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((?)(?)()(( ()(( ?()(( ())' ())?& ?'*)& &*)& &*)& ?&**& &**% ?%**$ %+*$? $+*$ $+*$ $+*$?$++#?#++"#,+"",+"",+"",,!!,, ?!-, ? -,  -,  ----?.-.-?.-?.. ?..?/./.// //? ??// ?0/0000 00  ?10  10 ? 11  11 ? ?21 ? 22  22?  22  32 ? 33  33  ?43  44  44 ? ?54  55?  55 ? ?66   66   77    77    88?    88    99?::?;;?;<<RRQRQRQRQRQRQ?RQ?QQ?QQQPQPQPQQ?RQRRSRSSTSTS~UT0UTu.YtC;8(3($ SZ!UKUS.,TRX6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T   d'dxd( $ Figure  1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5\W[Z I&mage <=8C HKKKKddd dd SZ!UKUS.,TRX6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T  _  _89QA=z| 1H` ' @@@EN1HH,@ """"_____ """"   `     h   _  ___________@ c INTRODUCTORYREPORTOFTHE   @^ ^ cINTERNATIONALLABOUR_OFFICE_Ԉ 4 ____@!cDR._JUKKA_Ԁ_TAKALA_Ԉ @& & cChief,@@ ^OccupationalSafetyandHealthBranch  @cInternationalLabourOffice@33&cGeneva   8TXXdd8  5VMr.Chairman,LadiesandGentlemen,   OnbehalfoftheDirectorGeneraloftheInternationalLabourOffice,MrJuan_Somava_,IwouldliketowelcomeyoutotheXVWorldCongressonOccupationalSafetyandHealth.ItismorethanappropriatetohavetheCongresshereinBrazil.Inastudyofratificationsof20keyConventionsadoptedbytheInternationalLabourOrganizationinthefieldofoccupationalsafetyandhealth,Brazilhasratified14or70%andranksfirstamongalldevelopingcountries.Moreover,BrazilcompetesfavourablywithmostindustrialisedcountriesandleavesallcountriesintheAmericasandmostcountriesinEuropebehindasfarasratificationsareconcerned. Occupationalinjuriesanddiseases    0  XX OThe1948UniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsrecognizestherightofallpeopletojust \ andfavourableconditionsofwork.Yet,itisestimatedthatworkerssuffer250millionaccidentseveryyear,with330,000fatalities.160millioncasesofoccupationaldiseasesandanevenhighernumberofthreatstoworkers'physicalandmentalwell-beingcausefurthersuffering.Theeconomiclossesareequivalentto4percentoftheworld'sgrossnationalproduct;intermsofshatteredfamiliesandcommunities,thedamageisincalculable. "" 0   "" 0  TheUnitedNationssystemplaysanimportantroleinsettingstandards,conductingresearch,providingtechnicalassistanceandraisingpublicawareness.RecentinitiativesincludetheInternationalLabourOrganisation'sglobalprogrammeonoccupationalsafety,healthandtheenvironment,andtheWorldHealthOrganization'sglobalstrategyonoccupationalhealthforall.Suchinternationalcooperationoffersaneffectivewaytoreachourgoals. "" 0  Aswecontinuetoseegrowingdemandsforflexibility,mobilityandproductivity,occupationalsafetyandhealthmustremainahighpriorityontheinternationalagenda.(K._Annan_,AfricanNewsletteronOccupationalSafetyandHealth). "" # O #Ԁ#XTX۟ # >!" Accidents "@$ ThestatisticalfiguresfromtheILOonfataloccupationalinjuries,indeedshowaseriouspictureascanbeshowninTable1.Workrelateddiseases x(#* ArecentstudyintheUnitedStatesestimatedthatthereare60,300jobrelateddeathscausedbydisease.Applyingthesamemethodologyandpercentageestimatesforthewholeworldofworkingage,thefiguresinTable2forfatalworkrelateddiseaseswereobtained. 1-4  5V 5 5   Table1:FatalOccupationalAccidentsintheWorldEstimates  Q *YKddd Xdd Xdd X"",dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,)dd +  *YYYu - *XT OXALLREGIONS#X O##XTXX۳# :Y+)@  YYYu : & - %XXT@99 U &`H% %& -# X$X% &`H# OX X$Region # X$X O# &`H%X X$#& - %% &`H#Ԉ 6,! Y 6@? ? 1 #XTX %& -=#XXT OFatalityRate# O ##XTX#& - %XXTԈ   @E E 1  &`H% %& -Fr/105#& - %J &`H# '  '@% &`H% %& -# X$X% &`H|# OX X$Employment   @bb%E,million# X$X O# &`H%X X$#& - %% &`HQ#Ԉ '  '@  3y#XTX %& -#XXT OFatalities    @5yFrxE# O##XTX۰#& - %XXT 0Y   0@A#XTX %& -u#XXT ONotes# O##XTX#& - %XXTԈ 2Y#!  Y 2@U#XTX %& -#XXT ?_EME_# ?,##XTX #Ԉ ND!K  Y 333333@5.3333333@NXXT ?@ 1 5.3 [Q*K   333333@5.3 333333@ Ev@366.437Ev@[@'366.437 ]S.K  Ev@366.437 Ev@ 3@196623@]@5y19,662# ?"##XTX#Ԉ EY2,K  3@19662 3@ E@AXXT ?World K  Ѐ@@Labour   @AForce@>2.7billion# ?##XTX#Ԉ I  FY72R 3Y FXXT ?@U_FSE_Ԉ RH! 8Y 333333&@11.1333333&@R  11.1 wmC 8  333333&@11.1 333333&@ /$a@140.282/$a@w   140.282 xnF 8  /$a@140.282 /$a@ e@15563e@x   15,563# ?b##XTXC# TJD 8  e@15563 e@ T;! Y %   XXT ?  IND RH!v Y &@11.0&@R  11.0 wmCv  &@11.0 &@ t@334.000t@w"  334.000 xnFv  t@334.000 t@ @36740@xM#  36,740# ?6"##XTX"# TJDv   @36740 @ T# Y c   XXT ?  _CHN_ RH! ! Y 333333&@11.1333333&@R  11.1 wmC "  333333&@11.1 333333&@ Q5@614.690Q5@w%  614.690 xnF #  Q5@614.690 Q5@ p@68231p@x&  68,231# ?$##XTX$# TJD $  p@68231 p@ T& Y P $  XXT ?  _OAI_ RH!C % Y 7@23.17@R'  23.1 wmCC &  7@23.1 7@ = ףp=u@339.840= ףp=u@w`(  339.840 xnFC '  = ףp=u@339.840 = ףp=u@ @80586@x(  80,586# ?'