Musculoskeletal Disorders - A CIS Bibliography

CIS 07-491
Resource manual for the MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario (FR: Manuel de ressources des lignes directrices de prévention des TMS pour l'Ontario). Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario. MSD Prevention Series Part 2. Industrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA), Centre for Health & Safety Innovation, 5110 Creekbank Road, Suite 300, Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 0A1, Canada, 2007. 71p. Illus. 33 ref. PDF document. In English, French. (106499).
EN: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/msd_2006_guideline_ontario_resource_manual.pdf FR: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/MSD_Manuel_resources_fr.pdf
The primary purpose of this resource manual is to provide Ontario's employers and workers with more detailed information and advice on how to implement the generic framework for preventing musculoskeletal disorders that is described in the MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario (see CIS 07-490). Further guidance is given on each of the issues addressed in the Guideline: MSD prevention as part of an occupational health and safety programme; creating a foundation for a successful MSD prevention programme; understanding and recognition of MSD hazards; conducting an MSD risk assessment; choice and implementation of control measures; follow-up and evaluation of controls; communication of results.
Descriptors (primary): Ontario; health programmes; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; hazard evaluation; implementation of control measures; programme evaluation; safety guides; workers' participation.

CIS 07-490
MSD prevention guideline for Ontario (FR: Lignes directrices de prévention des TMS pour l'Ontario). Occupational Health and safety Council of Ontario. MSD Prevention Series Part 1. Industrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA), Centre for Health & Safety Innovation, 5110 Creekbank Road, Suite 300, Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 0A1, Canada, 2007. 29p. Illus. 9 ref. PDF document. In English, French. (106498).
EN: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/msd_2006_guideline_ontario.pdf FR: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/MSD_Lignes_directrices.pdf
The primary purpose of this guide is to provide Ontario's employers and workers with information and advice on a recommended generic framework for preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the workplace. Contents: definition of MSD; MSD prevention as part of an occupational health and safety programme; creating a foundation for a successful MSD prevention programme; understanding MSD hazards (forces on the body, awkward posture, repetition); recognizing MSD hazards and related concerns; conducting an MSD risk assessment; choice and implementation of control measures; follow-up and evaluation of controls; communication of results. See CIS 07-491 for the resource manual accompanying this guide.
Descriptors (primary): Ontario; health programmes; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; hazard evaluation; implementation of control measures; programme evaluation; safety guides; workers' participation.

CIS 07-487
Good practice guidelines for the prevention of musculo-skeletal disorders within the telecommunications sector (DE: Verhaltenskodex zur Vorbeugung von Muskel-Skelett-Erkrankungen im Telekommunikationssektor, FR: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques dans le secteur des télécommunications, PT: Directrizes de boas práticas para a prevenção de pertubações músculo-esqueléticas no sector das telecomunicações). UNI-Europa Telecom. Internet document, [ca 2006]. 31p. Illus. In English, French, German, Portuguese. (106416).
DE: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_DE.pdf EN: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_EN.pdf FR: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_FR.pdf PT: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_PT.pdf
Contents of these guidelines for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) within the telecommunications sector: general principles for the prevention of MSDs; conceptual model for MSDs; work organization; manual handling; work in awkward postures; vibration; repetitive work; display screen equipment; physical and psychosocial issues; specific work activities and tasks in the telecommunications sector associated with the risk of MSDs.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; safe working methods; telecommunications. Descriptors (secondary): construction sites; ergonomics; hand-arm vibration; man-computer interfaces; manual handling; personal protective equipment; visual display terminals; whole-body vibration; work at height; work organization; work posture.

CIS 07-486
Chatigny C., Balleux A., Martin M., Grenier J.: Exploratory study of training and learning dynamics: Task learning and the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in three companies in the poultry industry (FR: Etude exploratoire des dynamiques de formation et d'apprentissage - Apprentissage des tâches et prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques dans trois entreprises du secteur avicole). Etudes et Recherches R-464. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2006. vi, 70p. 52 ref. Price: CAD 10.00. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 978-2-89631-049-4. In French. (106444).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-464.pdf
The objective of this study was to examine the dynamics surrounding training and learning for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders among poultry industry workers. Data were obtained from video recordings of interviews with trainers, trainees and those responsible for training. Data analysis revealed the importance of relationship dynamics and the role of trainers. The study provided an understanding of the situation in the food industry and determined the obstacles and the factors favouring the implementation of a dynamic for the promotion of safe working methods.
Descriptors (primary): food industry; musculoskeletal diseases; safety training in industry. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; report; safe working methods.

CIS 07-475
Engkvist I.L.: Evaluation of an intervention comprising a no lifting policy in Australian hospitals. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Mar. 2006, Vol.37, No.2, p.141-148. 52 ref. In English. (106261).
The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate the use of transfer equipment, the number of injuries, pain symptoms and absence from work among nurses after the intervention of a "no lifting policy" at a hospital, compared with nurses at two control hospitals. A comprehensive questionnaire was used for data collection. Results show that at the hospital where the policy had been introduced, the nurses used the transfer equipment regularly. They had significantly fewer back injuries, pain symptoms and absence from work due to musculoskeletal disorders compared with nurses at the control hospitals. The study showed strong evidence for supporting the implementation of a no lifting policy.
Descriptors (primary): Australia; health programmes; hospitals; lifting of loads; manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): backache; case-control study; ergonomics; health care personnel; lifting appliances; programme evaluation; questionnaire survey.

CIS 07-473
Evanoff B.: Ergonomic intervention studies among health care personnel (FR: Etudes d'intervention ergonomique chez les soignants). DMT 106 TF148. Documents pour le médecin du travail (ISSN 0339-6517), 2nd Quarter 2006, No.106, p.187-194. 5 ref. In French. (106328).
FR: http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TF%20148/$File/TF148.pdf
This article provides a review of a seminar held in Saint-Maurice, France, in March 2005 on ergonomic intervention studies aimed at reducing occupational musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) among health care personnel. Topics addressed: methodological aspects of the design of ergonomic studies on MSDs; why the frequency of MSDs among health care personnel is high, and possible role of ergonomic interventions; brief overview of ergonomic intervention studies among health care personnel carried out in St Louis, United States, including in particular the adoption of patient lifting equipment.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; health care personnel; manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): France; USA; conference; ergonomics; hospitals; lifting equipment.

CIS 07-472
Smith D.R., Mihashi M., Adachi Y., Koga H., Ishitake T.: A detailed analysis of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among Japanese nurses. Journal of Safety Research (ISSN 0022-4375), 2006, Vol.37, No.2, p.195-200. 16 ref. In English. (106266).
A Japanese language version of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was administered to 1,162 nurses from a large teaching hospital. The response rate was 73%. The 12-month period prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was 85.5%. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and having children were shown to be significant risk factors, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.87, 2.45 and 2.53, respectively. Workplace risk factors included manually handling patients (OR 2.07 to 11.97) and undertaking physically laborious work (OR 2.09 to 2.76). Nurses reporting pre menstrual tension were 1.66 and 1.94 times more likely to suffer from lower and upper back MSDs, respectively. High mental pressure was also identified as a significant risk factor for MSD of the neck (OR 1.53) and shoulder (OR 2.07). It is concluded that remediation strategies that focus only on manual handling are not sufficient. More emphasis needs to be placed on job satisfaction, work organization, and occupational stress.
Descriptors (primary): Japan; health care personnel; hospitals; musculoskeletal diseases; nursing personnel; risk factors; women. Descriptors (secondary): alcoholism; backache; job dissatisfaction; manual handling; neck disorders; non-occupational factors; physical workload; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; shoulder; smoking; stress factors.

CIS 07-446
Mason S., Williams D.: Assess all areas. Safety and Health Practitioner (ISSN 0958-479X), June 2006, Vol.24, No.6, p.56-58. Illus. 2 ref. In English. (106385).
This article outlines the advantages of body-mapping over other approaches for assessing the risks and managing the workloads of individuals experiencing symptoms of, or receiving treatment for, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It comments on the Health and Safety Executive's manual handling guide (see CIS 06-17) and a study undertaken by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health based on the Owaco Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS, see CIS 93-1508) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA, see CIS 95-365) survey methods.
Descriptors (primary): body mechanics; ergonomic evaluation; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): description of technique; hazard evaluation; risk factors; symptoms; upper extremities.

CIS 07-445
Denis D., St-Vincent M., Imbeau D., Trudeau R.: Stock management influence on manual materials handling in two warehouse superstores. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Mar. 2006, Vol.36, No.3, p.191-201. Illus. 26 ref. In English. (106271).
The objective of this ergonomic study was to better understand the impact of stock management practices on manual materials handling activities of warehouse superstore employees. It was carried out in two warehouse superstores of a leading company in the retail sector that specializes in office supplies. Close attention was paid to the interaction between stock volume, its movements on the sales floor and the available storage space. Results indicate that an imbalance between the amount of stock and the available storage space results in the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, increased risks of accidents and lower productivity and quality of service due to time wasted, stock losses and customer dissatisfaction. Various recommendations are made to address these issues.
Descriptors (primary): manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; warehouses; work posture. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; ergonomic evaluation; falls of persons; job study; loading and unloading; safe layout; speed of work; storage; work at height.

CIS 07-342
Gazsi M., Renard V.: MSDs, scourge of the 21st century? (FR: Les TMS, fléau du XXIe siècle?). Prévention BTP (ISSN 1287-7778), Oct. 2006, No.89, p.37-47. Illus. In French. (106459).
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) account for two-thirds of occupational diseases in France. This special feature discusses the prevention of MSDs in the construction industry. Contents: statistical highlights concerning MSDs in the construction industry in France; implementation of prevention measures; use of elevating platforms for limiting uncomfortable postures; opinion of an occupational physician specializing in MSDs.
Descriptors (primary): France; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): body mechanics; elevating platforms; industrial physicians; location of injury; mobile platforms; risk factors; statistical trends; work posture.

CIS 07-331
Musculoskeletal diseases in Europe - Definitions and statistical data (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques en Europe - Définitions et données statistiques). EUROGIP, 55 rue de la Fédération, 75015 Paris, France, Mar. 2006. 10p. Internet document. In French. (106433).
FR: http://www.eurogip.fr/docs/TMS-FR-mars-06.pdf
This review of definitions and statistical data concerning musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was compiled from various documents published by the European Union and its Member States. In recent years, there has been an overall increase in the number of persons suffering from MSDs in Europe. However, there are wide differences between those States that appear to have contained the phenomenon and even witnessed a significant decrease in the number of cases, and those that are currently experiencing a real epidemic.
Descriptors (primary): European Union; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): comparative study; frequency rates; statistical trends.

CIS 07-322
Hartman E., Oude Vrielink H.H.E., Huirne R.B.M., Metz J.H.M.: Risk factors for sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders among self-employed Dutch farmers: A case-control study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Mar. 2006, Vol.49, No.3, p.204-214. Illus. 39 ref. In English. (106277).
The objective of this case-control study was to identify and quantify risk factors for sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders among self-employed Dutch farmers. Risk factors for sick leave claimed between 1998 and 2001 for back or neck/shoulder/upper extremity disorders from 198 and 89 subjects respectively were analysed and compared to 816 controls who did not file any claim in this period. It was concluded that the prevention of sick leave among self-employed farmers should focus on life style (obesity, smoking), reducing physical workload among older farmers and reducing long-term tractor driving. Specific attention should be paid to farmers in contact with animals and to mushroom farmers.
Descriptors (primary): agriculture; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; sickness absenteeism. Descriptors (secondary): Netherlands; age-linked differences; backache; case-control study; livestock rearing; mushroom farming; neck disorders; obesity; older workers; physical workload; smoking; tractors; upper extremity disorders; whole-body vibration.

CIS 07-218
da Silva M.C., Fassa A.G., Kriebel D.: Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), May 2006, Vol.49, No.5, p.327-336. Illus. 37 ref. In English. (106066).
Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. This case-control study examined ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers of a city in southern Brazil. It involved 455 ragpickers and 455 matched referents from the same poor neighbourhoods. Data were collected by means of interviews and musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Nordic Questionnaire. Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to controls with other demanding manual jobs. However the prevalence within the previous 12 months of low back pain, lower extremity pain and upper extremity pain were similar for both groups, and both groups reported higher ergonomic exposures and more prevalent low back pain than the general population (49% vs. 35% respectively).
Descriptors (primary): Brazil; informal sector; musculoskeletal diseases; recycling of materials. Descriptors (secondary): backache; case-control study; ergonomics; lower extremity disorders; questionnaire survey; subjective assessment; upper extremity disorders; work posture.

CIS 07-116
Schwartz G.: Classical musicians - Fine tuning of occupational safety and health (FR: Musiciens classiques - Bien orchestrer la prévention). Travail et sécurité (ISSN 0373-1944), June 2006, No.663, p.3-9. Illus. 7 ref. In French. (106136).
FR: http://www.travail-et-securite.fr/ArchivesTS/ArchivesTS.nsf/(allDocParRef)/TS663page2_1/$File/TS663page2.pdf?OpenElement
Classical musicians, and particularly those playing in an orchestra, often suffer from diseases related to their occupation. The main risks are of musculoskeletal diseases due to prolonged awkward postures or repetitive movements and hearing loss due to prolonged exposure to noise. Stress can be an aggravating factor. This article discusses the occupational hazards faced by classical musicians and their means of prevention. Forthcoming legislation based on the Noise Directive will require employers to carry out an exposure evaluation and provide personal protective equipment. The legislation will be applicable in 2006 in most sectors, and will also apply to the music and entertainment sectors after a two-year transition period.
Descriptors (primary): health hazards; hearing loss; musculoskeletal diseases; musicians. Descriptors (secondary): France; comment on directive; exposure evaluation; hearing protection; legislation; noise level measurement; repetitive strain injury; repetitive work; responsibilities of employers; stress factors; work posture.

CIS 06-1488
Chicoine D., Tellier C., St-Vincent M.: Work involving varied tasks: An ergonomic analysis process for MSD prevention (FR: Le travail à tâches variées - Une démarche d'analyse ergonomique pour la prévention des TMS). Etudes et Recherches RG-457. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2006.60p. Illus. Price: CAD 21.20. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-89631-036-3. In French. (105998).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RG-457.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1488.pdf
Varied long-cycle tasks constitute a common method of work, but, as with repetitive tasks, they may cause musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). While tools exist for analysing short-cycle repetitive tasks, none exists for the analysis of varied tasks. The objective of this guide is to enable persons responsible for occupational safety and health to study such work situations using an ergonomic analysis process. It presents the context for applying this process, explains each of the steps in the work analysis and sets out the advantages and limitations of the approach. This new tool also responds to the need for expertise and training in MSD prevention.
Descriptors (primary): Quebec; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; work organization. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; conditions of work; job study; report.

CIS 06-1478
Woods V., Buckle P.: Musculoskeletal ill health amongst cleaners and recommendations for work organizational change. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Jan. 2006, Vol.36, No.1, p.61-72. 57 ref. In English. (105769).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1478.pdf
The findings from an investigation into the musculoskeletal health of cleaners in the United Kingdom are presented. Questionnaire surveys of 1216 cleaners, 130 assessments of cleaning tasks and interviews with 38 cleaners working in various types of premises (hospitals, schools, government agencies, enterprises) were undertaken to identify potential risk factors for musculoskeletal ill health. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed related to work scheduling, work practices, teamwork, reporting systems for musculoskeletal ill heath, procedures for risk assessment; training programmes, equipment selection and maintenance procedures.
Descriptors (primary): cleaning; domestic and related helpers, cleaners; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work organization. Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; educational institutions; hospitals; questionnaire survey; work posture.

CIS 06-1237
Proceedings of a meeting to explore the use of ergonomics interventions for the mechanical and electrical trades. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006-119. Publications Dissemination, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA, Apr. 2006. xvi, 137p. Illus. 85 ref. In English. (105667).
EN: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-119/pdfs/2006-119.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1237.pdf
Proceedings of a meeting to explore the use of ergonomics interventions for the mechanical and electrical trades held in San Jose, California, USA, 25-26 February 2002. Topics covered include: musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and soft tissue injuries in the mechanical and electrical trades; interventions currently used to control risk factors for these disorders; developing and implementing ergonomic interventions.
Descriptors (primary): construction work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): conference; design of equipment; economic aspects; installation of pipe systems; materials handling; plumbing; sheet-metal working; work posture.

CIS 06-582
Fouquet B., Hérisson C. (eds): Ageing of workers and musculoskeletal disorders (FR: Vieillissement des salariés et troubles musculo-squelettiques). Collection de Pathologie Locomotrice et de Médecine Orthopédique n°57. Masson S.A.S., 21 rue Camille-Desmoulins, 92789 Issy-Les-Moulineaux Cedex 9, France, 2006. xii, 117p. Illus. Bibl. ref. ISBN: 2-294-07140-9. In French. (105132).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0582.pdf
This collection of papers by specialists in a range of disciplines addresses the characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders among older workers. Papers are presented under the following headings: epidemiological and economic aspects; clinical and therapeutic considerations; and rehabilitation and reinsertion. Each paper includes a summary in English.
Descriptors (primary): ageing; musculoskeletal diseases; older workers. Descriptors (secondary): France; backache; epidemiological aspects; handicapped workers; legal aspects; physical workload; rehabilitation; spinal column; statistics; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 07-101
Douillet P., Schweitzer J.M. (eds): Conditions for sustainable prevention of MSDs (FR: Les conditions d'une prévention durable des TMS). Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail, 4, quai des Etroits, 69321 Lyon Cedex 05, France, Mar. 2005. 123p. Illus. Bibl.ref. In French. (106173).
FR: http://www.anact.fr/pls/portal/docs/1/14128.PDF
Proceedings of a seminar on the sustainable prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) held in Paris, France, on 7-8 July 2004. Presentations cover the following main areas: development of an approach to the sustainable prevention of MSDs; comments based on practical experience; opposing views.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; work organization. Descriptors (secondary): France; conference; ergonomics; labour-management relations.

CIS 06-1479
East J., Sood D.: Ergonomic guidelines for selecting hand and power tools. Occupational Hazards (ISSN 0029-7909), Dec. 2005, Vol.67, No.12, p.39-41. Illus. In English. (105852).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1479.pdf
Advances in tools have created new challenges involving the complex interactions between users and their tools. Improper hand tool selection has been known to result in unreliable quality of work and decreased efficiency and productivity. Using the wrong tool or using the right tool incorrectly can cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which consist of injuries to the muscles, tendons, joints and nerves that usually manifest over a period of time and can affect a variety of body parts. This article discusses the risk factors of WMSDs associated with the use of hand tools, which include awkward wrist and hand postures, static muscle loading, mechanical stress, vibration, noise, torque, temperature and pinch points. By eliminating or minimizing exposure to these risk factors, the risk of WMSDs for workers is reduced.
Descriptors (primary): electric tools; ergonomics; hand tools; musculoskeletal diseases; selection of equipment. Descriptors (secondary): design of equipment; hand; muscular strength; noise; vibration; work posture; wrist.

CIS 06-1356
Smith D.R., Choe M.A., Jeon M.Y., Chae Y.R., An G.J., Jeong J.S.: Epidemiology of musculoskeletal symptoms among Korean hospital nurses. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (ISSN 1080-3548), 2005, Vol.11, No.4, p.431-440. 42 ref. In English. (105753).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1356.pdf
This study investigated the epidemiology of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) among a sample of 330 nurses from a large Korean hospital, by means of a questionnaire survey. The prevalence of MSS at any body site was 93.6%, with symptoms most commonly reported at the shoulder (74.5%), lower back (72.4%), neck (62.7%), lower legs (52.1%) and hand/wrist (46.7%). Logistic regression indicated that nurses who undertook manual handling of patients were 7.2 times as likely to report MSS, while nurses suffering from periodic depression experienced a 3.3 fold MSS risk. Overall, the study suggests that Korean nurses incur a very high MSS burden when compared internationally. A greater commitment is needed to improve physical conditions and psychosocial work issues among nurses in the country.
Descriptors (primary): hospitals; musculoskeletal diseases; nursing personnel. Descriptors (secondary): Korea, Republic of; backache; depressive neurosis; frequency rates; hand; lower extremities; manual handling; neck disorders; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; shoulder; stress factors; symptoms; women.

CIS 06-1236
St-Vincent M., Denis D., Trudeau R., Imbeau D.: Retail business - Phase II: Ergonomic analysis of materials handling and customer service activities in warehouse superstores (FR: Commerce de détail - Phase II : Analyse ergonomique des activités de manutention et de service à la clientèle dans des magasins-entrepôts de grande surface). Etudes et recherches R-441. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2005. viii, 109p. Illus. 26 ref. Price: CAD 10.70. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-89631-017-7. In French. (105569).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-441.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1236.pdf
Studies indicate that workers in warehouse superstores are at risk of back pain related to materials handling activities. This study follows an earlier project carried out in a large warehouse store (see CIS 04-730), which produced a diagnostic model describing the main physical and psychosocial risk factors. The aim of the current project was to enhance this model in order to identify aspects specific to each type of store and those that can be generalized to businesses in this category. It was carried out in the form of job studies at six branches of a large chain of warehouse stores in Quebec. Findings are discussed, and several recommendations aimed at improving ergonomics and working conditions are proposed.
Descriptors (primary): Quebec; backache; materials handling; musculoskeletal diseases; warehouses. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; conditions of work; diagnosis; ergonomics; glossary; job study; report; risk factors.

CIS 06-984
Cail F., Aptel M.: Upper extremity musculoskeletal diseases - Risk factors in computer assisted design (CAD) and data entry (FR: Troubles musculosquelettiques du membre supérieur - Facteurs de risque en conception assistée par ordinateur (CAO) et en saisie). DMT 104 TF 145. Documents pour le médecin du travail (ISSN 0339-6517), 3rd Quarter 2005, No.104, p.485-491. Illus. 26 ref. In French. (105327).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0984.pdf FR: http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TF%20145/$File/TF145.pdf
This article describes the results of a study on risk factors for upper extremity musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) in two types of computer work, namely computer-assisted design (CAD) and data entry. The study involved 30 male CAD workers and 26 female data entry workers. Data were collected by ergonomic analysis of activities, a questionnaire survey of symptoms, stress and psychosocial factors and biomechanical measurements. The level of complaints concerning MSDs was similar in both groups; there were more complaints for the right upper extremity than for the left. Complaints were related to anxiety in both groups and to time pressures in the CAD group. Results indicate the importance of the work context in workers' perception of their state of health.
Descriptors (primary): computer aided design; keyboard operations; musculoskeletal diseases; upper extremity disorders. Descriptors (secondary): body mechanics; ergonomic evaluation; man-computer interfaces; mental workload; questionnaire survey; risk factors; sex-linked differences; speed of work; stress factors; subjective assessment.

CIS 06-980
David G.C.: Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational Medicine (ISSN 0962-7480), May 2005, Vol.55, No.3, p.190-199. 70 ref. In English. (105379).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0980.pdf
This literature review describes the range of methods that have been developed for the assessment of exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The methods are categorized under three main headings: self-reports from workers; observational methods that include simple techniques for systematically recording workplace exposure or more advanced techniques using video recording or computer analysis; direct measurements using monitoring instruments that rely on sensors attached to the subject for the measurement of exposure variables at work. The choice of method depends on the task and the objectives of the study.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; exposure evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): computer applications; job study; literature survey; posture recording; subjective assessment.

CIS 06-979
Wahlström J.: Ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders and computer work. Occupational Medicine (ISSN 0962-7480), May 2005, Vol.55, No.3, p.168-176. Illus. 105 ref. In English. (105378).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0979.pdf
This literature review summarizes knowledge regarding ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders associated with computer work. A model of musculoskeletal disorders and computer work is proposed, which emphasizes the associations between work organization, psychosocial factors and mental stress on the one hand and physical demands and physical load on the other. It is hypothesized that perceived muscular tension is an early sign of musculoskeletal disorder, which arises as a result of organizational and psychosocial factors as well as from physical load and individual factors. Interventions aimed at reducing musculoskeletal disorders due to computer work should be directed at physical, ergonomic, organizational and psychosocial factors. Interventions should be carried out with management support and the active involvement of workers.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; man-computer interfaces; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization. Descriptors (secondary): conditions of work; literature survey; mental stress; muscle contractor activity; work organization; work posture.

