CIS 06-1412 Knowledge of skin hazards and the use of gloves by Australian hairdressing students and practising hairdressers. Nixon R., Roberts H., Frowen K., Sim M., Contact Dermatitis, Feb. 2006, Vol.54, No.2, p.112-116. 19 ref. (In English)
This study of occupational contact dermatitis among hairdressers involved 193 trainee hairdressers and 184 practising hairdressers, who completed a questionnaire detailing their knowledge of skin hazards, the skills they practised and the frequency of glove use. Knowledge of skin hazards was poor in both groups. While up to 70% of participants correctly identified hairdressing chemicals as potential skin hazards, less than 15% correctly identified the role of wet work. Only a small proportion recognized that hairdressing chemicals could cause allergy. Less-experienced hairdressers often handled chemicals, particularly hair dyes containing p-phenylene diamine. The use of gloves was inadequate, particularly when performing work at the basin, which both junior and senior hairdressers did on a regular basis. Recommended strategies for the prevention of hand dermatitis among hairdressers include improved student education, appropriate glove use and the application of after-work moisturizing creams. (105855)
CIS 06-1399 High-fat petrolatum-based moisturizers and prevention of work-related skin problems in wet-work operations. Mygind K., Sell L., Flyvholm M.A., Frydendall Jepsen K., Contact Dermatitis, Jan. 2006, Vol.54, No.1, p.35-41. 27 ref. (In English)
The purpose of this study was to explore whether a high-fat petrolatum-based moisturizer could be an alternative to protective gloves in wet-work occupations. The study population consisted of gut cleaners in Danish swine slaughterhouses, divided into intervention and comparison groups. The intervention group was given written and oral information on the use of gloves and skin care. Data were collected by telephone interviews using a standardized questionnaire. 644 (88%) gut cleaners responded at baseline and 622 (72%) at a one-year follow-up. In the intervention group, the eczema frequency was reduced significantly. Detailed analyses revealed that protective gloves were the most effective means of protection and did not indicate that a high-fat moisturizer could be an alternative. A continuous focus on prevention of skin problems with information and discussions on the shop floor seemed to be most important for reducing skin problems. (105762)
CIS 06-638 Occupational skin diseases due to detergents. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles aux détergents) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, Sep. 2005, No.103, p.375-384. Illus. 64 ref. (In French)
Detergents are a major cause of occupational irritant contact dermatitis, in particular in the chronic form; some can cause burns. Preventing dermatitis due to contact with detergents is one of the most important ways of reducing the prevalence of occupational dermatoses. Contents of this information note on occupational skin diseases due to detergents: definition of detergents; chemical composition; irritants and allergens present in detergents; epidemiological aspects; diagnosis in occupational settings and in specialized institutions; prognosis; prevention and compensation. (105070)
CIS 06-593 A randomised controlled intervention study on prevention of work related skin problems among gut cleaners in swine slaughterhouses. Flyvholm M.A., Mygind K., Sell L., Jensen A., Jepsen K.F., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sep. 2005, Vol.62, No.9, p.642-649. Illus. 27 ref. (In English)
This study evaluated the effect of an intervention to reduce work related skin problems in gut cleaning departments in Danish swine slaughterhouses. The intervention included educational activities on the use of gloves and skin care products, together with evidence based recommendations. The effect of the intervention was evaluated by telephone interviews using modified the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (see CIS 04-317). A total of 644 (87.5%) participants responded at the baseline interview and 622 (71.6%) at the follow up interview one year later. At follow up, the frequency of eczema on hands or forearms in the intervention departments within the previous three months was reduced significantly from 56.2% at baseline to 41.0%, while a slight non-significant increase was observed in the comparison departments (from 45.9% to 50.2%). (105199)