##XTX'# TJDC (  @80586 @ T) Y  (  XXT ?  SSA RH!0 ) Y 5@21.05@R*  21.0 wmC0 *  5@21.0 5@ Lk@218.400Lk@w+  218.400 xnF0 +  Lk@218.400 Lk@ e@45864e@x+  45,864# ?*##XTXn*# TJD0 ,  e@45864 e@ TO, Y  ,  XXT ?  LAC RH!n - Y +@13.5+@Ri-  13.5 wmCn .  +@13.5 +@ `h@195.000`h@w-  195.000 xnFn /  `h@195.000 `h@ @26374@xq.  26,374# ?J-##XTX+-# TJDn 0  @26374 @ T / Y [ 0  XXT ?  _MEC_ RH!1 Y 6@22.56@R&0  22.5 wmC2  6@22.5 6@ @g@186.000@g@w0  186.000 xnF3  @g@186.000 @g@ @o@41850@o@xN1  41,850# ?0##XTX/# TJD4  @o@41850 @o@ T1 #YYu H4 #XXT O  WORLD cYuN!;5 YYu ,@14.0,@c3@ 1  14.0 YutC;6 ,@14.0 ,@Yu $U@2394.667$U@@^^&2,394.667 YuvG;7 $U@2394.667 $U@Yu XpA334870XpA@HH5y 334,870# O2##XTX2# \YYuGE;8 XpA334870 XpAYu \1'%;9 YYu 1XXT_EME_0  0M ""EstablishedMarketEconomies0UM "M "0U"U"_FSE_   ] FormerlySocialistEconomiesofEurope#XTX5#XXT:"" IND   M India#XTX6#XXT   U   _CHN_   ] China#XTXy7#XXT B; _OAI_   M OtherAsiaandIslands#XTX+8#XXT0 U 0U"U"SSA   ] SubSaharanAfrica#XTX8#XXT1<"" #XTXb9#XXTLAC   M LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean0  _MEC_   ] MiddleEasternCrescent#XTX9#XXT~="" 0  0M ""#XTX:#XXT M "M " #XTX';#XXT  #XTX;# Table2 M GlobalEstimatedWorkRelatedDiseaseMortality1990 DA  XXT*#Y$d ddd dd dd dd )dd )Y"",[dd ,[dd ,[dd ,hdd +   7D #X!X?<#!XXCausesofdeath 'JE 'No.ofdeaths 'JF 'Estimatedpercentage JG attributedtooccupation 2u/!I 2No.ofdeaths JJ attributedtooccupation#X!X=##!XX -#!/!Lu -#X!X#@?#[%!XXCancer#X!X%[?##!XX "<M #X!X#?#^vA&_!XX30+years#X!X&_^vAN@##!XX C9 A#N VUA5703000VUAC5,703,000 LB7"<O3 VUA5703000 VUA L8% VuA"<P3 A456240AV#X!X#@#[%!XX456,240#X!X%[A##!XX QGE"<Q3 A456240 Au Q#X!X#B#[%!XXCardiovascularand c$R cerebrovasculardisease#X!X%[B##!XX %S #X!X#(C#^vA&_!XX1560years#X!X&_^vAC##!XX C9 %zT XDA2667000XDAC2,667,000 LB7c$U3 XDA2667000 XDA L7.5% VuAc$V3 jA200025jAV#X!X#C#[%!XX200,025#X!X%[E##!XX QGEc$W3 jA200025 jAu Q#X!X#LE#[%!XXChronicrespiratory & X disease#X!X%[E##!XX 'P!Y #X!X#PF#^vA&_!XX15+years#X!X&_^vAF##!XX C9 U("Z DA2750000DAC2750,000 LB7& [3 DA2750000 DA L10% VuA& \3 A275000AV#X!X#F#[%!XX275,000#X!X%[%H##!XX QGE& ]3 A275000 Au Q#X!X#nH#[%!XX_Pneumoconioses_#X!X%[I##!XX w)&#^ (proportionalestimatefromUSfigures) A7 *z$` @36000@A36,000 J@5w)&#a3 @36000 @ J100% Uu@w)&#b3 @36000@U#X!X#qI#[%!XX36,000#X!X%[J##!XX PFDw)&#c3 @36000 @u P#X!X#"K#[%!XXNervoussystem +%d disorders#X!X%[K##!XX ,b&e #X!X#"L#^vA&_!XX15+years#X!X&_^vAyL##!XX B8 g-'f n"A604000n"AB604,000 KA6+%g3 n"A604000 n"A K2% Uu@+%h3 @12080@U#X!X#L#[%!XX12,080#X!X%[M##!XX PFD+%i3 @12080 @u P#X!X#:N#[%!XXRenaldisorders#X!X%[N##!XX .8(j #X!X#O#^vA&_!XX15+years#X!X&_^vAtO##!XX B8 =/(k 0#A6550000#AB655,000 KA6.8(l3 0#A655000 0#A K2% Uu@.8(m3 @13100@U#X!X#O#[%!XX13,100#X!X%[P##!XX _uJD.8(n3 @13100 @u _ #X!X#5Q#!XXTotal #X!XQ##!XX _uJ_0*ou zI.A992445zI.A_#X!X##R#!XX992,445#X!XR#UKI_0*p3 zI.A992445  zI.Au U#XTX!XX^<# E2+q Ourglobalannualestimateforallworkrelateddeaths_is_:  6'!XT1.1million#XTX' 6S#  Q Thepatternofdiseasesvariesindifferentregionsoftheworld,particularlyindevelopingcountries.Overallestimatesareonlybasedonnoncommunicablediseases,which_arestilllessdominant_Ԁinthedevelopingworld,althoughrapidlyincreasingwithurbanisationandindustrialisation.Inaddition,indevelopingcountriesmanycommunicablediseases,suchasschistosomiasis,malaria,viralandbacterialinfections,areclearlylinkedtowork,suchasagricultureandfishingwheremajorpartsoftheactivelabourforceindevelopingcountriesareemployed.Thetrendsinbothaccidentsanddiseasesaremixed.Inindustrialisedcountrieswehaveseenacleardecreaseofseriousinjuries.Thisiscausedbybothstructuralchangesfewerworkersinhazardousagricultural,industrial,constructionandminingactivitiesandbyrealimprovementsinmakingworkhealthierandsafer.Anothercontributingfactoristheincreasingcapacitytoprovidefirstaidandemergencycarewhichsaveslives,althoughitdoesnotreduceaccidents.Whiletherateoftraditionalaccidentsisgoingdown_musculo_Ԅskeletalproblems,stressandmentalproblems,asthmaticandallergicreactionsandproblemscausedbyhazardousmaterialsincludingcarcinogens,suchasasbestos,areincreasing.Theeconomiccostsofworkrelatedinjuriesanddiseasesarerapidlyincreasing.Whileitisimpossibletoplaceamonetaryvalueonhumanlife,compensationfiguresgivearoughideaofhowanestimated4%of_grossdomesticproduct_Ԁdisappearswiththecostsofdiseasesthroughabsenteeism,medicaltreatment,disabilityandsurvivorbenefits. Table30 M Costsofoccupationalandworkrelateddiseases M "M "  """"u!.?