CIS 06-977
Rocha L.E., Glina D.M.R., Marinho M.F., Nakasato D.: Risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call center operators of a bank in São Paulo, Brazil. Industrial Health (ISSN 0019-8366), Oct. 2005, Vol.43, No.4, p.637-646. 21 ref. In English. (105354).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0977.pdf EN: http://www.h.jniosh.go.jp/en/indu_hel/2005/pdf/43-4-4.pdf
This study investigated risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call centre operators. Ergonomic work analysis was carried out, involving work observation and interviews. A total of 108 employees, mainly women, submitted self-administered questionnaires. Among female operators, the prevalence of symptoms of the neck and shoulder was 43% and of the wrist and hand was 39%. Risk factors associated with wrist and hand symptoms included inadequate height of table and answering more that 140 calls day. Risk factors associated with neck and shoulder symptoms were taking fewer rest breaks and inadequate thermal comfort.
Descriptors (primary): call centres; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; women. Descriptors (secondary): Brazil; cervicobrachial syndrome; equipment layout; hand; mental workload; questionnaire survey; shoulder; speed of work; stress factors; subjective assessment; symptoms; thermal environment; workbreaks; wrist.

CIS 06-806
Palliser C.R., Firth H.M., Feyer A.M., Paulin S.M.: Musculoskeletal discomfort and work-related stress in New Zealand dentists. Work and Stress (ISSN 0267-8373), Oct.-Dec. 2005, Vol.19, No.4, p.351-359. 49 ref. In English. (105391).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0806.pdf
This cross-sectional questionnaire survey on stressors, psychological distress and musculoskeletal symptoms was carried out among a random sample of 413 New Zealand dentists. The average age of the dentists was 43 years, with 74% being male. The annual prevalence of symptoms was 63% for both the lower back and the neck and 49% for the shoulders. Older dentists were no more likely to suffer musculoskeletal discomfort than younger dentists. The most cited dentistry-specific stressor was "patients having a medical emergency", while "mental demands" was the most cited general work-related stressor. One-fifth of the dentists scored highly for psychological disturbance, which was very similar to the general population. Dentists with high scores for dentistry-specific work-related stressors were more likely to have evidence of psychological disturbance.
Descriptors (primary): New Zealand; dental services; musculoskeletal diseases; stress factors. Descriptors (secondary): backache; cross-sectional study; mental health; mental stress; mental workload; neck disorders; neuropsychic stress; questionnaire survey; shoulder.

CIS 06-802
Butterfill C.: Nursing the invisible wounds. Safety and Health Practitioner (ISSN 0958-479X), Sep. 2005, Vol.23, No.9, p.56-58. Illus. 3 ref. In English. (105270).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0802.pdf
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) represent the most important cause of self-reported illness in the United Kingdom. In 2003-2004, approximately 1.1 million persons believed that they suffered from MSDs caused or exacerbated by their present or past work, while in the European Union, as many as 40 million workers are believed to be affected by MSDs. Topics addressed by this article on MSDs caused by occupational factors: number of persons affected and resulting costs; why MSDs occur; developing an enterprise MSD policy; risk factors; controlling the risks (job rotation, warm-up exercises for workers involved in manual handling tasks, training and instruction, role of management).
Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; musculoskeletal diseases; plant safety and health organization. Descriptors (secondary): European Union; economic aspects; manual handling; physical fitness programmes; risk factors; role of management; transfer to other work.

CIS 06-797
Waters T., Genaidy A., Deddens J., Barriera-Viruet H.: Lower back disorders among forklift operators: An emerging occupational health problem?. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Apr. 2005, Vol.47, No.4, p.333-340. Illus. 18 ref. In English. (105393).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0797.pdf
Most studies focusing on the occupational hazards associated with forklift operation have examined risks of fatalities and traumatic injuries. Few studies have examined the magnitude of risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This literature survey reviews epidemiological studies conducted on forklift operators in relation to MSDs. Findings suggest that forklift operators are at increased risk of lower back pain. Further studies are needed, however, to determine the magnitude of risk both for lower back pain and for neck pain. Furthermore, a full exposure assessment of physical and non-physical factors is needed.
Descriptors (primary): backache; drivers; fork-lift trucks; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): epidemiological aspects; exposure evaluation; literature survey.

CIS 06-728
Ménard P., Béchard D.: Active micropauses: An efficient preventive measure! (FR: Les micropauses actives: une prévention efficace!). Travail et santé (ISSN 0829-0369), Sep. 2005, Vol.21, No.3, p.47-48. Illus. 5 ref. In French. (105035).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0728.pdf
Micropauses consist of short periods of rest following a certain time or amount worked. Active micropauses involve moving or stretching during micropauses. The main beneficial effect of active micropauses is the reduced risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders or discomfort. The length of a micropause should be at least 20 to 30 seconds, and micropauses should be taken every 20 to 30 minutes. They need to be suited to the specifics of the tasks and the individuals. For visually-demanding tasks, ocular micropauses that involve focusing on a distant point for 30 seconds at regular intervals are advised. The article summarizes the findings of a study confirming the beneficial effects of a software application that encourages users of computers to follow micropauses.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; office work; workbreaks. Descriptors (secondary): visual fatigue; visual tasks; work posture.

CIS 06-724
Holmström E., Ahlborg B.: Morning warming-up exercise - Effects on musculoskeletal fitness in construction workers. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), July 2005, Vol.36, No.4, p.513-519. 30 ref. In English. (105229).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0724.pdf
This study investigated the effects of a three-month programme of 10-min warming-up exercises performed every morning by building site workers. Thirty workers participated in the programme and 17 construction workers at other building sites served as controls. Muscle stretchability, joint flexibility, muscle strength and endurance were measured before and after the programme. The results indicate that a short dose of morning warming-up exercise could be beneficial for increasing or maintaining joint and muscle flexibility and muscle endurance for workers exposed to manual material handling and strenuous working positions.
Descriptors (primary): construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; physical fitness programmes. Descriptors (secondary): heavy work; manual handling; muscular strength; physical fitness; physical workload; programme evaluation.

CIS 06-692
Hagberg M., Thiringer G., Brandström L.: Incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among students enroled in academic music education - A retrospective cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (ISSN 0340-0131), Aug. 2005, Vol.78, No.7, p.575-583. Illus. 17 ref. In English. (105009).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0692.pdf
This study examined the incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among musicians and investigated the relationship with the number of practising hours and instrument type. Subjects consisted of music students enrolled between the years 1980 and 1995 in the music school of a Swedish university. A questionnaire on exposure and symptoms was answered by 407 of the 602 eligible students. The highest incidence of symptoms was found for reported tinnitus. There was also a relationship between the number of hours of instrumental practice and incidence of impaired hearing. Among the musculoskeletal symptoms, the highest incidences were pain in the neck and in the left shoulder. Incidences of symptoms of the left and right hand, elbow, forearm and shoulder are discussed as a function of the number of hours of weekly practice and instrument played.
Descriptors (primary): hearing loss; musculoskeletal diseases; musicians; risk factors; tinnitus. Descriptors (secondary): Sweden; cohort study; length of exposure; long-term study; questionnaire survey; symptoms; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 06-595
Roberge B., Baril M., Bariteau C.: Hazards in hazardous waste management facilities - What is the current situation? (FR: Des risques dans les centres de transferts des matières dangereuses résiduelles - Qu'en est-il?). Travail et santé (ISSN 0829-0369), Sep. 2005, Vol.21, No.3, p.14-17. 7 ref. In French. (105031).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0595.pdf
Industry generally provides for the disposal of hazardous wastes in specialized centres. Persons working in these centres are exposed to various health hazards. This article describes this industry in Quebec, Canada based on visits made to six of these centres. It describes the centres, the processes they use and the risks and hazards to workers due to chemical, physical ergonomic and safety-related factors. Workplace layouts were found to be designed primarily to satisfy productivity and flexibility requirements rather than ergonomics, leading to risks of musculoskeletal disorders and occupational accidents.
Descriptors (primary): Quebec; disposal of harmful waste; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; chemical hazards; equipment layout; mechanical hazards; physical hazards; safe layout; safety by design.

CIS 06-561
Aublet-Cuvelier A.: Upper extremity musculoskeletal diseases (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques du membre supérieur). INRS ED 5031. Travail et sécurité (ISSN 0373-1944), Nov. 2005, No.656, insert 6p. Illus. 20 ref. In French. (105040).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0561.pdf
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) represent the most important category of compensated occupational disease in France, and their costs continue to escalate. This information note concerns upper extremity MSDs (UE-MSDs), involving the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist or hand. Contents: definitions and statistics of MSDs; principal risk factors; implementation of preventive measures; legislation and regulations; research by the French national occupational safety and health institute (INRS) and its partner institutions.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; upper extremity disorders. Descriptors (secondary): France; legal aspects; public OSH institutions; stress factors.

CIS 06-490
Devereux J.: The link in the strain. Safety and Health Practitioner (ISSN 0958-479X), June 2005, Vol.23, No.6, p.41-44. Illus. 6 ref. In English. (104926).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0490.pdf
This article summarizes the findings of a three-year study on the link between stress and musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) and describes a six-point approach that could enable organizations to limit the occurrence of both problems. The study involved a series of questionnaire surveys, interviews, video recordings and clinical examinations. Findings show that organizations need to focus on employees and have systems in place to react to the effects and causes of excessive physical and mental stressors. Recommendations aimed at helping reduce work-related stress and MSDs are presented in the form of a six-point action plan.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; stress factors. Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; mental stress; physical workload; speed of work; stress studies.

CIS 06-478
Gallagher S.: Physical limitations and musculoskeletal complaints associated with work in unusual or restricted postures: A literature review. Journal of Safety Research (ISSN 0022-4375), 2005, Vol.36, No.1, p.51-61. Illus. 50 ref. In English. (104923).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0478.pdf
Workers such as underground miners, aircraft baggage handlers, plumbers, agricultural workers and mechanics are often required to adopt postures such as kneeling, stooping, squatting or lying down for significant periods of the workday. A literature search was performed on the physical capabilities of workers in these postures and the musculoskeletal epidemiology associated with these postures. It was found that work in unusual and restricted postures was associated with significantly higher rates of musculoskeletal complaints compared to workers not adopting these postures (Odds Ratios ranging from 1.13 to 13). Some studies suggested a dose-response relationship, with longer exposures leading to increased musculoskeletal complaints. Physical strength and psychophysical lifting capacity vary significantly as unusual or restricted postures are adopted, with lower lifting capacities evident in the kneeling, squatting, and lying positions.
Descriptors (primary): muscular strength; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work posture. Descriptors (secondary): dose-response relationship; kneeling posture; lifting strength; literature survey; lying posture; manual handling; manual lifting; squatting posture.

CIS 06-468
Forde M.S., Punnett L., Wegman D.H.: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in union ironworkers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (ISSN 1545-9624), Apr. 2005, Vol.2, No.4, p.203-212. Illus. 21 ref. In English. (104941).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0468.pdf
The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms and doctor-diagnosed MSDs (DDMDs) was estimated among 981 union construction ironworkers by a telephone-administered questionnaire and medical examinations respectively. The prevalence of self-reported MSD symptoms was high for the lower back (56%), wrist/hands/fingers (40%), knees (39%) and shoulders (36%). The most common DDMDs were tendonitis (19%), ruptured disk in the back (18%), bursitis in the shoulder (15%) and carpal tunnel syndrome (12%). Generally, the prevalence of DDMDs and MSD symptoms increased with duration of employment. The effect of prior injury was also consistently high. Among workers without prior injuries, MSD symptoms were more frequent for the lower back in structural ironwork, and for the upper extremity in concrete reinforcement ironwork. These findings suggest that some musculoskeletal morbidity in construction ironworkers may be work-related and thus preventable.
Descriptors (primary): concrete formwork; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; structural steel work. Descriptors (secondary): USA; backache; bursitis; carpal-tunnel syndrome; diagnosis; knee lesions; questionnaire survey; risk factors; shoulder; slipped disc; subjective assessment; symptoms; tendinitis; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 06-322
Veiersted K.B., Vik T.: Working conditions and health complaints among forest machine operators in north compared to central Europe (RU: Sravnitel'nyj analiz uslovij truda i sostojanija zdorov'ja operatorov ma¹in v lesnoj promy¹lennosti severnoj i central'noj Evropy). Barents - Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety (ISSN 1455-8459), 2005, Vol.8, No.1, p.13-16 (English); p.16-19 (Russian). Illus. 6 ref. In English, Russian. (104828).
EN: http://www.ttl.fi/NR/rdonlyres/CFBEB311-5F2E-4229-832F-F6392F545EE7/0/Barents_12005.pdf XX: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0322.pdf
This article summarizes the main findings of a European Union funded project aimed at analysing the working conditions and the state of health of machinery operators in the logging industry. It focuses on comparing the findings for a cross-sectional sample of 129 operators in Nordic countries with those of 229 operators in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Poland. The most common musculoskeletal complaints in both groups were neck and low back pain. Topics addressed: workers' age and years of work; working conditions; health aspects; sickness absenteeism and sick presence; future plans for improving working conditions.
Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; logging; logging equipment; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): France; Germany; Norway; Poland; Sweden; United Kingdom; backache; comparative study; questionnaire survey; sickness absenteeism; state of health; symptoms; work organization.

CIS 06-314
Gauthy R.: Musculoskeletal disorders: Where we are, and where we could be (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques: état de la question et perspectives d'action). HESA Newsletter (ISSN 1815-3615), June 2005, No.27, p.22-27. 5 ref. In English, French. (104792).
EN: http://hesa.etui-rehs.org/uk/newsletter/files/Newsletter27p22-27.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0314en.pdf FR: http://hesa.etui-rehs.org/fr/newsletter/files/Newsletter27p22-27.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0314fr.pdf
Review article on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in Europe. Topics addressed: object, scope and definitions; epidemiological aspects; failure of existing preventive measures; list of European preventive instruments; suggested improvements in legislation and other instruments to stem the growth of MSDs in Europe.
Descriptors (primary): European Communities; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): epidemiological aspects; legal aspects; national organization; risk factors.

CIS 06-237
First French-speaking congress on upper extremity MSDs (FR: 1er congrès francophone sur les TMS du membre supérieur). Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 2005. CD-ROM. In French. (104732).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0237.pdf
Proceedings of a conference on upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) held in Nancy, France, 30-31 May 2005. The objective of the programme was to describe the current state of scientific progress and research prospects on the subject. Topics addressed: enterprise surveillance methods; the role of work organization; return to work of persons with MSDs; body mechanics; psychosocial factors; identification of successful interventions; recent methods and tools for prevention; research in other countries; economic aspects.
Descriptors (primary): France; musculoskeletal diseases; research; upper extremity disorders. Descriptors (secondary): CD-ROM; body mechanics; conference; economic aspects; ergonomics; medical supervision; rehabilitation; social aspects; work organization.

CIS 06-228
Polanyi M.F., Cole D.C., Ferrier S.E., Facey M.: Paddling upstream: A contextual analysis of implementation of a workplace ergonomic policy at a large newspaper. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Mar. 2005, Vol.36, No.2, p.231-239. Illus. 31 ref. In English. (104728).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0228.pdf
Efforts to implement workplace ergonomic programs aimed at reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) have to address multiple physical and psychosocial aspects of work environments, yet contextual factors often limit their success. This article describes the processes involved in an ergonomic program to reduce neck and upper limb WMSDs at a large Canadian newspaper. Using qualitative data collection and analysis methods, the impacts of key contextual characteristics are illustrated, including those relating to the programme (management commitment, union involvement, experience and skill of programme leaders, researcher involvement), the organization (drive for productivity, management control, organizational culture) and the broader social context (economic climate, nature of newspaper work, technology and nature of WMSD).
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; implementation of control measures; journalism; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; role of management; role of workers' organizations; work organization; workers' participation.

CIS 05-738
Denis D., St-Vincent M., Jetté C., Nastasia I., Imbeau D.: Intervention practices for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders: A critical review of the literature (FR: Les pratiques d'intervention portant sur la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques: un bilan critique de la littérature). Bilan de connaissances B-066. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2005. v, 67p. Illus. 107 ref. Price: CAD 10.70. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22733-X. In French. (104448).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/B-066.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0738.pdf
Many ergonomic interventions have been carried out over the last 20 years to prevent musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the workplace. This report summarizes and documents the aspects that contribute to the improvement of MSD prevention practices. A database of English and French publications was compiled. Five main categories of information were collected: steps in the intervention process used, general context, changes implemented, processes for accompanying the changes and the authors' comments on the dynamics of the intervention process in the company. Analysis of this data provides a picture of the major categories of intervention processes used in prevention and a critical evaluation of their use. New areas of research are proposed in order to better equip professionals dealing with MSD problems in their specific sectors of activity.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; workplace design. Descriptors (secondary): ergonomic evaluation; implementation of control measures; literature survey; programme evaluation; report; safety by design.

CIS 05-737
Bellemare M., Trudel L., Ledoux E., Montreuil S., Marier M., Laberge M., Godi M.J.: Integration of MSD prevention in designing a layout: The case of public libraries (FR: Intégration de la prévention des TMS dès la conception d'un aménagement : le cas des bibliothèques publiques). Etudes et Recherches R-395. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2005. x, 111p. Illus. 48 ref. + CD-ROM. Price: CAD 16.00. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22684-8. In French. (104410).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-395.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0737.pdf
Musculoskeletal disorders are common among library clerks, owing to prolonged static postures, repeated movements, the use of computer tools and manual handling tasks. This report summarizes the development of an ergonomic model that allows intervention during the design of workplace layouts so as to minimize the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Relationships between work activities in a library and various risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders were established and the impact of choices made during two library layout projects on the appearance of such injuries is documented. The results of the study can help library managers and personnel, ergonomists and municipal occupational health and safety specialists in choosing equipment and layouts that take into account the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; libraries; musculoskeletal diseases; workplace design. Descriptors (secondary): equipment layout; manual handling; repetitive work; report; risk factors; work posture.

CIS 05-496
Parkes K.R., Carnell S., Farmer E.: Musculo-skeletal disorders, mental health and the work environment. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report 316. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. iv, 59p. Illus. 71 ref. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2964-3. In English. (104052).
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr316.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0496.pdf
The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence, severity and psychosocial risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among male employees in the oil and gas sector in the United Kingdom. 321 workers of this industry having participated in a previous survey five years earlier responded to the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Low-back pain showed the highest 12-month prevalence (51%). Psychological distress and physical workload factors were the most significant direct predictors of MSDs, while anxiety and lack of social support were significant factors in predicting changes in the prevalence of MSDs over a five-year period.
Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; conditions of work; mental health; musculoskeletal diseases; petroleum and natural gas industry; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): anxiety; backache; frequency rates; lumbar column; male workers; physical workload; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; report; severity rates; social aspects; subjective assessment.

CIS 05-486
David G., Woods V., Buckle P.: Further development of the usability and validity of the Quick Exposure Check (QEC). Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 211. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. v, 36p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: GBP 25.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2825-6. In English. (104231).
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr211.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0486.pdf
Improvements to the QEC method for assessing the exposure of workers to musculoskeletal risk factors were made using a participatory approach with input from health and safety practitioners and ergonomics experts. Experienced users were interviewed to explore the usability, strengths and weaknesses of the QEC and an improved version of the QEC and Reference Guide was tested with practitioners. Revisions based on these trials have provided an improved QEC, Reference Guide and on-line resource.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; exposure evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; description of technique; motion study; report; work posture.

CIS 05-429
Powell S., Davies A., Bunn J., Bethea D.: The effects of thermal environments on the risks associated with manual handling. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report 337. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. x, 105p. Illus. 99 ref. Price: GBP 25.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2995-3. In English. (104215).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0429.pdf EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr337.pdf
Manual handling injuries are a major occupational health problem. The risk factors associated with manual handling in hot and cold environments were identified as a gap in knowledge under the HSE's priority programme for musculoskeletal disorders (MDS's). At present, the manual handling guidance does not offer specific guidance regarding manual handling in non-neutral thermal environments other than to say that extremes of temperature and humidity should be avoided. Two experiments were designed to assess the effects of non-neutral thermal environments on manual handling. For the purposes of this study, a cold environment was defined as between 0-10°C (44-60% relative humidity) and a hot environment as between 29-39°C (25-72% relative humidity). The results and implications of this experimental work are discussed.
Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; cold workplaces; hot workplaces; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): extreme temperatures; measurement of work and effort; public OSH institutions; report; research; strain injuries.

CIS 05-318
Burton A.K., Bartys S., Wright I.A., Main C.J.: Obstacles to recovery from musculoskeletal disorders in industry. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report 323. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. viii, 73p. Illus. 104 ref. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2975-9. In English. (104212).
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr323.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0318.pdf
A four-year study on musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was carried out in two phases: a workforce survey of a large multi-site company in the United Kingdom followed by a controlled trial of an occupational guidelines-based intervention protocol for workers with MSDs, focusing on obstacles to recovery and return-to-work. Results confirmed a general association between the psychosocial work environment and MSDs. Psychosocial risk factors predicted the likelihood of future absence, but not its duration; therefore routine psychosocial screening to predict return-to-work time may have limited value. Implementation of an early proactive occupational health protocol (psychosocial intervention and a supportive network) was a successful strategy for reducing absence due to MSDs, for both return-to-work time and future work-loss.
Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; sickness absenteeism; social aspects. Descriptors (secondary): occupational psychology; prediction; report.

CIS 06-488
Macdonald W.: Workload, stress and psychosocial factors as hazards for musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand (ISSN 0815-6409), Feb. 2004, Vol.20, No.1, p.37-47. Illus. 53 ref. In English. (104803).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0488.pdf
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) resulting from work-related cumulative trauma continue to constitute a substantial problem in many workplaces. It is argued that current countermeasures address only one part of the problem because they usually fail to take adequate account of the important role of psychosocial and psychological stress factors as MSD risk factors. The nature and role of these risk factors are described in terms of an ergonomics model of work-related MSD risk. Key elements of the model are job demands, psychosocial factors, mental workload and stress. The empirical basis for this model is outlined, and the findings of studies on physiological mechanisms by which stress can increase the risk of MSDs are discussed. Based on this model, more effective management strategies to control non-physical MSD risk factors are identified.
Descriptors (primary): mental workload; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology and sociology; risk factors; stress factors. Descriptors (secondary): ergonomics; mental stress; psychology of work organization.

CIS 06-476
Newell T.M., Kumar S.: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among orthodontists in Alberta. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Feb. 2004, Vol.33, No.2, p.99-107. Illus. 16 ref. In English. (104839).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0476.pdf
In a survey of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among dental professionals, a standardized Nordic questionnaire was mailed out to all registered orthodontists in Alberta, Canada. There was a 52.4% response rate from a sample of 61. Results showed low back trouble to be the most prevalent MSD (59%), followed by neck (56%) and shoulder trouble (47%). There were no significant differences in MSD prevalence between men and women and no correlations existed between age, years of work and number of hours of practice per week. It is suggested that further attention should be directed towards risk factors and ergonomic intervention.
Descriptors (primary): Alberta; dental services; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; ergonomics; frequency rates; questionnaire survey.