CIS 06-577 Implementation of an occupational skin disease prevention programme in Danish cheese dairies. Sell L., Flyvholm M.A., Lindhard G., Mygind K., Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 2005, Vol.53, No.3, p.155-161. Illus. 22 ref. (In English)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a programme to reduce occupational skin diseases in the cheese industry. The programme involved training activities and elements from an occupational health-management system. The effects were studied by telephone interviews using a questionnaire on work and exposure. The study population consisted of all employees at five cheese plants, divided into an intervention group participating in the programme and a non-participating control group. At baseline in October 2002, 557 employees were surveyed (participation rate of 83.8%). At follow up one year later, 650 current and former employees answered (participation rate of 81.8%). At follow up, skin symptoms were reduced significantly in all cheese factories, and significant increases in the use of gloves and moisturizing creams were observed in the intervention group. (105020)
CIS 06-61 Occupational skin diseases: A good understanding of the pathology for better prevention. (French: Les dermatoses professionnelles: une bonne connaissance de la pathologie pour une meilleure prévention) Kolsi M., Mansour H.B., Nouaigui H., Ben Laïba M., SST - Santé et Sécurité au Travail, Apr. 2005, No.33, p.2-23. Illus. 21 ref. (In French)
Contents of this special feature on occupational skin diseases: definition; epidemiology; classification of occupational skin diseases according to the nature of the aetiological agent (chemical, physical, biological); diagnosis; preventive measures; evaluation of the degree of permanent invalidity resulting from occupational skin diseases in Tunisia. (104526)
CIS 06-1031 Workers' magazine: Occupational dermatoses. (Portuguese: Revista do trabalhador: Dermatoses ocupacionais) Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, Fundacentro, Rua Capote Valente 710, São Paulo, SP 05409-002, Brazil, [ca. 2004]. Two videotapes (VHS format), 10min and 12min. (In Portuguese)
These two videotapes examine the nature and causes of occupational skin diseases and outline a programme of prevention that includes substitution of chemical substances likely to cause skin disease, use of protective equipment and early diagnosis of the disease. (105712)
CIS 06-283 Occupational diseases in the region of Lisbon and Vale de Tejo 2003. (Portuguese: Doenças profissionais na região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo no ano de 2003) Castro M., Moreira S., Santos C.S., Centro regional de saúde pública de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (CRSP), Av. Estados Unidos da América 53-D, 1700-165 Lisboa, Portugal, Dec. 2004. 32p. Illus. 20 ref. (In Portuguese)
Statistics of reported occupational diseases in the region of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo for the year 2003. Results are presented by age, sex, sub-region and outcome (with or without invalidity, degree of invalidity). Occupational diseases that resulted in the largest number of reports were hearing loss (147 out of 375) and musculoskeletal diseases (145 out of 375). Risk factors relating to these two diseases are described, together with applicable prevention measures. (104987)
CIS 05-647 Skin protection in nursing work: Promoting the use of gloves and hand alcohol. Jungbauer F.H.W., Van der Harst J.J., Groothoff J.W., Coenraads P.J., Contact Dermatitis, Sep. 2004, Vol.51, No.3, p.135-140. Illus. 23 ref. (In English)
Exposure to skin irritants is a cause of occupational skin disease in nurses. In this study, the effectiveness of soap and water, alcohol-based hand rubs and gloves in prevention programmes was investigated. In particular, two recommended procedures were evaluated: use of alcohol-based hand rubs instead of soap and water in disinfection procedures when the hands are not visibly dirty, and use of gloves in wet activities such as patient washing. The effectiveness of these recommendations was investigated in healthy volunteers over a period of three weeks, five days a week. An increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) occurred with the regular prevention method, while mean TEWL decreased among subjects using the recommended method. Skin irritation from occlusion by gloves appeared to be more pronounced in the regular method compared to the recommended method. The results of this study justify the conclusion that in nursing work, alcohol-based hand rubs are the preferred disinfectants. (104385)
CIS 05-359 Occupational skin diseases due to dyes. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles aux colorants) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 4nd Quarter 2004, No.100, p.565-576. Illus. 82 ref. (In French)
Occupational skin diseases caused by exposure to dyes affect primarily hairdressers and textile industry workers. Paraphenylene diamine and its derivatives are among the most sensitizing hair dyes, while in the textile sector, the main allergens are found among disperse dyes. The clinical diagnosis and interpretation of allergy tests often pose difficulties in cases of allergic contact eczema to textile dyes. Contents of this review article on occupational skin diseases due to dyes: uses of dyes; their classification; epidemiology of occupational skin lesions caused by dyes; diagnosis in occupational settings; diagnosis in specialized institutions; prevention; compensation. (104007)
