ÿWPCq #årßg„}Öýÿ›).U*šüø´»ô:§f^ºÁÅÏ9ӂǪbF¦1·)êfçØi«¨Ñ¬̲mCp…F ø¦&Åû†¶t ×hKk*P‡ùg9‹N kX±fá3ÏÆ9ïMn9ieRÓŒsÍláq¬2÷ÌP³k=Ë£jÇZÑ–_JiIü3dxÜn­šŸ_góçÅçO£vq Ä}ûô±/±£ÁÎ>Üý¼7–¡£51ϧ3ÇÏ ›¤ßv’K o‘–N„ ‚9Ç©C?¬²xÁqº‡˜,õSÿF‡ö1•âóÁl”nÁ¼ç´‰Èco©CÍIJ*àq*Å:ÇÓô’íŸ,^]^6àÈ/‡xùÌz€›Ùp—KbLïw!M"Ø:/"UGš´Aê¢rªg–Íò½þAr"ã§n™G‘s°[5âÿpУµ‘Àew7™:àFÞ¡v&˜SŒ< õ´èÖ©V¹ýëd–:_#Ò¨ìÉŽ®ù'g'ÏO¹ð„ ×Dª"¤Î"o(dðæ‹€xÕ‡Úõƒ[ë“ÿŒÔÿAæ@Ú`Ô”òœí¯åÒßÐÇwÜŠ90!åº/±»×êq•ɶÆc‘·ö´ò”‰àb‡>1U>® %ì 0ò4UN#Hô\  `(&Roman 10cpi10ptô(æò—$¡¡Ñ±°Ñѱ°ÑÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÑTRW Ð6Â&ÿA43Ø'Ï6Á&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓÓN:±±‚ìv„ì „ì°„ìM„ìê„쇄ì$"„ìÁ&­'°œXNÓ[3 Ôô(æ3|x@&¹2V  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularÝ ƒò—!Ýѱ°Ñѱ°ÑÒ±°ÒÒ±°ÒÑTRWÐ6Â&ÿA43Ø' Ï6Á&ÿA4ÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓÓN:±±‚ìv„ì „ì°„ìM„ìê„쇄ì$"„ìÁ&­'°œXNÓÝ  ÝÔ‡0ô¯EôôôÔÔ‡0XèXô0ô¯EÔÑ7€¯EôôdÄôôdÄ7Ññ@ñÑ  Ññ@ñà@` ` `àò òUNITED€NATIONS€CONFERENCE€ON€ˆÐ ± Ðà@ˆ ˆ `àENVIRONMENT€AND€DEVELOPMENT€(UNCED)ˆÌÌà@22%`àAGENDA€21ˆÌÌà@~~$`àòòChapter€19óóˆÐ a° ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€Ìà@`àENVIRONMENTALLY€SOUND€MANAGEMENT€OF€TOXIC€CHEMICALS,€ˆÌà@ŠŠ`àINCLUDING€PREVENTION€OF€ILLEGAL€INTERNATIONAL€TRAFFIC€ˆÌà@È È `àIN€TOXIC€AND€DANGEROUS€PRODUCTSˆÌó óÌÌà@ll#`àINTRODUCTIONˆÌÌ19.1.€€A€substantial€use€of€chemicals€is€essential€to€meet€the€social€and€economic€goals€of€the€worldÏcommunity€and€today's€best€practice€demonstrates€that€they€can€be€used€widely€in€a€cost-effectiveÏmanner€and€with€a€high€degree€of€safety.€€However,€a€great€deal€remains€to€be€done€to€ensure€theÏenvironmentally€sound€management€of€toxic€chemicals,€within€the€principles€of€sustainableÏdevelopment€and€improved€quality€of€life€for€humankind.€€Two€of€the€major€problems,€particularly€inÏdeveloping€countries,€are€(a)€lack€of€sufficient€scientific€information€for€the€assessment€of€risks€entailedÏby€the€use€of€a€great€number€of€chemicals,€and€(b)€lack€of€resources€for€assessment€of€chemicals€forÏwhich€data€are€at€hand.ÌÌ19.2.€€Gross€chemical€contamination,€with€grave€damage€to€human€health,€genetic€structures€andÏreproductive€outcomes,€and€the€environment,€has€in€recent€times€been€continuing€within€some€of€theÏworld's€most€important€industrial€areas.€€Restoration€will€require€major€investment€and€developmentÏof€new€techniques.€€The€long-range€effects€of€pollution,€extending€even€to€the€fundamental€chemicalÏand€physical€processes€of€the€Earth's€atmosphere€and€climate,€are€becoming€understood€only€recentlyÏand€the€importance€of€those€effects€is€becoming€recognized€only€recently€as€well.ÌÌ19.3.€€A€considerable€number€of€international€bodies€are€involved€in€work€on€chemical€safety.€€In€manyÏcountries€work€programmes€for€the€promotion€of€chemical€safety€are€in€place.€€Such€work€hasÏinternational€implications,€as€chemical€risks€do€not€respect€national€boundaries.€€However,€a€significantÏstrengthening€of€both€national€and€international€efforts€is€needed€to€achieve€an€environmentally€soundÏmanagement€of€chemicals.ÌÌ19.4.€€Six€programme€areas€are€proposed:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àExpanding€and€accelerating€international€assessment€of€chemical€risks;Ð A($' ÐÌà  à(b)à v àHarmonization€of€classification€and€labelling€of€chemicals;Ð !*p&) ÐÌà  à(c)à v àInformation€exchange€on€toxic€chemicals€and€chemical€risks;Ð ,P(+ ÐÌà  à(d)à0 v àEstablishment€of€risk€reduction€programmes;Ðá-0*-v#v# ÐÌà  à(e)à v àStrengthening€of€national€capabilities€and€capacities€for€management€of€chemicals;Ð Á/,/ ÐÌà  à(f)à v àPrevention€of€illegal€international€traffic€in€toxic€and€dangerous€products.Ð ¡1ð-1 ÐIn€addition,€the€short€final€subsection€G€deals€with€the€enhancement€of€cooperation€related€to€severalÏprogramme€areas.ÌÌ19.5.€€The€six€programme€areas€are€together€dependent€for€their€successful€implementation€on€intensiveÏinternational€work€and€improved€coordination€of€current€international€activities,€as€well€as€on€theÏidentification€and€application€of€technical,€scientific,€educational€and€financial€means,€in€particular€forÏdeveloping€countries.€€To€varying€degrees,€the€programme€areas€involve€hazard€assessment€(based€onÏthe€intrinsic€properties€of€chemicals),€risk€assessment€(including€assessment€of€exposure),€riskÏacceptability€and€risk€management.ÌÌ19.6.€€Collaboration€on€chemical€safety€between€the€United€Nations€Environment€Programme€(UNEP),Ïthe€International€Labour€Organisation€(ILO)€and€the€World€Health€Organization€(WHO)€in€theÏInternational€Programme€on€Chemical€Safety€(IPCS)€should€be€the€nucleus€for€internationalÏcooperation€on€environmentally€sound€management€of€toxic€chemicals.€€All€efforts€should€be€made€toÏstrengthen€this€programme.€€Cooperation€with€other€programmes,€such€as€those€of€the€Organisation€forÏEconomic€Cooperation€and€Development€(OECD)€and€the€European€Communities€(EC)€and€otherÏregional€and€governmental€chemical€programmes,€should€be€promoted.ÌÌ19.7.€€Increased€coordination€of€United€Nations€bodies€and€other€international€organizations€involvedÏin€chemicals€assessment€and€management€should€be€further€promoted.€€Within€the€framework€of€IPCS,Ïan€intergovernmental€meeting,€convened€by€the€Executive€Director€of€UNEP,€was€held€in€London€inÏDecember/1991€to€further€explore€this€matter€(see€paras.€19.75€and€19.76).ÌÌ19.8.€€The€broadest€possible€awareness€of€chemical€risks€is€a€prerequisite€for€achieving€chemical€safety.€ÏThe€principle€of€the€right€of€the€community€and€of€workers€to€know€those€risks€should€be€recognized.€ÏHowever,€the€right€to€know€the€identity€of€hazardous€ingredients€should€be€balanced€with€industry'sÏright€to€protect€confidential€business€information.€€(Industry,€as€referred€to€in€this€chapter,€shall€beÏtaken€to€include€large€industrial€enterprises€and€transnational€corporations€as€well€as€domesticÏindustries.)€€The€industry€initiative€on€responsible€care€and€product€stewardship€should€be€developedÏand€promoted.€€Industry€should€apply€adequate€standards€of€operation€in€all€countries€in€order€not€toÏdamage€human€health€and€the€environment.€€ÌÌ19.9.€€There€is€international€concern€that€part€of€the€international€movement€of€toxic€and€dangerousÏproducts€is€being€carried€out€in€contravention€of€existing€national€legislation€and€internationalÏinstruments,€to€the€detriment€of€the€environment€and€public€health€of€all€countries,€particularlyÏdeveloping€countries.ÌÌ19.10.€€In€resolution€44/226€of€22€December€1989,€the€General€Assembly€requested€each€regionalÏcommission,€within€existing€resources,€to€contribute€to€the€prevention€of€the€illegal€traffic€in€toxic€andÏdangerous€products€and€wastes€by€monitoring€and€making€regional€assessments€of€that€illegal€trafficÏand€its€environmental€and€health€implications.