/+h|0[Y `hE [Y ;9   u_______ """"_______________Indevelopingcountries,thetrendsareevenlessfavourable.Peoplearemigratingtocities,moreindustriesarebeingsetupofteninformalanddangerousones,globalizationinvolvesworkerswithoutpreviousexperienceinindustrialwork,newhousingandpremisesareneededwhichincreasesconstructionwork,infrastructures,suchasroads,dams,telecommunicationfacilitiesandpowergenerationinstallationsarebuiltup,roadtrafficincreases,andnewproductsandsyntheticmaterialsareproducedusingchemicals,fibresand 32+/ minerals.Allthesefactorsinfluencetheratesandnumbersofinjuriesanddiseases,forwhichupwardtrendsarevisibleinmanydevelopingcountries.Coverage   Thecoverageoftheoccupationalsafetyandhealthpoliciesandlawsisnotsatisfactoryinmanypartsoftheworld.Whileoccupationalsafetyandhealthlawenforcementcoverspractically100%intheNordiccountries,thefigureformanydevelopingcountriesiscloseto10%orless,leavingmajorhazardoussectorsandoccupationsuncovered,suchasagriculture,smallscaleenterprisesandtheinformalsector.Oftenevenveryhazardoussectors,suchasfishing,forestryandconstructionarenotcovered.Thesameappliestobasiccompensationincasesofaccidents.Occupationalandworkrelateddiseasesareseldomcoveredandareoftennotevenrecorded.Denmarkrecordsandcompensatesannuallysome15,000suchdiseaseswhilemanyindustrializedcountriesrecordonlyafractionofthatandalargenumberofcountriespracticallynone,althoughtheproblemisclearlythere.Some80%oftheworkforceinFinlandarecoveredbyoccupationalhealthservices,5060%inSweden,while8090%ofcountriesintheworldhaveneitherratifiedtheILOConventiononOccupationalHealthServicesnorenactedothermechanismstoprovidesuchservices.TheWHOestimatesthatthisinaccessibilitycanbeashighas50%evenindevelopedcountries.ThosecountrieswhichhaveratifiedmostoftheILOConventionstendtohavethehighestlegalcoverageandthelowestreliablenumberofinjuries.__Priorities ]  Theprioritiestotackleareclearlyvariable: Prioritiesindustrializedcountries   ! L th3 L 3   3/g2t23  0    Stress,overloadandpaceofwork,psychologicalfactors,poorworkplacerelationsand " management3/gZg݌ "" Ќ   3   3Ph2t23  0    Problemscausedbyagingworkforce,maintainingabilitytowork3Ph{h݌$l!"" Ќ   3   3Ci2t23  0    Righttoknow,righttobeinformed,hazardcommunication3Cini݌%X""" Ќ   3   30j2t23  0    Chemicalsubstances,carcinogens,asbestos30j[j݌&D #"" Ќ   3   3k2t23  0    Ergonomics,repetitiveworkandmusculoskeletalproblems3k9k݌'0!$"" Ќ   3   3k2t23  0    Organizationalandsafetyandhealth(quality)managementissues3k%l݌m("%"" Ќ   3   3l2t23  0    Preventiveoccupationalhealthservices,healthpromotion3lm݌Y)#&"" Ќ   3   3m2t23  0    Newtechnologies3mn݌E*#'"" Ќ  Prioritiesdevelopingcountries   -&* L 'hh L 3   3*o223  0    Agriculturalworkaccountsfor2/3ofmanpowerandworkrelatedproblems3*oUo݌.(,"" Ќ   3   3&p223  0    Otherhazardoussectors,suchasmining,construction,fishery,logging,and /|)- particularlydangerousoccupations3&pQp݌ "" Ќ   3   3Uq223  0    Majorindustrialaccidentsandfires3Uqq݌1T+/"" Ќ   3   3-r223  0    Traditionalaccidentandsafetyproblems,housekeepingandproductivity3-rXr݌Q"" Ќ   3   3(s223  0    Occupationaldiseases,GlobalProgrammeontheEliminationofSilicosis3(sSs݌="" Ќ   3   3#t223  0    Vulnerablegroups,inparticular,childlabour3#tNt݌)"" Ќ   3   3u223  0    Transferoftechnology3u0u݌ "" Ќ  ILOsResponse:Standardsand_SafeWork_    TheILODeclarationonFundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWork,adoptedbythe  ` InternationalLabourConferencein1998,marksareneweduniversalcommitmentamongstmemberStatestorespect,promoteandachievetheprinciplesofsocialjusticeandequityembodiedinfourfundamentalConventions,eveniftheyhavenotratifiedtheConventionsinquestion.These_are_: 3   3w223  0    freedomofassociationandtherighttocollectivebargaining,3w x݌9 "" Ќ   3   3x223  0    eliminationofallformsofforcedandcompulsorylabour,3xx݌% "" Ќ   3   3y223  0    eliminationofdiscriminationinemployment,and3yy݌"" Ќ   3   3z223  0    theabolitionofchildlabour3zz݌"" Ќ  Topromotetheuniversalapplicationofthesefundamentalprinciplesincombattingchildlabour,theInternationalLabourConferencewillholdtheseconddiscussionofaproposedConventionontheeliminationoftheworstformsofchildlabouratits1999Sessionwithaviewtoitsfinaladoption.TheILOthroughitsInternationalProgrammeontheEliminationofChildLabour(_IPEC_)offerstechnicalcooperationandadvisoryservicestopromotetheratificationandimplementationofthesefundamentalprinciplesbystrengtheningnationalcapacitiesofmemberStatestowardstheprogressiveeliminationofchildlabour.AccordingtorecentILOestimates,thereareatleast250millionchildrenbetweenage5and14engagedineconomicactivitiesworldwide,mostofthemindevelopingcountries.Foralmosthalfofthesechildren(120million)thisworkiscarriedoutonafulltimebasisendangeringtheirhealth,safetyanddevelopment.TheILOhasdevelopedanapproachfortheprotectionofchildrenshealthandwellbeingusingbothoccupationalsafetyandhealthandpublichealth_means_Ԁofaction.ThemodelbeingtestedinBrazilincludestheassessmentofhazardousworkanditsimpactonchildrenshealthandsafety;_withdrawal_Ԁofthemostvulnerablechildrenfromtheworkplace;_protective_Ԁandtransitionalmeasures,healthservicesandrehabilitationprogrammes.ILOStandards Y)#& ILOConventionsandRecommendationsonoccupationalsafetyandhealth(88Conventionshavereferencestothese)formabaselineoffundamental,legalandethicalprinciples.This occupationalsafetyandhealthcodehasbeenconvertedtothousandsofnationallaws,regulationsanddirectives.  