CIS 04-566 Occupational skin diseases in the food industry. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles dans le secteur de l'alimentation) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 3rd Quarter 2004, No.99, p.411-422. Illus. 83 ref. (In French)
The food industry is among the sectors of activity that present the highest risk of occupational skin diseases. Workers are exposed to numerous irritants and allergens including detergents, disinfectants, foodstuffs and gloves, which give rise mostly to contact and irritation dermatitis, but also to allergic dermatitis and photosensitization reactions. Contents of this review article on skin diseases in the food industry: epidemiology; aetiology; diagnosis in occupational settings; diagnosis in specialised institutions; prognosis; prevention; compensation. (103515)
CIS 05-646 Effectiveness of skin protection creams as a preventive measure in occupational dermatitis: A critical update according to criteria of evidence-based medicine. Kütting B., Drexler H., International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, May 2003, Vol.76, No.4, p.253-259. 63 ref. (In English)
This literature survey examines evidence for the effectiveness of the generally recommended three-step skin protection programme in the prevention of occupational skin disease (skin protection before work, cleaning and skincare after work). Data in the literature are conflicting: some publications report on the positive aspects of skin protection, others stress the negative ones. Not enough data have been accumulated to prove the benefit of skin protection measures under real workplace conditions. It is unclear whether the various in vitro and in vivo methods used are suitable for the simulation of workplace conditions and if these test results can be related to real occupational exposures. For the evidence-based recommendation of skin protection, further studies are needed that evaluate the contribution of each single element of the skincare programme (products, frequency of application and education programme) under daily working conditions. (104378)
CIS 03-1635 Health surveillance of users of protective gloves. (Spanish: La vigilancia de la salud en los usuarios de guantes de protección individual) Pareja Torres M.C., de la Iglesia Huerta A., Prevención, trabajo y salud, 2003, No.26, p.25-40. Illus. 23 ref. (In Spanish)
Many workplaces present specific hazards to the skin of the hands and require the wearing of protective gloves. The use of protective gloves may cause undesired effects or be counter-indicated, which is why medical supervision is necessary. Contents of this review article on the medical supervision of users of protective gloves: definition of personal protective equipment (PPE) and protective gloves; classification of protective gloves according to their shape, type of hazard and material; proper use of protective gloves; undesired effects of using protective gloves (occlusion, mechanical irritation, sensitization); situations where use is counter-indicated (atopy, allergies, multiple surgery, dermatitis, hyperhidrosis); diagnosis of the aptitude to wear gloves (medical history, clinical examinations, skin tests, determination of IgEs and histamine release, measurement of percutaneous loss of water); medical examinations (pre-employment examinations, specific and periodical examinations); health surveillance by means of a skin disease prevention protocol, an example of which is included. (102556)
CIS 03-1620 Occupational skin diseases caused by Peru balsam. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles au baume du Pérou) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 1st Quarter 2003, No.93, p.61-66. Illus. 60 ref. (In French)
Peru balsam can cause contact urticaria and eczema. Persons occupationally exposed to this substance include physiotherapists, masseurs, veterinarians workers in the food sector (bakers, cooks, market gardeners), farmers, beekeepers and metalworkers. Contents of this article on occupational skin diseases caused by Peru balsam: composition; skin toxicity; sources and uses; epidemiology; diagnosis in occupational settings; confirmation of diagnosis in specialized institutions; prognosis; prevention; compensation. (102877)
CIS 03-1329 Gloves against chemical hazards. (French: Des gants contre les risques chimiques) Boust C., Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), 30 rue Olivier-Noyer, 75680 Paris cedex 14, France, Oct. 2003. 4p. Illus. 2 ref. (In French)