€€The€Assembly€also€requested€the€regional€commissionsÏto€interact€among€themselves€and€to€cooperate€with€the€United€Nations€Environment€Programme,€withÏa€view€to€maintaining€efficient€and€coordinated€monitoring€and€assessment€of€the€illegal€traffic€in€toxicÏand€dangerous€products€and€wastes.ÌÌñ ñÌÌÌÌñ ñÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðà@||"`àPROGRAMME€AREASˆÌÌÓ~:±ó±‚ìv„ì „ì°„ìM„ìê„쇄ì$"„ìÁ&±±‚ìv„ì „ì°„ìM„ìê„쇄ì$"„ìÁ&ì~Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€€òòExpanding€and€accelerating€internationalóóÐ ‘à Ðà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòassessment€of€chemical€risksóóÐ Ð ÐÌ19.11.€€Assessing€the€risks€to€human€health€and€the€environment€hazards€that€a€chemical€may€causeÏis€a€prerequisite€to€planning€for€its€safe€and€beneficial€use.€€Among€the€approximately€100,000Ïchemical€substances€in€commerce€and€the€thousands€of€substances€of€natural€origin€with€which€humanÏbeings€come€into€contact,€many€appear€as€pollutants€and€contaminants€in€food,€commercial€productsÏand€the€various€environmental€media.€€Fortunately,€exposure€to€most€chemicals€(some€1,500€cover€overÏ95/per/cent€of€total€world€production)€is€rather€limited,€as€most€are€used€in€very€small€amounts.€ÏHowever,€a€serious€problem€is€that€even€for€a€great€number€of€chemicals€characterized€by€high-volumeÏproduction,€crucial€data€for€risk€assessment€are€often€lacking.€€Within€the€framework€of€the€OECDÏchemicals€programme€such€data€are€now€being€generated€for€a€number€of€chemicals.ÌÌ19.12.€€Risk€assessment€is€resource-intensive.€€It€could€be€made€cost-effective€by€strengtheningÏinternational€cooperation€and€better€coordination,€thereby€making€the€best€use€of€available€resourcesÏand€avoiding€unnecessary€duplication€of€effort.€€However,€each€nation€should€have€a€critical€mass€ofÏtechnical€staff€with€experience€in€toxicity€testing€and€exposure€analysis,€which€are€two€importantÏcomponents€of€risk€assessment.ÌÌòòObjectivesóóÐ a° ÐÌ19.13.€€The€objectives€of€this€programme€area€are:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àTo€strengthen€international€risk€assessment.€€Several€hundred€priority€chemicals€or€groups€ofÐ !p Ðchemicals,€including€major€pollutants€and€contaminants€of€global€significance,€should€be€assessed€byÏthe€year€2000,€using€current€selection€and€assessment€criteria;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àTo€produce€guidelines€for€acceptable€exposure€for€a€greater€number€of€toxic€chemicals,€basedÐ á0 Ðon€peer€review€and€scientific€consensus€distinguishing€between€health-€or€environment-based€exposureÏlimits€and€those€relating€to€socio-economic€factors.ÌÌñ!ñÐ  ¡"ð! Ðòòñ!ñActivitiesñ!ñóóñ!ñÌÌ(a)à ‰ àòòManagement-related€activitiesóóÐ $Ð # ÐÌ19.14.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àStrengthen€and€expand€programmes€on€chemical€risk€assessment€within€the€United€NationsÐ 1)€%( Ðsystem€IPCS€(UNEP,€ILO,€WHO)€and€the€Food€and€Agriculture€Organization€of€the€United€NationsÏ(FAO),€together€with€other€organizations,€including€the€Organisation€for€Economic€Cooperation€andÏDevelopment€(OECD),€based€on€an€agreed€approach€to€data-quality€assurance,€application€ofÏassessment€criteria,€peer€review€and€linkages€to€risk€management€activities,€taking€into€account€theÏprecautionary€approach;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àPromote€mechanisms€to€increase€collaboration€among€Governments,€industry,€academia€andÐ Á/,/ Ðrelevant€non-governmental€organizations€involved€in€the€various€aspects€of€risk€assessment€ofÏchemicals€and€related€processes,€in€particular€the€promoting€and€coordinating€of€research€activities€toÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðimprove€understanding€of€the€mechanisms€of€action€of€toxic€chemicals;ÌÌà  à(c)à v àEncourage€the€development€of€procedures€for€the€exchange€by€countries€of€their€assessmentÐ ‘à Ðreports€on€chemicals€with€other€countries€for€use€in€national€chemical€assessment€programmes.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòData€and€informationóóÐ a° ÐÌ19.15.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àGive€high€priority€to€hazard€assessment€of€chemicals,€that€is,€of€their€intrinsic€properties€asÐ  `  Ðthe€appropriate€basis€for€risk€assessment;€ÌÌà  à(b)à v àGenerate€data€necessary€for€assessment,€building,€òòinter/aliaóó,€on€programmes€of€IPCS€(UNEP,Ð á0  ÐWHO,€ILO),€FAO,€OECD€and€EC€and€on€established€programmes€other€regions€and€Governments.€ÏIndustry€should€participate€actively.ÌÌ19.16.€€Industry€should€provide€data€for€substances€produced€that€are€needed€specifically€for€theÏassessment€of€potential€risks€to€human€health€and€the€environment.€€Such€data€should€be€made€availableÏto€relevant€national€competent€authorities€and€international€bodies€and€other€interested€parties€involvedÏin€hazard€and€risk€assessment,€and€to€the€greatest€possible€extent€to€the€public€also,€taking€into€accountÏlegitimate€claims€of€confidentiality.ÌÌ(c)à ‰ àòòInternational€and€regional€cooperation€and€coordinationóóÐ A ÐÌ19.17.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should:ÌÌñ"ñÐ  ñ@ Ðñ"ñà  à(a)à v àDevelop€criteria€for€priority-setting€for€chemicals€of€global€concern€with€respect€toÐ ñ@ Ðassessment;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àReview€strategies€for€exposure€assessment€and€environmental€monitoring€to€allow€for€the€bestÐ Á  Ðuse€of€available€resources,€to€ensure€compatibility€of€data€and€to€encourage€coherent€national€andÏinternational€strategies€for€that€assessment.ÌÌòòMeans€of€implementationóóÐ $Ð # ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòFinancial€and€cost€evaluationóóÐ a&°"% ÐÌ19.18.€€Most€of€the€data€and€methods€for€chemical€risk€assessment€are€generated€in€the€developedÏcountries€and€an€expansion€and€acceleration€of€the€assessment€work€will€call€for€a€considerable€increaseÏin€research€and€safety€testing€by€industry€and€research€institutions.€€The€cost€projections€address€theÏneeds€to€strengthen€the€capacities€of€relevant€United€Nations€bodies€and€are€based€on€currentÏexperience€in€IPCS.€€It€should€be€noted€that€there€are€considerable€costs,€often€not€possible€to€quantify,Ïthat€are€not€included.€€These€comprise€costs€to€industry€and€Governments€of€generating€the€safety€dataÏunderlying€the€assessments€and€costs€to€Governments€of€providing€background€documents€and€draftÏassessment€statements€to€IPCS,€the€International€Register€of€Potentially€Toxic€Chemicals€(IRPTC)€andÏOECD.€€They€also€include€the€cost€of€accelerated€work€in€non-United€Nations€bodies€such€as€OECDÏand€EC.ÌÐ ¡1ð-1 Ð19.19.€€The€Conference€secretariat€has€estimated€the€average€total€annual€cost€(1993-2000)€ofÏimplementing€the€activities€of€this€programme€to€be€about€$30/million€from€the€internationalÏcommunity€on€grant€or€concessional€terms.€€These€are€indicative€and€order-of-magnitude€estimates€onlyÏand€have€not€been€reviewed€by€Governments.