Policiesandstrategiesinsafetyandhealtharealsoderivedfromthesestandards.Theethicalvalues,presentedintheILOsConstitution,DeclarationsandConventionsarethekeyfeaturesoftheILO.TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthConvention,No.155allocatesdutiesand 1T+/ responsibilities,whiletheOccupationalHealthServicesConvention(No.161)andRecommendation(No.171)coverindetailtheethicalaspects.ILOCodesofpracticeor technicalstandardsprovidepracticalguidanceonsafetyandhealthatwork.Suchkindsofstandardsarenotstrictscientificspecificationsoftechnicalmeasures,butrathertheapplicationofscientificcriteriabasedoncompromiseandconsensusreachedamongrelevantsocialpartners.ArecentexampleistheCodeofpracticeonAmbient   FactorsattheWorkplaceadoptedearlythisyear,whichprovidesguidanceontheroleand  t obligationsofcompetentauthorities,responsibilitiesofemployersanddutiesandrightsofworkersandotherswithregardtohazardousambientfactorsintheworkplace.AnotherexampleisthenewlypublishedILOTechnicalandEthicalGuidelinesonWorkersHealth 8  Surveillancewhichestablishesprinciplesonthecollection,processingandutilizationof u$  healthrelatedinformationtoprotectworkersprivacy.TheILOalsocooperatesactivelywithotherinternationalorganizationsindevelopingcommoninternationaltechnicalstandardssuchastheinternationalBasicSafetyStandardsforProtectionagainstIonizingRadiationandfor 9  theSafetyofRadiationSources. %  AnewILOpublicationentitled Fundamentalprinciplesofoccupationalhealthandsafetyisinpreparation.ItsmainobjectiveistoprovideinonevolumethekeyprinciplesembodiedintheILOConventionsandRecommendationswhichwouldserveasaguideinthedevelopmentandimplementationofpolicies,laws,andprogrammesaimedattheprotectionofworkershealthandsafetyandimprovementoftheworkingenvironment.StrategicObjectivesoftheILO ]  TheILOsroleinpromotingsocialjusticeintheworldisdividedintofourstrategic_objectives:_ L %oA h'L_1.Promote_Ԁandrealizefundamentalprinciplesandrightsatwork ! __L 7( %L_2.Create_Ԁgreateropportunitiesforwomenandmentosecuredecentemployment_̀and_Ԁincome_3.Enhance_Ԁthecoverageandeffectivenessofsocialprotectionforall_4.Strengthen_Ԁtripartismandsocialdialogue Item3coversallquestionsrelatedtooccupationalsafetyandhealthincludingaspecialprogrammecalled _SafeWork_ 󀄀theGlobalProgrammeonSafety,Healthandthe m("% Environment.__ c.XXT_SafeWork_ԀAnILOGlobalProgramme  !,%) #XTX.cÏ#International_concernandawareness_Ԁoftheimportanceandmagnitudeoftheproblemcaused !.'+ bypoorworkingconditionsandenvironmentremainssurprisinglymodest.Action,especiallyindevelopingand transitioncountries,isoftenhampered.Alarmingthoughthefatality,accidentanddiseasefiguresare,investmentdecisionsespeciallyinAsiaandLatinAmerica(andspurredbyglobalizationandcompetitionforprivate_investment)oftencontinue_Ԁtobe 1+/ madeindisregardofsafety,healthandenvironmentalconsiderations.Themajorindustrialaccidentsthathavetakenplacearoundtheworldandthemanydeathscausedbyfireintoy,textileandsimilarkindsoffactoriesinmanydevelopingcountries,andthenewandgrowingworkrelatedmentaldiseasesandstressobservedinindustrializedcountriesattesttotheseriousrisksfacingworkersandtotheneedforincreasedandsustainedaction.TheILOs _SafeWork_ programmeisdesignedtorespondtothisneed.Itsprimaryobjectives   _are_:(_a_)tocreateworldwideawarenessofthedimensionsandconsequencesofworkrelatedaccidents,injuriesanddiseases;(_b_)topromotethegoalofbasicprotectionforallworkersinconformitywithinternationallabourstandards;_and_Ԁ(c)tobuildthecapacityofmemberStatesandindustrytodesignandimplementeffectivepreventiveandprotectivepoliciesandprogrammes.Theprogrammesprimaryfocuswillbeonworkersinhighlyhazardousoccupations,categoriesofworkersvulnerableonaccountofgenderorage,andworkersintheurbaninformalsectorwhousuallylackbasichealthprotection.Takingintoaccountregionalandcountrydiversity,majoractivitieswillincludethefollowing:L ,dh(7L 3   32d23  0    Aworldwide advocacycampaign