There are constant risks in many workplaces from burns, skin diseases, skin irritation and even poisoning through skin absorption. Consequently, the use of protective gloves plays an important role in overall prevention efforts. This safety information sheet recalls a few basic definitions and provides the key elements enabling persons responsible for prescribing the use of these gloves or for their purchase to make effective use of the information provided by manufacturers. Contents: types of gloves (thickness, shape, composition); resistance criteria; hazard evaluation and constraints of the job; selection of appropriate gloves; glove use and care. (102288)
CIS 03-1277 Skin care management: Educational aspects. Schwanitz H.J., Riehl U., Schlesinger T., Bock M., Skudlik C., Wulfhorst B., International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, June 2003, Vol.76, No.5, p.374-381. Illus. 26 ref. (In English)
This article reviews the effectiveness of health education in the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of occupational skin disorders. The results of three questionnaire studies involving apprentice hairdressers in 1986, 1994 and 1999 clearly show a decrease in skin disorders among those having received primary skin care training. A secondary intervention comprising both medical and educational methods was developed for hairdressers who remained at their workplace despite manifest skin disorders. As a result of the programme, 121 (81%) of the 150 participants healed successfully while continuing their work. A tertiary prevention programme involved occupational skin disease patients treated at the dermatology department of a university hospital, where education also proved to be effective. (102033)
CIS 03-1174 The importance of occupational skin diseases in the United States. Lushniak B.D., International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, June 2003, Vol.76, No.5, p.325-330. Illus. 22 ref. (In English)
Occupational skin diseases and disorders (OSDs) are the most commonly reported non-trauma-related (acute or cumulative) category of occupational illnesses in the United States. This factor, along with their potential chronicity, their effect on an individual's occupational and non-occupational activities, and the fact that they are preventable, point out the public health importance of OSDs. It can be difficult to obtain accurate epidemiological data for OSDs in the United States, and all sources have their limitations. OSD cases that result in days away from work are important categories to study, since days away from work may be used as an indicator of the severity of a case. Descriptive epidemiology may be used to provide further information on these "more severe" cases, to determine, for example, high-risk industries, occupations, and exposures, and then to use this information to focus prevention strategies. (102036)
CIS 03-1647 Preventive occupational medicine in enterprises where wet work is carried out - Results of a prevention project. (German: Medizinischer Arbeitsschutz in Betrieben mit Feuchtarbeit - Ergebnisse eines gewerbeärztlichen Präventionsprojektes) Naumann C., Aue H.D., Sächsisches Landesinstitut für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Reichsstrasse 39, 09112 Chemnitz, Germany, 2002. 26p. Illus. 21 ref. (In German)
Skin diseases are among the most frequent occupational diseases. They are particularly problematic in situations where workers are required to frequently carry out tasks with wet hands. Consequently, within the scope of its control activities, the Department of Preventive Medicine of the State of Saxony, Germany, carried out a survey of skin diseases and preventive measures taken in 292 small enterprises, and provided workers with advice on prevention. The survey found evidence of skin diseases in 26 enterprises. Groups of workers most affected included, in order of decreasing importance: hairdressers, salespersons in flower shops, machinists, beauticians, medical and dental assistants and enamel workers. A preventive programme was launched among workers with skin diseases, the first measure being to organize the work so as to limit the tasks that may be harmful to the skin. It is also advised to wear waterproof gloves, and in some cases to wear cotton gloves under the waterproof gloves. (102970)
CIS 03-357 Occupational skin diseases caused by epoxy resins. (French: Les dermatoses professionnelles aux résines époxy) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 3rd Quarter 2002, No.91, p.297-306. Illus. 75 ref. (In French)