€€Actual€costs€and€financial€terms,€including€any€that€areÏnon-concessional,€will€depend€upon,€òòinter/aliaóó,€the€specific€strategies€and€programmes€GovernmentsÐ qÀ Ðdecide€upon€for€implementation.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòScientific€and€technological€meansóóÐ A  ÐÌ19.20.€€Major€research€efforts€should€be€launched€in€order€to€improve€methods€for€assessment€ofÏchemicals€as€work€towards€a€common€framework€for€risk€assessment€and€to€improve€procedures€forÏusing€toxicological€and€epidemiological€data€to€predict€the€effects€of€chemicals€on€human€health€andÏthe€environment,€so€as€to€enable€decision€makers€to€adopt€adequate€policies€and€measures€to€reduceÏrisks€posed€by€chemicals.€ÌÌ19.21.€€Activities€include:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àStrengthening€research€on€safe/safer€alternatives€to€toxic€chemicals€that€pose€an€unreasonableÐ ¡ð Ðand€otherwise€unmanageable€risk€to€the€environment€or€human€health€and€to€those€that€are€toxic,Ïpersistent€and€bio-accumulative€and€that€cannot€be€adequately€controlled;ÌÌñ#ñÐ  a° ÐÓTÿÿ@4( d±ó±‚ìv„ì „ì°„ìM„ìê„쇄ì$"„ìÁ&TÓñ#ñà  à(b)à v àPromotion€of€research€on,€and€validation€of,€methods€constituting€a€replacement€for€thoseÐ a° Ðusing€test€animals€(thus€reducing€the€use€of€animals€for€testing€purposes);ÌÌà  à(c)à v àPromotion€of€relevant€epidemiological€studies€with€a€view€to€establishing€a€cause-and-effectÐ 1€ Ðrelationship€between€exposure€to€chemicals€and€the€occurrence€of€certain€diseases;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àPromotion€of€ecotoxicological€studies€with€the€aim€of€assessing€the€risks€of€chemicals€to€theÐ P Ðenvironment.ÌÌñ$ñà  àñ$ñ(c)à v àòòHuman€resource€developmentóóÐ Ñ  ÐÌ19.22.€€International€organizations,€with€the€participation€of€Governments€and€non-governmentalÏorganizations,€should€launch€training€and€education€projects€involving€women€and€children,€who€areÏat€greatest€risk,€in€order€to€enable€countries,€and€particularly€developing€countries,€to€make€maximumÏnational€use€of€international€assessments€of€chemical€risks.€ÌÌñ%ñà  àñ%ñ(d)à v àòòCapacity-buildingóóÐ a&°"% ÐÌ19.23.€€International€organizations,€building€on€past,€present€and€future€assessment€work,€shouldÏsupport€countries,€particularly€developing€countries,€in€developing€and€strengthening€risk€assessmentÏcapabilities€at€national€and€regional€levels€to€minimize,€and€as€far€as€possible€control€and€prevent,€riskÏin€the€manufacturing€and€use€of€toxic€and€hazardous€chemicals.€€Technical€cooperation€and€financialÏsupport€or€other€contributions€should€be€given€to€activities€aimed€at€expanding€and€accelerating€theÏnational€and€international€assessment€and€control€of€chemical€risks€to€enable€the€best€choice€ofÏchemicals.ÌÌñ&ñÌÌñ&ñÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðà@ª ª `àB.€€òòHarmonization€of€classification€and€labelling€of€chemicalsóóˆÐ ± ÐÌòòBasis€for€actionóóÐ ‘à ÐÌ19.24.€€Adequate€labelling€of€chemicals€and€the€dissemination€of€safety€data€sheets€such€as€ICSCsÏ(International€Chemical€Safety€Cards)€and€similarly€written€materials,€based€on€assessed€hazards€toÏhealth€and€environment,€are€the€simplest€and€most€efficient€way€of€indicating€how€to€handle€and€useÏchemicals€safely.ÌÌ19.25.€€For€the€safe€transport€of€dangerous€goods,€including€chemicals,€a€comprehensive€schemeÏelaborated€within€the€United€Nations€system€is€in€current€use.€€This€scheme€mainly€takes€into€accountÏthe€acute€hazards€of€chemicals.ÌÌ19.26.€€Globally€harmonized€hazard€classification€and€labelling€systems€are€not€yet€available€toÏpromote€the€safe€use€of€chemicals,€òòinter/aliaóó,€at€the€workplace€or€in€the€home.€€Classification€ofÐ Ñ  Ðchemicals€can€be€made€forñ(ñ€ñ(ñdifferent€purposes€and€is€a€particularly€important€tool€in€establishingÏlabelling€systems.€€There€is€a€need€to€develop€harmonized€hazard€classification€and€labelling€systems,Ïbuilding€on€ongoing€work.ÌÌòòObjectivesóóÐ Ð ÐÌ19.27.€€A€globally€harmonized€hazard€classification€and€compatible€labelling€system,€includingÏmaterial€safety€data€sheets€and€easily€understandable€symbols,€should€be€available,€if€feasible,€by€theÏyear€2000.ÌÌòòActivitiesóóÐ !p ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòManagement-related€activitiesóóÐ P ÐÌ19.28.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should€launch€a€project€with€a€view€to€establishing€and€elaborating€a€harmonizedÏclassification€and€compatible€labelling€system€for€chemicals€for€use€in€all€United€Nations€officialÏlanguages€including€adequate€pictograms.€€Such€a€labelling€system€should€not€lead€to€the€impositionÏof€unjustified€trade€barriers.€€The€new€system€should€draw€on€current€systems€to€the€greatest€extentÏpossible;€it€should€be€developed€in€steps€and€should€address€the€subject€of€compatibility€with€labels€ofÏvarious€applications.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòData€and€informationóóÐ a&°"% ÐÌ19.29.€€International€bodies€including,€òòinter€aliaóó,€IPCS€(UNEP,€ILO,€WHO),€FAO,€the€InternationalÐ A($' ÐMaritime€Organization€(IMO),€the€United€Nations€Committee€of€Experts€on€the€Transport€ofÏDangerous€Goods€and€OECD,€in€cooperation€with€regional€and€national€authorities€having€existingÏclassification€and€labelling€and€other€information-dissemination€systems,€should€establish€aÏcoordinating€group€to:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àEvaluate€and,€if€appropriate,€undertake€studies€of€existing€hazard€classification€andÐ á-0*- Ðinformation€systems€to€establish€general€principles€for€a€globally€harmonized€system;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àDevelop€and€implement€a€work€plan€for€the€establishment€of€a€globally€harmonized€hazardÐ ±0-0 Ðclassification€system.€€The€plan€should€include€a€description€of€the€tasks€to€be€completed,€deadline€forÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðcompletion€and€assignment€of€tasks€to€the€participants€in€the€coordinating€group;€ÌÌà  à(c)à v àElaborate€a€harmonized€hazard€classification€system;Ð ‘à ÐÌà  à(d)à v àDraft€proposals€for€standardization€of€hazard€communication€terminology€and€symbols€inÐ qÀ Ðorder€to€enhance€risk€management€of€chemicals€and€facilitate€both€international€trade€and€translationÏof€information€into€the€end-user's€language;ÌÌà  à(e)à v àElaborate€a€harmonized€labelling€system.Ð 1 € ÐÌñ)ñÐ   `  Ðñ)ñòòMeans€of€implementationóóÐ  `  ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòFinancial€and€cost€evaluationóóÐ ñ@  ÐÌ19.30.€€The€Conference€secretariat€has€included€the€technical€assistance€costs€related€to€this€programmeÏin€estimates€provided€in€programme€area€E.€€They€estimate€the€average€total€annual€cost€(1993-2000)Ïfor€strengthening€international€organizations€to€be€about€$3/million€from€the€international€communityÏon€grant€or€concessional€terms.