CIS 05-733
Kumar S., Moro L., Narayan Y.: Morbidity among X-ray technologists. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Jan. 2004, Vol.33, No.1, p.29-40. 21 ref. In English. (104392).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0733.pdf
A questionnaire survey of occupational and non-occupational health factors was carried out among a random sample of 20 volunteer X-ray technologists from two University hospitals. Participants were from 20 to 53 years of age and 89% were physically active. Despite their relatively young age and active lifestyle, they suffered from significant and diverse musculoskeletal problems. Eighty three percent had backache, 39% of female respondents had neck pain and 28% has shoulder pain. The pain was aggravated by work activities and relieved by rest, massage, the application of heat or ice and exercise. Most suffered multiple episodes of pain and half of the female sample suffered from upper extremity pain.
Descriptors (primary): Canada; health care personnel; hospitals; morbidity; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): backache; neck disorders; sex-linked differences; shoulder; symptoms; upper extremity disorders; x-ray equipment.

CIS 05-487
Cleaning and disinfection. Knives that retain their cutting properties for reducing MSDs (FR: Nettoyage et désinfection. Un couteau qui garde son pouvoir de coupe pour réduire les TMS). INRS ED 939. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, Dec. 2004. 19p. Illus. 10 ref. Price: EUR 4.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 2-7389-1262-1. In French. (104064).
FR: http://www.inrs.fr/INRS-PUB/inrs01.nsf/inrs01_search_view_view/E34A26EB5132707EC1256F6D004DDD67/$FILE/ed939.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0487.pdf
The importance of knife sharpness on reducing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders is well known: when knives don't cut well, tasks require more time, more cuts are needed and cuts are less precise. Workers are forced to adopt gestures that are detrimental to their health. In order to maintain the cutting properties of knives over time, it is important that they be sharpened at regular intervals by suitably trained persons. However, proper sharpening is possible only if the knives are sufficiently cleaned and disinfected. This booklet explains how to ensure that the cutting properties of knives are not impaired by cleaning and disinfection operations.
Descriptors (primary): France; disinfection of equipment; hand knives; meat industry; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): safety guides; speed of work; work posture.

CIS 05-485
Loisel P., Durand M.J., Baril R., Langley A., Falardeau M.: Decision-making to facilitate a return to work - Exploratory study of aspects of decision-making in an interdisciplinary work rehabilitation team (FR: Décider pour faciliter le retour au travail - Etude exploratoire sur les dimensions de la prise de décision dans une équipe interdisciplinaire de réadaptation au travail). Etudes et Recherches R-393. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2004. ix, 48p. Illus. 37 ref. Price: CAD 6.42. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22643-0. In French. (104083).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0485.pdf FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-393.pdf
Therapeutic return to work, an innovative approach to the case management of workers suffering from musculoskeletal disorders, is based on interaction and consensual dialogue among many specialists, including an interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, workplace stakeholders, workers themselves and attending physicians. While several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of such a global approach, the decision-making processes underlying the achievement of consensus have not been clearly established. The objective of this research project was to conduct a case study of this complex decision-making process and to identify the strategies most likely to ensure the success of therapeutic return to work. Different models of decision-making were developed and a system of ten values on which the team is based was identified, the most important one being partnership.
Descriptors (primary): assessment of working capacity; musculoskeletal diseases; rehabilitation. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; case study; cooperation; report.

CIS 05-472
Gunatilaka A.: Collecting shopping trolleys: A manual handling injury concern. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand (ISSN 0815-6409), Oct.2004, Vol.20, No.5, p.433-440. Illus. 16 ref. In English. (104027).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0472.pdf
Shopping trolley collection was observed at six shopping centres. These observations showed that some collectors use possibly unsafe practices in nesting and moving columns of trolleys. To assess whether these practices could lead to manual handling injuries, a series of experiments were conducted. The forces encountered in two observed methods of nesting trolleys were measured and compared. The initial and sustained push forces required to move columns of up to 10 shopping trolleys were measured on the flat asphalt surface of a shopping centre car park. The push forces required to move larger numbers of nested trolleys were estimated using regression analysis. Pushing more than 13 nested trolleys was found to exceed recommended push forces and, hence, could lead to manual handling injury.
Descriptors (primary): manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; pushing tasks; risk factors; supermarkets. Descriptors (secondary): ergonomics; job study; pushing strength; statistical evaluation; unsafe practices.

CIS 05-314
Del Prado-Lu J. L.: Risk factors to musculoskeletal disorders and anthropometric measurements of Filipino manufacturing workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (ISSN 1080-3548), 2004, Vol.10, No.4, p.349-359. Illus. 15 ref. In English. (104224).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0314.pdf
This study investigated the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders and established anthropometric measurements of Filipino workers in 29 manufacturing industries. Anthropometric measurements of 1,805 workers were taken, and 495 were surveyed by means of questionnaires. Limitation of motion was found in 0.8% of the respondents, problems in daily living activities were seen in 1.6% and 3.2% felt discomfort in the head and neck. Upper trunk pain and low back pain were experienced by 23.8%. Workers were 29 times more likely to develop low back pain when standing for 2-8 hrs a day than when sitting throughout. Anthropometry can be a useful tool for the design of workstations and work furniture.
Descriptors (primary): Philippines; anthropometry; manufacturing industries; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work posture. Descriptors (secondary): backache; cross-sectional study; lower extremities; lumbar column; questionnaire survey; symptoms; upper extremities.

CIS 05-310
Choobineh A., Lahmi M., Hosseini M., Shahnavaz H., Jazani R. K.: Workstation design in carpet hand-weaving operation: Guidelines for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (ISSN 1080-3548), 2004, Vol.10, No.4, p.411-424. Illus. 35 ref. In English. (104229).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0310.pdf
Carpet weavers suffer from musculoskeletal problems mainly attributable to poor working postures and poor workstation design. This study investigated the effects of two workstation design parameters (weaving height and seat type) on postural variables and subjective experience. Guidelines were developed for workstation adjustments. At an adjustable experimental workstation, 30 professional weavers worked under nine different conditions. Working posture and weavers' perceptions were recorded. It was found that head, neck and shoulder postures were influenced by weaving height, while both weaving height and seat type influenced trunk and elbow postures. The determinant factor for weavers' perception on the neck, shoulders and elbows was found to be weaving height, and on the back and knees it was seat type. Based on the results, it was proposed that weaving height should be adjusted to 20cm above elbow height and that a 10° forward-sloping high seat should be used.
Descriptors (primary): carpet weaving; comfort assessment; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; workplace design. Descriptors (secondary): Iran, Islamic Republic of; job study; sitting posture; small enterprises; subjective assessment; textile industry; work posture.

CIS 05-297
Ach-Bensa D., Régnard P.J.: Hypothenar hammer syndrome - Case of a floor tile layer (FR: Syndrome du marteau hypoténarien - A propos d'un cas chez un solier carreleur). Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail (ISSN 1250-3274), Dec. 2004, Vol.65, No.7-8, p.590-600. Illus. 40 ref. In French. (104074).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0297.pdf
Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a vascular acrosyndrome of the upper limb occurring in persons using their hypothenar eminence (the palm of the hand) as a hammer in the course of their occupational or leisure activities. These trauma can result in ulnar artery thrombosis or aneurysm. The case of a bilateral thrombosed aneurysm of the ulnar artery in a floor tile layer is reported. Early detection, medical and technical prevention and modes of identification are problematic. The Doppler technique highlights both aneurysms and the diagnosis can be confirmed by arteriography. The prevalence of these arthropathies is probably underestimated because of the absence of specificity of the clinical signs and the inconstant character of the clinical repercussion of ulnar arterial thrombosis. The building professions are particularly exposed. During consultation, systematic Allen testing of exposed employees and more frequent Doppler arterial echography of the upper limb would be useful in the early detection of this pathology. Priority should be given to prevention and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment should become more widespread.
Descriptors (primary): building industry; flooring; hand; musculoskeletal diseases; repetitive strain injury. Descriptors (secondary): aneurysm; arteriography; case study; diagnosis; symptoms.

CIS 05-119
Chaney C., Le Pache J., Aucour C., Alcouffe J., Manillier P., Montéléon P.Y.: Trends in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among women supermarket cashiers before and after the reorganization of the job (phases 1 and 2) (FR: Evolution des plaintes musculosquelettiques (TMS) chez les hôtesses de caisse avant et après réorganisation des postes (phases 1 et 2)). Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle (ISSN 0007-9936), 2004, Vol.44, No.2, p.181-196. 32 ref. In French. (103795).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0119.pdf
In this case-control study, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) of supermarket cashiers were evaluated before and one year after changing the type of supermarket till. The study involved an ergonomic survey and an epidemiological survey of cases (workers in the supermarket with the new tills) and controls (workers at a supermarket of the same chain but without change of tills), during 2001 and 2002. 226 questionnaires were analysed in 2001 (113 cases and 113 controls) and 190 in 2002 (109 cases and 81 controls). Changes in till type resulted in lower levels of MSDs of the neck and upper back, and lower frequencies of MSDs of the right shoulder. Besides a change in equipment, improvements in training and support by management and colleagues also contributed to the reduced incidence of MSDs among this group of workers.
Descriptors (primary): cashiers and ticket clerks; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; supermarkets; women; workplace design. Descriptors (secondary): backache; case-control study; comparative study; equipment layout; ergonomic evaluation; job study; neck disorders; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; shoulder; subjective assessment.

CIS 05-98
Neto A, de Souza Uva A., Cunha Miranda L.: Occupational rheumatic disorders (PT: Doenças reumáticas ligadas ao trabalho). Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Inspecção das Condições de Trabalho (IDICT), Lisboa, Portugal, [c2004]. CD-Rom (needs Pentium II 233Mhz, Windows 95/98/ME, 2000 or XP, RAM 32Mb, graphic card 800x600). In Portuguese. (103771).
PT: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0098.pdf
Topics covered by this CD-ROM on occupational musculoskeletal disorders: classification of disorders; occupational risk factors; main pathologies; sectors of activity that can give rise to musculoskeletal disorders; diagnosis and prevention; recognition and compensation; occupational medicine; multidisciplinary interventions; future prospects.
Descriptors (primary): Portugal; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): CD-ROM; backache; classification; compensation of occupational diseases; diagnosis; ergonomics; legal aspects; lumbar column; plant safety and health organization.

CIS 04-568
Chaney C., Le Pache J., Aucour C., Alcouffe J., Manillier P., Montéléon P.Y.: Study of the musculoskeletal disease (MSD) risk factors in a population of 334 female supermarket cashiers in the Paris region (FR: Etude des facteurs de risque de troubles musculosquelettiques (TMS) dans une population de 334 hôtesses de caisse de la région parisienne). Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle (ISSN 0007-9936), 2004, Vol.44, No.3, p.319-328. Illus. 28 ref. In French. (103511).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0568.pdf
The objective of this study was to highlight the risk factors of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) among retail sales cashiers in the Paris region. Work involved analysing the combined data from two surveys carried out in two hypermarkets of the same chain before and one year after the redesign of the tills. A numerical value for MSDs was computed according to the CAIL method developed by INRS. 334 women cashiers were divided into two groups of similar size (MSD+ and MSD-) according to whether their MSD value was above or below the median value. Statistical analysis enabled the highlighting of the following risk factors: overweight, feeling being exposed to cold, lack of variety in the job, unsatisfactory job performance evaluations, feeling under stress, personal and occupational worries and difficulties in communicating with colleagues and supervisors.
Descriptors (primary): cashiers, tellers and related clerks; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; supermarkets; women. Descriptors (secondary): France; body weight; cash registers; cold workplaces; human relations; job dissatisfaction; non-occupational factors; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; repetitive work; stress factors; subjective assessment; symptoms.

CIS 04-561
Mrizek N.: Musculoskeletal diseases and work: Evaluation, disability and rehabilitation at work (FR: Troubles musculo-squelettiques et travail: évaluation, invalidité et réinsertion professionnelle). SST - Santé et Sécurité au Travail, Jan. 2004, No.28, p.20-26. Illus. 24 ref. In French. (103625).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0561.pdf
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) constitute not only a health problem, but also an economic burden for workers, employers and insurance institutions. This article addresses aspects of evaluation, disability and rehabilitation of workers suffering from MSDs. Contents: definition of MSDs; magnitude of the problem; evaluation of the degree of disability; occupational rehabilitation; disability of persons suffering from MSDs; recognition of the occupational nature of MSDs and compensation (Tunisian regulatory framework, examples of Switzerland and the Netherlands).
Descriptors (primary): compensation of occupational diseases; cost of diseases; degree of disability; expertise; musculoskeletal diseases; rehabilitation; sickness absenteeism. Descriptors (secondary): Netherlands; Switzerland; Tunisia; backache; legislation; occupational diseases; role of insurance institutions.

CIS 04-492
Devereux J., Rydstedt L., Kelly V., Weston P., Buckle P.: The role of work stress and psychological factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 273. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2004. x, 139p. Illus. 79 ref. Price: GBP 20.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2903-1. In English. (103376).
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr273.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0492.pdf
This study was conducted to establish the role of stress and other psychological factors on the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. A prospective epidemiological cohort study design was chosen. This comprised a baseline cross-sectional study of 8000 workers drawn from 20 enterprises across 11 industrial sectors in the United Kingdom, 3139 of whom were then followed for 15 months. Baseline and follow-up data were collected by means of questionnaires. Work effort, unclear role definition and verbal abuse with clients or the public were the most important factors of perceived job stress. High perceived job stress was found to be an intermediate factor between high exposure to both physical and psychosocial work risk factors and self-reported low back, upper back and hand-wrist complaints.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization; risk factors; stress factors. Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; backache; cohort study; hand injuries; mental workload; questionnaire survey; report; subjective assessment; violence; wrist lesions.

CIS 04-478
Shirazi-Adl A.: Evaluation of strain on the spine and risks of injury to tissues during industrial load lifting tasks: Role of posture (FR: Evaluation des efforts dans la colonne vertébrale et des risques de blessures des tissus au cours de tâches industrielles d'élévation de charges - Rôle de la posture). Etudes et recherches R-382. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2004. 39p. Illus. 167 ref. Price: CAD 5.35. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22586-8. In French. (103478).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-382.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0478.pdf
Although lifting of heavy loads has been associated with musculoskeletal disorders of the lower back, there is little consensus on postures that are the most effective for avoiding injury. The aim of this research was to develop a kinematically- and kinetically-valid model of lifting that takes into account the relationship between active and passive spinal column systems and the effect of heavy loads on joints. The model allows to predict muscular force and sheds light on the effect and hazards of various lifting postures. It helps prevent injuries by establishing weight limits and optimal postures for lifting and providing information that improves the efficiency of therapeutic and rehabilitative interventions.
Descriptors (primary): manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; spinal column; work posture. Descriptors (secondary): body mechanics; electromyography; lumbar column; mathematical models; muscular work; permissible workload; posture recording; report.

CIS 04-477
Rugulies R., Braff J., Frank J.W., Aust B., Gillen M., Yen I.H., Bhatia R., Ames G., Gordon D., Gordon D.R., Janowitz I., Oman D., Jacobs B.P., Blanc P.: The psychosocial work environment and musculoskeletal disorders: Design of a comprehensive interviewer-administered questionnaire. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), May 2004, Vol.45, No.5, p.428-439. 104 ref. In English. (103414).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0477.pdf
An interdisciplinary team including biomedical, behavioural and social science researchers used an iterative process to develop an interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing psychosocial workplace exposures related to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The resulting questionnaire includes measures of psychosocial workplace factors based on two theoretical models, namely the "demand-control-support" and "effort-reward imbalance" models, supplemented by the additional psychosocial and physical measures including physical workload, socio-demographic factors, anthropometric characteristics, social relations, health behaviour and physical and psychological health.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; psychology and sociology; questionnaire survey; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): anthropometry; description of technique; human behaviour; mental health; physical workload; psychology of work organization; research; social aspects; state of health.

CIS 04-474
Hooftman W.E., van Poppel M.N.M., van der Beek A.J., Bongers P.M., van Mechelen W.: Gender differences in the relations between work-related physical and psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal complaints. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health (ISSN 0355-3140), Aug. 2004, Vol.30, No.4, p.261-278. 104 ref. In English. (103302).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0474.pdf
A systematic literature review was conducted to examine gender differences in the relations between psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal complaints. Several electronic databases were searched. The strength of the evidence was determined on the basis of the methodological quality and consistency of the study results. For lifting, strong evidence was found that men have a higher risk of back complaints than women. The same was found for the relationship between hand-arm vibration and neck-shoulder complaints. For arm posture, strong evidence was found that women have a higher risk of neck-shoulder complaints than men. For social support, no evidence of a gender difference was found for either neck-shoulder or back complaints. Finally for hand-wrist and lower-extremity complaints, inconclusive evidence was found due to a lack of high-quality studies.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization; risk factors; sex-linked differences. Descriptors (secondary): backache; cervicobrachial syndrome; computerized data bases; hand; hand-arm vibration; literature survey; manual lifting; physical workload; symptoms; work posture; wrist.

CIS 04-379
Chee H.L., Rampal K.G.: Work-related musculoskeletal problems among women workers in the semiconductor industry in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health (ISSN 1077-3525), Jan.-Mar. 2004, Vol.10, No.1, p.63-71. 28 ref. In English. (103350).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0379.pdf EN: http://www.ijoeh.com/pfds/1001_Chee.pdf
A cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems and work-related risk factors was conducted among 906 women semiconductor workers. Data on working conditions, work postures and body pains were collected by means of questionnaires. Logistic regression showed that lower-limb pain was significantly associated with standing, neck and shoulder pain with sitting and lifting, upper-back pain with climbing steps, low back pain with hand and wrist movements, and hand and wrist pain with lifting. Neck and shoulder pain was significantly higher for workers with shorter working durations, while lower-limb pain was significantly higher for workers with longer working durations. End-of-line assembly workers had significantly higher odds ratios for pain at all sites, while middle-of-line workers had higher odds ratios for pain in neck and shoulders and upper back. Finally, wafer-fabrication workers had higher odds ratios for low back pain and pain in the lower limbs.
Descriptors (primary): Malaysia; electronics industry; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; semiconductor devices; women; work posture. Descriptors (secondary): assembly-line work; backache; cross-sectional study; frequency rates; hand; hours of work; lifting of loads; lower extremities; lumbar column; neck disorders; questionnaire survey; shoulder; sitting posture; speed of work; standing posture; statistical evaluation; work efficiency; wrist.

CIS 04-359
Lipscomb H.J., Loomis D., McDonald M.A., Kucera K., Marshall S., Li L.: Musculoskeletal symptoms among commercial fishers in North Carolina. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Sep. 2004, Vol.35, No.5, p.417-426. Illus. 19 ref. In English. (103352).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0359.pdf
In this study on musculoskeletal symptoms among fishermen, 215 fishermen were followed at six-month intervals over 18 months. Exposure information was collected through field observation and in-depth interviews allowing potential ergonomic stressors to be identified and catalogued by task and stage of work. Symptoms having caused work interference in the previous 12 months were reported by 38.5% of the participants at baseline. Low back symptoms were the most common cause of work impairment (17.7%), followed equally by pain in the hands/wrists and shoulders (7%). Symptoms were more likely to be reported among individuals who did not fish full-time, possibly reflecting a healthy worker effect. A number of ergonomic stressors were identified, including the type of boat, gear, crew size and level of experience, as well as unpredictable factors such as the weather.
Descriptors (primary): North Carolina; fishing; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): USA; backache; climate; cross-sectional study; ergonomic evaluation; hand; healthy worker effect; lumbar column; natural phenomena; shoulder; sickness absenteeism; symptoms; upper extremity disorders; wrist.

CIS 04-342
Robertson V., Stewart T.: Risk perception in relation to musculoskeletal disorders. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 284. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2004. iv, 82p. Illus. 25 ref. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2918-X. In English. (103337).
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr284.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0342.pdf
This survey was carried out to understand how employees perceive their risk of experiencing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and where necessary how to change their perception through targeted information. Data were collected by means of literature reviews, phone interviews and focus groups. It was found that there was good overall understanding of the risks of back pain and upper limb disorders. Workers in different sectors had favoured different approaches to communicating the risks and preventive measures. For example, workers in the construction sector were far more in favour of compulsory training than the other groups.
Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk awareness; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; backache; construction industry; information dissemination; literature survey; report; safety and health training; subjective assessment; survey; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 04-238
Manual handling - Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (as amended) - Guidance on regulations. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Guidance on Regulations L23. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 3rd ed., 2004. iv, 88p. Illus. 45 ref. Price: GBP 8.95. ISBN: 0-7176-2823-X. In English. (103033).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0238.pdf
The most recent survey of self-reported work-related illness estimated that 1.1 million persons in the United Kingdom suffer from musculoskeletal disorders, including those caused by manual handling. Furthermore, manual handling accidents are estimated to account for more than a third of all accidents reported each year. This booklet aims to help employers, managers, safety officers, safety representatives and employees control the risk of accidents and musculoskeletal injuries from manual handling. It provides guidance on the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR, see CIS 93-36) as amended by the Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2002 (see CIS 03-1011). Replaces CIS 00-240.
Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; hazard evaluation; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational accidents; plant safety and health organization. Descriptors (secondary): anthropometry; check lists; comment on law; conditions of work; ergonomics; lifting equipment; manual lifting; pulling tasks; pushing tasks; responsibilities; safety guides; sex-linked differences; work aptitude; work posture.

CIS 04-114
Pettit R.F.: Defining the extent and source of manual handling problems in agricultural and horticultural enterprises. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 269. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2004. vi, 54p. Illus. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2895-7. In English. (103234).
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr269.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0114.pdf
This report presents the outcome of a study into the source and extent of manual handling problems in agricultural and horticultural enterprises. It involved visiting a sample of large and small enterprises in order to identify typical manual handling tasks that occur in the industry. By consulting farmers and growers, it was possible to observe the improvements they have made to reduce the risk of injury from manual handling tasks, to record any concerns that they still have, and to highlight factors that limit further improvement.
Descriptors (primary): agriculture; ergonomics; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; backache; case study; handling of animals; hazard evaluation; horticulture; manual lifting; report; work posture.

CIS 04-113
Waters T.R., Wilkins J.R. (eds): Conference proceedings: Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders for children and adolescents working in agriculture. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.2004-119. Publications Dissemination, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-2002, USA, June 2004. x, 42p. Illus. 27 ref. In English. (103082).
EN: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-119/pdfs/2004-119.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0113.pdf
Proceedings of a conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio, 6-7 May 2002 on research needs regarding prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) in children and adolescents working in agriculture. The research areas reviewed at the meeting included: identification of potentially high risk jobs; quantification of the level of risk for jobs performed by children and adolescents in agriculture; development, evaluation, and implementation of surveillance systems for measuring and tracking the magnitude of health effects and risks for children and adolescents working in agriculture; development and evaluation of ergonomic interventions for reducing risk of WMSDs for children and adolescents working in agriculture. It should be noted that the meeting specifically excluded injuries attributed to traumatic events, such as cuts, abrasions, lacerations, and injuries associated with instantaneous events, such as slips, trips, falls, and being struck by objects.
Descriptors (primary): USA; agriculture; children; health hazards; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; young persons. Descriptors (secondary): aetiology; child labour; conference; ergonomics; hazard evaluation; hours of work; medical supervision; research; risk factors.

CIS 04-93
Delisle A., Durand M.J., Imbeau D., Larivière C.: Follow-up of two interventions to prevent upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace (FR: Suivi de deux interventions visant la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques aux membres supérieurs en milieu de travail). Etudes et recherches R-379. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2004. viii, 61p. Illus. 85 ref. Price: CAD 7.49. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22556-6. In French. (103247).
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-379.pdf FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0093.pdf
Sign language interpreters frequently suffer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly in the regions of the forearm, the hand-wrist and the neck-shoulder. Several risk factors can explain the incidence of MSDs among this population, such as the amplitude and frequency of the movements, coupled with the cognitive processes which are causes of stress. The objective of this study was to generate quantitative data on the exposure of interpreters to MSD risk factors, to evaluate the impact of two interventions aimed at reducing musculoskeletal pain, to comment on the feasibility of applying an experimental protocol and to document the state of health of sign-language interpreters in Quebec.
Descriptors (primary): cognitive performance; coordination of movements; ergonomic evaluation; language interpretation; mental stress; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): Quebec; cervicobrachial syndrome; ergonomics; hand; job study; neck disorders; questionnaire survey; report; state of health; stress factors; wrist.