Epoxy resins consist of a broad family of chemicals, with the frequent emergence of new potentially allergenic compounds. They belong to a group of thermosetting plastics and have become one of the most frequent causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. Contents of this review article on occupational dermatitis caused by epoxy resins: epoxy resin chemistry; sources and uses; skin toxicity; epidemiology; diagnosis in occupational settings; diagnosis in specialized institutions; prognosis, prevention; compensation. (101415)
CIS 03-321 What do trainee hairdressers know about hand dermatitis?. Ling T.C., Coulson I.H., Contact Dermatitis, Oct. 2002, Vol.47, No.4, p.227-231. Illus. 18 ref. (In English)
A questionnaire survey of 121 trainee hairdressers from two hairdressing colleges in Britain was conducted, including questions concerning the number and types of hairdressing procedures performed, previous and current medical history, awareness of risks to the skin from hairdressing, and knowledge of hand dermatitis prevention. 17% of the trainees suffered currently from hand dermatitis. This is probably due to the large amount of wet work done by apprentice hairdressers. Two-thirds of the trainees were not aware that atopic eczema predisposed to hand dermatitis. Formal pre-school and pre-employment counselling was limited. Knowledge on hand care among trainees was not often translated into practice, with gloves being worn by only 9% when shampooing and 58% when perming. Prevention of hand dermatitis by education and pre-employment counselling is of fundamental importance. (101470)
CIS 02-1355 Occupational skin diseases due to colophony. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles à la colophane) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 1st Quarter 2002, No.89, p.75-82. Illus. 66 ref. (In French)
Colophony is a resin drawn from coniferous trees used in many industrial products. It is composed of approximately 100 products, some of them allergens. Colophony is included in the European standard battery of skin tests. Contents of this review article on skin diseases due to colophony: composition and production of colophony; aetiologies (allergenicity, sources of exposure); epidemiology (prevalence, incidence, exposed populations); diagnosis in occupational settings; diagnosis in specialized institutions; prognosis; prevention; compensation of occupational diseases. (100417)
CIS 03-833 Occupational skin diseases from antiseptics and disinfectants. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles aux antiseptiques et désinfectants) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 1st Quarter 2001, No.85, p.83-90. Illus. 62 ref. (In French)
Internet:
http://www.inrs.fr/htm/dermatoses_professionnelles_antiseptiques.html
Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical formulations that include anti-microbial agents, excipients, cleaning agents and additives. Their use in large quantities, particularly in health care facilities, has given rise to numerous cases of occupational skin diseases. Contents of this of this review article on allergology and dermatology of antiseptics and disinfectants: classification by chemical class; epidemiology; diagnosis in occupational settings; confirmation of the diagnosis in specialized institutions; prognosis; prevention; compensation. (101755)
CIS 02-1264 Occupational skin diseases due to cement (calcium aluminosilicates). (French: Dermatoses professionnelles au ciment (alumino-silicates de calcium)) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 4th Quarter 2001, No.88, p.419-429. Illus. 60 ref. (In French)
The construction industry is a sector with a high risk of occupational skin diseases. These are mainly due to exposure to cement, which can give rise to severe burns as well as to allergic contact eczemas. The "Sumer 94" survey (see CIS 95-161) showed that approximately 310,000 workers are exposed to cement in France. The most common allergen contained in cement is chromium VI. In certain countries, decreases in the incidence of skin diseases have been observed among persons exposed to cement following the adoption of legislation limiting the chromium content of cement. Contents of this article on occupational skin diseases due to cement: cement composition; skin toxicity; epidemiology; diagnosis in occupational settings; diagnosis in specialized institutions; prognosis; prevention; compensation. (100310)
CIS 02-1263 Occupational skin diseases caused by polyacrylate and polymethacrylate resins. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles aux résines polyacrylates et polyméthacrylates) Crépy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 3rd Quarter 2001, No.87, p.345-354. Illus. 69 ref. (In French)