€€These€are€indicative€and€order-of-magnitude€estimates€only€and€haveÏnot€been€reviewed€by€Governments.€€Actual€costs€and€financial€terms,€including€any€that€areÏnon-concessional,€will€depend€upon,€òòinter/aliaóó,€the€specific€strategies€and€programmes€GovernmentsÐ Ð Ðdecide€upon€for€implementation.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòHuman€resource€developmentóóÐ Q  ÐÌ19.31.€€Governments€and€institutions€and€non-governmental€organizations,€with€the€collaboration€ofÏappropriate€organizations€and€programmes€of€the€United€Nations,€should€launch€training€courses€andÏinformation€campaigns€to€facilitate€the€understanding€and€use€of€a€new€harmonized€classification€andÏcompatible€labelling€system€for€chemicals.ÌÌ(c)€€òòCapacity-buildingóóÐ á0 ÐÌ19.32.€€In€strengthening€national€capacities€for€management€of€chemicals,€including€development€andÏimplementation€of,€and€adaptation€to,€new€classification€and€labelling€systems,€the€creation€of€tradeÏbarriers€should€be€avoided€and€the€limited€capacities€and€resources€of€a€large€number€of€countries,Ïparticularly€developing€countries,€for€implementing€such€systems,€should€be€taken€into€full€account.ÌÌÌà@T T `àC.€€òòInformation€exchange€on€toxic€chemicals€and€chemical€risksóóˆÐ a&°"% ÐÌòòBasis€for€actionóóÐ A($' ÐÌ19.33.€€The€following€activities,€related€to€information€exchange€on€the€benefits€as€well€as€the€risksÏassociated€with€the€use€of€chemicals,€are€aimed€at€enhancing€the€sound€management€of€toxic€chemicalsÏthrough€the€exchange€of€scientific,€technical,€economic€and€legal€information.ÌÌ19.34.€€The€òòLondon€Guidelines€for€the€Exchange€of€Information€on€Chemicals€in€International€TradeóóÐ á-0*- Ðare€a€set€of€guidelines€adopted€by€Governments€with€a€view€to€increasing€chemical€safety€through€theÏexchange€of€information€on€chemicals.€€Special€provisions€have€been€included€in€the€guidelines€withÏregard€to€the€exchange€of€information€on€banned€and€severely€restricted€chemicals.ÌÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðñ*ñÐ  ± Ðñ*ñ19.35.€€The€export€to€developing€countries€of€chemicals€that€have€been€banned€in€producing€countriesÏor€whose€use€has€been€severely€restricted€in€some€industrialized€countries€has€been€the€subject€ofÏconcern,€as€some€importing€countries€lack€the€ability€to€ensure€safe€use,€owing€to€inadequateÏinfrastructure€for€controlling€the€importation,€distribution,€storage,€formulation€and€disposal€ofÏchemicals.ÌÌ19.36.€€In€order€to€address€this€issue,€provisions€for€Prior€Informed€Consent/(PIC)€procedures€wereÏintroduced€in€1989€in€the€London€Guidelines€(UNEP)€and€in€the€International€Code€of€Conduct€on€theÏDistribution€and€Use€of€Pesticides€(FAO).€€In€addition€a€joint€FAO/UNEP€programme€has€beenÏlaunched€for€the€operation€of€the€PIC€procedures€for€chemicals,€including€the€selection€of€chemicalsÏto€be€included€in€the€PIC€procedure€and€preparation€of€PIC€decision€guidance€documents.€€The€ILOÏchemicals€convention€calls€for€communication€between€exporting€and€importing€countries€whenÏhazardous€chemicals€have€been€prohibited€for€reasons€of€safety€and€health€at€work.€€Within€the€GeneralÏAgreement€on€Tariffs€and€Trade€(GATT)€framework,€negotiations€have€been€pursued€with€a€view€toÏcreating€a€binding€instrument€on€products€banned€or€severely€restricted€in€the€domestic€market.€ÏFurther,€the€GATT€Council€has€agreed,€as€stated€in€its€decision€contained€in€C/M/251,€to€extend€theÏmandate€of€the€working€group€for€a€period€of€three€months,€to€begin€from€the€date€of€the€group's€nextÏmeeting,€and€has€authorized€the€Chairman€to€hold€consultations€on€timing€with€respect€to€conveningÏthis€meeting.ÌÌ19.37.€€Notwithstanding€the€importance€of€the€PIC€procedure,€information€exchange€on€all€chemicalsÏis€necessary.ÌÌòòObjectivesóóÐ A ÐÌ19.38.€€The€objectives€of€this€programme€area€are:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àTo€promote€intensified€exchange€of€information€on€chemical€safety,€use€and€emissions€amongÐ P Ðall€involved€parties;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àTo€achieve€by€the€year€2000,€as€feasible,€full€participation€in€and€implementation€of€the€PICÐ Ñ  Ðprocedure,€including€possible€mandatory€applications€through€legally€binding€instruments€containedÏin€the€Amended€London€Guidelines€and€in€the€FAO€International€Code€of€Conduct,€taking€into€accountÏthe€experience€gained€within€the€PIC€procedure.ÌÌòòActivitiesóó€Ð $Ð # ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòManagement-related€activitiesóóÐ a&°"% ÐÌ19.39.€€Governments€and€relevant€international€organizations€with€the€cooperation€of€industry€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àStrengthen€national€institutions€responsible€for€information€exchange€on€toxic€chemicals€andÐ !*p&) Ðpromote€the€creation€of€national€centres€where€these€centres€do€not€exist;ÌÌñ+ñÐ  ñ,@), Ðñ+ñà  à(b)à v àStrengthen€international€institutions€and€networks,€such€as€IRPTC,€responsible€for€informationÐ ñ,@), Ðexchange€on€toxic€chemicals;ÌÌà  à(c)à v àEstablish€technical€cooperation€with,€and€provide€information€to,€other€countries,€especiallyÐ Á/,/ Ðthose€with€shortages€of€technical€expertise,€including€training€in€the€interpretation€of€relevant€technicalÏdata,€such€as€Environmental€Health€Criteria€Documents,€Health€and€Safety€Guides€and€InternationalÐ ¡1ð-1 ÐChemical€Safety€Cards€(published€by€IPCS);€monographs€on€the€Evaluation€of€Carcinogenic€Risks€ofÏChemicals€to€Humans€(published€by€the€International€Agency€for€Research€on€Cancer€(IARC));€andÏdecision€guidance€documents€(provided€through€the€FAO/UNEP€joint€programme€on€PIC),€as€well€asÏthose€submitted€by€industry€and€other€sources;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àImplement€the€PIC€procedures€as€soon€as€possible€and,€in€the€light€of€experience€gained,€inviteÐ a° Ðrelevant€international€organizations,€such€as€UNEP,€GATT,€FAO,€WHO€and€others,€in€their€respectiveÏarea€of€competence€to€consider€working€expeditiously€towards€the€conclusion€of€legally€bindingÏinstruments.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòData€and€informationóóÐ  `  ÐÌ19.40.€€Governments€and€relevant€international€organizations€with€the€cooperation€of€industry€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àAssist€in€the€creation€of€national€chemical€information€systems€in€developing€countries€andÐ Ñ  Ðimprove€access€to€existing€international€systems;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àImprove€databases€and€information€systems€on€toxic€chemicals,€such€as€emission€inventoryÐ ¡ð Ðprogrammes,€through€provision€of€training€in€the€use€of€those€systems€as€well€as€software,€hardwareÏand€other€facilities;ÌÌà  à(c)à v àProvide€knowledge€and€information€on€severely€restricted€or€banned€chemicals€to€importingÐ a° Ðcountries€to€enable€them€to€judge€and€take€decisions€on€whether€to€import,€and€how€to€handle,€thoseÏchemicals€and€establish€joint€responsibilities€in€trade€of€chemicals€between€importing€and€exportingÏcountries;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àProvide€data€necessary€to€assess€risks€to€human€health€and€the€environment€of€possibleÐ ` Ðalternatives€to€banned€or€severely€restricted€chemicals.