CIS 03-1941
Chapman L.J., Newenhouse A.C., Meyer R.H., Taveira A.D., Ben-Tzion K., Ehlers J.J., Palermo T.: Evaluation of an intervention to reduce musculoskeletal hazards among fresh market vegetable growers. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Jan. 2004, Vol.35, No.1, p.57-66. Illus. 26 ref. In English. (102825).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1941.pdf
This intervention was conducted to convince small, fresh market vegetable operations to adopt mesh bags and standard containers, two production practices that aid in crop handling and that are known to improve labour efficiency and reduce the risks of musculoskeletal injuries. The intervention disseminated information about the practices to a list of vegetable growers identified through various sources. They also received a mailed questionnaire before and after the intervention. After the intervention, levels of self-reported adoption increased for both containers and bags. It is concluded that improved information flow to growers may be able to increase the speed with which agricultural practices with better ergonomics are adopted, especially when the practices are more profitable.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; horticulture; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): bags; containers; information dissemination; programme evaluation; questionnaire survey; subjective assessment.

CIS 07-226
Addressing MSDs through work organizational measures (FR: Agir sur les TMS par des actions sur l'organisation du travail). Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail, 4, quai des Etroits, 69321 Lyon Cedex 05, France, Dec. 2003. 8p. Illus. In French. (106205).
FR: http://www.anact.fr/pls/portal/docs/1/9126.PDF
Topics addressed by this information sheet on the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) through organizational measures: definition of MSDs; MSDs due to occupational factors; cost of MSDs to enterprises; examples of actions implemented by enterprises in various sectors, including a poultry packaging plant, the sterilisation service unit of a clinic, an automotive component manufacturer and a pork packaging plant.
Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; work organization. Descriptors (secondary): France; case study; data sheet; economic aspects; hospitals; meat industry; motor vehicle industry; poultry farming.

CIS 07-223
Prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (FR: Prévenir les troubles musculosquelettiques). Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail, 4, quai des Etroits, 69321 Lyon Cedex 05, France, Oct. 2003. 6p. Illus. In French. (106208).
FR: http://www.anact.fr/pls/portal/docs/1/14513.PDF
Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) constitute the most important occupational disease in France. They account for 65% of all compensated occupational diseases and their numbers are increasing by 20% per year. Contents of this information sheet on the prevention of MSDs: definition of MSDs; why the number of MSDs is increasing; risk factors; work organization as a prime cause of MSDs; prevention approach.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work organization. Descriptors (secondary): France; psychology of work organization; stress factors.

CIS 06-1376
Rosskam E., Drewczynski A., Bertolini R.: Service on the ground: Occupational health of airport check-in workers. International Labour Organization. International Transport Workers' Federation, ITF House, 49-60 Borough Road, London SE 1 1DR, United Kingdom, 2003. iv, 50p. Illus. 48 ref. ISBN: 1-904676-15-4. In English. (105870).
EN: http://www.itfglobal.org/files/seealsodocs/ENG/1015/Rosskam.pdf EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1376.pdf
This survey of working conditions of airport check-in workers was carried out in three airports in Canada and Switzerland (two international and one regional). It examines occupational safety and health issues and the impact of current management practices and work organization on check-in workers' health. It is a high demand, low control activity and most workers are women. Hazards include musculoskeletal disorders due to awkward postures and handling baggage while operating a computer in a constrained space. Other hazards include violence, environmental conditions and uneven workload distribution. Various recommendations are made for improving working conditions in this sector.
Descriptors (primary): airports; conditions of work; musculoskeletal diseases; workplace design. Descriptors (secondary): Canada; Switzerland; ergonomics; manual handling; questionnaire survey; role of management; role of workers' organizations; violence; women; work posture; workload assessment.

CIS 06-224
Arnetz B.B., Sjögren B., Rydéhn B., Meisel R.: Early workplace intervention for employees with musculoskeletal-related absenteeism: A prospective controlled intervention study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1076-2752), May 2003, Vol.45, No.5, p.499-506. 23 ref. In English. (104602).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0224.pdf
In this study, the effects on sickness absenteeism of a more proactive role for insurance case managers as well as workplace ergonomic interventions were compared with that of traditional case management. Patients with physician-diagnosed musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) were randomized either to the intervention group or the reference group that was offered the traditional case management routines. Participants filled out a comprehensive questionnaire at the start of the study and after six months. In addition, administrative data were collected at 0, 6, and 12 months after the start of the project. For the entire 12-month period, the total mean number of sick days for the intervention group was 144.9 days/person as compared to 197.9 days in the reference group. The odds ratio for returning to work in the intervention group was 2.5 as compared with the reference group. The direct cost savings were USD 1195 per case, yielding a direct benefit-to-cost ratio of 6.8.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; sickness absenteeism. Descriptors (secondary): comparative study; economic aspects; rehabilitation; role of insurance institutions.

CIS 05-734
Alexopoulos E.C., Burdorf A., Kalokerinou A.: Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among nursing personnel in Greek hospitals. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (ISSN 0340-0131), May 2003, Vol.76, No.4, p.289-294. 21 ref. In English. (104379).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0734.pdf
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationships between physical, psychosocial, and individual characteristics of nursing personnel and musculoskeletal symptoms of the lower back, neck and shoulders. A questionnaire was addressed to 351 nurses of six hospitals in Athens, Greece. The response rate was 84%. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for all relevant risk factors by means of logistical regression analysis. It was found that physical load was associated with back pain (OR=1.85), neck pain (OR=1.88), and shoulder pain (OR=1.87). However, no consistent influence of psychosocial factors on complaints and their chronicity, or on sickness absence was observed. A perceived moderate general health was also a risk factor. The strongest associations were observed for sickness absence due to back pain (OR=2.03), neck pain (OR=8.31), and shoulder pain (OR=6.84).
Descriptors (primary): health care personnel; hospitals; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): Greece; backache; cross-sectional study; neck disorders; physical workload; questionnaire survey; shoulder; sickness absenteeism; subjective assessment; symptoms.

CIS 05-548
Merlino L.A., Rosecrance J.C., Anton D., Cook T.M.: Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among apprentice construction workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (ISSN 1047-322X), Jan. 2003, Vol.18, No.1, p.57-64. Illus. 24 ref. In English. (104328).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0548.pdf
This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among young construction workers. A symptom and job factors survey was self-administered to 996 construction apprentices. Prevalence was determined by the percent of positive responses to musculoskeletal symptom questions. The low back was the site most commonly reported for job-related MSD symptoms (54.4%). Low back symptoms were also the most common reason for seeking care from a physician (16.8%) and missing work (7.3%). Number of years worked in the construction trade was significantly associated with knee and wrist/hand MSD symptoms. Working in the same position for long periods was the job factor identified as most problematic, with 49.7 percent of all construction apprentices rating it as a moderate/major problem contributing to MSD symptoms.
Descriptors (primary): USA; apprentices; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; young persons. Descriptors (secondary): backache; frequency rates; hand; knee lesions; lumbar column; questionnaire survey; sex-linked differences; sickness absenteeism; symptoms; work posture; wrist.

CIS 05-118
Casarotto R.A., Mendes L.F.: Complaints, occupational diseases and occupational accidents among industrial canteen workers (PT: Queixas, doenças ocupacionais e acidentes de trabalho em trabalhadores de cozinhas industriais). Revista brasileira de saúde ocupacional (ISSN 0303-7657), 2003, Vol.28, No.107/108, p.119-126. Illus. 29 ref. In Portuguese. (103780).
PT: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0118.pdf
The purpose of this study was to examine complaints and the prevalence of occupational diseases, occupational accidents and musculoskeletal disorders among workers in five industrial canteens. It involved 257 workers, who were evaluated using different methods: interviews, questionnaires, task analysis and the NIOSH method. The most common occupational diseases were musculoskeletal disorders and backache, while the most frequent occupational accidents were cuts (36%) and commuting accidents (31%). An ergonomic analysis highlighted the following problems: noise, hot and humid working environments, poor workplace layout, unsuitable tools and equipment, poor work postures, poor work organization and excessive manual lifting.
Descriptors (primary): cooking; hotel industry; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational accidents; occupational diseases. Descriptors (secondary): conditions of work; ergonomics; frequency rates; spinal column; statistical evaluation; work organization; work posture; wounds.

CIS 05-90
Gunnarsdottir H.K., Rafnsdottir G.L., Helgadottir B., Tomasson K.: Psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among women working in geriatric care. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Dec. 2003, Vol.44, No.6, p.679-684. 34 ref. In English. (103908).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0090.pdf
The aim of this study was to explore the extent of the association between psychosocial work characteristics and musculoskeletal symptoms among women working in geriatric care. 1518 female employees of geriatric nursing homes and geriatric hospital wards in Iceland having a staff of 10 or more responded to a questionnaire. Odds ratios of over two for one or more musculoskeletal symptoms were found for the following risk factors: finding the job mentally difficult; mental exhaustion after one's shift; dissatisfaction regarding communications with supervisors or the flow of information; insufficient influence at work; dissatisfaction with the hierarchy; intense time pressures; lack of solidarity among colleagues; dissatisfaction with the job; harassment; violence or threats at work.
Descriptors (primary): health care personnel; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology and sociology; risk factors; stress factors; women. Descriptors (secondary): Iceland; bullying; frequency rates; human relations; job dissatisfaction; mental workload; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; role of supervisory staff; violence.

CIS 05-85
Evanoff B., Wolf L., Aton E., Canos J., Collins J.: Reduction in injury rates in nursing personnel through introduction of mechanical lifts in the workplace. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Nov. 2003, Vol.44, No.5, p.451-457. 31 ref. In English. (103866).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0085.pdf
Health care workers incur frequent injuries resulting from patient transfer and handling tasks. In this study, injury and lost workday rates were examined before and after an ergonomic intervention which consisted of the introduction of mechanical lifts in acute care hospitals and long-term care (LTC) facilities. Workers were surveyed regarding lift use. The post-intervention period showed decreases in the rates of musculoskeletal injuries (relative risk RR=0.82), in lost workday injuries (RR=0.56), and in total lost days due to injury (RR=0.42). Larger reductions were seen in LTC facilities than in hospitals. Self-reported frequency of lift use by registered nurses and by nursing aides was higher in the LTC facilities than in hospitals. Observed reductions in injury and lost day injury rates were greater in nursing units that reported greater use of the lifts. Strategies to facilitate greater use of lifting devices should be explored, as further reductions in injuries may be possible with increased use.
Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; health care personnel; hospitals; lifting equipment; manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases. Descriptors (secondary): frequency rates; risk factors; sickness absenteeism; subjective assessment.

CIS 04-724
Beaugrand S., Richard J.G., Forcier L.: Prevention of MSDs in supermarkets - Where to start? (FR: Prévenir les TMS en supermarché - Par où commencer?). Travail et santé (ISSN 0829-0369), Dec. 2003, Vol.19, No.4, p.45-50. Illus. 7 ref. In French. (103639).
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0724.pdf
This article summarizes and comments on a study of ergonomics, working conditions and musculoskeletal risk among supermarket workers in Quebec. Contents: general aspects of supermarket work; occupational safety and health activities in supermarkets; musculoskeletal risk factors; architecture; layout of premises and equipment; proposed approach for improvements in ergonomics and working conditions in this sector of activity.
Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; supermarkets. Descriptors (secondary): Quebec; equipment layout; ergonomic evaluation; premises and workplaces; risk factors; survey.

CIS 04-548
Yeung S., Genaidy A., Deddens J., Shoaf C., Leung P.C.: A participatory approach to the study of lifting demands and musculoskeletal symptoms among Hong Kong workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1351-0711), Oct. 2003, Vol.60, No.10, p.730-738. Illus. 35 ref. In English. (103543).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0548.pdf
This study examines the use of a worker-based methodology to assess the physical stresses of lifting tasks on effort expended, and to associate this loading with musculoskeletal outcomes (MOs). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 217 male manual handling workers from the Hong Kong area. The effects of four lifting variables (weight of load, horizontal distance, twisting angle, and vertical travel distance) on effort were examined using a linguistic approach (which characterizes variables by descriptors). The numerical interpretations of linguistic descriptors were established. In addition, the associations between on the job effort and MOs were investigated for 10 body regions including the spine and both upper and lower extremities. MOs were prevalent in multiple body regions; effort was significantly associated with MOs in eight of ten body regions. The lifting task variables had significant effects on effort, with the weight of load having twice the effect of other variables. The participatory worker-based approach on musculoskeletal outcomes is a promising methodology. Further testing of this approach is recommended.
Descriptors (primary): Hong Kong; evaluation of technique; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; physical workload. Descriptors (secondary): cross-sectional study; subjective assessment; symptoms; work posture.

CIS 04-362
Holmberg S., Thelin A., Stiernström E.L., Svärdsudd K.: The impact of physical work exposure on musculoskeletal symptoms among farmers and rural non-farmers: A population-based study. AAEM - Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1232-1966), 2003, Vol.10, No.2, p.179-184. 36 ref. In English. (103367).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0362.pdf EN: http://www.aaem.pl/pdf/10179.pdf
In order to evaluate the impact of physical work exposure on self-reports of musculoskeletal symptoms among Swedish farmers and controls, a cross-sectional, population-based cohort study was carried out. 1331 male farmers and 1130 matched non-farmers were invited to take part a survey in which 76% participated. The analyses were based on 657 matched pairs. Information on the lifetime incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms, work exposure, physical workload and leisure-time physical activity was collected by means of questionnaires and structured interviews. Physical work capacity and muscle strength were measured. It was found that farmers had a significant excess rate of low back and hip symptoms when compared with the controls, and a significantly lower rate of neck and shoulder problems.
Descriptors (primary): Sweden; agriculture; musculoskeletal diseases; physical workload; risk factors. Descriptors (secondary): backache; cervicobrachial syndrome; cohort study; cross-sectional study; frequency rates; lumbar column; male workers; muscular strength; questionnaire survey; symptoms.

CIS 04-85
Holmström E., Engholm G.: Musculoskeletal disorders in relation to age and occupation in Swedish construction workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Oct. 2003, Vol.44, No.4, p.377-384. 16 ref. In English. (103152).
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0085.pdf

CIS 07-491

Resource manual for the MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario (FR: Manuel de ressources des lignes directrices de prévention des TMS pour l'Ontario). Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario. MSD Prevention Series Part 2. Industrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA), Centre for Health & Safety Innovation, 5110 Creekbank Road, Suite 300, Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 0A1, Canada, 2007. 71p. Illus. 33 ref. PDF document. In English, French. (106499).

EN: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/msd_2006_guideline_ontario_resource_manual.pdf
FR: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/MSD_Manuel_resources_fr.pdf

The primary purpose of this resource manual is to provide Ontario's employers and workers with more detailed information and advice on how to implement the generic framework for preventing musculoskeletal disorders that is described in the MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario (see CIS 07-490). Further guidance is given on each of the issues addressed in the Guideline: MSD prevention as part of an occupational health and safety programme; creating a foundation for a successful MSD prevention programme; understanding and recognition of MSD hazards; conducting an MSD risk assessment; choice and implementation of control measures; follow-up and evaluation of controls; communication of results.

Descriptors (primary): Ontario; health programmes; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; hazard evaluation; implementation of control measures; programme evaluation; safety guides; workers' participation.

CIS 07-490

MSD prevention guideline for Ontario (FR: Lignes directrices de prévention des TMS pour l'Ontario). Occupational Health and safety Council of Ontario. MSD Prevention Series Part 1. Industrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA), Centre for Health & Safety Innovation, 5110 Creekbank Road, Suite 300, Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 0A1, Canada, 2007. 29p. Illus. 9 ref. PDF document. In English, French. (106498).

EN: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/msd_2006_guideline_ontario.pdf
FR: http://www.iapa.ca/documents/MSD_Lignes_directrices.pdf

The primary purpose of this guide is to provide Ontario's employers and workers with information and advice on a recommended generic framework for preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the workplace. Contents: definition of MSD; MSD prevention as part of an occupational health and safety programme; creating a foundation for a successful MSD prevention programme; understanding MSD hazards (forces on the body, awkward posture, repetition); recognizing MSD hazards and related concerns; conducting an MSD risk assessment; choice and implementation of control measures; follow-up and evaluation of controls; communication of results. See CIS 07-491 for the resource manual accompanying this guide.

CIS 07-487

Good practice guidelines for the prevention of musculo-skeletal disorders within the telecommunications sector (DE: Verhaltenskodex zur Vorbeugung von Muskel-Skelett-Erkrankungen im Telekommunikationssektor, FR: Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques dans le secteur des télécommunications, PT: Directrizes de boas práticas para a prevenção de pertubações músculo-esqueléticas no sector das telecomunicações). UNI-Europa Telecom. Internet document, [ca 2006]. 31p. Illus. In English, French, German, Portuguese. (106416).

DE: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_DE.pdf
EN: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_EN.pdf
FR: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_FR.pdf
PT: http://www.msdonline.org/docs/pdf/MSD_guidelines_PT.pdf

Contents of these guidelines for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) within the telecommunications sector: general principles for the prevention of MSDs; conceptual model for MSDs; work organization; manual handling; work in awkward postures; vibration; repetitive work; display screen equipment; physical and psychosocial issues; specific work activities and tasks in the telecommunications sector associated with the risk of MSDs.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; safe working methods; telecommunications.
Descriptors (secondary): construction sites; ergonomics; hand-arm vibration; man-computer interfaces; manual handling; personal protective equipment; visual display terminals; whole-body vibration; work at height; work organization; work posture.

CIS 07-486

Chatigny C., Balleux A., Martin M., Grenier J.: Exploratory study of training and learning dynamics: Task learning and the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in three companies in the poultry industry (FR: Etude exploratoire des dynamiques de formation et d'apprentissage - Apprentissage des tâches et prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques dans trois entreprises du secteur avicole). Etudes et Recherches R-464. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2006. vi, 70p. 52 ref. Price: CAD 10.00. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 978-2-89631-049-4. In French. (106444).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-464.pdf

The objective of this study was to examine the dynamics surrounding training and learning for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders among poultry industry workers. Data were obtained from video recordings of interviews with trainers, trainees and those responsible for training. Data analysis revealed the importance of relationship dynamics and the role of trainers. The study provided an understanding of the situation in the food industry and determined the obstacles and the factors favouring the implementation of a dynamic for the promotion of safe working methods.

Descriptors (primary): food industry; musculoskeletal diseases; safety training in industry.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; report; safe working methods.

CIS 07-475

Engkvist I.L.: Evaluation of an intervention comprising a no lifting policy in Australian hospitals. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Mar. 2006, Vol.37, No.2, p.141-148. 52 ref. In English. (106261).

The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate the use of transfer equipment, the number of injuries, pain symptoms and absence from work among nurses after the intervention of a "no lifting policy" at a hospital, compared with nurses at two control hospitals. A comprehensive questionnaire was used for data collection. Results show that at the hospital where the policy had been introduced, the nurses used the transfer equipment regularly. They had significantly fewer back injuries, pain symptoms and absence from work due to musculoskeletal disorders compared with nurses at the control hospitals. The study showed strong evidence for supporting the implementation of a no lifting policy.

Descriptors (primary): Australia; health programmes; hospitals; lifting of loads; manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; case-control study; ergonomics; health care personnel; lifting appliances; programme evaluation; questionnaire survey.

CIS 07-473

Evanoff B.: Ergonomic intervention studies among health care personnel (FR: Etudes d'intervention ergonomique chez les soignants). DMT 106 TF148. Documents pour le médecin du travail (ISSN 0339-6517), 2nd Quarter 2006, No.106, p.187-194. 5 ref. In French. (106328).

FR: http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TF%20148/$File/TF148.pdf

This article provides a review of a seminar held in Saint-Maurice, France, in March 2005 on ergonomic intervention studies aimed at reducing occupational musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) among health care personnel. Topics addressed: methodological aspects of the design of ergonomic studies on MSDs; why the frequency of MSDs among health care personnel is high, and possible role of ergonomic interventions; brief overview of ergonomic intervention studies among health care personnel carried out in St Louis, United States, including in particular the adoption of patient lifting equipment.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; health care personnel; manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): France; USA; conference; ergonomics; hospitals; lifting equipment.

CIS 07-472

Smith D.R., Mihashi M., Adachi Y., Koga H., Ishitake T.: A detailed analysis of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among Japanese nurses. Journal of Safety Research (ISSN 0022-4375), 2006, Vol.37, No.2, p.195-200. 16 ref. In English. (106266).

A Japanese language version of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was administered to 1,162 nurses from a large teaching hospital. The response rate was 73%. The 12-month period prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was 85.5%. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and having children were shown to be significant risk factors, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.87, 2.45 and 2.53, respectively. Workplace risk factors included manually handling patients (OR 2.07 to 11.97) and undertaking physically laborious work (OR 2.09 to 2.76). Nurses reporting pre menstrual tension were 1.66 and 1.94 times more likely to suffer from lower and upper back MSDs, respectively. High mental pressure was also identified as a significant risk factor for MSD of the neck (OR 1.53) and shoulder (OR 2.07). It is concluded that remediation strategies that focus only on manual handling are not sufficient. More emphasis needs to be placed on job satisfaction, work organization, and occupational stress.

Descriptors (primary): Japan; health care personnel; hospitals; musculoskeletal diseases; nursing personnel; risk factors; women.
Descriptors (secondary): alcoholism; backache; job dissatisfaction; manual handling; neck disorders; non-occupational factors; physical workload; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; shoulder; smoking; stress factors.

CIS 07-446

Mason S., Williams D.: Assess all areas. Safety and Health Practitioner (ISSN 0958-479X), June 2006, Vol.24, No.6, p.56-58. Illus. 2 ref. In English. (106385).

This article outlines the advantages of body-mapping over other approaches for assessing the risks and managing the workloads of individuals experiencing symptoms of, or receiving treatment for, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It comments on the Health and Safety Executive's manual handling guide (see CIS 06-17) and a study undertaken by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health based on the Owaco Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS, see CIS 93-1508) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA, see CIS 95-365) survey methods.

Descriptors (primary): body mechanics; ergonomic evaluation; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): description of technique; hazard evaluation; risk factors; symptoms; upper extremities.

CIS 07-445

Denis D., St-Vincent M., Imbeau D., Trudeau R.: Stock management influence on manual materials handling in two warehouse superstores. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Mar. 2006, Vol.36, No.3, p.191-201. Illus. 26 ref. In English. (106271).

The objective of this ergonomic study was to better understand the impact of stock management practices on manual materials handling activities of warehouse superstore employees. It was carried out in two warehouse superstores of a leading company in the retail sector that specializes in office supplies. Close attention was paid to the interaction between stock volume, its movements on the sales floor and the available storage space. Results indicate that an imbalance between the amount of stock and the available storage space results in the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, increased risks of accidents and lower productivity and quality of service due to time wasted, stock losses and customer dissatisfaction. Various recommendations are made to address these issues.

Descriptors (primary): manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; warehouses; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; ergonomic evaluation; falls of persons; job study; loading and unloading; safe layout; speed of work; storage; work at height.

CIS 07-342

Gazsi M., Renard V.: MSDs, scourge of the 21st century? (FR: Les TMS, fléau du XXIe siècle?). Prévention BTP (ISSN 1287-7778), Oct. 2006, No.89, p.37-47. Illus. In French. (106459).

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) account for two-thirds of occupational diseases in France. This special feature discusses the prevention of MSDs in the construction industry. Contents: statistical highlights concerning MSDs in the construction industry in France; implementation of prevention measures; use of elevating platforms for limiting uncomfortable postures; opinion of an occupational physician specializing in MSDs.

Descriptors (primary): France; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): body mechanics; elevating platforms; industrial physicians; location of injury; mobile platforms; risk factors; statistical trends; work posture.

