Small for gestational age

Physical-genetic

Environmental-social

Preterm delivery
Multiple births
Malformed foetus
Hypertension
Placental or cord anomaly
Maternal medical history
History of adverse pregnancy outcomes
Race
Chromosome anomalies
Sex
Maternal height, weight, weight gain
Paternal height
Parity
Length of gestation
Short interval between pregnancies

Malnutrition
Low income/poor education
Maternal smoking
Maternal alcohol consumption
Occupational exposure
Psychosocial stress
Altitude
History of infections
Marijuana use

Foetal loss

Physical-genetic

Environmental-social

Higher gravidity
Maternal age
Birth order
Race
Repeat spontaneous abortion
Insulin dependent diabetes
Uterine disorders
Twinning
Immunological factor
Hormonal factors

Socio-economic status
Smoking history
Prescribed and recreational drugs
Alcohol use
Poor nutrition
Infections/maternal fever
Spermicides
Employment factors
Chemical exposure
Irradiation