ÌÌ19.41.€€United€Nations€organizations€should€provide,€as€far€as€possible,€all€international€informationÏmaterial€on€toxic€chemicals€in€all€United€Nations€official€languages.ÌÌ(c)à ‰ àòòInternational€and€regional€cooperation€and€coordinationóóÐ ±!  ÐÌ19.42.€€Governments€and€relevant€international€organizations€with€the€cooperation€of€industry€shouldÏcooperate€in€establishing,€strengthening€and€expanding,€as€appropriate,€the€network€of€designatedÏnational€authorities€forñ-ñ€ñ-ñexchange€of€information€on€chemicals€and€establish€a€technical€exchangeÏprogramme€to€produce€a€core€of€trained€personnel€within€each€participating€country.ÌÌòòMeans€of€implementationóóÐ A($' ÐÌà  àòòFinancing€and€cost€evaluationóóÐ !*p&) ÐÌ19.43.€€The€Conference€secretariat€has€estimated€the€average€total€annual€cost€(1993-2000)€ofÏimplementing€the€activities€of€this€programme€to€be€about€$10/million€from€the€internationalÏcommunity€on€grant€or€concessional€terms.€€These€are€indicative€and€order-of-magnitude€estimates€onlyÏand€have€not€been€reviewed€by€Governments.€€Actual€costs€and€financial€terms,€including€any€that€areÏnon-concessional,€will€depend€upon,€òòinter/aliaóó,€the€specific€strategies€and€programmes€GovernmentsÐ Á/,/ Ðdecide€upon€for€implementation.ÌÐ ¡1ð-1 Їà@Ô Ô `àD.€€òòEstablishment€of€risk€reduction€programmesóóˆÐ ± ÐÌòòBasis€for€actionóóÐ ‘à ÐÌ19.44.€€There€are€often€alternatives€to€toxic€chemicals€currently€in€use.€€Thus,€risk€reduction€canÏsometimes€be€achieved€by€using€other€chemicals€or€even€non-chemical€technologies.€€The€classicÏexample€of€risk€reduction€is€the€substitution€of€harmless€or€less€harmful€substances€for€harmful€ones.€ÏEstablishment€of€pollution€prevention€procedures€and€setting€standards€for€chemicals€in€eachÏenvironmental€medium,€including€food€and€water,€and€in€consumer€goods,€constitute€another€exampleÏof€risk€reduction.€€In€a€wider€context,€risk€reduction€involves€broad-based€approaches€to€reducing€theÏrisks€of€toxic€chemicals,€taking€into€account€the€entire€life€cycle€of€the€chemicals.€€Such€approachesÏcould€encompass€both€regulatory€and€non-regulatory€measures,€such€as€promotion€of€the€use€of€cleanerÏproducts€and€technologies,€pollution€prevention€procedures€and€programmes,€emission€inventories,Ïproduct€labelling,€use€limitations,€economic€incentives,€procedures€for€safe€handling€and€exposureÏregulations,€and€the€phasing€out€or€banning€of€chemicals€that€pose€unreasonable€and€otherwiseÏunmanageable€risks€to€human€health€and€the€environment€and€of€those€that€are€toxic,€persistent€andÏbio-accumulative€and€whose€use€cannot€be€adequately€controlled.ÌÌ19.45.€€In€the€agricultural€area,€integrated€pest€management,€including€the€use€of€biological€controlÏagents€as€alternatives€to€toxic€pesticides,€is€one€approach€to€risk€reduction.ÌÌ19.46.€€Other€areas€of€risk€reduction€encompass€the€prevention€of€chemical€accidents,€prevention€ofÏpoisoning€by€chemicals€and€the€undertaking€of€toxicovigilance€and€coordination€of€clean-up€andÏrehabilitation€of€areas€damaged€by€toxic€chemicals.ÌÌ19.47.€€The€OECD€Council€has€decided€that€OECD€member€countries€should€establish€or€strengthenÏnational€risk€reduction€programmes.€€The€International€Council€of€Chemical€Associations€(ICCA)€hasÏintroduced€initiatives€regardingñ/ñ€ñ/ñresponsible€care€and€product€stewardship€aimed€at€reduction€ofÏchemical€risks.€€The€Awareness€and€Preparedness€for€Emergencies€at€Local€Level€(APELL)Ïprogramme€of€UNEP€is€designed€to€assist€decision€makers€and€technical€personnel€in€improvingÏcommunity€awareness€of€hazardous€installations€and€in€preparing€response€plans.€€ILO€has€publishedÏa€Code€of€Practice€on€the€prevention€of€major€industrial€accidents€and€is€preparing€an€internationalÏinstrument€on€the€prevention€of€industrial€disasters€for€eventual€adoption€in€1993.ÌÌòòObjectivesóóÐ ‘#à" ÐÌ19.48.€€The€objective€of€the€programme€area€is€to€eliminate€unacceptable€or€unreasonable€risks€and,Ïto€the€extent€economically€feasible,€to€reduce€risks€posed€by€toxic€chemicals,€by€employing€aÏbroad-based€approach€involving€a€wide€range€of€risk€reduction€options€and€by€taking€precautionaryÏmeasures€derived€from€a€broad-based€life-cycle€analysis.ÌÌòòActivitiesóóÐ !*p&) ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòManagement-related€activitiesóóÐ ,P(+ ÐÌ19.49.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àConsider€adopting€policies€based€on€accepted€producer€liability€principles,€where€appropriate,Ð ±0-0 Ðas€well€as€precautionary,€anticipatory€and€life-cycle€approaches€to€chemical€management,€coveringÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðmanufacturing,€trade,€transport,€use€and€disposal;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àUndertake€concerted€activities€to€reduce€risks€for€toxic€chemicals,€taking€into€account€theÐ ‘à Ðentire€life€cycle€of€the€chemicals.€€These€activities€could€encompass€both€regulatory€and€non-regulatoryÏmeasures,€such€as€promotion€of€the€use€of€cleaner€products€and€technologies;€emission€inventories;Ïproduct€labelling;€use€limitations;€economic€incentives;€and€the€phasing€out€or€banning€of€toxicÏchemicals€that€pose€an€unreasonable€and€otherwise€unmanageable€risk€to€the€environment€or€humanÏhealth€and€those€that€are€toxic,€persistent€and€bio-accumulative€and€whose€use€cannot€be€adequatelyÏcontrolled;ÌÌà  à(c)à v àAdopt€policies€and€regulatory€and€non-regulatory€measures€to€identify,€and€minimize€exposureÐ  `  Ðto,€toxic€chemicals€by€replacing€them€with€less€toxic€substitutes€and€ultimately€phasing€out€theÏchemicals€that€pose€unreasonable€and€otherwise€unmanageable€risk€to€human€health€and€theÏenvironment€and€those€that€are€toxic,€persistent€and€bio-accumulative€and€whose€use€cannot€beÏadequately€controlled;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àIncrease€efforts€to€identify€national€needs€for€standard€setting€and€implementation€in€theÐ ± Ðcontext€of€the€FAO/WHO€Codex€Alimentarius€in€order€to€minimize€adverse€effects€of€chemicals€inÏfood;ÌÌà  à(e)à v àDevelop€national€policies€and€adopt€the€necessary€regulatory€framework€for€prevention€ofÐ qÀ Ðaccidents,€preparedness€and€response,€òòinter/aliaóó,ñ1ñ€ñ1ñthrough€land-use€planning,€permit€systems€andÐ a° Ðreporting€requirements€on€accidents,€and€work€with€the€OECD/UNEP€international€directory€ofÏregional€response€centres€and€the€APELL€programme;ÌÌà  à(f)à v àPromote€establishment€and€strengthening,€as€appropriate,€of€national€poison€control€centresÐ !p Ðto€ensure€prompt€and€adequate€diagnosis€and€treatment€of€poisonings;ÌÌà  à(g)à v àReduce€overdependence€on€the€use€of€agricultural€chemicals€through€alternative€farmingÐ ñ@ Ðpractices,€integrated€pest€management€and€other€appropriate€means;ÌÌà  à(h)à v àRequire€manufacturers,€importers€and€others€handling€toxic€chemicals€to€develop,€with€theÐ Á  Ðcooperation€of€producers€of€such€chemicals,€where€applicable,€emergency€response€procedures€andÏpreparation€of€on-site€and€off-site€emergency€response€plans;ÌÌà  à(i)à v àIdentify,€assess,€reduce€and€minimize,€or€eliminate€as€far€as€feasible€by€environmentally€soundÐ $Ð # Ðdisposal€practices,€risks€from€storage€of€outdated€chemicals.