CIS 07-331

Musculoskeletal diseases in Europe - Definitions and statistical data (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques en Europe - Définitions et données statistiques). EUROGIP, 55 rue de la Fédération, 75015 Paris, France, Mar. 2006. 10p. Internet document. In French. (106433).

FR: http://www.eurogip.fr/docs/TMS-FR-mars-06.pdf

This review of definitions and statistical data concerning musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was compiled from various documents published by the European Union and its Member States. In recent years, there has been an overall increase in the number of persons suffering from MSDs in Europe. However, there are wide differences between those States that appear to have contained the phenomenon and even witnessed a significant decrease in the number of cases, and those that are currently experiencing a real epidemic.

Descriptors (primary): European Union; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): comparative study; frequency rates; statistical trends.

CIS 07-322

Hartman E., Oude Vrielink H.H.E., Huirne R.B.M., Metz J.H.M.: Risk factors for sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders among self-employed Dutch farmers: A case-control study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Mar. 2006, Vol.49, No.3, p.204-214. Illus. 39 ref. In English. (106277).

The objective of this case-control study was to identify and quantify risk factors for sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders among self-employed Dutch farmers. Risk factors for sick leave claimed between 1998 and 2001 for back or neck/shoulder/upper extremity disorders from 198 and 89 subjects respectively were analysed and compared to 816 controls who did not file any claim in this period. It was concluded that the prevention of sick leave among self-employed farmers should focus on life style (obesity, smoking), reducing physical workload among older farmers and reducing long-term tractor driving. Specific attention should be paid to farmers in contact with animals and to mushroom farmers.

Descriptors (primary): agriculture; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; sickness absenteeism.
Descriptors (secondary): Netherlands; age-linked differences; backache; case-control study; livestock rearing; mushroom farming; neck disorders; obesity; older workers; physical workload; smoking; tractors; upper extremity disorders; whole-body vibration.

CIS 07-218

da Silva M.C., Fassa A.G., Kriebel D.: Musculoskeletal pain in ragpickers in a southern city in Brazil. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), May 2006, Vol.49, No.5, p.327-336. Illus. 37 ref. In English. (106066).

Ragpickers are informal workers who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage. Their life and working conditions are extremely precarious. This case-control study examined ergonomic hazards and musculoskeletal pain in a sample of ragpickers of a city in southern Brazil. It involved 455 ragpickers and 455 matched referents from the same poor neighbourhoods. Data were collected by means of interviews and musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Nordic Questionnaire. Ragpickers reported higher prevalences for most awkward postures and ergonomic exposures compared to controls with other demanding manual jobs. However the prevalence within the previous 12 months of low back pain, lower extremity pain and upper extremity pain were similar for both groups, and both groups reported higher ergonomic exposures and more prevalent low back pain than the general population (49% vs. 35% respectively).

Descriptors (primary): Brazil; informal sector; musculoskeletal diseases; recycling of materials.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; case-control study; ergonomics; lower extremity disorders; questionnaire survey; subjective assessment; upper extremity disorders; work posture.

CIS 07-116

Schwartz G.: Classical musicians - Fine tuning of occupational safety and health (FR: Musiciens classiques - Bien orchestrer la prévention). Travail et sécurité (ISSN 0373-1944), June 2006, No.663, p.3-9. Illus. 7 ref. In French. (106136).

FR: http://www.travail-et-securite.fr/ArchivesTS/ArchivesTS.nsf/(allDocParRef)/TS663page2_1/$File/TS663page2.pdf?OpenElement

Classical musicians, and particularly those playing in an orchestra, often suffer from diseases related to their occupation. The main risks are of musculoskeletal diseases due to prolonged awkward postures or repetitive movements and hearing loss due to prolonged exposure to noise. Stress can be an aggravating factor. This article discusses the occupational hazards faced by classical musicians and their means of prevention. Forthcoming legislation based on the Noise Directive will require employers to carry out an exposure evaluation and provide personal protective equipment. The legislation will be applicable in 2006 in most sectors, and will also apply to the music and entertainment sectors after a two-year transition period.

Descriptors (primary): health hazards; hearing loss; musculoskeletal diseases; musicians.
Descriptors (secondary): France; comment on directive; exposure evaluation; hearing protection; legislation; noise level measurement; repetitive strain injury; repetitive work; responsibilities of employers; stress factors; work posture.

CIS 06-1488

Chicoine D., Tellier C., St-Vincent M.: Work involving varied tasks: An ergonomic analysis process for MSD prevention (FR: Le travail à tâches variées - Une démarche d'analyse ergonomique pour la prévention des TMS). Etudes et Recherches RG-457. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2006.60p. Illus. Price: CAD 21.20. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-89631-036-3. In French. (105998).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/RG-457.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1488.pdf

Varied long-cycle tasks constitute a common method of work, but, as with repetitive tasks, they may cause musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). While tools exist for analysing short-cycle repetitive tasks, none exists for the analysis of varied tasks. The objective of this guide is to enable persons responsible for occupational safety and health to study such work situations using an ergonomic analysis process. It presents the context for applying this process, explains each of the steps in the work analysis and sets out the advantages and limitations of the approach. This new tool also responds to the need for expertise and training in MSD prevention.

Descriptors (primary): Quebec; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; work organization.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; conditions of work; job study; report.

CIS 06-1478

Woods V., Buckle P.: Musculoskeletal ill health amongst cleaners and recommendations for work organizational change. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Jan. 2006, Vol.36, No.1, p.61-72. 57 ref. In English. (105769).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1478.pdf

The findings from an investigation into the musculoskeletal health of cleaners in the United Kingdom are presented. Questionnaire surveys of 1216 cleaners, 130 assessments of cleaning tasks and interviews with 38 cleaners working in various types of premises (hospitals, schools, government agencies, enterprises) were undertaken to identify potential risk factors for musculoskeletal ill health. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed related to work scheduling, work practices, teamwork, reporting systems for musculoskeletal ill heath, procedures for risk assessment; training programmes, equipment selection and maintenance procedures.

Descriptors (primary): cleaning; domestic and related helpers, cleaners; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work organization.
Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; educational institutions; hospitals; questionnaire survey; work posture.

CIS 06-1237

Proceedings of a meeting to explore the use of ergonomics interventions for the mechanical and electrical trades. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006-119. Publications Dissemination, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA, Apr. 2006. xvi, 137p. Illus. 85 ref. In English. (105667).

EN: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-119/pdfs/2006-119.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1237.pdf

Proceedings of a meeting to explore the use of ergonomics interventions for the mechanical and electrical trades held in San Jose, California, USA, 25-26 February 2002. Topics covered include: musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and soft tissue injuries in the mechanical and electrical trades; interventions currently used to control risk factors for these disorders; developing and implementing ergonomic interventions.

Descriptors (primary): construction work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): conference; design of equipment; economic aspects; installation of pipe systems; materials handling; plumbing; sheet-metal working; work posture.

CIS 06-582

Fouquet B., Hérisson C. (eds): Ageing of workers and musculoskeletal disorders (FR: Vieillissement des salariés et troubles musculo-squelettiques). Collection de Pathologie Locomotrice et de Médecine Orthopédique n°57. Masson S.A.S., 21 rue Camille-Desmoulins, 92789 Issy-Les-Moulineaux Cedex 9, France, 2006. xii, 117p. Illus. Bibl. ref. ISBN: 2-294-07140-9. In French. (105132).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0582.pdf

This collection of papers by specialists in a range of disciplines addresses the characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders among older workers. Papers are presented under the following headings: epidemiological and economic aspects; clinical and therapeutic considerations; and rehabilitation and reinsertion. Each paper includes a summary in English.

Descriptors (primary): ageing; musculoskeletal diseases; older workers.
Descriptors (secondary): France; backache; epidemiological aspects; handicapped workers; legal aspects; physical workload; rehabilitation; spinal column; statistics; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 07-101

Douillet P., Schweitzer J.M. (eds): Conditions for sustainable prevention of MSDs (FR: Les conditions d'une prévention durable des TMS). Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail, 4, quai des Etroits, 69321 Lyon Cedex 05, France, Mar. 2005. 123p. Illus. Bibl.ref. In French. (106173).

FR: http://www.anact.fr/pls/portal/docs/1/14128.PDF

Proceedings of a seminar on the sustainable prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) held in Paris, France, on 7-8 July 2004. Presentations cover the following main areas: development of an approach to the sustainable prevention of MSDs; comments based on practical experience; opposing views.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; work organization.
Descriptors (secondary): France; conference; ergonomics; labour-management relations.

CIS 06-1479

East J., Sood D.: Ergonomic guidelines for selecting hand and power tools. Occupational Hazards (ISSN 0029-7909), Dec. 2005, Vol.67, No.12, p.39-41. Illus. In English. (105852).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1479.pdf

Advances in tools have created new challenges involving the complex interactions between users and their tools. Improper hand tool selection has been known to result in unreliable quality of work and decreased efficiency and productivity. Using the wrong tool or using the right tool incorrectly can cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which consist of injuries to the muscles, tendons, joints and nerves that usually manifest over a period of time and can affect a variety of body parts. This article discusses the risk factors of WMSDs associated with the use of hand tools, which include awkward wrist and hand postures, static muscle loading, mechanical stress, vibration, noise, torque, temperature and pinch points. By eliminating or minimizing exposure to these risk factors, the risk of WMSDs for workers is reduced.

Descriptors (primary): electric tools; ergonomics; hand tools; musculoskeletal diseases; selection of equipment.
Descriptors (secondary): design of equipment; hand; muscular strength; noise; vibration; work posture; wrist.

CIS 06-1356

Smith D.R., Choe M.A., Jeon M.Y., Chae Y.R., An G.J., Jeong J.S.: Epidemiology of musculoskeletal symptoms among Korean hospital nurses. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (ISSN 1080-3548), 2005, Vol.11, No.4, p.431-440. 42 ref. In English. (105753).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1356.pdf

This study investigated the epidemiology of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) among a sample of 330 nurses from a large Korean hospital, by means of a questionnaire survey. The prevalence of MSS at any body site was 93.6%, with symptoms most commonly reported at the shoulder (74.5%), lower back (72.4%), neck (62.7%), lower legs (52.1%) and hand/wrist (46.7%). Logistic regression indicated that nurses who undertook manual handling of patients were 7.2 times as likely to report MSS, while nurses suffering from periodic depression experienced a 3.3 fold MSS risk. Overall, the study suggests that Korean nurses incur a very high MSS burden when compared internationally. A greater commitment is needed to improve physical conditions and psychosocial work issues among nurses in the country.

Descriptors (primary): hospitals; musculoskeletal diseases; nursing personnel.
Descriptors (secondary): Korea, Republic of; backache; depressive neurosis; frequency rates; hand; lower extremities; manual handling; neck disorders; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; shoulder; stress factors; symptoms; women.

CIS 06-1236

St-Vincent M., Denis D., Trudeau R., Imbeau D.: Retail business - Phase II: Ergonomic analysis of materials handling and customer service activities in warehouse superstores (FR: Commerce de détail - Phase II : Analyse ergonomique des activités de manutention et de service à la clientèle dans des magasins-entrepôts de grande surface). Etudes et recherches R-441. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2005. viii, 109p. Illus. 26 ref. Price: CAD 10.70. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-89631-017-7. In French. (105569).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-441.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1236.pdf

Studies indicate that workers in warehouse superstores are at risk of back pain related to materials handling activities. This study follows an earlier project carried out in a large warehouse store (see CIS 04-730), which produced a diagnostic model describing the main physical and psychosocial risk factors. The aim of the current project was to enhance this model in order to identify aspects specific to each type of store and those that can be generalized to businesses in this category. It was carried out in the form of job studies at six branches of a large chain of warehouse stores in Quebec. Findings are discussed, and several recommendations aimed at improving ergonomics and working conditions are proposed.

Descriptors (primary): Quebec; backache; materials handling; musculoskeletal diseases; warehouses.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; conditions of work; diagnosis; ergonomics; glossary; job study; report; risk factors.

CIS 06-984

Cail F., Aptel M.: Upper extremity musculoskeletal diseases - Risk factors in computer assisted design (CAD) and data entry (FR: Troubles musculosquelettiques du membre supérieur - Facteurs de risque en conception assistée par ordinateur (CAO) et en saisie). DMT 104 TF 145. Documents pour le médecin du travail (ISSN 0339-6517), 3rd Quarter 2005, No.104, p.485-491. Illus. 26 ref. In French. (105327).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0984.pdf
FR: http://www.dmt-prevention.fr/inrs-pub/inrs01.nsf/IntranetObject-accesParReference/TF%20145/$File/TF145.pdf

This article describes the results of a study on risk factors for upper extremity musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) in two types of computer work, namely computer-assisted design (CAD) and data entry. The study involved 30 male CAD workers and 26 female data entry workers. Data were collected by ergonomic analysis of activities, a questionnaire survey of symptoms, stress and psychosocial factors and biomechanical measurements. The level of complaints concerning MSDs was similar in both groups; there were more complaints for the right upper extremity than for the left. Complaints were related to anxiety in both groups and to time pressures in the CAD group. Results indicate the importance of the work context in workers' perception of their state of health.

Descriptors (primary): computer aided design; keyboard operations; musculoskeletal diseases; upper extremity disorders.
Descriptors (secondary): body mechanics; ergonomic evaluation; man-computer interfaces; mental workload; questionnaire survey; risk factors; sex-linked differences; speed of work; stress factors; subjective assessment.

CIS 06-980

David G.C.: Ergonomic methods for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational Medicine (ISSN 0962-7480), May 2005, Vol.55, No.3, p.190-199. 70 ref. In English. (105379).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0980.pdf

This literature review describes the range of methods that have been developed for the assessment of exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The methods are categorized under three main headings: self-reports from workers; observational methods that include simple techniques for systematically recording workplace exposure or more advanced techniques using video recording or computer analysis; direct measurements using monitoring instruments that rely on sensors attached to the subject for the measurement of exposure variables at work. The choice of method depends on the task and the objectives of the study.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; exposure evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): computer applications; job study; literature survey; posture recording; subjective assessment.

CIS 06-979

Wahlström J.: Ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders and computer work. Occupational Medicine (ISSN 0962-7480), May 2005, Vol.55, No.3, p.168-176. Illus. 105 ref. In English. (105378).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0979.pdf

This literature review summarizes knowledge regarding ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders associated with computer work. A model of musculoskeletal disorders and computer work is proposed, which emphasizes the associations between work organization, psychosocial factors and mental stress on the one hand and physical demands and physical load on the other. It is hypothesized that perceived muscular tension is an early sign of musculoskeletal disorder, which arises as a result of organizational and psychosocial factors as well as from physical load and individual factors. Interventions aimed at reducing musculoskeletal disorders due to computer work should be directed at physical, ergonomic, organizational and psychosocial factors. Interventions should be carried out with management support and the active involvement of workers.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; man-computer interfaces; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization.
Descriptors (secondary): conditions of work; literature survey; mental stress; muscle contractor activity; work organization; work posture.

CIS 06-977

Rocha L.E., Glina D.M.R., Marinho M.F., Nakasato D.: Risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call center operators of a bank in São Paulo, Brazil. Industrial Health (ISSN 0019-8366), Oct. 2005, Vol.43, No.4, p.637-646. 21 ref. In English. (105354).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0977.pdf
EN: http://www.h.jniosh.go.jp/en/indu_hel/2005/pdf/43-4-4.pdf

This study investigated risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call centre operators. Ergonomic work analysis was carried out, involving work observation and interviews. A total of 108 employees, mainly women, submitted self-administered questionnaires. Among female operators, the prevalence of symptoms of the neck and shoulder was 43% and of the wrist and hand was 39%. Risk factors associated with wrist and hand symptoms included inadequate height of table and answering more that 140 calls day. Risk factors associated with neck and shoulder symptoms were taking fewer rest breaks and inadequate thermal comfort.

Descriptors (primary): call centres; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; women.
Descriptors (secondary): Brazil; cervicobrachial syndrome; equipment layout; hand; mental workload; questionnaire survey; shoulder; speed of work; stress factors; subjective assessment; symptoms; thermal environment; workbreaks; wrist.

CIS 06-806

Palliser C.R., Firth H.M., Feyer A.M., Paulin S.M.: Musculoskeletal discomfort and work-related stress in New Zealand dentists. Work and Stress (ISSN 0267-8373), Oct.-Dec. 2005, Vol.19, No.4, p.351-359. 49 ref. In English. (105391).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0806.pdf

This cross-sectional questionnaire survey on stressors, psychological distress and musculoskeletal symptoms was carried out among a random sample of 413 New Zealand dentists. The average age of the dentists was 43 years, with 74% being male. The annual prevalence of symptoms was 63% for both the lower back and the neck and 49% for the shoulders. Older dentists were no more likely to suffer musculoskeletal discomfort than younger dentists. The most cited dentistry-specific stressor was "patients having a medical emergency", while "mental demands" was the most cited general work-related stressor. One-fifth of the dentists scored highly for psychological disturbance, which was very similar to the general population. Dentists with high scores for dentistry-specific work-related stressors were more likely to have evidence of psychological disturbance.

Descriptors (primary): New Zealand; dental services; musculoskeletal diseases; stress factors.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; cross-sectional study; mental health; mental stress; mental workload; neck disorders; neuropsychic stress; questionnaire survey; shoulder.

CIS 06-802

Butterfill C.: Nursing the invisible wounds. Safety and Health Practitioner (ISSN 0958-479X), Sep. 2005, Vol.23, No.9, p.56-58. Illus. 3 ref. In English. (105270).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0802.pdf

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) represent the most important cause of self-reported illness in the United Kingdom. In 2003-2004, approximately 1.1 million persons believed that they suffered from MSDs caused or exacerbated by their present or past work, while in the European Union, as many as 40 million workers are believed to be affected by MSDs. Topics addressed by this article on MSDs caused by occupational factors: number of persons affected and resulting costs; why MSDs occur; developing an enterprise MSD policy; risk factors; controlling the risks (job rotation, warm-up exercises for workers involved in manual handling tasks, training and instruction, role of management).

Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; musculoskeletal diseases; plant safety and health organization.
Descriptors (secondary): European Union; economic aspects; manual handling; physical fitness programmes; risk factors; role of management; transfer to other work.

CIS 06-797

Waters T., Genaidy A., Deddens J., Barriera-Viruet H.: Lower back disorders among forklift operators: An emerging occupational health problem?. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Apr. 2005, Vol.47, No.4, p.333-340. Illus. 18 ref. In English. (105393).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0797.pdf

Most studies focusing on the occupational hazards associated with forklift operation have examined risks of fatalities and traumatic injuries. Few studies have examined the magnitude of risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This literature survey reviews epidemiological studies conducted on forklift operators in relation to MSDs. Findings suggest that forklift operators are at increased risk of lower back pain. Further studies are needed, however, to determine the magnitude of risk both for lower back pain and for neck pain. Furthermore, a full exposure assessment of physical and non-physical factors is needed.

Descriptors (primary): backache; drivers; fork-lift trucks; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): epidemiological aspects; exposure evaluation; literature survey.

CIS 06-728

Ménard P., Béchard D.: Active micropauses: An efficient preventive measure! (FR: Les micropauses actives: une prévention efficace!). Travail et santé (ISSN 0829-0369), Sep. 2005, Vol.21, No.3, p.47-48. Illus. 5 ref. In French. (105035).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0728.pdf

Micropauses consist of short periods of rest following a certain time or amount worked. Active micropauses involve moving or stretching during micropauses. The main beneficial effect of active micropauses is the reduced risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders or discomfort. The length of a micropause should be at least 20 to 30 seconds, and micropauses should be taken every 20 to 30 minutes. They need to be suited to the specifics of the tasks and the individuals. For visually-demanding tasks, ocular micropauses that involve focusing on a distant point for 30 seconds at regular intervals are advised. The article summarizes the findings of a study confirming the beneficial effects of a software application that encourages users of computers to follow micropauses.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; office work; workbreaks.
Descriptors (secondary): visual fatigue; visual tasks; work posture.

CIS 06-724

Holmström E., Ahlborg B.: Morning warming-up exercise - Effects on musculoskeletal fitness in construction workers. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), July 2005, Vol.36, No.4, p.513-519. 30 ref. In English. (105229).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0724.pdf

This study investigated the effects of a three-month programme of 10-min warming-up exercises performed every morning by building site workers. Thirty workers participated in the programme and 17 construction workers at other building sites served as controls. Muscle stretchability, joint flexibility, muscle strength and endurance were measured before and after the programme. The results indicate that a short dose of morning warming-up exercise could be beneficial for increasing or maintaining joint and muscle flexibility and muscle endurance for workers exposed to manual material handling and strenuous working positions.

Descriptors (primary): construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; physical fitness programmes.
Descriptors (secondary): heavy work; manual handling; muscular strength; physical fitness; physical workload; programme evaluation.

CIS 06-692

Hagberg M., Thiringer G., Brandström L.: Incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among students enroled in academic music education - A retrospective cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (ISSN 0340-0131), Aug. 2005, Vol.78, No.7, p.575-583. Illus. 17 ref. In English. (105009).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0692.pdf

This study examined the incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among musicians and investigated the relationship with the number of practising hours and instrument type. Subjects consisted of music students enrolled between the years 1980 and 1995 in the music school of a Swedish university. A questionnaire on exposure and symptoms was answered by 407 of the 602 eligible students. The highest incidence of symptoms was found for reported tinnitus. There was also a relationship between the number of hours of instrumental practice and incidence of impaired hearing. Among the musculoskeletal symptoms, the highest incidences were pain in the neck and in the left shoulder. Incidences of symptoms of the left and right hand, elbow, forearm and shoulder are discussed as a function of the number of hours of weekly practice and instrument played.

Descriptors (primary): hearing loss; musculoskeletal diseases; musicians; risk factors; tinnitus.
Descriptors (secondary): Sweden; cohort study; length of exposure; long-term study; questionnaire survey; symptoms; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 06-595

Roberge B., Baril M., Bariteau C.: Hazards in hazardous waste management facilities - What is the current situation? (FR: Des risques dans les centres de transferts des matières dangereuses résiduelles - Qu'en est-il?). Travail et santé (ISSN 0829-0369), Sep. 2005, Vol.21, No.3, p.14-17. 7 ref. In French. (105031).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0595.pdf

Industry generally provides for the disposal of hazardous wastes in specialized centres. Persons working in these centres are exposed to various health hazards. This article describes this industry in Quebec, Canada based on visits made to six of these centres. It describes the centres, the processes they use and the risks and hazards to workers due to chemical, physical ergonomic and safety-related factors. Workplace layouts were found to be designed primarily to satisfy productivity and flexibility requirements rather than ergonomics, leading to risks of musculoskeletal disorders and occupational accidents.

Descriptors (primary): Quebec; disposal of harmful waste; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; chemical hazards; equipment layout; mechanical hazards; physical hazards; safe layout; safety by design.

CIS 06-561

Aublet-Cuvelier A.: Upper extremity musculoskeletal diseases (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques du membre supérieur). INRS ED 5031. Travail et sécurité (ISSN 0373-1944), Nov. 2005, No.656, insert 6p. Illus. 20 ref. In French. (105040).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0561.pdf

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) represent the most important category of compensated occupational disease in France, and their costs continue to escalate. This information note concerns upper extremity MSDs (UE-MSDs), involving the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist or hand. Contents: definitions and statistics of MSDs; principal risk factors; implementation of preventive measures; legislation and regulations; research by the French national occupational safety and health institute (INRS) and its partner institutions.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; upper extremity disorders.
Descriptors (secondary): France; legal aspects; public OSH institutions; stress factors.

