informationandtrainingmaterialsusedaspartofthechemicalhazardcommunicationsystem /*2 atboththenationallevelaswellasbyindustrywascollected.#0+3 " " #Ї2.60 u 0u "u "Individualemployeeswererequestedtoidentifynationalchemicalsafetywarningsymbols h wheretheyexistedincludinginternationalsymbolstheyhaveseenonchemicalcontainers.  " " ,,,,   u   COUNTRYREPORTS  3.0   u   MALAWI L " "  3.10 u   Regulations l u "u " 3.1.10 u 0u "u "TheOccupationalSafety,HealthandWelfareAct,1997,requiresthatsufficientinformation $  isprovidedandsafetyprecautionsaretakenonallhazardoussubstancesbymanufacturers,importersandsuppliersofthesechemicalsubstances.  " " 3.1.20 u 0u "u "Ahazardoussubstancehasbeendefinedtomeananymatterwhichbyvirtueofitschemical, ,  physicalortoxicologicalpropertiesconstitutesarisktosafety,healthorwelfareofpersons.  " " 3.1.30 u 0u "u "Containersofhazardoussubstancesaretobeclearlylabelledgivingrelevantcharacteristics (  andinstructionsonthesafehandlinganduseofthechemicalsincludingprocedurestobefollowedincaseofspillage.  " " 3.1.40 u 0u "u "Wherethereisuseoftoxicsubstancesorothervolatilechemicalsubstances,including 0 thinnersandpaintsspecialcontrolmeasuressuchaslocalexhaustventilationaretobeinstituted.  " " 3.1.50 u 0u "u "Themanagementandhandlingofprovencarcinogenicsubstances,particularlyinwork  involvingbituminoustar,asphalt,asbestosfibres,pitch,heavyoilsandaromaticsolventsrequirestrictadherencetomeasurestoavoidinhalationandskincontact.  " " 3.1.60 u 0u "u "Vesselscontainingdangeroussubstancesincludinganyscalding,corrosiveorpoisonous x shouldbecoveredorsecurelyfencedtoatleastonemetreaboveground.  " " 3.1.70 u 0u "u "Thestorageofdangeroussubstancesshouldbedoneatdesignatedareaswhichareconstructed  ! andmaintainedwithsuitablematerial,adequatelyventilated,withadequatestoragespaceandcapableofcontainingnotlessthan75percentofspillage.  " " 3.1.80 u 0u "u "Thereshouldbeaninventoryofalldangeroussubstancesstoredandthelistprominently |$# displayed.  " " 3.1.90 u 0u "u "Precautionsintheformofenclosureofprocesses,removalorpreventionofaccumulationof ' & dust,gasorvapourandexclusionoreffectiveenclosureofpossiblesourcesofignitionshouldbetakentopreventexplosionofdangerouschemical  " " 0  0u " "0u "u "substances.Allstocksofinflammablesubstancesshouldbekeptinafireresistingstoreorinasafeplaceoutsideanyoccupiedbuilding.  " " 3.1.100  Nofire,flame,openlightorotheragentlikelytoignitevolatileandinflammablesubstances 8,%, isallowedorusedinanypartofaworkplacewherethesubstancesareusedorstored.  " " 3.1.110  Nopersonisallowedtosmokeinanypartofaworkplacewherevolatileandinflammable .d(/ substancesareused,andanoticeprohibitingsmokingshouldbepostedinaconspicuousplaceineverysuchpartoftheworkplace.0*1 " " Ї3.1.120  Allpersonshandlinghazardouschemicalsubstancesshouldbeinformedofpotentialhealth h hazardsandtrainedinmeasuresforpreventionandcontrolandprotectionagainsthealthrisksofexposuretochemicalsubstancesattheworkplace.  " " 3.1.130  Allinformation,instructionandtrainingshouldbegiveninalanguageunderstoodby  p workers,andwritten,oral,visualand_participative_Ԁmethodstobeusedtoensurethatworkersassimilatetheinformation,instructionortraining.  " " 3.1.140  Protectiveclothingandappliancesintheformofgloves,footwear,screens,gogglesandhead H  coveringaretobeprovidedtoworkersandmaintainedbyemployeesatnocosttoworkers.  " " 3.2 u   FindingsoftheStudy  t  3.2.1 u   ResultsfromVisits,InterviewsandQuestionnaires ,  3.2.1.1 0  Table1:  TypesofcompaniesselectedforthestudyL  " " * Mddd Xdd Xdd X " ",dd ,Ndd+    0 OccupationalSector h   0 @N No.ofEmployees  h  0 SeedsChemicalTreatment p    0 Horticulture0'  0'' L  0 DryCleaning0'   (''  0 AnimalSlaughteringandRendering l    0 PaintFormulation0   H  0 ChemicalsMarketingandDistribution $    85  p  450  L  15  (  12  l  6  H  15  $  0 TOTAL0;   @6, ; ;  H@585H@@ 585:0.,! H@585  H@ :3.2.1.2 0  QuestionnaireResponses|" " "  3.2.1.30  Mostchemicalcontainershadwrittenlabelswithwarningphrasesandwarningsymbols.4 $ " " 3.2.1.40  Chemicalsafetydatasheetswereavailableforsomechemicals,butmostemployeeshadnot !