ÌÌ19.50.€€Industry€should€be€encouraged€to:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àDevelop€an€internationally€agreed€upon€code€of€principles€for€the€management€of€trade€inÐ 1)€%( Ðchemicals,€recognizing€in€particular€the€responsibility€for€making€available€information€on€potentialÏrisks€and€environmentally€sound€disposal€practices€if€those€chemicals€become€wastes,€in€cooperationÏwith€Governments€and€relevant€international€organizations€and€appropriate€agencies€of€the€UnitedÏNations€system;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àDevelop€application€of€a€"responsible€care"€approach€by€producers€and€manufacturers€towardsÐ Ñ. +. Ðchemical€products,€taking€into€account€the€total€life€cycle€of€such€products;ÌÌà  à(c)à v àAdopt,€on€a€voluntary€basis,€community€right-to-know€programmes€based€on€internationalÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðguidelines,€including€sharing€of€information€on€causes€of€accidental€and€potential€releases€and€meansÏof€preventing€them,€and€reporting€on€annual€routine€emissions€of€toxic€chemicals€to€the€environmentÏin€the€absence€of€host€country€requirements.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòData€and€informationóóÐ qÀ ÐÌ19.51.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àPromote€exchange€of€information€on€national€and€regional€activities€to€reduce€the€risks€ofÐ ! p  Ðtoxic€chemicals;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àCooperate€in€the€development€of€communication€guidelines€on€chemical€risks€at€the€nationalÐ ñ@  Ðlevel€to€promote€information€exchange€with€the€public€and€the€understanding€of€risks.ÌÌñ4ñà  àñ4ñ(c)à ‰ àòòInternational€and€regional€cooperation€and€coordinationóóÐ Á ÐÌ19.52.€€Governments,€through€the€cooperation€of€relevant€international€organizations€and€industry,Ïwhere€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àCollaborate€to€develop€common€criteria€to€determine€which€chemicals€are€suitable€candidatesÐ qÀ Ðfor€concerted€risk€reduction€activities;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àCoordinate€concerted€risk€reduction€activities;Ð A ÐÌà  à(c)à v àDevelop€guidelines€and€policies€for€the€disclosure€by€manufacturers,€importers€and€othersÐ !p Ðusing€toxic€chemicals€of€toxicity€information€declaring€risks€and€emergency€response€arrangements;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àEncourage€large€industrial€enterprises€including€transnational€corporations€and€otherÐ ñ@ Ðenterprises€wherever€they€operate€to€introduce€policies€demonstrating€the€commitment,€with€referenceÏto€the€environmentally€sound€management€of€toxic€chemicals,€to€adopt€standards€of€operationÏequivalent€to€or€not€less€stringent€than€those€existing€in€the€country€of€origin;ÌÌà  à(e)à v àEncourage€and€support€the€development€and€adoption€by€small-€and€medium-sized€industriesÐ ¡"ð! Ðof€relevant€procedures€for€risk€reduction€in€their€activities;ÌÌà  à(f)à v àDevelop€regulatory€and€non-regulatory€measures€and€procedures€aimed€at€preventing€theÐ q%À!$ Ðexport€of€chemicals€that€are€banned,€severely€restricted,€withdrawn€or€not€approved€for€health€orÏenvironmental€reasons,€except€when€such€export€has€received€prior€written€consent€from€the€importingÏcountry€or€is€otherwise€in€accordance€with€the€PIC€procedure;ÌÌà  à(g)à v àEncourage€national€and€regional€work€to€harmonize€evaluation€of€pesticides;Ð !*p&) ÐÌà  à(h)à v àPromote€and€develop€mechanisms€for€the€safe€production,€management€and€use€of€dangerousÐ ,P(+ Ðmaterials,€formulating€programmes€to€substitute€for€them€safer€alternatives,€where€appropriate;ÌÌà  à(i)à v àFormalize€networks€of€emergency€response€centres;Ð Ñ. +. ÐÌà  à(j)à v àEncourage€industry,€with€the€help€of€multilateral€cooperation,€to€phase€out€as€appropriate,€andÐ ±0-0 Ðdispose€of,€any€banned€chemicals€that€are€still€in€stock€or€in€use€in€an€environmentally€sound€manner,Ð ¡1ð-1 Ðincluding€safe€reuse,€where€approved€and€appropriate.ÌÌòòMeans€of€implementationóóÐ ‘à ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòFinancial€and€cost€evaluationóóÐ qÀ ÐÌ19.53.€€The€Conference€secretariat€has€included€most€costs€related€to€this€programme€in€estimatesÏprovided€for€programme€areas€A€and€E.€€They€estimateñ6ñ€ñ6ñother€requirements€for€training€andÏstrengthening€the€emergency€and€poison€control€centres€to€be€about€$4/million€annually€from€theÏinternational€community€on€grant€or€concessional€terms.€€These€are€indicative€and€order-of-magnitudeÏestimates€only€and€have€not€been€reviewed€by€Governments.€€Actual€costs€and€financial€terms,Ïincluding€any€that€are€non-concessional,€will€depend€upon,€òòinter/aliaóó,€the€specific€strategies€andÐ P  Ðprogrammes€Governments€decide€upon€for€implementation.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòScientific€and€technological€meansóóÐ Ñ  ÐÌ19.54.€€Governments,€in€cooperation€with€relevant€international€organizations€and€programmes,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àPromote€technology€that€would€minimize€release€of,€and€exposure€to,€toxic€chemicals€in€allÐ ‘à Ðcountries;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àCarry€out€national€reviews,€as€appropriate,€of€previously€accepted€pesticides€whose€acceptanceÐ a° Ðwas€based€on€criteria€now€recognized€as€insufficient€or€outdated€and€of€their€possible€replacement€withÏother€pest€control€methods,€particularly€in€the€case€of€pesticides€that€are€toxic,€persistent€and/orÏbio-accumulative.ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€E.€€òòStrengthening€of€national€capabilities€and€capacitiesóóÐ P Ðà  àà ‰ à€€€€€òòfor€management€of€chemicalsóóÐ ñ@ ÐÌòòBasis€for€actionóóÐ Ñ  ÐÌ19.55.€€Many€countries€lack€national€systems€to€cope€with€chemical€risks.€€Most€countries€lackÏscientific€means€of€collecting€evidence€of€misuse€and€of€judging€the€impact€of€toxic€chemicals€on€theÏenvironment,€because€of€the€difficulties€involved€in€the€detection€of€many€problematic€chemicals€andÏsystematically€tracking€their€flow.€€Significant€new€uses€are€among€the€potential€hazards€to€humanÏhealth€and€the€environment€in€developing€countries.