CIS 06-490

Devereux J.: The link in the strain. Safety and Health Practitioner (ISSN 0958-479X), June 2005, Vol.23, No.6, p.41-44. Illus. 6 ref. In English. (104926).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0490.pdf

This article summarizes the findings of a three-year study on the link between stress and musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) and describes a six-point approach that could enable organizations to limit the occurrence of both problems. The study involved a series of questionnaire surveys, interviews, video recordings and clinical examinations. Findings show that organizations need to focus on employees and have systems in place to react to the effects and causes of excessive physical and mental stressors. Recommendations aimed at helping reduce work-related stress and MSDs are presented in the form of a six-point action plan.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; stress factors.
Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; mental stress; physical workload; speed of work; stress studies.

CIS 06-478

Gallagher S.: Physical limitations and musculoskeletal complaints associated with work in unusual or restricted postures: A literature review. Journal of Safety Research (ISSN 0022-4375), 2005, Vol.36, No.1, p.51-61. Illus. 50 ref. In English. (104923).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0478.pdf

Workers such as underground miners, aircraft baggage handlers, plumbers, agricultural workers and mechanics are often required to adopt postures such as kneeling, stooping, squatting or lying down for significant periods of the workday. A literature search was performed on the physical capabilities of workers in these postures and the musculoskeletal epidemiology associated with these postures. It was found that work in unusual and restricted postures was associated with significantly higher rates of musculoskeletal complaints compared to workers not adopting these postures (Odds Ratios ranging from 1.13 to 13). Some studies suggested a dose-response relationship, with longer exposures leading to increased musculoskeletal complaints. Physical strength and psychophysical lifting capacity vary significantly as unusual or restricted postures are adopted, with lower lifting capacities evident in the kneeling, squatting, and lying positions.

Descriptors (primary): muscular strength; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): dose-response relationship; kneeling posture; lifting strength; literature survey; lying posture; manual handling; manual lifting; squatting posture.

CIS 06-468

Forde M.S., Punnett L., Wegman D.H.: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in union ironworkers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (ISSN 1545-9624), Apr. 2005, Vol.2, No.4, p.203-212. Illus. 21 ref. In English. (104941).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0468.pdf

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms and doctor-diagnosed MSDs (DDMDs) was estimated among 981 union construction ironworkers by a telephone-administered questionnaire and medical examinations respectively. The prevalence of self-reported MSD symptoms was high for the lower back (56%), wrist/hands/fingers (40%), knees (39%) and shoulders (36%). The most common DDMDs were tendonitis (19%), ruptured disk in the back (18%), bursitis in the shoulder (15%) and carpal tunnel syndrome (12%). Generally, the prevalence of DDMDs and MSD symptoms increased with duration of employment. The effect of prior injury was also consistently high. Among workers without prior injuries, MSD symptoms were more frequent for the lower back in structural ironwork, and for the upper extremity in concrete reinforcement ironwork. These findings suggest that some musculoskeletal morbidity in construction ironworkers may be work-related and thus preventable.

Descriptors (primary): concrete formwork; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; structural steel work.
Descriptors (secondary): USA; backache; bursitis; carpal-tunnel syndrome; diagnosis; knee lesions; questionnaire survey; risk factors; shoulder; slipped disc; subjective assessment; symptoms; tendinitis; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 06-322

Veiersted K.B., Vik T.: Working conditions and health complaints among forest machine operators in north compared to central Europe (RU: Sravnitel'nyj analiz uslovij truda i sostojanija zdorov'ja operatorov ma¹in v lesnoj promy¹lennosti severnoj i central'noj Evropy). Barents - Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety (ISSN 1455-8459), 2005, Vol.8, No.1, p.13-16 (English); p.16-19 (Russian). Illus. 6 ref. In English, Russian. (104828).

EN: http://www.ttl.fi/NR/rdonlyres/CFBEB311-5F2E-4229-832F-F6392F545EE7/0/Barents_12005.pdf
XX: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0322.pdf

This article summarizes the main findings of a European Union funded project aimed at analysing the working conditions and the state of health of machinery operators in the logging industry. It focuses on comparing the findings for a cross-sectional sample of 129 operators in Nordic countries with those of 229 operators in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Poland. The most common musculoskeletal complaints in both groups were neck and low back pain. Topics addressed: workers' age and years of work; working conditions; health aspects; sickness absenteeism and sick presence; future plans for improving working conditions.

Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; logging; logging equipment; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): France; Germany; Norway; Poland; Sweden; United Kingdom; backache; comparative study; questionnaire survey; sickness absenteeism; state of health; symptoms; work organization.

CIS 06-314

Gauthy R.: Musculoskeletal disorders: Where we are, and where we could be (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques: état de la question et perspectives d'action). HESA Newsletter (ISSN 1815-3615), June 2005, No.27, p.22-27. 5 ref. In English, French. (104792).

EN: http://hesa.etui-rehs.org/uk/newsletter/files/Newsletter27p22-27.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0314en.pdf
FR: http://hesa.etui-rehs.org/fr/newsletter/files/Newsletter27p22-27.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0314fr.pdf

Review article on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in Europe. Topics addressed: object, scope and definitions; epidemiological aspects; failure of existing preventive measures; list of European preventive instruments; suggested improvements in legislation and other instruments to stem the growth of MSDs in Europe.

Descriptors (primary): European Communities; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): epidemiological aspects; legal aspects; national organization; risk factors.

CIS 06-237

First French-speaking congress on upper extremity MSDs (FR: 1er congrès francophone sur les TMS du membre supérieur). Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, 2005. CD-ROM. In French. (104732).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0237.pdf

Proceedings of a conference on upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) held in Nancy, France, 30-31 May 2005. The objective of the programme was to describe the current state of scientific progress and research prospects on the subject. Topics addressed: enterprise surveillance methods; the role of work organization; return to work of persons with MSDs; body mechanics; psychosocial factors; identification of successful interventions; recent methods and tools for prevention; research in other countries; economic aspects.

Descriptors (primary): France; musculoskeletal diseases; research; upper extremity disorders.
Descriptors (secondary): CD-ROM; body mechanics; conference; economic aspects; ergonomics; medical supervision; rehabilitation; social aspects; work organization.

CIS 06-228

Polanyi M.F., Cole D.C., Ferrier S.E., Facey M.: Paddling upstream: A contextual analysis of implementation of a workplace ergonomic policy at a large newspaper. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Mar. 2005, Vol.36, No.2, p.231-239. Illus. 31 ref. In English. (104728).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0228.pdf

Efforts to implement workplace ergonomic programs aimed at reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) have to address multiple physical and psychosocial aspects of work environments, yet contextual factors often limit their success. This article describes the processes involved in an ergonomic program to reduce neck and upper limb WMSDs at a large Canadian newspaper. Using qualitative data collection and analysis methods, the impacts of key contextual characteristics are illustrated, including those relating to the programme (management commitment, union involvement, experience and skill of programme leaders, researcher involvement), the organization (drive for productivity, management control, organizational culture) and the broader social context (economic climate, nature of newspaper work, technology and nature of WMSD).

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; implementation of control measures; journalism; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; role of management; role of workers' organizations; work organization; workers' participation.

CIS 05-738

Denis D., St-Vincent M., Jetté C., Nastasia I., Imbeau D.: Intervention practices for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders: A critical review of the literature (FR: Les pratiques d'intervention portant sur la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques: un bilan critique de la littérature). Bilan de connaissances B-066. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2005. v, 67p. Illus. 107 ref. Price: CAD 10.70. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22733-X. In French. (104448).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/B-066.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0738.pdf

Many ergonomic interventions have been carried out over the last 20 years to prevent musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the workplace. This report summarizes and documents the aspects that contribute to the improvement of MSD prevention practices. A database of English and French publications was compiled. Five main categories of information were collected: steps in the intervention process used, general context, changes implemented, processes for accompanying the changes and the authors' comments on the dynamics of the intervention process in the company. Analysis of this data provides a picture of the major categories of intervention processes used in prevention and a critical evaluation of their use. New areas of research are proposed in order to better equip professionals dealing with MSD problems in their specific sectors of activity.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; workplace design.
Descriptors (secondary): ergonomic evaluation; implementation of control measures; literature survey; programme evaluation; report; safety by design.

CIS 05-737

Bellemare M., Trudel L., Ledoux E., Montreuil S., Marier M., Laberge M., Godi M.J.: Integration of MSD prevention in designing a layout: The case of public libraries (FR: Intégration de la prévention des TMS dès la conception d'un aménagement : le cas des bibliothèques publiques). Etudes et Recherches R-395. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2005. x, 111p. Illus. 48 ref. + CD-ROM. Price: CAD 16.00. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22684-8. In French. (104410).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-395.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0737.pdf

Musculoskeletal disorders are common among library clerks, owing to prolonged static postures, repeated movements, the use of computer tools and manual handling tasks. This report summarizes the development of an ergonomic model that allows intervention during the design of workplace layouts so as to minimize the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Relationships between work activities in a library and various risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders were established and the impact of choices made during two library layout projects on the appearance of such injuries is documented. The results of the study can help library managers and personnel, ergonomists and municipal occupational health and safety specialists in choosing equipment and layouts that take into account the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; libraries; musculoskeletal diseases; workplace design.
Descriptors (secondary): equipment layout; manual handling; repetitive work; report; risk factors; work posture.

CIS 05-496

Parkes K.R., Carnell S., Farmer E.: Musculo-skeletal disorders, mental health and the work environment. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report 316. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. iv, 59p. Illus. 71 ref. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2964-3. In English. (104052).

EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr316.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0496.pdf

The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence, severity and psychosocial risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among male employees in the oil and gas sector in the United Kingdom. 321 workers of this industry having participated in a previous survey five years earlier responded to the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Low-back pain showed the highest 12-month prevalence (51%). Psychological distress and physical workload factors were the most significant direct predictors of MSDs, while anxiety and lack of social support were significant factors in predicting changes in the prevalence of MSDs over a five-year period.

Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; conditions of work; mental health; musculoskeletal diseases; petroleum and natural gas industry; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): anxiety; backache; frequency rates; lumbar column; male workers; physical workload; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; report; severity rates; social aspects; subjective assessment.

CIS 05-486

David G., Woods V., Buckle P.: Further development of the usability and validity of the Quick Exposure Check (QEC). Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 211. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. v, 36p. Illus. Bibl.ref. Price: GBP 25.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2825-6. In English. (104231).

EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr211.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0486.pdf

Improvements to the QEC method for assessing the exposure of workers to musculoskeletal risk factors were made using a participatory approach with input from health and safety practitioners and ergonomics experts. Experienced users were interviewed to explore the usability, strengths and weaknesses of the QEC and an improved version of the QEC and Reference Guide was tested with practitioners. Revisions based on these trials have provided an improved QEC, Reference Guide and on-line resource.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; exposure evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; description of technique; motion study; report; work posture.

CIS 05-429

Powell S., Davies A., Bunn J., Bethea D.: The effects of thermal environments on the risks associated with manual handling. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report 337. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. x, 105p. Illus. 99 ref. Price: GBP 25.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2995-3. In English. (104215).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0429.pdf
EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr337.pdf

Manual handling injuries are a major occupational health problem. The risk factors associated with manual handling in hot and cold environments were identified as a gap in knowledge under the HSE's priority programme for musculoskeletal disorders (MDS's). At present, the manual handling guidance does not offer specific guidance regarding manual handling in non-neutral thermal environments other than to say that extremes of temperature and humidity should be avoided. Two experiments were designed to assess the effects of non-neutral thermal environments on manual handling. For the purposes of this study, a cold environment was defined as between 0-10°C (44-60% relative humidity) and a hot environment as between 29-39°C (25-72% relative humidity). The results and implications of this experimental work are discussed.

Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; cold workplaces; hot workplaces; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): extreme temperatures; measurement of work and effort; public OSH institutions; report; research; strain injuries.

CIS 05-318

Burton A.K., Bartys S., Wright I.A., Main C.J.: Obstacles to recovery from musculoskeletal disorders in industry. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report 323. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2005. viii, 73p. Illus. 104 ref. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2975-9. In English. (104212).

EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr323.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0318.pdf

A four-year study on musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was carried out in two phases: a workforce survey of a large multi-site company in the United Kingdom followed by a controlled trial of an occupational guidelines-based intervention protocol for workers with MSDs, focusing on obstacles to recovery and return-to-work. Results confirmed a general association between the psychosocial work environment and MSDs. Psychosocial risk factors predicted the likelihood of future absence, but not its duration; therefore routine psychosocial screening to predict return-to-work time may have limited value. Implementation of an early proactive occupational health protocol (psychosocial intervention and a supportive network) was a successful strategy for reducing absence due to MSDs, for both return-to-work time and future work-loss.

Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; sickness absenteeism; social aspects.
Descriptors (secondary): occupational psychology; prediction; report.

CIS 06-488

Macdonald W.: Workload, stress and psychosocial factors as hazards for musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand (ISSN 0815-6409), Feb. 2004, Vol.20, No.1, p.37-47. Illus. 53 ref. In English. (104803).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0488.pdf

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) resulting from work-related cumulative trauma continue to constitute a substantial problem in many workplaces. It is argued that current countermeasures address only one part of the problem because they usually fail to take adequate account of the important role of psychosocial and psychological stress factors as MSD risk factors. The nature and role of these risk factors are described in terms of an ergonomics model of work-related MSD risk. Key elements of the model are job demands, psychosocial factors, mental workload and stress. The empirical basis for this model is outlined, and the findings of studies on physiological mechanisms by which stress can increase the risk of MSDs are discussed. Based on this model, more effective management strategies to control non-physical MSD risk factors are identified.

Descriptors (primary): mental workload; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology and sociology; risk factors; stress factors.
Descriptors (secondary): ergonomics; mental stress; psychology of work organization.

CIS 06-476

Newell T.M., Kumar S.: Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among orthodontists in Alberta. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Feb. 2004, Vol.33, No.2, p.99-107. Illus. 16 ref. In English. (104839).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0476.pdf

In a survey of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among dental professionals, a standardized Nordic questionnaire was mailed out to all registered orthodontists in Alberta, Canada. There was a 52.4% response rate from a sample of 61. Results showed low back trouble to be the most prevalent MSD (59%), followed by neck (56%) and shoulder trouble (47%). There were no significant differences in MSD prevalence between men and women and no correlations existed between age, years of work and number of hours of practice per week. It is suggested that further attention should be directed towards risk factors and ergonomic intervention.

Descriptors (primary): Alberta; dental services; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; ergonomics; frequency rates; questionnaire survey.

CIS 05-733

Kumar S., Moro L., Narayan Y.: Morbidity among X-ray technologists. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Jan. 2004, Vol.33, No.1, p.29-40. 21 ref. In English. (104392).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0733.pdf

A questionnaire survey of occupational and non-occupational health factors was carried out among a random sample of 20 volunteer X-ray technologists from two University hospitals. Participants were from 20 to 53 years of age and 89% were physically active. Despite their relatively young age and active lifestyle, they suffered from significant and diverse musculoskeletal problems. Eighty three percent had backache, 39% of female respondents had neck pain and 28% has shoulder pain. The pain was aggravated by work activities and relieved by rest, massage, the application of heat or ice and exercise. Most suffered multiple episodes of pain and half of the female sample suffered from upper extremity pain.

Descriptors (primary): Canada; health care personnel; hospitals; morbidity; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; neck disorders; sex-linked differences; shoulder; symptoms; upper extremity disorders; x-ray equipment.

CIS 05-487

Cleaning and disinfection. Knives that retain their cutting properties for reducing MSDs (FR: Nettoyage et désinfection. Un couteau qui garde son pouvoir de coupe pour réduire les TMS). INRS ED 939. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris Cedex 14, France, Dec. 2004. 19p. Illus. 10 ref. Price: EUR 4.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 2-7389-1262-1. In French. (104064).

FR: http://www.inrs.fr/INRS-PUB/inrs01.nsf/inrs01_search_view_view/E34A26EB5132707EC1256F6D004DDD67/$FILE/ed939.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0487.pdf

The importance of knife sharpness on reducing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders is well known: when knives don't cut well, tasks require more time, more cuts are needed and cuts are less precise. Workers are forced to adopt gestures that are detrimental to their health. In order to maintain the cutting properties of knives over time, it is important that they be sharpened at regular intervals by suitably trained persons. However, proper sharpening is possible only if the knives are sufficiently cleaned and disinfected. This booklet explains how to ensure that the cutting properties of knives are not impaired by cleaning and disinfection operations.

Descriptors (primary): France; disinfection of equipment; hand knives; meat industry; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): safety guides; speed of work; work posture.

CIS 05-485

Loisel P., Durand M.J., Baril R., Langley A., Falardeau M.: Decision-making to facilitate a return to work - Exploratory study of aspects of decision-making in an interdisciplinary work rehabilitation team (FR: Décider pour faciliter le retour au travail - Etude exploratoire sur les dimensions de la prise de décision dans une équipe interdisciplinaire de réadaptation au travail). Etudes et Recherches R-393. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2004. ix, 48p. Illus. 37 ref. Price: CAD 6.42. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22643-0. In French. (104083).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0485.pdf
FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-393.pdf

Therapeutic return to work, an innovative approach to the case management of workers suffering from musculoskeletal disorders, is based on interaction and consensual dialogue among many specialists, including an interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, workplace stakeholders, workers themselves and attending physicians. While several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of such a global approach, the decision-making processes underlying the achievement of consensus have not been clearly established. The objective of this research project was to conduct a case study of this complex decision-making process and to identify the strategies most likely to ensure the success of therapeutic return to work. Different models of decision-making were developed and a system of ten values on which the team is based was identified, the most important one being partnership.

Descriptors (primary): assessment of working capacity; musculoskeletal diseases; rehabilitation.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; case study; cooperation; report.

CIS 05-472

Gunatilaka A.: Collecting shopping trolleys: A manual handling injury concern. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand (ISSN 0815-6409), Oct.2004, Vol.20, No.5, p.433-440. Illus. 16 ref. In English. (104027).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0472.pdf

Shopping trolley collection was observed at six shopping centres. These observations showed that some collectors use possibly unsafe practices in nesting and moving columns of trolleys. To assess whether these practices could lead to manual handling injuries, a series of experiments were conducted. The forces encountered in two observed methods of nesting trolleys were measured and compared. The initial and sustained push forces required to move columns of up to 10 shopping trolleys were measured on the flat asphalt surface of a shopping centre car park. The push forces required to move larger numbers of nested trolleys were estimated using regression analysis. Pushing more than 13 nested trolleys was found to exceed recommended push forces and, hence, could lead to manual handling injury.

Descriptors (primary): manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; pushing tasks; risk factors; supermarkets.
Descriptors (secondary): ergonomics; job study; pushing strength; statistical evaluation; unsafe practices.

CIS 05-314

Del Prado-Lu J. L.: Risk factors to musculoskeletal disorders and anthropometric measurements of Filipino manufacturing workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (ISSN 1080-3548), 2004, Vol.10, No.4, p.349-359. Illus. 15 ref. In English. (104224).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0314.pdf

This study investigated the risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders and established anthropometric measurements of Filipino workers in 29 manufacturing industries. Anthropometric measurements of 1,805 workers were taken, and 495 were surveyed by means of questionnaires. Limitation of motion was found in 0.8% of the respondents, problems in daily living activities were seen in 1.6% and 3.2% felt discomfort in the head and neck. Upper trunk pain and low back pain were experienced by 23.8%. Workers were 29 times more likely to develop low back pain when standing for 2-8 hrs a day than when sitting throughout. Anthropometry can be a useful tool for the design of workstations and work furniture.

Descriptors (primary): Philippines; anthropometry; manufacturing industries; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; cross-sectional study; lower extremities; lumbar column; questionnaire survey; symptoms; upper extremities.

CIS 05-310

Choobineh A., Lahmi M., Hosseini M., Shahnavaz H., Jazani R. K.: Workstation design in carpet hand-weaving operation: Guidelines for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (ISSN 1080-3548), 2004, Vol.10, No.4, p.411-424. Illus. 35 ref. In English. (104229).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0310.pdf

Carpet weavers suffer from musculoskeletal problems mainly attributable to poor working postures and poor workstation design. This study investigated the effects of two workstation design parameters (weaving height and seat type) on postural variables and subjective experience. Guidelines were developed for workstation adjustments. At an adjustable experimental workstation, 30 professional weavers worked under nine different conditions. Working posture and weavers' perceptions were recorded. It was found that head, neck and shoulder postures were influenced by weaving height, while both weaving height and seat type influenced trunk and elbow postures. The determinant factor for weavers' perception on the neck, shoulders and elbows was found to be weaving height, and on the back and knees it was seat type. Based on the results, it was proposed that weaving height should be adjusted to 20cm above elbow height and that a 10° forward-sloping high seat should be used.

Descriptors (primary): carpet weaving; comfort assessment; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; workplace design.
Descriptors (secondary): Iran, Islamic Republic of; job study; sitting posture; small enterprises; subjective assessment; textile industry; work posture.

CIS 05-297

Ach-Bensa D., Régnard P.J.: Hypothenar hammer syndrome - Case of a floor tile layer (FR: Syndrome du marteau hypoténarien - A propos d'un cas chez un solier carreleur). Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail (ISSN 1250-3274), Dec. 2004, Vol.65, No.7-8, p.590-600. Illus. 40 ref. In French. (104074).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0297.pdf

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a vascular acrosyndrome of the upper limb occurring in persons using their hypothenar eminence (the palm of the hand) as a hammer in the course of their occupational or leisure activities. These trauma can result in ulnar artery thrombosis or aneurysm. The case of a bilateral thrombosed aneurysm of the ulnar artery in a floor tile layer is reported. Early detection, medical and technical prevention and modes of identification are problematic. The Doppler technique highlights both aneurysms and the diagnosis can be confirmed by arteriography. The prevalence of these arthropathies is probably underestimated because of the absence of specificity of the clinical signs and the inconstant character of the clinical repercussion of ulnar arterial thrombosis. The building professions are particularly exposed. During consultation, systematic Allen testing of exposed employees and more frequent Doppler arterial echography of the upper limb would be useful in the early detection of this pathology. Priority should be given to prevention and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment should become more widespread.

Descriptors (primary): building industry; flooring; hand; musculoskeletal diseases; repetitive strain injury.
Descriptors (secondary): aneurysm; arteriography; case study; diagnosis; symptoms.

CIS 05-119

Chaney C., Le Pache J., Aucour C., Alcouffe J., Manillier P., Montéléon P.Y.: Trends in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among women supermarket cashiers before and after the reorganization of the job (phases 1 and 2) (FR: Evolution des plaintes musculosquelettiques (TMS) chez les hôtesses de caisse avant et après réorganisation des postes (phases 1 et 2)). Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle (ISSN 0007-9936), 2004, Vol.44, No.2, p.181-196. 32 ref. In French. (103795).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0119.pdf

In this case-control study, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) of supermarket cashiers were evaluated before and one year after changing the type of supermarket till. The study involved an ergonomic survey and an epidemiological survey of cases (workers in the supermarket with the new tills) and controls (workers at a supermarket of the same chain but without change of tills), during 2001 and 2002. 226 questionnaires were analysed in 2001 (113 cases and 113 controls) and 190 in 2002 (109 cases and 81 controls). Changes in till type resulted in lower levels of MSDs of the neck and upper back, and lower frequencies of MSDs of the right shoulder. Besides a change in equipment, improvements in training and support by management and colleagues also contributed to the reduced incidence of MSDs among this group of workers.

Descriptors (primary): cashiers and ticket clerks; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; supermarkets; women; workplace design.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; case-control study; comparative study; equipment layout; ergonomic evaluation; job study; neck disorders; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; shoulder; subjective assessment.

CIS 05-98

Neto A, de Souza Uva A., Cunha Miranda L.: Occupational rheumatic disorders (PT: Doenças reumáticas ligadas ao trabalho). Instituto de Desenvolvimento e Inspecção das Condições de Trabalho (IDICT), Lisboa, Portugal, [c2004]. CD-Rom (needs Pentium II 233Mhz, Windows 95/98/ME, 2000 or XP, RAM 32Mb, graphic card 800x600). In Portuguese. (103771).