toinform,_adviseandpressure_Ԁforimprovementsin t safetyprocedures.3݌ "" Ќ   3   3ϙ2d23  0    Developmentofaglobal statisticalprogramme _focusing_Ԁonhazardousoccupations P andsectors,toprovideinformationessentialfortheestablishmentofinternationalandnationalsurveillancesystemscapableofprovidingearlywarningsonexistingandnewoccupationalandenvironmentalhazards.3ϙ݌ "" Ќ   3   3ۛ2d23  0    Articulationanddevelopmentof nationalprogrammes ofactionconsistentwith U internationallyagreedpoliciesandprinciples.3ۛ݌ "" Ќ   3   32d23  0    Developmentofnationallyadapted training programmesandmaterials.3I݌1 "" Ќ   3   32d23  0    Organizationoftechnicalmeetingsforthe internationalexchangeofinformation  !! andexperiencesonworkerssafetyandhealth.3G݌ "" Ќ  The _SafeWork_ Programmereliesheavilyon voluntarymechanisms suchas:  #  ___   M    U      ] _ SafetyCulture %t" SafetyCultureisanewconceptamongsafetyprofessionalsthatcanbeconsideredtoincludevariousaspectsofoccupationalsafetyandhealth,suchassafetyattitudesandbehaviours.Safetymanagement,auditingandsafetymapping,forexample,canbeusedtoshapeandstrengthensafetycultures,whilelabourandfactoryinspectionandoccupationalhealthservicescanalsoplayamajorrole.Toillustratethespreadofsafetyculture,IrecentlyvisitedasmallMediterraneancountry.ComingoutoftheairportItookataxi.Ialwaysusethesafetybeltifitexistseventhoughtheyareoftensodirtythattheysoilmyclothes.InthiscaseIhadbarelysatdownwhenthedriverpolitelytoldmethatthetaxicannotleavebeforetheseatbeltsarefastened.Iwas,indeed,veryhappytohearthat.AfewweekslaterIarrivedinthecapitalofabigEasternEuropeancountry.WhenItriedtopulloutthedustysafety_belt_Ԁthedriverforcefullyaskedme 1p+/ nottouseit.Heclaimedthathewassuchagooddriverthattherewasnoneedforit.He Q seemedtofeelembarrassedwhenIshowedmydistrustanduseditanyhow.Theseweretwosmallenterpriseownersthatdemonstratedtwodifferentculturesandthefirstoneisanexampleofsafetyculture.Weallwanttofollowthepatternsofothersandthebehaviourisdependantontheenvironmentandthesurroundingcultures.Ifotherpeopleattheworkplaceusehardhats,evenvisitorsarehappytodothat.Buttochangeaculturerequiresalotoftime.Youhavetoconvincemanagers,supervisorsandopinionleaders.Legislationandenforcement_is_Ԁagoodstartbutnotenough.Letmegiveyouthreestrikingexampleswhereasafetyculturecouldhavemadeamajordifference:L 0h(h,L 3   3v2h  1  .3  0    Inthe_Bhopal_ԀaccidentinIndiawherethousandsofpeoplewerekilledbythetoxic M  releaseofmethylisocyanatetherewereseveralfactorsinthechainthatcontributedtothedisaster.Thecoolingsystemforthereactivesubstancewasswitchedoff,impuritiesandwaterwereresultsoftheincompleteprocess,pressurewasnotmonitored,agasreleaseburnerflamewasnotinuseandthescrubberinsufficient.Thenextvesselwasemptybutnotusedforloweringtheincreasingpressure.3v݌ "" Ќ    Apropersafetyculturewouldhavealertedactiontoanyofthesefactors. 3   32h  2  .3  0    InarecentairlinedisasterinNovaScotia,where229peopledied,intenseheatand \ smokeprecededtheshortcircuitingoftheelectricalsystembeforetheplanecrashed.Lightdimmershadbeenfoundtooverheat,smokeandmeltingwireshadbeendetectedpreviouslyonasimilaraircraft,insulationblanketsdesignedtoreducenoisecouldbeignitedbymoltenwires.3֫݌ "" Ќ  0  Theairtrafficsafetyculturehasalreadyresultedinorderstoreplacesuchdimmersandinsulationmaterials,whileindividualairlinesaroundtheworldandauthoritiesmayormaynotfollow.Theinvestigationscontinue. ""  3   32h  3  .3  0    ApassengerferryintheBalticSealostitsbowvisorafrontpartoftheshipwhich ! opensinroughseasdamagingalsotheinnerpartofthegateandallowingwatertoenterthecardeck.Thedesignwasnotoptimal:_there_Ԁweredefectivelocks,similarincidentshavetakenplaceearlierevenwithasistervesselalthoughwithoutsuchdisastrousconsequences,andtheevacuationprocedureswerepoorlyplannedandimplemented.3݌ "" Ќ  0  Abettersafetycultureinthewholeindustrycouldhaveleadtobetterdisseminationofknowledgeandexperienceavoidingthetragicdeathsof852passengers,manyofwhomwerecrewworkersoronworkrelatedtravel. "" ____Safetyculturemaypositivelyreinforceindividualsafebehavioure.g.byactionandremarksfromcolleaguesandpeers.Suchcultureisessentialwhensafetydependsonconcertedsafeactionbyalargenumberofoperatorsandmanagers,andnotonlyinnuclearpowerplantsandprocessindustriesbutpracticallyeverywhere.Anyonecanstartcontributingtosafetyculturestartinghereandnow._   M _____ 1T+/ OccupationalSafetyandHealthManagementSystems Q