€€In€several€countries€with€systems€in€place€thereÏis€an€urgent€need€to€make€those€systems€more€efficient.ÌÌ19.56.€€Basic€elements€for€sound€management€of€chemicals€are:€€(a)/adequate€legislation,Ï(b)/information€gathering€and€dissemination,€(c)/capacity€for€risk€assessment€and€interpretation,Ï(d)/establishment€of€risk€management€policy,€(e)/capacity€for€implementation€and€enforcement,€(f)Ïcapacity€for€rehabilitation€of€contaminated€sites€and€poisoned€persons,€(g)/effective€educationÏprogrammes€and€(h)/capacity€to€respond€to€emergencies.ÌÌ19.57.€€As€management€of€chemicals€takes€place€within€a€number€of€sectors€related€to€various€nationalÏministries,€experience€suggests€that€a€coordinating€mechanism€is€essential.ÌÌñ7ñÐ  ±0-0 Ðñ7ñòòñ8ñÌÐ ¡1ð-1 Ðñ8ñObjectiveóóÐ ± ÐÌ19.58.€€By€the€year€2000,€national€systems€for€environmentally€sound€management€of€chemicals,Ïincluding€legislation€and€provisions€for€implementation€and€enforcement,€should€be€in€place€in€allÏcountries€to€the€extent€possible.ÌÌòòActivitiesóóÐ Q   ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòManagement-related€activitiesóóÐ 1 € ÐÌ19.59.€€Governments,€where€appropriate€and€with€the€collaboration€of€relevant€intergovernmentalÏorganizations,€agencies€and€programmes€of€the€United€Nations€system,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àPromote€and€support€multidisciplinary€approaches€to€chemical€safety€problems;Ð á0  ÐÌà  à(b)à v àConsider€the€need€to€establish€and€strengthen,€where€appropriate,€a€national€coordinatingÐ Á Ðmechanism€to€provide€a€liaison€for€all€parties€involved€in€chemical€safety€activities€(for€example,Ïagriculture,€environment,€education,€industry,€labour,€health,€transportation,€police,€civil€defence,Ïeconomic€affairs,€research€institutions,€and€poison€control€centres);ÌÌà  à(c)à v àDevelop€institutional€mechanisms€for€the€management€of€chemicals,€including€effective€meansÐ qÀ Ðof€enforcement;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àEstablish€and€develop€or€strengthen,€where€appropriate,€networks€of€emergency€responseÐ A Ðcentres,€including€poison€control€centres;ÌÌà  à(e)à v àDevelop€national€and€local€capabilities€to€prepare€for€and€respond€to€accidents€by€taking€intoÐ ` Ðaccount€the€UNEP€APELL€programme€and€similar€programmes€on€accident€prevention,€preparednessÏand€response,€where€appropriate,€including€regularly€tested€and€updated€emergency€plans;ÌÌà  à(f)à v àDevelop,€in€cooperation€with€industry,€emergency€response€procedures,€identifying€means€andÐ Ñ  Ðequipment€in€industries€and€plants€necessary€to€reduce€impacts€of€accidents.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòData€and€informationóóÐ ¡"ð! ÐÌ19.60.€€Governments€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àDirect€information€campaigns€such€as€programmes€providing€information€about€chemicalÐ a&°"% Ðstockpiles,€environmentally€safer€alternatives€and€emission€inventories€that€could€also€be€a€tool€for€riskÏreduction€to€the€general€public€to€increase€the€awareness€of€problems€of€chemical€safety;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àEstablish,€in€conjunction€with€IRPTC,€national€registers€and€databases,€including€safetyÐ !*p&) Ðinformation,€for€chemicals;ÌÌñ9ñÐ  ñ,@), Ðñ9ñà  à(c)à v àGenerate€field€monitoring€data€for€toxic€chemicals€of€high€environmental€importance;Ð ñ,@), ÐÌà  à(d)à v àCooperate€with€international€organizations,€where€appropriate,€to€effectively€monitor€andÐ Ñ. +. Ðcontrol€the€generation,€manufacturing,€distribution,€transportation€and€disposal€activities€relating€toÏtoxic€chemicals,€to€foster€preventive€and€precautionary€approaches€and€ensure€compliance€with€safetyÏmanagement€rules,€and€provide€accurate€reporting€of€relevant€data.Ð ¡1ð-1 Ї(c)à ‰ àòòInternational€and€regional€cooperation€and€coordinationóóÐ ± ÐÌ19.61.€€Governments,€with€the€cooperation€of€international€organizations,€where€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àPrepare€guidelines,€where€not€already€available,€with€advice€and€check-lists€for€enactingÐ qÀ Ðlegislation€in€the€chemical€safety€field;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àSupport€countries,€particularly€developing€countries,€in€developing€and€further€strengtheningÐ A  Ðnational€legislation€and€its€implementation;ÌÌà  à(c)à v àConsider€adoption€of€community€right-to-know€or€other€public€information-disseminationÐ  `  Ðprogrammes,€when€appropriate,€as€possible€risk€reduction€tools.€€Appropriate€internationalÏorganizations,€in€particular€UNEP,€OECD,€the€Economic€Commission€for€Europe€(ECE)€and€otherÏinterested€parties,€should€consider€the€possibility€of€developing€a€guidance€document€on€theÏestablishment€of€such€programmes€for€use€by€interested€Governments.€€The€document€should€build€onÏexisting€work€on€accidents€and€include€new€guidance€on€toxic€emission€inventories€and€riskÏcommunication.€€Such€guidance€should€include€harmonization€of€requirements,€definitions€and€dataÏelements€to€promote€uniformity€and€allow€sharing€of€data€internationally;ÌÌà  à(d)à v àBuild€on€past,€present€and€future€risk€assessment€work€at€an€international€level,€to€supportÐ Ð Ðcountries,€particularly€developing€countries,€in€developing€and€strengthening€risk€assessmentÏcapabilities€at€national€and€regional€levels€to€minimize€risk€in€the€manufacturing€and€use€of€toxicÏchemicals;ÌÌà  à(e)à v àPromote€implementation€of€UNEP's€APELL€programme€and,€in€particular,€use€of€anÐ 1€ ÐOECD/UNEP€international€directory€of€emergency€response€centres;ÌÌà  à(f)à v àCooperate€with€all€countries,€particularly€developing€countries,€in€the€setting€up€of€anÐ P Ðinstitutional€mechanism€at€the€national€level€and€the€development€of€appropriate€tools€for€managementÏof€chemicals;ÌÌà  à(g)à v àArrange€information€courses€at€all€levels€of€production€and€use,€aimed€at€staff€working€onÐ Á  Ðchemical€safety€issues;ÌÌà  à(h)à v àDevelop€mechanisms€to€make€maximum€use€in€countries€of€internationally€availableÐ ‘#à" Ðinformation;ÌÌñ:ñÐ  a&°"% Ðñ:ñà  à(i)à v àInvite€UNEP€to€promote€principles€for€accident€prevention,€preparedness€and€response€forÐ a&°"% ÐGovernments,€industry€and€the€public,€building€on€ILO,€OECD€and€ECE€work€in€this€area.ÌÌòòMeans€of€implementationóóÐ 1)€%( ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòFinancing€and€cost€evaluationóóÐ +`'* ÐÌ19.62.€€The€Conference€secretariat€has€estimated€the€average€total€annual€cost€(1993-2000)€ofÏimplementing€the€activities€of€this€programme€in€developing€countries€to€be€about€$600/million,Ïincluding€$150/million€from€the€international€community€on€grant€or€concessional€terms.€€These€areÏindicative€and€order-of-magnitude€estimates€only€and€have€not€been€reviewed€by€Governments.€€ActualÏcosts€and€financial€terms,€including€any€that€are€non-concessional,€will€depend€upon,€òòinter/aliaóó,€theÐ ±0-0 Ðspecific€strategies€and€programmes€Governments€decide€upon€for€implementation.