PT: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0098.pdf

Topics covered by this CD-ROM on occupational musculoskeletal disorders: classification of disorders; occupational risk factors; main pathologies; sectors of activity that can give rise to musculoskeletal disorders; diagnosis and prevention; recognition and compensation; occupational medicine; multidisciplinary interventions; future prospects.

Descriptors (primary): Portugal; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): CD-ROM; backache; classification; compensation of occupational diseases; diagnosis; ergonomics; legal aspects; lumbar column; plant safety and health organization.

CIS 04-568

Chaney C., Le Pache J., Aucour C., Alcouffe J., Manillier P., Montéléon P.Y.: Study of the musculoskeletal disease (MSD) risk factors in a population of 334 female supermarket cashiers in the Paris region (FR: Etude des facteurs de risque de troubles musculosquelettiques (TMS) dans une population de 334 hôtesses de caisse de la région parisienne). Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle (ISSN 0007-9936), 2004, Vol.44, No.3, p.319-328. Illus. 28 ref. In French. (103511).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0568.pdf

The objective of this study was to highlight the risk factors of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) among retail sales cashiers in the Paris region. Work involved analysing the combined data from two surveys carried out in two hypermarkets of the same chain before and one year after the redesign of the tills. A numerical value for MSDs was computed according to the CAIL method developed by INRS. 334 women cashiers were divided into two groups of similar size (MSD+ and MSD-) according to whether their MSD value was above or below the median value. Statistical analysis enabled the highlighting of the following risk factors: overweight, feeling being exposed to cold, lack of variety in the job, unsatisfactory job performance evaluations, feeling under stress, personal and occupational worries and difficulties in communicating with colleagues and supervisors.

Descriptors (primary): cashiers, tellers and related clerks; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; supermarkets; women.
Descriptors (secondary): France; body weight; cash registers; cold workplaces; human relations; job dissatisfaction; non-occupational factors; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; repetitive work; stress factors; subjective assessment; symptoms.

CIS 04-561

Mrizek N.: Musculoskeletal diseases and work: Evaluation, disability and rehabilitation at work (FR: Troubles musculo-squelettiques et travail: évaluation, invalidité et réinsertion professionnelle). SST - Santé et Sécurité au Travail, Jan. 2004, No.28, p.20-26. Illus. 24 ref. In French. (103625).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0561.pdf

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) constitute not only a health problem, but also an economic burden for workers, employers and insurance institutions. This article addresses aspects of evaluation, disability and rehabilitation of workers suffering from MSDs. Contents: definition of MSDs; magnitude of the problem; evaluation of the degree of disability; occupational rehabilitation; disability of persons suffering from MSDs; recognition of the occupational nature of MSDs and compensation (Tunisian regulatory framework, examples of Switzerland and the Netherlands).

Descriptors (primary): compensation of occupational diseases; cost of diseases; degree of disability; expertise; musculoskeletal diseases; rehabilitation; sickness absenteeism.
Descriptors (secondary): Netherlands; Switzerland; Tunisia; backache; legislation; occupational diseases; role of insurance institutions.

CIS 04-492

Devereux J., Rydstedt L., Kelly V., Weston P., Buckle P.: The role of work stress and psychological factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 273. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2004. x, 139p. Illus. 79 ref. Price: GBP 20.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2903-1. In English. (103376).

EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr273.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0492.pdf

This study was conducted to establish the role of stress and other psychological factors on the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. A prospective epidemiological cohort study design was chosen. This comprised a baseline cross-sectional study of 8000 workers drawn from 20 enterprises across 11 industrial sectors in the United Kingdom, 3139 of whom were then followed for 15 months. Baseline and follow-up data were collected by means of questionnaires. Work effort, unclear role definition and verbal abuse with clients or the public were the most important factors of perceived job stress. High perceived job stress was found to be an intermediate factor between high exposure to both physical and psychosocial work risk factors and self-reported low back, upper back and hand-wrist complaints.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization; risk factors; stress factors.
Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; backache; cohort study; hand injuries; mental workload; questionnaire survey; report; subjective assessment; violence; wrist lesions.

CIS 04-478

Shirazi-Adl A.: Evaluation of strain on the spine and risks of injury to tissues during industrial load lifting tasks: Role of posture (FR: Evaluation des efforts dans la colonne vertébrale et des risques de blessures des tissus au cours de tâches industrielles d'élévation de charges - Rôle de la posture). Etudes et recherches R-382. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2004. 39p. Illus. 167 ref. Price: CAD 5.35. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22586-8. In French. (103478).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-382.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0478.pdf

Although lifting of heavy loads has been associated with musculoskeletal disorders of the lower back, there is little consensus on postures that are the most effective for avoiding injury. The aim of this research was to develop a kinematically- and kinetically-valid model of lifting that takes into account the relationship between active and passive spinal column systems and the effect of heavy loads on joints. The model allows to predict muscular force and sheds light on the effect and hazards of various lifting postures. It helps prevent injuries by establishing weight limits and optimal postures for lifting and providing information that improves the efficiency of therapeutic and rehabilitative interventions.

Descriptors (primary): manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; spinal column; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): body mechanics; electromyography; lumbar column; mathematical models; muscular work; permissible workload; posture recording; report.

CIS 04-477

Rugulies R., Braff J., Frank J.W., Aust B., Gillen M., Yen I.H., Bhatia R., Ames G., Gordon D., Gordon D.R., Janowitz I., Oman D., Jacobs B.P., Blanc P.: The psychosocial work environment and musculoskeletal disorders: Design of a comprehensive interviewer-administered questionnaire. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), May 2004, Vol.45, No.5, p.428-439. 104 ref. In English. (103414).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0477.pdf

An interdisciplinary team including biomedical, behavioural and social science researchers used an iterative process to develop an interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing psychosocial workplace exposures related to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The resulting questionnaire includes measures of psychosocial workplace factors based on two theoretical models, namely the "demand-control-support" and "effort-reward imbalance" models, supplemented by the additional psychosocial and physical measures including physical workload, socio-demographic factors, anthropometric characteristics, social relations, health behaviour and physical and psychological health.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; psychology and sociology; questionnaire survey; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): anthropometry; description of technique; human behaviour; mental health; physical workload; psychology of work organization; research; social aspects; state of health.

CIS 04-474

Hooftman W.E., van Poppel M.N.M., van der Beek A.J., Bongers P.M., van Mechelen W.: Gender differences in the relations between work-related physical and psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal complaints. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health (ISSN 0355-3140), Aug. 2004, Vol.30, No.4, p.261-278. 104 ref. In English. (103302).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0474.pdf

A systematic literature review was conducted to examine gender differences in the relations between psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal complaints. Several electronic databases were searched. The strength of the evidence was determined on the basis of the methodological quality and consistency of the study results. For lifting, strong evidence was found that men have a higher risk of back complaints than women. The same was found for the relationship between hand-arm vibration and neck-shoulder complaints. For arm posture, strong evidence was found that women have a higher risk of neck-shoulder complaints than men. For social support, no evidence of a gender difference was found for either neck-shoulder or back complaints. Finally for hand-wrist and lower-extremity complaints, inconclusive evidence was found due to a lack of high-quality studies.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization; risk factors; sex-linked differences.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; cervicobrachial syndrome; computerized data bases; hand; hand-arm vibration; literature survey; manual lifting; physical workload; symptoms; work posture; wrist.

CIS 04-379

Chee H.L., Rampal K.G.: Work-related musculoskeletal problems among women workers in the semiconductor industry in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health (ISSN 1077-3525), Jan.-Mar. 2004, Vol.10, No.1, p.63-71. 28 ref. In English. (103350).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0379.pdf
EN: http://www.ijoeh.com/pfds/1001_Chee.pdf

A cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems and work-related risk factors was conducted among 906 women semiconductor workers. Data on working conditions, work postures and body pains were collected by means of questionnaires. Logistic regression showed that lower-limb pain was significantly associated with standing, neck and shoulder pain with sitting and lifting, upper-back pain with climbing steps, low back pain with hand and wrist movements, and hand and wrist pain with lifting. Neck and shoulder pain was significantly higher for workers with shorter working durations, while lower-limb pain was significantly higher for workers with longer working durations. End-of-line assembly workers had significantly higher odds ratios for pain at all sites, while middle-of-line workers had higher odds ratios for pain in neck and shoulders and upper back. Finally, wafer-fabrication workers had higher odds ratios for low back pain and pain in the lower limbs.

Descriptors (primary): Malaysia; electronics industry; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; semiconductor devices; women; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): assembly-line work; backache; cross-sectional study; frequency rates; hand; hours of work; lifting of loads; lower extremities; lumbar column; neck disorders; questionnaire survey; shoulder; sitting posture; speed of work; standing posture; statistical evaluation; work efficiency; wrist.

CIS 04-359

Lipscomb H.J., Loomis D., McDonald M.A., Kucera K., Marshall S., Li L.: Musculoskeletal symptoms among commercial fishers in North Carolina. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Sep. 2004, Vol.35, No.5, p.417-426. Illus. 19 ref. In English. (103352).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0359.pdf

In this study on musculoskeletal symptoms among fishermen, 215 fishermen were followed at six-month intervals over 18 months. Exposure information was collected through field observation and in-depth interviews allowing potential ergonomic stressors to be identified and catalogued by task and stage of work. Symptoms having caused work interference in the previous 12 months were reported by 38.5% of the participants at baseline. Low back symptoms were the most common cause of work impairment (17.7%), followed equally by pain in the hands/wrists and shoulders (7%). Symptoms were more likely to be reported among individuals who did not fish full-time, possibly reflecting a healthy worker effect. A number of ergonomic stressors were identified, including the type of boat, gear, crew size and level of experience, as well as unpredictable factors such as the weather.

Descriptors (primary): North Carolina; fishing; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): USA; backache; climate; cross-sectional study; ergonomic evaluation; hand; healthy worker effect; lumbar column; natural phenomena; shoulder; sickness absenteeism; symptoms; upper extremity disorders; wrist.

CIS 04-342

Robertson V., Stewart T.: Risk perception in relation to musculoskeletal disorders. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 284. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2004. iv, 82p. Illus. 25 ref. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2918-X. In English. (103337).

EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr284.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0342.pdf

This survey was carried out to understand how employees perceive their risk of experiencing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and where necessary how to change their perception through targeted information. Data were collected by means of literature reviews, phone interviews and focus groups. It was found that there was good overall understanding of the risks of back pain and upper limb disorders. Workers in different sectors had favoured different approaches to communicating the risks and preventive measures. For example, workers in the construction sector were far more in favour of compulsory training than the other groups.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; risk awareness; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; backache; construction industry; information dissemination; literature survey; report; safety and health training; subjective assessment; survey; upper extremity disorders.

CIS 04-238

Manual handling - Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (as amended) - Guidance on regulations. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Guidance on Regulations L23. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 3rd ed., 2004. iv, 88p. Illus. 45 ref. Price: GBP 8.95. ISBN: 0-7176-2823-X. In English. (103033).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0238.pdf

The most recent survey of self-reported work-related illness estimated that 1.1 million persons in the United Kingdom suffer from musculoskeletal disorders, including those caused by manual handling. Furthermore, manual handling accidents are estimated to account for more than a third of all accidents reported each year. This booklet aims to help employers, managers, safety officers, safety representatives and employees control the risk of accidents and musculoskeletal injuries from manual handling. It provides guidance on the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR, see CIS 93-36) as amended by the Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2002 (see CIS 03-1011). Replaces CIS 00-240.

Descriptors (primary): United Kingdom; hazard evaluation; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational accidents; plant safety and health organization.
Descriptors (secondary): anthropometry; check lists; comment on law; conditions of work; ergonomics; lifting equipment; manual lifting; pulling tasks; pushing tasks; responsibilities; safety guides; sex-linked differences; work aptitude; work posture.

CIS 04-114

Pettit R.F.: Defining the extent and source of manual handling problems in agricultural and horticultural enterprises. Health and Safety Executive. HSE Research Report RR 269. HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, 2004. vi, 54p. Illus. Price: GBP 15.00. Downloadable version free of charge. ISBN: 0-7176-2895-7. In English. (103234).

EN: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr269.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0114.pdf

This report presents the outcome of a study into the source and extent of manual handling problems in agricultural and horticultural enterprises. It involved visiting a sample of large and small enterprises in order to identify typical manual handling tasks that occur in the industry. By consulting farmers and growers, it was possible to observe the improvements they have made to reduce the risk of injury from manual handling tasks, to record any concerns that they still have, and to highlight factors that limit further improvement.

Descriptors (primary): agriculture; ergonomics; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): United Kingdom; backache; case study; handling of animals; hazard evaluation; horticulture; manual lifting; report; work posture.

CIS 04-113

Waters T.R., Wilkins J.R. (eds): Conference proceedings: Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders for children and adolescents working in agriculture. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.2004-119. Publications Dissemination, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-2002, USA, June 2004. x, 42p. Illus. 27 ref. In English. (103082).

EN: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-119/pdfs/2004-119.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0113.pdf

Proceedings of a conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio, 6-7 May 2002 on research needs regarding prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) in children and adolescents working in agriculture. The research areas reviewed at the meeting included: identification of potentially high risk jobs; quantification of the level of risk for jobs performed by children and adolescents in agriculture; development, evaluation, and implementation of surveillance systems for measuring and tracking the magnitude of health effects and risks for children and adolescents working in agriculture; development and evaluation of ergonomic interventions for reducing risk of WMSDs for children and adolescents working in agriculture. It should be noted that the meeting specifically excluded injuries attributed to traumatic events, such as cuts, abrasions, lacerations, and injuries associated with instantaneous events, such as slips, trips, falls, and being struck by objects.

Descriptors (primary): USA; agriculture; children; health hazards; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; young persons.
Descriptors (secondary): aetiology; child labour; conference; ergonomics; hazard evaluation; hours of work; medical supervision; research; risk factors.

CIS 04-93

Delisle A., Durand M.J., Imbeau D., Larivière C.: Follow-up of two interventions to prevent upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace (FR: Suivi de deux interventions visant la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques aux membres supérieurs en milieu de travail). Etudes et recherches R-379. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2004. viii, 61p. Illus. 85 ref. Price: CAD 7.49. Downloadable version (PDF format) free of charge. ISBN: 2-551-22556-6. In French. (103247).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-379.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0093.pdf

Sign language interpreters frequently suffer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly in the regions of the forearm, the hand-wrist and the neck-shoulder. Several risk factors can explain the incidence of MSDs among this population, such as the amplitude and frequency of the movements, coupled with the cognitive processes which are causes of stress. The objective of this study was to generate quantitative data on the exposure of interpreters to MSD risk factors, to evaluate the impact of two interventions aimed at reducing musculoskeletal pain, to comment on the feasibility of applying an experimental protocol and to document the state of health of sign-language interpreters in Quebec.

Descriptors (primary): cognitive performance; coordination of movements; ergonomic evaluation; language interpretation; mental stress; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): Quebec; cervicobrachial syndrome; ergonomics; hand; job study; neck disorders; questionnaire survey; report; state of health; stress factors; wrist.

CIS 03-1941

Chapman L.J., Newenhouse A.C., Meyer R.H., Taveira A.D., Ben-Tzion K., Ehlers J.J., Palermo T.: Evaluation of an intervention to reduce musculoskeletal hazards among fresh market vegetable growers. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), Jan. 2004, Vol.35, No.1, p.57-66. Illus. 26 ref. In English. (102825).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1941.pdf

This intervention was conducted to convince small, fresh market vegetable operations to adopt mesh bags and standard containers, two production practices that aid in crop handling and that are known to improve labour efficiency and reduce the risks of musculoskeletal injuries. The intervention disseminated information about the practices to a list of vegetable growers identified through various sources. They also received a mailed questionnaire before and after the intervention. After the intervention, levels of self-reported adoption increased for both containers and bags. It is concluded that improved information flow to growers may be able to increase the speed with which agricultural practices with better ergonomics are adopted, especially when the practices are more profitable.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; horticulture; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): bags; containers; information dissemination; programme evaluation; questionnaire survey; subjective assessment.

CIS 07-226

Addressing MSDs through work organizational measures (FR: Agir sur les TMS par des actions sur l'organisation du travail). Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail, 4, quai des Etroits, 69321 Lyon Cedex 05, France, Dec. 2003. 8p. Illus. In French. (106205).

FR: http://www.anact.fr/pls/portal/docs/1/9126.PDF

Topics addressed by this information sheet on the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) through organizational measures: definition of MSDs; MSDs due to occupational factors; cost of MSDs to enterprises; examples of actions implemented by enterprises in various sectors, including a poultry packaging plant, the sterilisation service unit of a clinic, an automotive component manufacturer and a pork packaging plant.

Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; work organization.
Descriptors (secondary): France; case study; data sheet; economic aspects; hospitals; meat industry; motor vehicle industry; poultry farming.

CIS 07-223

Prevention of musculoskeletal diseases (FR: Prévenir les troubles musculosquelettiques). Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail, 4, quai des Etroits, 69321 Lyon Cedex 05, France, Oct. 2003. 6p. Illus. In French. (106208).

FR: http://www.anact.fr/pls/portal/docs/1/14513.PDF

Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) constitute the most important occupational disease in France. They account for 65% of all compensated occupational diseases and their numbers are increasing by 20% per year. Contents of this information sheet on the prevention of MSDs: definition of MSDs; why the number of MSDs is increasing; risk factors; work organization as a prime cause of MSDs; prevention approach.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work organization.
Descriptors (secondary): France; psychology of work organization; stress factors.

CIS 06-1376

Rosskam E., Drewczynski A., Bertolini R.: Service on the ground: Occupational health of airport check-in workers. International Labour Organization. International Transport Workers' Federation, ITF House, 49-60 Borough Road, London SE 1 1DR, United Kingdom, 2003. iv, 50p. Illus. 48 ref. ISBN: 1-904676-15-4. In English. (105870).

EN: http://www.itfglobal.org/files/seealsodocs/ENG/1015/Rosskam.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-1376.pdf

This survey of working conditions of airport check-in workers was carried out in three airports in Canada and Switzerland (two international and one regional). It examines occupational safety and health issues and the impact of current management practices and work organization on check-in workers' health. It is a high demand, low control activity and most workers are women. Hazards include musculoskeletal disorders due to awkward postures and handling baggage while operating a computer in a constrained space. Other hazards include violence, environmental conditions and uneven workload distribution. Various recommendations are made for improving working conditions in this sector.

Descriptors (primary): airports; conditions of work; musculoskeletal diseases; workplace design.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; Switzerland; ergonomics; manual handling; questionnaire survey; role of management; role of workers' organizations; violence; women; work posture; workload assessment.

CIS 06-224

Arnetz B.B., Sjögren B., Rydéhn B., Meisel R.: Early workplace intervention for employees with musculoskeletal-related absenteeism: A prospective controlled intervention study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1076-2752), May 2003, Vol.45, No.5, p.499-506. 23 ref. In English. (104602).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2006/06-0224.pdf

In this study, the effects on sickness absenteeism of a more proactive role for insurance case managers as well as workplace ergonomic interventions were compared with that of traditional case management. Patients with physician-diagnosed musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) were randomized either to the intervention group or the reference group that was offered the traditional case management routines. Participants filled out a comprehensive questionnaire at the start of the study and after six months. In addition, administrative data were collected at 0, 6, and 12 months after the start of the project. For the entire 12-month period, the total mean number of sick days for the intervention group was 144.9 days/person as compared to 197.9 days in the reference group. The odds ratio for returning to work in the intervention group was 2.5 as compared with the reference group. The direct cost savings were USD 1195 per case, yielding a direct benefit-to-cost ratio of 6.8.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; sickness absenteeism.
Descriptors (secondary): comparative study; economic aspects; rehabilitation; role of insurance institutions.

CIS 05-734

Alexopoulos E.C., Burdorf A., Kalokerinou A.: Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among nursing personnel in Greek hospitals. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (ISSN 0340-0131), May 2003, Vol.76, No.4, p.289-294. 21 ref. In English. (104379).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0734.pdf

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationships between physical, psychosocial, and individual characteristics of nursing personnel and musculoskeletal symptoms of the lower back, neck and shoulders. A questionnaire was addressed to 351 nurses of six hospitals in Athens, Greece. The response rate was 84%. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for all relevant risk factors by means of logistical regression analysis. It was found that physical load was associated with back pain (OR=1.85), neck pain (OR=1.88), and shoulder pain (OR=1.87). However, no consistent influence of psychosocial factors on complaints and their chronicity, or on sickness absence was observed. A perceived moderate general health was also a risk factor. The strongest associations were observed for sickness absence due to back pain (OR=2.03), neck pain (OR=8.31), and shoulder pain (OR=6.84).

Descriptors (primary): health care personnel; hospitals; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): Greece; backache; cross-sectional study; neck disorders; physical workload; questionnaire survey; shoulder; sickness absenteeism; subjective assessment; symptoms.

CIS 05-548

Merlino L.A., Rosecrance J.C., Anton D., Cook T.M.: Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among apprentice construction workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (ISSN 1047-322X), Jan. 2003, Vol.18, No.1, p.57-64. Illus. 24 ref. In English. (104328).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0548.pdf

This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among young construction workers. A symptom and job factors survey was self-administered to 996 construction apprentices. Prevalence was determined by the percent of positive responses to musculoskeletal symptom questions. The low back was the site most commonly reported for job-related MSD symptoms (54.4%). Low back symptoms were also the most common reason for seeking care from a physician (16.8%) and missing work (7.3%). Number of years worked in the construction trade was significantly associated with knee and wrist/hand MSD symptoms. Working in the same position for long periods was the job factor identified as most problematic, with 49.7 percent of all construction apprentices rating it as a moderate/major problem contributing to MSD symptoms.

Descriptors (primary): USA; apprentices; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; young persons.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; frequency rates; hand; knee lesions; lumbar column; questionnaire survey; sex-linked differences; sickness absenteeism; symptoms; work posture; wrist.

CIS 05-118

Casarotto R.A., Mendes L.F.: Complaints, occupational diseases and occupational accidents among industrial canteen workers (PT: Queixas, doenças ocupacionais e acidentes de trabalho em trabalhadores de cozinhas industriais). Revista brasileira de saúde ocupacional (ISSN 0303-7657), 2003, Vol.28, No.107/108, p.119-126. Illus. 29 ref. In Portuguese. (103780).

PT: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0118.pdf

The purpose of this study was to examine complaints and the prevalence of occupational diseases, occupational accidents and musculoskeletal disorders among workers in five industrial canteens. It involved 257 workers, who were evaluated using different methods: interviews, questionnaires, task analysis and the NIOSH method. The most common occupational diseases were musculoskeletal disorders and backache, while the most frequent occupational accidents were cuts (36%) and commuting accidents (31%). An ergonomic analysis highlighted the following problems: noise, hot and humid working environments, poor workplace layout, unsuitable tools and equipment, poor work postures, poor work organization and excessive manual lifting.

Descriptors (primary): cooking; hotel industry; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational accidents; occupational diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): conditions of work; ergonomics; frequency rates; spinal column; statistical evaluation; work organization; work posture; wounds.

CIS 05-90

Gunnarsdottir H.K., Rafnsdottir G.L., Helgadottir B., Tomasson K.: Psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among women working in geriatric care. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Dec. 2003, Vol.44, No.6, p.679-684. 34 ref. In English. (103908).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0090.pdf

The aim of this study was to explore the extent of the association between psychosocial work characteristics and musculoskeletal symptoms among women working in geriatric care. 1518 female employees of geriatric nursing homes and geriatric hospital wards in Iceland having a staff of 10 or more responded to a questionnaire. Odds ratios of over two for one or more musculoskeletal symptoms were found for the following risk factors: finding the job mentally difficult; mental exhaustion after one's shift; dissatisfaction regarding communications with supervisors or the flow of information; insufficient influence at work; dissatisfaction with the hierarchy; intense time pressures; lack of solidarity among colleagues; dissatisfaction with the job; harassment; violence or threats at work.