Aspecificcomponentof,andamajorcontributortosafetycultureisthemanagementsystem.QualitymanagementandenvironmentalmanagementhasbeenguidedforsometimebymanagementsystemsstandardsbytheInternationalOrganisationforStandardization,_ISO_.Discussionsonthissubjecthaveconcludedthatanoccupationalsafetyandhealthmanagementsystemrequiresparticipationofgovernments,employersandworkers,shouldbelinkedtolegalrequirements,andtheprincipalrequirementscouldbedevelopedbytheILO.AtechnicalstandardoracodeofpracticeisbeingpreparedwithintheILOstripartitesystem.TheILOandthe_ISO_Ԁwillcollaborateinthismatteranddetailedimplementationstandardsmaywellbeleftforthe_ISO_.ThistechnicalstandardwillnotonlyestablishaprocedureformanagementbutbecloselyassociatedtothefundamentalprinciplesofoccupationalsafetyandhealthasspecifiedintheILOsConventions.CompetingProceduresforSocialJustice %  Anewtrendhasgainedmomentumbasedonconsumeractionandaimedatinfluencingproductionpatternsusingconsumerselectionasavehicle.Demandsforinformationthroughouttheentireproductionchainareincreasingalongwiththeneedsofmanufacturerstoobtaincertificationfortheirworkingconditionsandenvironment.New codesofconductforsuchpurposesaremushrooming.While,ingeneral,thisincreasestheattentionpaidtoquestionsonsafety,healthandtheeliminationofchildlabour,therearetwomajorshortcomings:L 2((0L 3   352  1  .3  0    Productionprocessesthatcanbecontrolledbyconsumerlabellingmustberelatively ]  simpleand_result_Ԁinproductsuseddirectlybyconsumers,suchasthemanufactureofsoccerballsorsportsshoes.Consumersareconfusedbymorecomplicatedandglobalproductionprocesses.Forexample,alabelonatshirtcannotlistallelementsandconditionsofproductioncottonfarming,ginning,baling,carding,spinning,andweaving,whichmaytakeplaceindifferentcircumstancesandcountries;_production_andmixingoffibres,anddyes,productionofmachineryinseveralcountries;_distribution_Ԁbyvariousenterprises,importers,andthesaleschain.Theremaybeserioussafety,healthandhumanrightsproblemsateverystageofproduction.Whenproductsthatarenotdirectlytargetedtoconsumersaremanufactured,itbecomesimpossibletocontroltheworkenvironmentthroughthismechanism.35`݌ "" Ќ   3   32  2  .3  0    Thecodesofconduct,suchastheSA8000standard,enterpriselevelcodesand m("% subsequentcertificationmayincludecertainelementsoftheconditionswhichareconvenientfortheenterprises,andmayevenrefertohandpickedindividualILOconventions,butthiscannotresultincomprehensivecoverage.Furthermore,certificationisusuallyaonetimeactivityandcannotguaranteecontinuousandsustainableimprovements.3݌ "" Ќ  0  Manydecisionsthatdirectproductionarebasedonmarketforcesthatemphasizetheroleoftheindividualandliberalselfishness.Newtrendsemphasizeindividualethicalconsiderationsthatconsidertheinterestsofothers.Sofarthishasnotradicallyinfluencedworkingconditionsortheenvironment.Individualsoftensettlefor 1T+/ unethicalcompromisestogainshorttermbenefitsforthemselves.Furthermore,thesenewtrendsassumethattheconsumeriswellinformedaboutallfactorsandprocessesbehindaproduct,whichisimpossible. "" 0  AnyseriousefforttoimproveoccupationalsafetyandhealthcannotignorethecorehumanrightsconventionspromulgatedbytheILO,andmustincludeworkersparticipation.AllofthefundamentalprinciplessetforthintheILOssafetyandhealthconventions,suchastheprimarypreventionprinciplesoftheILOConventiononMining,shouldbekeptinmind. "" 0  Society,bothnationalandinternational,musttakethefinalresponsibility,suchasbysettingstandards,ratifyingILOconventions,organizingenforcement,andprovidingtraining,informationandresearch.Ethicalculturescanbepromotedbyindividuals,businessesandprofessionalassociations. "" X0XXXTSilicosis  Exposuretosilicadustisextremelyhazardousandcontinuestocauseunnecessaryprematuredeaths.Silicosisisentirelypreventable;_the_Ԁtechnologyforwhichneedonlybeapplied.TheILOandtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)aresettingupajointILO/_WHO_ԀProgrammeonGlobalEliminationofSilicosis.TheProgrammewillstartonaregionalbasistakingintoaccountthepositiveinterestshownbycountrieslikeChina,India,Indonesia,VietNamandSouthAfrica.#XTX0XX#X0XXXTTheILOInternationalClassificationofRadiographscontinuestobean P importanttoolforthediagnosisofpneumoconiosis.TheILOconductsseminarstodevelopthecapacityofhealthprofessionalstodetectoccupationalrespiratorydiseasesatanearlystage.Adigitalizedversionoftheclassificationofradiographsisbeingprepared.#XTX0XX*# q  EnvironmentandtheWorldofWork 9! Inthefollowuptothe1992UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentandinthe1997SpecialSessionoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyaimedatpromotingsustainabledevelopmentbasedonsocialjusticeandmeaningful,healthyanddecentemployment,environmentalissueshavebecomeintegraltomanyoftheILOsactivities,intrinsicallylinkedwithoccupationalsafetyandhealth.AnAustralianestimateofthemagnitudeofmortalityduetooccupationalexposuretohazardoussubstancesproducedanumber(2,290deaths)thatwasfourtimeshigherthanthatcausedbyoccupationalaccidents.Whenthesamemethodologyisappliedtotheworld,exposuretohazardoussubstancescouldcausesome 340,000deaths peryearwithout ]+ %( countingtheacuteinjuriescausedbychemicals.