Ð ¡1ð-1 Ї(b)à ‰ àòòScientific€and€technological€meansóóÐ ± ÐÌ19.63.€€International€organizations€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àPromote€the€establishment€and€strengthening€of€national€laboratories€to€ensure€the€availabilityÐ qÀ Ðof€adequate€national€control€in€all€countries€regarding€the€importation,€manufacture€and€use€ofÏchemicals;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àPromote€translation,€where€feasible,€of€internationally€prepared€documents€on€chemical€safetyÐ 1 € Ðinto€local€languages€and€support€various€levels€of€regional€activities€related€to€technology€transfer€andÏinformation€exchange.ÌÌ(c)à ‰ àòòHuman€resource€developmentóóÐ ñ@  ÐÌ19.64.€€International€organizations€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àEnhance€technical€training€for€developing€countries€in€relation€to€risk€management€ofÐ ± Ðchemicals;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àPromote€and€increase€support€for€research€activities€at€the€local€level€by€providing€grants€andÐ Ð Ðfellowships€for€studies€at€recognized€research€institutions€active€in€disciplines€of€importance€forÏchemical€safety€programmes.ÌÌ19.65.€€Governments€should€organize,€in€collaboration€with€industry€and€trade€unions,€trainingÏprogrammes€in€the€management€of€chemicals,€including€emergency€response,€targeted€at€all€levels.€ÏIn€all€countries€basic€elements€of€chemical€safety€principles€should€be€included€in€the€primaryÏeducation€curricula.ÌÌñ<ñÌñ<ñ€€€€€€€€€€F.€€òòPrevention€of€illegal€international€traffic€in€toxic€andóóÐ ñ@ Ðà  àà ‰ à€€€€òòdangerous€productsóóÐ á0 ÐÌ19.66.€€There€is€currently€no€global€international€agreement€on€traffic€in€toxic€and€dangerous€productsÏ(toxic€and€dangerous€products€are€those€that€are€banned,€severely€restricted,€withdrawn€or€not€approvedÏfor€use€or€sale€by€€Governments€in€order€to€protect€public€health€and€the€environment).€€However,€thereÏis€international€concern€that€illegal€international€traffic€in€these€products€is€detrimental€to€public€healthÏand€the€environment,€particularly€in€developing€countries,€as€acknowledged€by€the€General€AssemblyÏin€resolutions€42/183€and€44/226.€€Illegal€traffic€refers€to€traffic€that€is€carried€out€in€contravention€ofÏa€country's€laws€or€relevant€international€legal€instruments.€€The€concern€also€relates€to€transboundaryÏmovements€of€those€products€that€are€not€carried€out€in€accordance€with€applicable€internationallyÏadopted€guidelines€and€principles.€€Activities€under€this€programme€area€are€intended€to€improveÏdetection€and€prevention€of€the€traffic€concerned.ÌÌ19.67.€€Further€strengthening€of€international€and€regional€cooperation€is€needed€to€prevent€illegalÏtransboundary€movement€of€toxic€and€dangerous€products.€€Furthermore,€capacity-building€at€theÏnational€level€is€needed€to€improve€monitoring€and€enforcement€capabilities€involving€recognition€ofÏthe€fact€that€appropriate€penalties€may€need€to€be€imposed€under€an€effective€enforcement€programme.€ÏOther€activities€envisaged€in€the€present€chapter€(for€example,€under€paragraph€19.39€(d))€will€alsoÏcontribute€to€achieving€these€objectives.Ìñ=ñÌñ=ñÐ ¡1ð-1 ÐòòObjectivesóóÐ ± ÐÌ19.68.€€The€objectives€of€the€programme€are:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àTo€reinforce€national€capacities€to€detect€and€halt€any€illegal€attempt€to€introduce€toxic€andÐ qÀ Ðdangerous€products€into€the€territory€of€any€State,€in€contravention€of€national€legislation€and€relevantÏinternational€legal€instruments;ÌÌà  à(b)à v àTo€assist€all€countries,€particularly€developing€countries,€in€obtaining€all€appropriateÐ 1 € Ðinformation€concerning€illegal€traffic€in€toxic€and€dangerous€products.ÌÌòòActivitiesóóÐ P  ÐÌ(a)à ‰ àòòManagement-related€activitiesóóÐ á0  ÐÌ19.69.€€Governments,€according€to€their€capacities€and€available€resources€and€with€the€cooperationÏof€the€United€Nations€and€other€relevant€organizations,€as€appropriate,€should:ÌÌà  à(a)à v àAdopt,€where€necessary,€and€implement€legislation€to€prevent€the€illegal€import€and€exportÐ ‘à Ðof€toxic€and€dangerous€products;ÌÌñ>ñÐ  a° Ðñ>ñà  à(b)à v àDevelop€appropriate€national€enforcement€programmes€to€monitor€compliance€with€suchÐ a° Ðlegislation,€and€detect€and€deter€violations€through€appropriate€penalties.ÌÌ(b)à ‰ àòòData€and€informationóóÐ 1€ ÐÌ19.70.€€Governments€should€develop,€as€appropriate,€national€alert€systems€to€assist€in€detecting€illegalÏtraffic€in€toxic€and€dangerous€products;€local€communities,€and€others€could€be€involved€in€theÏoperation€of€such€a€system.ÌÌ19.71.€€Governments€should€cooperate€in€the€exchange€of€information€on€illegal€transboundaryÏmovements€of€toxic€and€dangerous€products€and€should€make€such€information€available€to€appropriateÏUnited€Nations€bodies,€such€as€UNEP€and€the€regional€commissions.ÌÌ(c)à ‰ àòòInternational€and€regional€cooperation€and€coordinationóóÐ ‘#à" ÐÌ19.72.€€Further€strengthening€of€international€and€regional€cooperation€is€needed€to€prevent€illegalÏtransboundary€movement€of€toxic€and€dangerous€products.ÌÌ19.73.€€The€regional€commissions,€in€cooperation€with€and€relying€upon€expert€support€and€adviceÏfrom€UNEP€and€other€relevant€bodies€of€the€United€Nations,€should€monitor,€on€the€basis€of€data€andÏinformation€provided€by€Governments,€and€on€a€continuous€basis€make€regional€assessments€of,€theÏillegal€traffic€in€toxic€and€dangerous€products€and€its€environmental,€economic€and€health€implications,Ïin€each€region,€drawing€upon€the€results€and€experience€gained€in€the€joint€UNEP/ESCAP€preliminaryÏassessment€of€illegal€traffic,€expected€to€be€completed€in€August€1992.ÌÌ19.74.€€Governments€and€international€organizations,€as€appropriate,€should€cooperate€with€developingÏcountries€in€strengthening€their€institutional€and€regulatory€capacities€in€order€to€prevent€illegal€importÏand€export€of€toxic€and€dangerous€products.ÌÐ ¡1ð-1 Ї€€€€€€€€€€€€G.€€òòEnhancement€of€international€cooperation€relating€toóóÐ ± Ðà  àà ‰ àà v à€òòseveral€of€the€programme€areasóóÐ ¡ð ÐÌ19.75.€€A€meeting€of€government-designated€experts,€held€in€London€in€December/1991,€madeÏrecommendations€for€increased€coordination€among€United€Nations€bodies€and€other€internationalÏorganizations€involved€in€chemical€risk€assessment€and€management.€€That€meeting€called€for€theÏtaking€of€appropriate€measures€to€enhance€the€role€of€IPCS€and€establish€an€intergovernmental€forumÏon€chemical€risk€assessment€and€management.ÌÌ19.76.€€To€further€consider€the€recommendations€of€the€London€meeting€and€initiate€action€on€them,Ïas€appropriate,€the€Executive€Heads€of€WHO,€ILO€and€UNEP€are€invited€to€convene€anÏintergovernmental€meeting€within€one€year,€which€could€constitute€the€first€meeting€of€theÏintergovernmental€forum.ÌÌÔ#†XúŠXX0XMÝ#ÔÔ#†ôÅÚôXXúŠ #Ô