Descriptors (primary): health care personnel; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology and sociology; risk factors; stress factors; women.
Descriptors (secondary): Iceland; bullying; frequency rates; human relations; job dissatisfaction; mental workload; psychology of work organization; questionnaire survey; role of supervisory staff; violence.

CIS 05-85

Evanoff B., Wolf L., Aton E., Canos J., Collins J.: Reduction in injury rates in nursing personnel through introduction of mechanical lifts in the workplace. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Nov. 2003, Vol.44, No.5, p.451-457. 31 ref. In English. (103866).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2005/05-0085.pdf

Health care workers incur frequent injuries resulting from patient transfer and handling tasks. In this study, injury and lost workday rates were examined before and after an ergonomic intervention which consisted of the introduction of mechanical lifts in acute care hospitals and long-term care (LTC) facilities. Workers were surveyed regarding lift use. The post-intervention period showed decreases in the rates of musculoskeletal injuries (relative risk RR=0.82), in lost workday injuries (RR=0.56), and in total lost days due to injury (RR=0.42). Larger reductions were seen in LTC facilities than in hospitals. Self-reported frequency of lift use by registered nurses and by nursing aides was higher in the LTC facilities than in hospitals. Observed reductions in injury and lost day injury rates were greater in nursing units that reported greater use of the lifts. Strategies to facilitate greater use of lifting devices should be explored, as further reductions in injuries may be possible with increased use.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; health care personnel; hospitals; lifting equipment; manual lifting; musculoskeletal diseases.
Descriptors (secondary): frequency rates; risk factors; sickness absenteeism; subjective assessment.

CIS 04-724

Beaugrand S., Richard J.G., Forcier L.: Prevention of MSDs in supermarkets - Where to start? (FR: Prévenir les TMS en supermarché - Par où commencer?). Travail et santé (ISSN 0829-0369), Dec. 2003, Vol.19, No.4, p.45-50. Illus. 7 ref. In French. (103639).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0724.pdf

This article summarizes and comments on a study of ergonomics, working conditions and musculoskeletal risk among supermarket workers in Quebec. Contents: general aspects of supermarket work; occupational safety and health activities in supermarkets; musculoskeletal risk factors; architecture; layout of premises and equipment; proposed approach for improvements in ergonomics and working conditions in this sector of activity.

Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; supermarkets.
Descriptors (secondary): Quebec; equipment layout; ergonomic evaluation; premises and workplaces; risk factors; survey.

CIS 04-548

Yeung S., Genaidy A., Deddens J., Shoaf C., Leung P.C.: A participatory approach to the study of lifting demands and musculoskeletal symptoms among Hong Kong workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1351-0711), Oct. 2003, Vol.60, No.10, p.730-738. Illus. 35 ref. In English. (103543).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0548.pdf

This study examines the use of a worker-based methodology to assess the physical stresses of lifting tasks on effort expended, and to associate this loading with musculoskeletal outcomes (MOs). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 217 male manual handling workers from the Hong Kong area. The effects of four lifting variables (weight of load, horizontal distance, twisting angle, and vertical travel distance) on effort were examined using a linguistic approach (which characterizes variables by descriptors). The numerical interpretations of linguistic descriptors were established. In addition, the associations between on the job effort and MOs were investigated for 10 body regions including the spine and both upper and lower extremities. MOs were prevalent in multiple body regions; effort was significantly associated with MOs in eight of ten body regions. The lifting task variables had significant effects on effort, with the weight of load having twice the effect of other variables. The participatory worker-based approach on musculoskeletal outcomes is a promising methodology. Further testing of this approach is recommended.

Descriptors (primary): Hong Kong; evaluation of technique; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; physical workload.
Descriptors (secondary): cross-sectional study; subjective assessment; symptoms; work posture.

CIS 04-362

Holmberg S., Thelin A., Stiernström E.L., Svärdsudd K.: The impact of physical work exposure on musculoskeletal symptoms among farmers and rural non-farmers: A population-based study. AAEM - Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1232-1966), 2003, Vol.10, No.2, p.179-184. 36 ref. In English. (103367).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0362.pdf
EN: http://www.aaem.pl/pdf/10179.pdf

In order to evaluate the impact of physical work exposure on self-reports of musculoskeletal symptoms among Swedish farmers and controls, a cross-sectional, population-based cohort study was carried out. 1331 male farmers and 1130 matched non-farmers were invited to take part a survey in which 76% participated. The analyses were based on 657 matched pairs. Information on the lifetime incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms, work exposure, physical workload and leisure-time physical activity was collected by means of questionnaires and structured interviews. Physical work capacity and muscle strength were measured. It was found that farmers had a significant excess rate of low back and hip symptoms when compared with the controls, and a significantly lower rate of neck and shoulder problems.

Descriptors (primary): Sweden; agriculture; musculoskeletal diseases; physical workload; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; cervicobrachial syndrome; cohort study; cross-sectional study; frequency rates; lumbar column; male workers; muscular strength; questionnaire survey; symptoms.

CIS 04-85

Holmström E., Engholm G.: Musculoskeletal disorders in relation to age and occupation in Swedish construction workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Oct. 2003, Vol.44, No.4, p.377-384. 16 ref. In English. (103152).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0085.pdf

Physical workloads vary between trades in the construction industry. The aim of the study was to describe the frequency of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) in relation to age and occupation within the industry. The study was based on data from self-administered questionnaires filled out by 85,191 male workers in the Swedish construction industry. It was found that construction workers had higher age-adjusted prevalence of MSDs than foremen and office workers. Prevalence rates generally increased steadily with age. Scaffolders showed the highest prevalence of MSDs in all body locations. Elevated prevalence of neck disorders was found in crane operators, insulators and painters, and of lower back and lower extremity disorders in roofers and floorers.

Descriptors (primary): Sweden; age-linked differences; construction industry; musculoskeletal diseases; occupation disease relation; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): backache; floor laying; frequency rates; insulating work; lower extremity disorders; lumbar column; male workers; neck disorders; painting; physical workload; questionnaire survey; roofing; scaffolds.

CIS 04-35

Good ergonomic work practices for the hotel industry. Ministry of Manpower, Occupational Health Department, 18 Havelock Road, Singapore 059764, Republic of Singapore, Feb. 2003. 27p. Illus. In English. (103109).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2004/04-0035.pdf

Many jobs in the hotel industry present risks of strain on the back or other parts of the body. Poor work postures may arise due to ignorance or to poorly-designed workstations. Besides awkward postures, risk factors include manual handling, prolonged standing and repetitive movements. This booklet contains illustrations that show good and bad ergonomics or postures for bellmen, front desk staff, room attendants, waiters, kitchen staff and laundry workers.

Descriptors (primary): Singapore; ergonomics; hotel industry; musculoskeletal diseases; training material; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): cooking; domestic and related helpers, cleaners; man-computer interfaces; manual handling; manual lifting; reception; repetitive work; safe working methods; safety guides; standing posture; training manuals; waiters, waitresses and bartenders.

CIS 03-1961

Vézina N., Stock S., Simard M., St-Jacques Y., Marchand A., Bilodeau P.P., Boucher M., Zaabat S., Campi A.: Musculoskeletal diseases and modular work organization at a boot manufacturing plant - Phase 2: Study of the implementation of the recommendations (FR: Problèmes musculo-squelettiques et organisation modulaire du travail dans une usine de fabrication de bottes - Phase 2: Etude de l'implantation des recommandations). Etudes et recherches R-345. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal (Quebec) H3A 3C2, Canada, 2003. xi, 196p. Illus. 75 ref. Price: CAD 10.70. ISBN: 2-551-21898-5. In French. (102770).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/files/documents/PubIRSST/R-345.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1961.pdf

An earlier study on musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) and just-in-time working practices at a boot manufacturing plant had resulted in a series of recommendations for improving working conditions. The purpose of the present study was to review the implementation process for the 78 ergonomic and work organization changes that were selected. Data were collected by means of questionnaires sent out periodically. These data enabled the factors favouring the implementation or otherwise of the recommendations to be identified, and allowed the research team to focus its practical support efforts. This participatory ergonomic intervention resulted in a decrease in MSD symptoms and in improvements in working conditions.

Descriptors (primary): conditions of work; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; shoe industry.
Descriptors (secondary): ergonomic evaluation; job study; occupational hygiene; plant health organization; questionnaire survey; report; sewing; symptoms; women; work organization; workers' participation; workplaces.

CIS 03-1946

Coutarel F., Daniellou F., Dugué B.: Design of a system for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases: Example of a duck meat cutting factory (FR: Concevoir le système pour prévenir les troubles musculo-squelettiques: l'exemple d'une salle de découpe de canards gras). Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail (ISSN 1250-3274), Apr. 2003, Vol.64, No.2, p.89-99. Illus. 28 ref. In French. (102879).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1946.pdf

An ergonomic improvement programme currently underway at a duck abattoir and meat processing factory aimed at the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases is described. The programme is managed by a steering committee and involves the participation of groups of operators and managers. Tasks include general and systematic job studies, interviews, video recordings, questionnaires and visits to sites having adopted best practices. Results are still provisional, but a number of positive aspects are already observable both in workers' health and in the productivity of the enterprise.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomics; health programmes; musculoskeletal diseases; poultry farming.
Descriptors (secondary): cinematographic methods of detection; job study; posture recording; programme evaluation; questionnaire survey; work efficiency; workers' participation.

CIS 03-1945

Mtetwa B., Chando T.: Ergonomics in the cotton spinning industry in Zimbabwe. On Guard, Sep. 2003, Vol.8, No.3, p.5-10. Illus. 4 ref. In English. (102827).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1945.pdf

An ergonomic assessment was carried out in Zimbabwean cotton spinning mills to identify the potential musculoskeletal risk factors. Hazards due to work postures, manual handling, speed of work or hand tool use were identified in the various processes including bale breaking, waste pressing, spinning, scouring and winding. Recommendations, including improvements in ergonomics, work organization and workers' training, are made for each of these processes.

Descriptors (primary): Zimbabwe; cotton industry; ergonomics; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): conditions of work; ergonomic evaluation; hand tools; manual handling; safety and health training; speed of work; work organization; work posture.

CIS 03-1936

Henrotin J.B., de Lavareille M.D.: Musculoskeletal disease and occupational physicians: Study within an enterprise with the aim of establishing the occupational origin of the condition (FR: Troubles musculo-squelettiques et médecin du travail: une étude en entreprise pour convaincre?). Archives des maladies professionnelles et de médecine du travail (ISSN 1250-3274), Feb. 2003, Vol.64, No.1, p.27-35. Illus. 33 ref. In French. (102878).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1936.pdf

This cross-sectional survey on musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) was carried out by means of self-administered questionnaires among 83 randomly-selected workers at plant producing electrical equipment. The prevalence of MSDs over a 12-month period was 48.7% for the shoulders and 52.6% for the hands and wrists. While some MSD symptoms (shoulder, back) were related to stress and psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression, this was not the case for hand-wrist complaints. The study confirmed the importance of the MSD problem within the enterprise. The manufacturer embarked on an information campaign on the issue and implemented ergonomic changes at the some of the workstations. Two years later, the first tangible results were a 50% decrease in sickness absenteeism.

Descriptors (primary): electrical equipment; electrical industry; ergonomic evaluation; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): anxiety; backache; cross-sectional study; depressive neurosis; design of equipment; equipment layout; frequency rates; hand; neck disorders; questionnaire survey; shoulder; sickness absenteeism; symptoms; wrist.

CIS 03-1697

Rosskam E., Drewczynski A., Bertolini R.: The insecurities of service: Airport check-in workers. ILO Publications, International Labour Office, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland, 2003. x, 61p. Illus. 21 ref. ISBN: 92-2-115215-4. In English. (102813).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/ses/download/docs/airport.pdf
EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1697.pdf

This study examines the occupational health and safety issues of airport check-in work together with the impact of current management practices and work organization on workers' health. It was conducted in Canada and Switzerland at three airports equipped with workstations considered to be representative of airport designs worldwide. The study involved the collection of data by means of questionnaires, interviews and job observations, and the analysis of compensation records. High rates of musculoskeletal injury were observed, resulting from handling of baggage, awkward postures, and the prolonged work on computers in a constrained space. Other hazards include violence, work scheduling, environmental conditions, and uneven workload distribution. Several recommendations are made in view of improving working conditions for check-in workers.

Descriptors (primary): ILO; air transport; airports; conditions of work; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; women.
Descriptors (secondary): Canada; Switzerland; computer terminals; ergonomics; job study; man-computer interfaces; manual handling; manual lifting; questionnaire survey; sitting posture; violence; work posture; work time schedules; workload assessment; workmen's compensation; workplace design.

CIS 03-1676

Walton S.M., Conrad K.M., Furner S.E., Samo D.G.: Cause, type and workers' compensation costs of injury to firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine (ISSN 0271-3586), Apr. 2003, Vol.43, No.4, p.454-458. 13 ref. In English. (102514).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1676.pdf

Work-related injury rates in firefighting exceed those for most other industries. However, little is known about the cost of injury to firefighters. In this study, 1,343 claims collected from workers' compensation records collected in northeastern Illinois (United States) between 1992-1999 were analysed in detail. Regression analysis enabled summary statistics to be presented by cause, nature and cost of injury to firefighters. Overexertion accounted for over one third of all injuries to firefighters, typically involving injuries to the back, and was associated with significantly higher costs than other types of injuries. The per-claim average workers' compensation cost of injury to firefighters was USD 5,168 and the average for injuries caused by overexertion was USD 9,715. Overexertion is a costly source of injury to firefighters, although it can probably be reduced through policy intervention.

Descriptors (primary): economic aspects; fire fighting; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; risk factors; strain injuries.
Descriptors (secondary): USA; backache; compensation of occupational diseases; health service records; physical workload; statistical evaluation.

CIS 03-1486

Piirainen H., Räsänen K., Kivimäki M.: Organizational climate, perceived work-related symptoms and sickness absence: A population-based survey. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 1076-2752), Feb. 2003, Vol.45, No.2, p.175-184. Illus. 40 ref. In English. (102084).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1486.pdf

The aim of this study was to determine how the perceived organizational climate of a workplace is related with work-related symptoms and sickness absence and how these factors vary according to socio-demographic and work-related characteristics. Data were collected in computer-assisted telephone interviews of a random sample of 4209 currently employed people drawn from the Finnish population register. A tense and prejudiced climate was associated with a higher risk of work-related symptoms than a relaxed and supportive climate (odds ratio [OR] 3.0). The corresponding ORs were 4.3 for psychological symptoms, 1.6 for musculoskeletal symptoms, and 1.6 for more than the average number of sick-leave days. Thus, organizational climate appears related not only to organizational practices and leadership but also to occupational health. Organizational climate could be used as a research tool in attempts to reduce work-related ill health and sickness absenteeism.

Descriptors (primary): mental stress; musculoskeletal diseases; psychology of work organization; risk factors; sickness absenteeism; stress factors; symptoms.
Descriptors (secondary): Finland; cross-sectional study; social aspects; state of health; subjective assessment.

CIS 03-1219

Marion J., Loïez V., Jaques M., Voisin A.: Study of the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an aircraft engine manufacturing plant (FR: Etude de prévalence sur les troubles musculosquelettiques (TMS) dans un atelier de fabrication de moteurs d'avion). Cahiers de médecine interprofessionnelle (ISSN 0007-9936), 2003, Vol.43, No.4, p.415-421. 13 ref. In French. (102473).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1219.pdf

The aim of this study was to highlight risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an aircraft engine manufacturing plant. Groups of persons at risk appeared to be tool setters, welders and metal formers. Ergonomic job studies and analyses of body movements were combined with a questionnaire survey of 181 exposed and 187 non-exposed subjects. The questionnaire responses corroborate the initial hypothesis and job observations, the three groups singled out being indeed groups at risk of MSDs. The main risk factors are physical and mechanical, while psychosocial factors do not appear to be of key importance. The study shows that a rearrangement of the workstations with properly designed tools would enable reducing the risks of MSDs in this plant.

Descriptors (primary): air transport equipment; musculoskeletal diseases; risk factors; work posture.
Descriptors (secondary): France; case-control study; ergonomic evaluation; hazard evaluation; job study; muscular strength; repetitive work; workplace design.

CIS 03-1178

Guérin S.: Musculoskeletal diseases (FR: Les troubles musculo-squelettiques). Cahier Pratique Tissot - Guide de la santé, sécurité au travail, Editions Tissot, BP 109, 74941 Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex, France, Oct. 2003, No.15, p.1-32 (whole issue). In French. (102287).

FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1178.pdf

While in France the number of cases of occupational diseases increased nearly six-fold in 20 years, that of recognized musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) increased 35-fold. MSDs represent 76% of all cases of recognized occupational diseases, with more than 18,000 cases recognized and compensated in 2001. Contents of this special issue on MSDs: definitions; causes of the disease; occupational diseases; prevention methods. Appendices on the carpal tunnel syndrome and the use of computers are included.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; risk factors.
Descriptors (secondary): France; carpal-tunnel syndrome; compensation of occupational diseases; ergonomics; frequency rates; man-computer interfaces; schedule of occupational diseases; work posture.

CIS 03-1176

Stewart W.F., Ricci J.A., Chee E., Morganstein D., Lipton R.: Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. Journal of the American Medical Association (ISSN 0098-7484), Nov. 2003, Vol.290, No.18, p.2443-2454. Illus. 53 ref. In English. (102082).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-1176.pdf

To measure lost productive time due to pain, this cross-sectional study used telephone interview data of a random sample of 28,902 working adults. Loss of productive time due to arthritis, backache, headache and other musculoskeletal conditions were measured and expressed in hours per worker per week and in US dollars. Thirteen percent of the respondents declared having experienced a loss in productive time during the two weeks prior to the interview as a result of a pain condition. Headache was the most common condition (5.4%), followed by backache (3.2%), arthritis (2.0%), and other musculoskeletal pain (2.0%). An average of 4.6 hours of productive time were lost per week from a pain condition. Mean hours lost per week were 3.5 for headache, 5.2 for arthritis or backache and 5.5 for other pain conditions. Lost productive time from pain conditions among active workers costs an estimated USD 61.2 billion per year. The majority (76.6%) of the lost productive time was explained by reduced performance while at work and not by work absence.

Descriptors (primary): USA; migraine; musculoskeletal diseases; threshold of pain; work efficiency.
Descriptors (secondary): arthritis; backache; cross-sectional study; economic aspects; hours of work; sickness absenteeism; subjective assessment; symptoms.

CIS 03-958

St-Vincent M., Denis D., Ouellet F., Beaugrand D., Imbeau D.: Case study: Contribution of various sources of data to an ergonomics intervention aimed at preventing musculoskeletal disorders (FR: Etude de cas: apport de différentes sources de données à la réalisation d'une intervention ergonomique visant la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques). Etudes et recherches R-328. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 3C2, Canada, Feb. 2003. vi, 163p. Illus. 38 ref. ISBN: 2-551-21719-9. In French. (101728).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/htmfr/pdf_txt/R-328.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-0958.pdf

This report consists of an a posteriori analysis of the data from an earlier ergonomics study, for the purpose of better understanding the relative contributions of various sources of data in interventions aimed at preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The focus of the earlier study was on supermarket shelf stackers. Nine data sources were analysed: questionnaires on MSD symptoms; preliminary observations and interviews; personal interviews of workers assigned to the job being evaluated; interviews of other employees of the enterprise; two types of systematic job studies; self-confrontation interviews; group sessions; problem-solving sessions. The information provided by these various sources was analysed using an original methodology. Results show that interview data provide information on most topics and are richer and more descriptive, while quantitative data cover less topics but are much more precise.

Descriptors (primary): ergonomic evaluation; manual handling; musculoskeletal diseases; supermarkets.
Descriptors (secondary): case study; description of technique; job study; questionnaire survey; reliability; safety and health documentation.

CIS 03-943

Arvidsson I., Åkesson I., Hansson G.A.: Wrist movements among females in a repetitive, non-forceful work. Applied Ergonomics (ISSN 0003-6870), July 2003, Vol.34, No.4, p.309-316. Illus. 41 ref. In English. (101585).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-0943.pdf

Wrist positions and movements were measured and a physical examination was conducted in 12 women operators involved in industrial quality-control work. The products handled being of very low weight, this work can be considered as non-forceful. However, the work was highly repetitive, with frequencies of 0.54Hz for the right wrist, and 0.41Hz for the left. The angular velocities were also high. For the right wrist, the median value was 30°/s and peak value 108°/s. Corresponding values for the left wrist were 24°/s and 88°/s, respectively. The rate of musculoskeletal disorders was high, especially for the right wrist. Although the work was non-forceful and the extreme positions of the wrists were rare, the results are consistent with reported exposure-response relations in other high-risk jobs, likely to be caused by repetitiveness and high velocities of the work tasks.

Descriptors (primary): musculoskeletal diseases; quality control; repetitive work; risk factors; wrist.
Descriptors (secondary): dose-response relationship; muscular work; repetitive strain injury; speed of work; women; wrist lesions.

CIS 03-941

Nevala-Puranen N., Pakarinen K., Louhevaara V.: Ergonomic intervention on neck, shoulder and arm symptoms of newspaper employees in work with visual display units. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics (ISSN 0169-8141), Jan. 2003, Vol.31, No.1, p.1-10. Illus. 33 ref. In English. (101631).

EN: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-0941.pdf

Shoulder and arm symptoms are typical in work with visual display units (VDUs) among newspaper employees. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of various ergonomic intervention models on neck, shoulder and arm symptoms among these exposed workers. In total, 20 newspaper employees participated in the study. Work posture, modes of monitor viewing, muscular activity, and subjective assessments of musculoskeletal pain were recorded before and after the seven-month intervention. Difference was statistically significant between the groups for the change in shoulder flexion and the muscular activity of right trapezius and right extensor carpi radials in the pre- and post-intervention measurements. The reduction of pain symptoms in the neck, shoulders and elbows was greater in the group where redesign measures involved both the work environment and work techniques than in the group where they involved only the environment.

Descriptors (primary): computer terminals; ergonomic evaluation; journalism; musculoskeletal diseases; symptoms.
Descriptors (secondary): cervicobrachial syndrome; electromyography; equipment layout; ergonomics; job study; muscular work; neck disorders; posture recording; shoulder; subjective assessment; work posture; workplace design.

CIS 03-716

Delisle A., Larivière C., Plamondon A., Imbeau D.: Musculoskeletal disorders and office work: Impact of office furniture on the posture and muscular strain of the upper extremities (FR: Troubles musculo-squelettiques et bureautique: impact du mobilier de bureau sur la posture et la sollicitation musculaire du membre supérieur). Etudes et recherches R-325. Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec (IRSST), 505 boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 3C2, Canada, Feb. 2003. v, 34p. Illus. 42 ref. CD-ROM containing the PDF version of the document is included (requires Adobe Acrobat Reader). ISBN: 2-551-21712-1. In French. (101725).

FR: http://www.irsst.qc.ca/htmfr/pdf_txt/R-325.pdf
FR: http://www.ilo.org/intranet/english/protection/safework/cis/database/orig/2003/03-0716.pdf

The objective of the present study was to establish whether the use of height-adjustable office desks offering the possibility of resting the forearms may lead to a reduction in muscular strain. A total of 18 subjects carried out a 20min task at a computer, requiring alternating between the use of the keyboard and the mouse, on three different types of desk. Surface electromyography of the trapezium, anterior deltoid and finger extender muscles, together with three-dimensional kinematics of the preferred upper extremity and the head were used to compare the furniture types. The best results were obtained with the height-adjustable desk offering the possibility of resting the forearms.

Descriptors (primary): equipment layout; man-computer interfaces; musculoskeletal diseases; office work; tables.
Descriptors (secondary): ergonomic evaluation; posture recording; upper extremities; work posture.