___   M _ 1+/  Table_4_0 M Estimatedannualaveragenumberofdeathsworldwide,attributableto Q occupationalexposuretohazardoussubstances =M "M " X!XXXT*Ydd[dd [[dd [[dd [hdd h#Y$"",dd ,[dd ,dd ,dd +     ^vA&_!XX Causesofdeath  i  Men 'i  'Women 2ui  2Total 6,!i u 6Cancer KA :  <A198558<AK198,558 nd6 : 3 <A198558 <A @38008@n38,008 yud5 : 3 @38008 @  A236566 Ay236,566 ZPE : 3  A236566  Au ZMajordiseases(respiratory,cardiovascular,neurological,renal) J@ \   @34025 @J34,025 mc5 \3  @34025  @  @34025 @m34,025 xuc5 \3  @34025  @  @68050 @x68,050 YOD \3  @68050  @u YDustdiseases(asbestosis,silicosis) J@ ~ @35000@J35,000 lb5 ~3 @35000 @ @@1000@@l1,000 wub4 ~3 @@1000 @@ @36000@w36,000 YOD ~3 @36000 @u Y #X!X&_^vA#[%!XXTotal#X!X%[`#^vA&_!XX KA TA267583TAK267,583 nd63 TA267583 TA @73033@n73,033 yud53 @73033 @  A340616 Ay #X!X&_^vA#[%!XX340,616#X!X%[.# UKI3  A340616   Au U#XTX!XX#GloballyHarmonizedSystemforClassificationandLabellingofChemicals H  Inpromotingchemicalsafetyworldwide,greatimportanceneedstobeattachedtothedevelopmentofstandardizedandgloballyunderstoodlabelsandsigns.Equallynecessaryisaneffectiveandclearmeanstodisseminateinformationonchemicalhazardsattheworkplace,particularlyinsmallandmediumsizedenterprises.Togetherwithfullparticipationbyemployersandworkersorganizations,theILOworkscloselywithotherinternationalorganizations,inparticularthroughthejointWHO/ILO/_UNEP_ԀInternationalProgrammeonChemicalSafety(_IPCS_),theIntergovernmentalForumonChemicalSafety(_IFCS_),whichstrivestoreachconsensusbetweencountriesonglobalprioritiesforaction,andtheInterOrganizationProgrammefortheSoundManagementofChemicals(_IOMC_).Inaglobalizedworldinwhichchemicalproductsandworkerscrossnationalborderswithincreasingfrequency,developingauniversallyrecognizedharmonizedsystemfortheclassificationandlabellingofchemicalsiscrucial.TogetherwiththeUnitedNationsECOSOCCommitteeofExpertsontheTransportofDangerousGoodsandtheOECD,proposedclassificationcriteriaandtestsfor14hazardcategorieshasbeencompleted.TheGloballyHarmonizedSystemfortheClassificationandLabellingofChemicalsshouldbeavailable,bytheendoftheyear2000,encompassinglabelling,chemicalsafetydatasheetsandtrainingactivities.Overtheyears,manyofthesignsandsymbolsdesignedbytheILOforthelabellingofchemicalshavebeenincorporatedintointernationalandregionallabellingsystems,suchasthatdevelopedbytheEuropeanUnion.Thesesymbolsarehighlyvisibleineverydaylife,fromtheworkplacetosupermarkets,fromchemicalcontainersandtransportfacilities.InternationalChemicalSafetyCards i,&7 The_IPCS_Ԁhascontinuedtodevelop,translateanddisseminatetheInternationalChemicalSafetyCards,supplyingclearandstandardizedinformationonthepropertiesofchemicalsubstances.Thecardsprovideaclearsummaryofessentialhealthandsafetyinformationforuseattheworkplacebyworkers,employersandofficialsresponsibleforsafetyandhealth.ThisinformationisaperfectstartingpointtoprepareChemicalorMaterialSafetyData 1+= Sheetsonproductsandmixtures.ThecardsareavailableinEnglishontwodifferentCDROMs,ontheWebinseverallanguagesincludingJapanese,andinprintinsome20languages.Safetyandhealthinformationandnetworking   Alargeproportionofworkersdeathsandinjurieseveryyearcanbeattributedtoalackofsafetyandhealthinformation.Thecompilationanddisseminationofsafetyandhealthinformationinareadilyusableandinternationallycomparableform_is_Ԁofutmostimportanceinpreventingofoccupationalaccidentsandworkrelateddiseases.Tothisend,ILOactivitiesfocuson:L 1`(2L 3   3223  0    _making_Ԁavailabletoconstituentsauthoritativeandreadytouseoccupationalsafety M  andhealthinformation;3&݌ "" Ќ   3   3F223  0    _developing_Ԁthecapacityofnationalservicestousesafetyandhealthinformationmore %  effectively;and3Fq݌ "" Ќ   3   3223  0    _expanding_Ԁthenetworkofnationalsafetyandhealthinformationservices.3݌"" Ќ  TheILOreliesontheactivitiesoftheInternationalOccupationalSafetyandHealthInformationCentre,whichisthefocalpointofanetworkofsome120NationalandCollaboratingCentres.ThisnetworkislargelyconnectedtotheInternet,andfurtherlinkswithrelatednetworks.InadditiontotheILO/CISnetwork,thesenetworksincludetheWHOCollaboratingCentresonOccupationalHealth,theHazardAlertSystem,IPCSParticipatingInstitutions,InternationalSocialSecurityAssociation(ISSA)SectionsonSafetyandHealth,EuropeanUnionfocalpoints,theAsianPacificRegionalNetworkonOccupationalSafetyandHealth,OrganizationofAfricanTradeUnionUnityandothertradeunionfocalpoints,sectoralandprofessionalnetworks,andothers.TheILOssafetyandhealthpagesontheInternetofferthousandsofpagesfreeofcharge,suchas: ;   ;0  2  1  .3  0M ""  ILOConventionsandRecommendationsandcountryratifications;9݌# M "M " Ќ   ;   ;&0  2  2  .3  0M ""  SelectedCodesofpractice,ChemicalSafetyTrainingModules,otherfulltext $l! materials,andnamesandaddressesofCISNationalandCollaboratingCentres;&Q݌ M "M " Ќ   ;   ;0  2  3  .3  0M ""  CatalogueofallILOpublicationsonoccupationalsafetyandhealth;݌&D #M "M " Ќ   ;   ;0  2  4  .3  0M ""  AsianPacificNetworkhomepages;݌'0!$M "M " Ќ   ;   ;0  2  5  .3  0M ""  Linkstoallnetworkedcentres,suchas_NIOSH_ԀinUSA,Japan,_CCOHS_;݌m("%M "M " Ќ  L -h`1L0  0M ""_in_ԀCanadaincludingaccesstoallworldbibliographicdatabasesonsafetyandhealth:_CISDOC_,_NIOSHTIC_Ԁand_HSELINE_,the_OSH_ԄWEBandthe M "M " 0  0M ""AfricanNewsletteronOccupationalHealthandSafetyandAsianPacific 1+$( NewsletteronOccupationalHealthandSafetyinFinland.,%)M "M " EncyclopaediaonOccupationalHealthandSafetyandotherpublications .(, AnimportanttoolintheILOsdisseminationofsafetyandhealthinformationisthenew4th 0h*. EditionoftheEncyclopaediaofOccupationalHealthandSafety,containingover4,000pages 1T+/ infourvolumes,createdbymorethan2,000expertsfrom65countries,andpublishedinbothprintedandCDROMformats.IamhappytoannouncethatasaresultoftheSpanishGovernmentsefforts,thethreefirstvolumesarealreadyavailableinSpanish.WorkontheFrench,Chinese,JapaneseandRussianversionscontinues.IinviteyoutolookattheEnglishandSpanishversionsatourILOstand,andtoseehowthenewWebversionlooks.TheILOhasalsopublishedotherCDROMsandotherpublicationsonsafetyandhealth,whichIalsoinviteyoutoperuseatourexhibitionstands.Increasingnumbersofoccupationalaccidentsanddiseasescontinuetostemfromalackofattentiontoergonomicsintheworkplace.Theapplicationofergonomicprincipleshasstillonlyreachedalimitednumberofworkplacesdespiteitsgreatpotentialforimprovingworkingconditionsandproductivity.Asaresult,thegapsremainlargeinapplyingergonomicsinworkplacesindifferentsectorsandcountries.ThemanualErgonomic_checkpoints,in12 a  languages,bridges_Ԁsomeofthegaps,particularlyforsmallandmediumsizedenterprises,byidentifyingsimple,practicalandinexpensivesolutionstoergonomicproblemsapplicableacrossawiderangeoflocalsituations.Technicalcooperation     M  ThemainsubjectareasofILOtechnicalcooperationprojects_are_:_design_Ԁandimplementationofnationaltripartitepolicies,humanresourcesdevelopmentandcapacitybuilding,safetyinparticularlyhazardousoccupations,andeliminationofsilicosis.SpecialregionalprogrammesarebeingimplementedforEnglishandFrenchspeakingcountriesofAfrica,AsiaandPacific,CentralAmerica.InrecentyearswehavesuccessfullyimplementedactivitiesforchemicalsafetyandsmallcoalminesinChina,farmsafetyandhealthinCentralAmerica,_OSH_informationandnetworkingcapacitiesinEnglishandFrenchspeakingAfricaandAsia,andactivitiesforthedevelopmentofoccupationalsafetyandhealthinsmallenterprisesinCentralandEasternEurope._ _Targetsandindicators #  Iwouldliketoproposethatwesetthefollowingtargetswhichcanbemeasuredbyfairlysimpleindicators:L +h(h-L 3   32h  1  .3  0    Improvedpoliciesandlegislation thatresultinbettercoverageofenforcement m("% (inspection)andcompensationincaseofaccidentsanddiseases.3<݌ "" Ќ    Indicators:percentageoflabourforcecoveredbyinspectionandcompensation I*#'  3   32h  2  .3  0    Occupationalhealthservicesavailable 3݌!,%)"" Ќ    Indicators:percentageoflabourforcecovered -&*  3   382h  3  .3  0    Improvedinfrastructureandmanpower 38c݌.(,"" Ќ  0  Indicators:numberofinspectors,specialists,safetyofficers,safetyrepresentatives, /)- informationcentres,researchspecialistsinrelationtothelabourforce ""  1`+/  3   3 2h  4  .3  0    Betterrecordingandnotificationsystems 3 G ݌Q"" Ќ  0  Indicators:Fatalinjuries/100,000,fataloccupationaldiseases/100,000,disabling A injuriesanddiseaseratesbysectorandoccupation,costsofaccidentsanddiseasesinrelationtothegrossdomesticproductofthecountry ""  3   34 2h  5  .3  0    Advisorybodiesandvoluntarymechanismsestablished 34 _ ݌ "" Ќ  0  Indicators:numberoftripartiteadvisorybodies,numberofsafetycommittees,safety   representatives,numberofmanagementsystems,numberandqualityofcodesofconduct,inrelationtothelabourforce "" Withbetterinformationandindicatorsofachievementwecanshowtheimportanceofourworkandobtainmorevisibilityleadingtobettersafetyandhealthallovertheworld._   M _XXT,h5,JT/ss(SEC_HYG_)_29.3.99#5,,hH#___