& seenthem.  " " 3.2.1.50  Employeesfeltemployersshouldinformthemofthehealtheffectsofchemicalstheyhandle $) anduseintheworkplaces.  " " 3.2.1.60  Someofthelabelsonchemicalcontainershadsafetyinformationwrittenindifferent ' , languagesincludingEnglish,Dutch,AfrikaansorGerman.  " " 3.2.1.70  Mostworkerscouldidentifyatleasttwowarningsymbolsonchemicalcontainers,andin )@#/ somecasesthesymbolsfor"oxidizing"waslikenedtoaflowerwhilethatfor"harmful"wasidentifiedtomeanNoEntryorRedCrosssigns.  " " 3.2.1.80  Mostoftheemployeesareilliterate.-&3 " " 3.2.1.90  Employeeswerenotprovidedwithadequatepersonalprotectiveequipmentsuchasrespirators .h(5 orwhenevertheequipmentwasprovideditwasnotusedandtheenforcementforitsusewasminimum.Insomecasesemployeesweregivenmilkasprotectionagainsthealtheffectsof 0 *7 inhalingchemicals.  " " 3.2.1.100  Therewasgenerallyinadequatetrainingofemployeesinsafehandlingofchemicals.  " " 3.2.1.110  Mostemployeeswerenotawareofnationallawsandregulationsonchemicalsafety. p " " 3.2.1.120  Employeescouldidentifymostofthechemicalsusedintheworkplacesusingchemicaltrade  ( names.  " " 3.3 0 u 0u "u "PhysicalVisitsInterviewsandObservations$  " "  3.3.10 u 0u "u "Mostofthechemicalshandledattheworkplacesareharmfulandmaycauseskinandeyes t  irritation.  " " 3.3.20 u 0u "u "Theemployeeswerenottrainedinchemicalsafetyincludingproceduresandmeasuresto p  preventexposureduringmixingandapplicationofchemicals.  " " 3.3.30 u 0u "u "Housekeepingpracticeswereunsatisfactoryfromchemicalspillagesonthefloors. " " 3.3.40 u 0u "u "Generallytheventilationinthechemicalstoreroomwasinadequate.T " " 3.3.50 u 0u "u "Severalchemicalcontainerswhichwereusedbyemployeesdidnothavelabelswithsafety t  informationandwarningsymbolsofthechemicals.  " " 3.3.60 u 0u "u "Somechemicalcontainershadlabelswhichwerecolourcodedandwithwrittensafety  informationinbothEnglishandChichewa(nationalvernacularlanguage).  " " 3.3.70 u 0u "u "Companiesinvolvedinexportbusinessreceivedchemicalsafetyinformationincluding 4 materialssafetydatasheetsfromtheirinternationalorregionaltradingcompanies.  " " 3.3.80 u 0u "u "Mostemployeeswouldliketohavemedicalexaminationsandfirstaidtreatmentreadily 0  availableattheworkplaces.  " " 4.0  0u " "0u "u " LESOTHO "\! " " 4.10 u 0u "u " Regulations |$# " "    u 4.1.10 u 0u "u "TheNationalLabourCodeOrder,1992providesforrequirementsonthecontrolofand 4&% communicationofinformationonhazardouschemicalsubstancesattheworkplaces.Vesselswhichcontaintoxic,corrosiveorflammablesubstancesaretobeclearlydisplacedandmarkedwiththenameandnatureofthesubstancesandtheprecautionstobeobservedduringstorage,handlingoruse.Employeeswhoarelikelytocomeintocontactwiththesechemicalsaretobeinformedofthehazardsandprecautions.  " " 4.1.20 u 0u "u "TheSprayPaintingRegulations1996requireemployerstotakenecessaryprecautionsfor 8,%, storageandhandlingofflammablepaintsandmaterialsincludingkeepingcontainersinwellventilatedareasandprovisionofpersonalprotectiveequipmenttoemployees.Materialsafetydatainformationshouldbeobtainedbytheemployerandtobemadeavailabletoemployeesinvolvedinthehandlingofthechemicalsubstances.Theemployeesaretobeadequatelytrainedinsafetyprocedures.0*1 " " Ї4.1.30 u 0u "u "TherecentlydraftedOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct1997,whichisabouttobe h promulgatedintolawprovidesthateveryemployer,manufacturerorsupplierofchemicalsubstancesshallbeadequatelymarkedormarkedwithalabel.  " " 4.1.40 u 0u "u "Themarkorlabelshallhavecomplete,accurate,properlypresentedandlegibleinformation  p including:tradename;chemicalname;name,addressandtelephonenumberofsupplier;dangersymbols,regardinghealthhazard,fireandexplosionhazardininternationalcolours;composition;natureofspecialrisksassociatedwiththehandling,usetransport,storageanddisposalandtheprecautionarymeasurestobetakenfortheevidenceoftherisksandrecommendedfirstaidmeasures,andmeasuresfordealingwithspillageoranyforeseeabledanger.ThechemicalinformationonthelabelshallbewritteninEnglishorEnglishandSesotho(nationalvernacularlanguagespokenbythemajorityofemployees).  " " 4.1.50 u 0u "u "Thelabelshallbeofsuchsizeinrelationtothepackageastobesufficientlyconspicuous. ,  Everyemployershalldisplayprominentlywarningsigns,postersandornoticestowarnemployeesofhazardsofthechemicalstowhichtheyareexposedandthesafetyprecautionstotakeandpreventexposure.  " " 4.1.60 u 0u "u "AchemicallistoftoxicsubstanceshasbeenpresentedintheformofascheduleintheLabour x CodeOrder,1992.  " " 4.1.70 u 0u "u "ThereisclosecoordinationbetweentheOccupationalSafetyandHealthUnitintheMinistry t  ofLabourwithothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforregulatinghazardouschemicalsubstances,forexampletheMinistryofAgriculture,PesticidesUnits.TheGovernmenthasnotyetratifiedILOConvention170onSafetyintheUseofChemicalsatWorkbutthelegalprocessofreviewingtheconventionisunderway.  " " 4.20 u 0u "u " FindingsoftheStudy 4 " " 4.2.10 u 0u "u "ResultsfromVisits,InterviewsandQuestionnairesT " " 4.2.1.10  Table2:  Typesofcompaniesselectedforthestudy ! " " *x dMddd NddN  " "x,dd ,dd +   "\! 0  OccupationalSector (#" ~ ~ 0  No.ofEmployees (##  0  HotelCateringServices $0$ ~ ~  0  TextileJeansManufacturing t% % ~ ~  0  FibreGlassMaterialsManufacturing P&& ~ ~  0  AgricultureLaboratories0z ~ ~ OE,' 'z~z~ qA 303002025qAO 30  $0(  300  t% )  20  P&*  25  ,' +  E;9(!," qA 303002025 qA E 0  TOTAL0  ~ ~ I?x)#- ~ ~ pw@375pw@I 375C97x)#." pw@375  pw@ C4.2.1.20  QuestionnaireResponses `+$/ " " 4.2.1.30  Mostemployeeswerenotawareofthehealtheffectsofthechemicalsintheworkface.-&1 " " 4.2.1.40  Employersreceiveandkeepmaterialsafetydatasheetsonchemicalsandemployeesdonot /D)4 haveaccesstothechemicalinformation.0 *5 " " Ї4.2.1.50  Somechemicalcontainershadlabelswithwarningsymbolsandchemicalinformationwritten h inEnglishandAfrikaans.  " " 4.2.1.60  Employeeswouldliketraininginhealtheffectsofchemicalstheyhandleintheworkplaces. " " 4.2.1.70  Mostoriginalcontainershadlabelswithwrittenchemicalinformationbutthecontainers  L whichareusedbyemployeeswerenotlabelled.  " " 4.2.1.80  Theemployeescouldidentifythemostcommonlyusedchemicalsusingtradenames.H  " " 4.2.1.90  Mostoftheemployeesareilliterateandcouldnotidentifytheinternationalwarningsymbols   onthelabelsofchemicalcontainers.  " " 4.2.1.100  Mostemployeesdonotgetmedicalexaminationsdespitetheexposuretosomeverytoxic ,  chemicalsubstances.  " " 4.2.1.110  Employeesarenotprovidedwithappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentincluding (  respiratorsgogglesandgloves.  " "   4.30 u 0u "u " PhysicalVisitsandObservations0 " "  4.3.10 u 0u "u "Therewerechemicalspillsonthefloorandinsomecasesmostcontainerswereleftopenand P withoutlidsorcovers.  " " 4.3.20 u 0u "u "Thechemicalstoragefacilitieswerecrowdedwithchemicalcontainershaphazardlystored | andtheventilationwasverypoorandinadequate.  " " 4.3.30 u 0u "u "Theemployeescomplainedofskinandeyesirritation.x " " 4.3.40 u 0u "u "Housekeepingpracticeswereunsatisfactoryfromverycongestedandbadworkingconditions 0  andtheequipmentcoveredwithdustandchemicalspills.  " " 4.3.50 u 0u "u "Therewerenoemergencyshowersforemployeestowashwheneverskincontactoccurs."\! " " 4.3.60 u 0u "u "Thegeneralattitudeofemployerswasthatproductionreceivedpriorityratherthanthe |$# trainingofemployeesinchemicalsafety.  " " 4.3.70 u 0u "u "Firstaidtreatmentfacilitiesweregenerallyinadequate.' & " " 4.3.80 u 0u "u "Mostoftheemployeescouldnotidentifyanyoftheinternationalwarningsymbolson (`"( chemicals.  " " 4.3.90 u 0u "u "Duringmixingofchemicalsmostemployeesdidnotusepersonalprotectiveequipment.\+$+ " " 4.3.100  Employeeswerenotawareofthenationallawsandregulationsrelatingtochemicalsafety.-&- " " 4.3.110  Therewerenowarningsigns,postersandnoticesonchemicalsafetydisplayedinthe .d(/ workplaces.  " "  0*1 5.0  0u " "0u "u " NAMIBIA h " " 5.10 u 0u "u " Regulations   " " 5.1.10 u 0u "u "LabourAct,1992andRegulationsNo.156of1997providefortheprotectionofthehealth  p andsafetyofemployeesatworkincludingduringexposurefrommaterialshandling,useandstorageofhazardouschemicalsubstances.  " " 5.1.20 u 0u "u "Theregulationsrequirethattransportersandsuppliersofhazardoussubstancesshouldensure H  thatthemarking,labellingandstorageofhazardoussubstancesforsafetransportisinaccordancewithexistinglegislation,orrecommendationsonthetransportofhazardoussubstancesordangerousgoodsmadebytheUnitedNations.  " " 5.1.30 u 0u "u "Ahazardoussubstancehasbeendefinedtomeananytoxic,harmful,corrosiveorirritant ,  substance.  " " 5.1.40 u 0u "u "Thesuppliersofhazardoussubstances,whethermanufacturers,importersordistributorsare (  alsorequiredtoensurethattheclassificationofallhazardoussubstancesisdoneinaccordancewithInternationalProgrammeonChemicalSafety(WHO/_IPCS_),theInternationalLabourOrganizationortheInternationalOccupationalSafetyandHealthInformationCentre.Theclassificationshouldbebasedonthesubstancescharacteristics,includingtoxic,chemical,physical,corrosiveandirritantproperties,andtheirallergicandsensitisingeffects,carcinogeniceffects,_teratogenic_Ԁand_mutagenic_Ԁeffectsaswellastheireffectsonthereproductivesystem.  " " 5.1.50 u 0u "u "Thecontainersofallhazardoussubstancesaretobeclearlymarkedtoindicatetheircontents | andlabelledinauniformmannerwithalegibleanddurablelabel.Thelabelshouldbewritteninalanguageeasilyunderstoodbyemployeesandotherpersonsandinasizethatisclearlyvisible.  " " 5.1.60 u 0u "u "Theinformationrequiredonthelabelincludes:tradename;identityofsubstance; 0  identificationofthebatch;hazardsymbol;natureofthespecialrisksassociatedwiththeuseofthesubstance;safetyprecautions;firstaidtreatment;name,addressandtelephonenumberofsupplierandavailabilityofchemicalsafetydatasheets.  " " 5.1.70 u 0u "u "Theregulationsrequirethatspecificessentialinformationonsafetydatasheetsinclude: |$# chemicalproductandcompanyidentification(includingtradeorcommonnameofthechemicalanddetailsofthesupplierormanufacturer);informationonthecompositionofingredients(inawaythatclearlyidentifiesthemforthepurposeofconductingahazardevaluation);hazardsidentification;applicablefirstaidandantidotes;firefightingmeasures;protectivemeasuresincaseofaccidentalrelease;handlingandstorage;exposurecontrolrelatingtoemployeeprotection(includingpossiblemethodsofmonitoringworkplaceexposure);physicalandchemicalproperties;stabilityandreactivity;toxicologicalinformation(includingthepotentialroutesofentryintothebodyandthepossibilityofsynergismwithotherchemicalsorhazardsencounteredatwork);ecologicalinformation;mannerofdisposal;transportinformation;regulatoryinformation;otherinformation(includingthedateofpreparationofthechemicalsafetydatasheet).  " " 5.1.80 u 0u "u "Containersintendedforstorageofhazardoussubstancesshouldbeconstructedfromsuch /@)0 materialsandofsuchshapeandstrength,thattheydonotcreateariskofcontamination.The 0*1 appearanceofthecontainersbesuchthattheycannotbemistakenforcontainerscontaminatingharmlesssubstances.  " " 5.1.90 u 0u "u "Inflammableandexplosivesubstancesshouldalsobelabelled,storedandhandledinamanner  takingintoaccounttherisksassociatedwiththem.  " " 5.1.100  Respiratoryprotectionequipmentshouldbeprovidedtoemployeesexposedtodust,gases,  ( fumesorvapoursfromhazardoussubstancesandtheemployeesshouldbeinstructedandtrainedintheproperuseofrespirators.  " " 5.1.110  Theemployershouldproposeandregularlyreviewemergencyplansandprocedureswhich   maybeactivatedorimplementedintheeventofamajoraccidentorcatastrophicinvolvinghazardousinformedandregularlytrainedinrelationtotheplansandprocedures.  " " 5.20 u 0u "u " FindingsoftheStudy p  " " 5.2.1 0 u 0u "u " ResultsfromVisits,InterviewsandQuestionnaires(  " " 5.2.1.10  Table3:  Typesofcompaniesselectedforthestudyx " " *x dddd dd   " "x, dd ,Ndd +   0 0 OccupationalSector    0 n NoofEmployees nn  0 HidesTanning l    0 HotelCateringService H    0 DryCleaning $    0 ChemicalManufacturing MC   @TWA6050129@TWAM 60 l 50  H  12  $  9 C97" @TWA6050129 @TWA C 0 TOTAL0   I?p   ``@131``@I 131 C97p " ``@131  ``@ C 5.2.1.20  QuestionnaireResponses !$ " " 5.2.1.30  Mostchemicalsincludingrawmaterialsusedforlocalchemicalformulationsareimported #<& mainlyfromSouthAfricaandGermany.  " " 5.2.1.40  ThemajorityofchemicalcontainershadlabelswritteninEnglishandwarningsymbolswere 8&) displayed.  " " 5.2.1.50  Employeeswereonlyfamiliarwithtradenamesofthechemicals.(d", " " 5.2.1.60  Knowledgeoftheintrinsichazardswiththechemicalswasminimumtononexistentamong *$. employees.  " " 5.2.1.70  Almostallemployeesinterviewedwerenotawareofmaterialsafetydatasheetsofthe -&1 chemicals.Incaseswherethesafetydatasheetswereavailable,onlyemployersrepresentativeswereawareofthem.  " " 0    " " 5.2.1.80  Employeesfelttheyshouldhaveaccesstomaterialsafetydatasheetsonallchemicals.0 *5 " "  " "H "5.2.1.90  Oftheemployeesinterviewed,anaverageof90%employeescouldcorrectlyidentifytwoof D thehazardsymbols,particularlythe"toxicandflammable"symbols.Thesymbolforharmfulwasinvariablyidentifiedas"NoEntry,RedCrossorRailwayCrossing"signs.  " " 5.2.1.100  ThemajorityofemployeesareilliterateandcannotreadorwriteespeciallyinEnglish. L " " 5.2.1.110  Employeeswerenotawareoftheexistenceofanylegislationrelatingtochemicalsafety.l  " " 5.2.1.120  Appropriatepersonalprotectiveclothingandequipmentwasnotalwaysprovidedto $  employeesbutwhereitwasmadeavailable,theemployeesdidnotuseit.  " " 5.2.1.130  Wheneverthechemicalsaretransferredfromtheoriginalcontainers,thenewcontainersused P  byemployeesarenotlabelledwiththenecessarysafetychemicalinformation.  " " 5.30 u 0u "u " PhysicalVisitsInterviewsandObservationsL  " "  5.3.10 u 0u "u "Duringthevisits,discussionswereheldwithmanagementandphysicalobservationsofthe  workplacefacilities,operationsandprocessesweremadetoassessthehandlingprocedures,storagefacilities,engineeringcontrolmeasures,housekeepingpracticesandtrainingprogrammes.Mostquestionsaskedduringthevisitinterviewswerethesameasthoseinthequestionnaire.  " " 5.3.20 u 0u "u "Mostchemicalsaredecantedincrowdedfacilitiesnotproperlyconstructedforchemical , storageandarehaphazardlystoredinverypoorlyventilatedareas.Forexample,atthehotelandcateringchemicalswerestoredinafoodbeverageofficeandmanager'stoilet.  " " 5.3.30 u 0u "u "Severalofthecontainersofcleaningchemicalshadlabelswhichindicatedthattheymay 4 causeseverechemicalburns,eyeandskinirritationandwereharmfulifinhaledorswallowed.  " " 5.3.40 u 0u "u "Theemployeesarenottrainedinthehealtheffectsofthechemicalsandsafetyprecautions 0  tofollowinordertoavoidcontactwithskinorinhalation.  " " 5.3.50 u 0u "u "Housekeepingpracticeswereverypoorresultinginchemicalspillagesascommon "\! occurrencesonthefloors.  " "  6.0  0u " "0u "u " SWAZILAND 4&% " " 6.10 u 0u "u " Regulations'!' " "  6.1.10 u 0u "u "Theregulationstocontrolthemanufactureanduseofchemicalsatworkplacesarebeing )<#) formulated.Existinglegislationforthecontrolandinspectionoffactoriespremisesisusedtoregulatetheuseofhazardouschemicalsatworkplaces.  " " 6.1.20 u 0u "u "Consultationsaretakingplacewithemployersandemployeesonstepsfortheratificationof -&- theILOConvention170onSafetyontheUseofChemicalsatWork.  " " 6.1.30 u 0u "u "InAugust1997,thegovernmenthostedandparticipatedinaregionaltripartitetechnical /@)0 committeetodevelopacodeofpracticeonthesafeuseofchemicals.0*1 " " Ї6.20 u 0u "u " FindingsoftheStudy h " " 6.2.10  ResultsfromVisits,InterviewsandQuestionnaires  " " 6.2.1.10  Table4:  Typesofcompaniesselectedforthestudy p " " *x dd dd Ndd N  " "x, dd ,dd +    ( 0 OccupationalSector     0  No.ofEmployees    0 PaintFormulation d      0 AgricultureSugarCaneAgronomy @     0 HotelCateringService      0 PulpandPaperProcess (    ( 14  d    40 @ Ѐ25    80  "  0 TOTAL0   I?h    c@159c@I 159C97h " c@159  c@ C6.2.1.20  QuestionnaireResponses P  " " 6.2.1.30  Mostchemicalcontainershavewarningsymbolsandwrittenlabelswithwarningphrases. " " 6.2.1.40  Theemployeeshavenoaccesstochemicalsafetydatasheetsinformationsincethesafetydata X sheetsareusuallykeptbytheemployer.  " " 6.2.1.50  Mostemployeesfelttheinformationonhealtheffectsofchemicalsshouldbemadereadily T availabletothem.  " " 6.2.1.60  Theemployeeswerenotawareofexistingorproposednationallawsandregulationson  chemicalsafety.  " " 6.2.1.70  Themajorityofemployeesinterviewedcouldidentifywarningsymbolsrelatingto"toxicand |  flammable"andinanumberofcasesthesymbolsfor"harmful"wasidentifiedtomean"NoEntryorRedCross"signs.Allemployeescouldnotidentifythesymbolsfor_axodising_substances.  " " 6.2.1.80  Mostemployeescouldgivetradenamestoatleast3or5chemicalsusedattheworkplace."`% " " 6.2.1.90  Theemployeesfeltthattheyshouldreceivemedicalchecksregularly.$' " " 6.2.1.100  Allemployeesexpressedtheneedtobeprovidedwithpersonalprotectiveclothingand 8&) equipmentincludingoveralls,goggles,gumboots,glovesandrespirators.  " " 6.2.1.110  Mostemployeesareeitherilliterateorhavehadbasicprimaryeducationandthosein (d", managementhaveahighereducationstatus.  " " 6.30 u 0u "u " PhysicalVisitsInterviewsandObservations`+$/ " "  6.3.10 u 0u "u "Managementandemployeesarebothawareofthepotentialhealtheffectsfromexposureto -&1 chemicals.  " " 6.3.20 u 0u "u "Mostemployersexceptthoseforlargemultinationalcompaniesdidnothaveinformationon /D)4 thematerialsafetydatasheetsforthechemicalsusedattheworkplace.0 *5 " " Ї6.3.30 u 0u "u "Mostoftheoriginalchemicalcontainershadlabelswithwarningsymbolsandwritten h warningphrasesinbothEnglishandAfrikaans.  " " 6.3.40 u 0u "u "Therearenotrainingprogrammesforemployeeshandlingthechemicalsexceptincaseswhen  suppliersprovidechemicalinformationintheformofsafetydatasheetstodesignatedmanagementpersonnel.  " " 6.3.50 u 0u "u "Chemicalspillswerecommonandstoragefacilitieswerenotpurposelybuiltforchemical l  storage.  " " 6.3.60 u 0u "u "Generallytheventilationsystemwasverypoorinmostworkplaceareaswherechemicalsare   storedorused.  " " 6.3.70 u 0u "u "Someemployeescomplainedofrespiratoryproblemsandchemicalburns,skinandeyes ,  irritation.  " " 6.3.80 u 0u "u "Someemployeescomplainedofnotbeingregularlyprovidedwithpersonalprotective (  clothingandequipment,althoughinanumberofcases,theequipmentthathadbeenprovidedwasnotbeingusedornotusedproperly.  " " 6.3.90 u 0u "u "Thecontainersusedbyemployeesiftheyarenotoriginalcontainers,arenotlabelledwith 0 chemicalinformationandwarningsymbolsexceptthechemicaltradename.  " " 6.3.100  Mostemployeeswereonlyabletoidentifycorrectlytwointernationalwarningsymbolson , chemicals.  " " 7.0  0u " "0u "u " ZIMBABWE X " " 7.10 u 0u "u " Regulationsx " "  7.1.10 u 0u "u "TheHazardousSubstancesActclassifieshazardoussubstancesintothreecategories 0  dependingonthetoxicityandinclude:  " "   0  0u " "0u "u "(a)0:  " "aGroupIhazardoussubstance"\!: ": " 0  0u " "0u "u "(b)0:  " "aGroupIIhazardoussubstance#8": ": " 0  0u " "0u "u "(c)0:  " "aGroupIIIhazardoussubstance|$#: ": " 7.1.20 u 0u "u "Ahazardoussubstanceisdefinedasanysubstancesormixtureofsubstanceswhichmay 4&% endangerthehealthofhumanbeingsordomesticorwildanimals,birdsorfishesbyreasonofitstoxic,corrosive,irritant,sensitizing,inflammableorradioactivenature.  " " 7.1.30 u 0u "u "Nopersonshallimport,manufacture,sell,possess,store,conveyorusehazardoussubstances )<#) withoutawrittenpermitissuedbyalicensingauthorityandregistersoflicencesofsuppliersandfacilitiesforhazardoussubstancesshallbemaintained.  " " 7.1.40 u 0u "u "Containersofhazardoussubstancesaretobelabelledusingahazardousrankingcolourcoding -&- systemoftriangularwarningsymbols:  " "    u   (a) :  & Caution        green t  `  M harmfulifswallowed /@)0    u   (b) :  & Danger+skull      amber `  M poison 0*1    u    :  & andcrossbones   u   (c) :  & Danger+skull      red t  `  M dangerouspoison D    u    :  & andcrossbones   u   (d) :  & Danger+skull      purple `  M verydangerouspoison     u    :  & andcrossbones7.1.50 u 0u "u "Theregulationshavenotchangedsincethesurveyonthecomprehensibilityofthewarning  ( symbolswasconductedby_Loewenson_Ԁetalin1992.  " " 7.20 u 0u "u " FindingsoftheStudy$  " "  7.2.10 u 0u "u "_Loewenson_Ԁetalreportedin1992thatofthe100employeesinterviewed,themajorityof t  employeescouldnotputtheZimbabwewarningsymbolsinthecorrectorder.However,theemployeeshadahighrecognitionlevelof"toxic"(90%)and"flammable"(69%)internationalsymbolsandthe"harmful"symbolshadthelowestrecognition(15%).  " " 8.0  0u " "0u "u " DATAANALYSIS (  " " 8.10 u 0u "u "Mostofthecompaniessurveyedhavedevelopedregulationstocontrolthemanufacture,use x andimportofchemicalsandtoensurethatsystemsandtoolsforchemicalhazardcommunicationaredevelopedandimplementedatworkplaces.Table5showsthat3of4countriessurveyedalreadyhaveregulatoryprovisionsrequiringlabelsonchemicalcontainers,safetydatasheetsincludingwarningsymbolsandtrainingofemployeesinhandlingchemicals.  " " 8.20 u 0u "u "Allcountriesareparticipatinginregionalprogrammesfordevelopingacodeofpracticeon | thesafeuseofchemicalsandtraininginchemicalsafetyinformationincludingsafehandlingproceduresofchemicals.  " " 8.30 u 0u "u " Table5:  SimilaritiesandDivergencesofRegulations T " " *x dd dd dd   " "x,vdd ,dd",dd",Rdd",dd",dd"+    !   p!  Malawi 'p!!" 'Namibia 'p!"" 'Lesotho 'p!#" 'Swaziland 'p!$" 'Zimbabwe p!%" Labels  "x& Yes  "x' Yes  "x( Yes  "x) ?(No)  "x* ?  "x+ Text  P$, Yes  P$- Yes  P$. Yes  P$/ ?(No)  P$0 ?  P$1 Symbols  %X2 ?(Yes)  %X3 ?(Yes)  %X4 Yes  %X5 ?  %X6 Yes  %X7 Colours  0' 8 Yes  0' 9 ?(Yes)  0' : ?(Yes)  0' ; ?  0' < ?(Yes)  0' = Format  (8"> Yes  (8"? Yes  (8"@ Yes  (8"A No  (8"B ?  (8"C SafetyDataSheets  *#D Yes  *#E Yes  *#F Yes  *#G No  *#H ?  *#I Headings  +%J Yes  +%K ?(Yes)  +%L Yes  +%M ?(No)  +%N ?  +%O Symbols  ,&P Ѐ?(Yes)  ,&Q ?(Yes)  ,&R Yes  ,&S ?(No)  ,&T ?  ,&U Training  `.'V Yes  `.'W Yes  `.'X Yes  `.'Y Yes  `.'Z ? `.'[ 0  0u " "0u "u "Labels:iflabelsarerequiredbyregulationsorrecommended.Text:ifanyspecificwritten $1*] informationisrequiredorrecommendedonthelabel.Symbol:ifanyspecificsymbolsarerequiredorrecommendedonlabel.  " " 0  0u " "0u "u "Colours:ifthelabelisrequiredorrecommendedtohavespecificcolours;ifsymbolsarerequiredorrecommendedtohavespecificcoloursareindicatedwithintheparentheses.Format:ifthelabelisrequiredorrecommendedtohaveaspecificsize,shapeordesign.SafetyDataSheets:ifdatasheetsarerequiredbyregulationsorrecommended.Headings:ifstandardizedheadingsarerequiredorrecommendedonthedatasheet.Symbols:ifspecifiedsymbolsarerequiredorrecommendedonthedatasheet.Training:iftrainingisrequiredorrecommended.?:noindicationinthedocumentsreceived.  " " ̀7.20 u 0u "u "Mostchemicalsusedandhandledinthefourregionalcountriessurveyedareimportedmainly t  fromSouthAfricaandEurope.  " " ̀7.30 u 0u "u "Concerningtheemployeesrecognitionlevelofinternationalwarningsymbolsonchemical p  containers,theresultsofinterviewsinTable6wererepresentativeofthetrends,knowledge,attitudeandawarenessofchemicalsafetyissuesinLesotho,Malawi,NamibiaandSwaziland.  " "  " "H "8.40 u 0u "u "Table6showsthatthelevelsofrecognitionofthewarningsymbolsrangedfrom81%to67% x forboth"toxicandflammable"and"oxidizing"havingzeroandthelowestrecognition.  " " 8.50 u 0u "u "Asimilarsurveyconductedby%  _Loewenson_Ԁetalin1992inZimbabweconcludedthatthe t  "toxicandflammable"symbolshadthehighestlevelsofrecognitionwhichisconsistentwiththeresultsofthisstudy.  " " ̀8.60 u 0u "u " Table6:   TypicalEmployeesResponsestoChemicalWarningSymbols | " " * d dvdd vdd"dd"Rdd"Rdd"dd"  " ",V dd ,dd",+dd"+   4 0  ChemicalWarningSymbol     0 @n Correct    0 @  Incorrect   0  Toxic (p   (81% p " 19%  p! 0  Corrosive  x"   14%   x# 86%   x$ 0  Harmful P"%   14%  P"& 86%  P"' 0  Flammable #X(   67%  #X) 33%  #X* 0  Oxidising 0%+   Є  0%, 100%  0%- 0  Explosive &8 .   19%  &8 / 81% &8 0  9.0   u   CONCLUSIONS ( "1 " " 9.10 u 0u "u "Thecountriessurveyedhaveintroducedorintheprocessofpreparingnewlegislationon @*#3 occupationalsafetyandhealthincludingissuesofchemicalsafetyinformationcommunication.Inaddition,legalmeasureswerebeingtakentoconsidertheratificationoftheILOConvention170onSafetyintheUseofChemicalsatWork.A  " " 8  8u4!4!8uH uH reviewoftheinformationandanalysisofthedatacollectedduringthisstudyrevealedthefollowingissues:  ̀9.20 u 0u "u "Atthenationallevel,thereisageneralrecognitionofthepotentialhealthrisksofexposure D0): tochemicalsintheworkplaces,asevidencedbythepromulgationofnationallawsand  1*; regulationstocontrolchemicalhazardsandpromotesafetyintheuseofchemicalsthroughchemicalhazardcommunicationsystemsatworkplaces.  " " ̀9.30 u 0u "u "Chemicalsafetyinformationintheformofmaterialssafetydatasheetsisseldomsupplied  withchemicalsandwheneverthesafetydatasheetsareavailable,theyarekeptbyemployersandtheemployeeshavenoaccesstothem.  " " ̀9.40 u 0u "u "Mostemployeeswhouseandhandlechemicalsareilliterateandignorantofthechemical l  safetyinformationincludingwarningsymbols,precautionarysafetymeasuresandnationallawsandregulationstoprotectemployeesagainsthealthrisksfromchemicals.  " " 9.50 u 0u "u "Trainingandeducationofemployeesinchemicalsafetyisminimumtononexistentinmost t  workplaceswherechemicalsareusedandhandled,inparticular,theidentificationandrecognitionofthechemicalhazardwarningsymbols,healtheffectsandtheuseofappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment.  " " ̀9.60 u 0u "u "Thechemicalsafetyinformationinthesafetydatasheetsisnotfullyunderstoodbythe (  employeesandwarningphrasesonthelabelswerewrittenindifferentlanguagesnotunderstoodbythemajorityofemployeeshandlingthechemicals.  " " 10.0 u 0u "u " RECOMMENDATIONS0 " "  10.10 u 0u "u "Anationaldatabaseofallchemicalsinuseandrelevanthazardinformationshouldbe P developedandestablishedinconsultationwithmanufacturers,importersandsuppliersofchemicalsandtheyshouldbeclosurecoordinationandmaintainingofupdatedrecordsamonggovernmentagenciesresponsibleforlicensingandmonitoringthemanufactureandimportationofchemicals.  " " 10.20 u 0u "u "Thechemicalinformationfromsafetydatasheetsshouldalsobewritteninthelanguageand x mannerunderstoodbythemajorityofemployeesandbeaccessibletothoseusingandhandlingchemicals.Nationalchemicalwarningsymbolsonthelabelshouldbedevelopedwithparticularattentiontoharmonizingthemwithinternationalchemicalwarningsymbols.Allchemicalcontainersshouldbelabelledandmarkedtoprovideessentialinformationonthechemicals.  " " 10.30 u 0u "u "Trainingandeducationofemployeesintheidentificationofchemicalhazardsandhealth |$# effects,recognitionofchemicalswarningsymbolsandprecautionarysafetymeasures,andcreatingawarenessofnationallawsandregulationsonchemicalsafetyshouldbeintensifiedatnationalandworkplacelevels.  " " 0   @"^ " "_______________