Polyacrylate and polymethacrylate resins are used in dental care, inks, paints, coatings, adhesives and plastics. By themselves they have little or no allergic potential; however, they are obtained through the polymerization of monomers (acrylates and methacrylates) which are potent sensitizers. The resins often contain residual quantities of monomers, which may give rise to occupational skin diseases among persons involved in their processing. Contents of this information note on occupational skin diseases caused by polyacrylate and polymethacrylate resins: aetiology; epidemiology; diagnosis in occupational settings; diagnosis in specialized institutions; prognosis; prevention; compensation. (100307)
CIS 02-1260 Skin diseases in occupational settings - Protective measures. (French: Les dermatoses en milieu professionnel - Dispositifs de protection) Frimat P., Grascha P., Yeboué-Kouamé Y., Les Editions d'Ergonomie, BP 138, 13267 Marseille cedex 08, France, 2001. 118p. 24 ref. Price: EUR 31.00., ISBN 2-908191-20-2 (In French)
In most developed countries, skin diseases are the second most frequent type of occupational disease, after musculoskeletal diseases. The main causal factor is exposure to chemicals. The most frequent diseases are irritation or caustic contact dermatitis, followed by eczema. Contents: generalities and definitions; epidemiology; basic notions of skin biology and pathophysiology; socio-professional levels (occupations at risk); compensation; prevention; regulations that apply to skin hygiene and protection products. (100265)
CIS 02-1249 The prevention of occupational hand dermatitis in bakers, confectioners and employees in the catering trades - Preliminary results of a skin prevention program. Bauer A., Kelterer D., Stadeler M., Schneider W., Kleesz P., Wollina U., Elsner P., Contact Dermatitis, Feb. 2001, Vol.44, No.2, p.85-88. Illus. 24 ref. (In English)
Bakers, confectioners and employees in the catering trades are at a high risk of developing occupational skin diseases (OSDs). A skin disease prevention programme in the baking, hotel and catering industries was initiated. It involved a detailed analysis of the occupational exposure and occupational disease history of the employees, during which the patients' diagnosis and therapy was re-evaluated and supplemented if necessary. Individual skin care and protection regimes were demonstrated, skin care and protection products were supplied, and skin care and protection seminars were offered to volunteering participants. From January to December 1999, 29 affected employees were examined. 22 employees suffered from irritant contact dermatitis. In the follow-up of 11 employees, the skin disease improved or disappeared in 8 cases. Moreover, in 1 employee, the skin condition was stabilized even though continued employment. In only 2 cases did the skin condition worsen. These preliminary results showed that most of the OSD were due to lack of or unsuitable skin care and protection. (100331)
CIS 01-724 Assessing and managing risks at work from skin exposure to chemical agents. Health and Safety Executive, HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA, United Kingdom, Jan. 2001. iv, 28p. Illus. 44 ref. Price: GBP 8.00., ISBN 0-7176-1826-9 (In English)
This booklet provides practical advice to employers on how to control skin exposure to chemical agents at the workplace. Main topics covered: legal requirements; skin action of chemical agents; health effects (irritant or allergic contact dermatitis; other skin diseases such as urticaria, loss of pigmentation, skin cancer; systemic effects); hazard identification: risk assessment (exposure pathways, skin exposure measurement, biological monitoring); risk management (exposure prevention or control, elimination or substitution of the harmful substance, engineering control, process modification, modification of working methods, personal protective equipment, skin care products); health surveillance; information and training. Appendix includes references to relevant legislation. (76857)
CIS 02-373 Occupational skin diseases caused by cutting fluids. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles aux fluides de coupe) Crepy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 3rd Quarter 2000, No.83, p.295-304. 61 ref. (In French)
Cutting fluids are in widespread use for lubrication and cooling during machining operations. The most common occupational skin diseases caused by cutting fluids include dermatitis from contact with aqueous fluids, whose use is growing. Contents of this practical data sheet aimed at occupational physicians: classification; composition; effects on skin; epidemiology; diagnosis at workplace; confirmation of diagnosis in specialised medical institutions; prognosis; prevention and treatment; compensation of occupational diseases caused by exposure to cutting fluids. (78305)
CIS 01-1715 Occupational skin diseases of hairdressers. (French: Dermatoses professionnelles des coiffeurs) Crepy M.N., Documents pour le médecin du travail, 1st Quarter 2000, No.81, p.61-68. Illus. 77 ref. (In French)
Occupational skin diseases affecting hairdressers are frequent, appear precociously and are often wrongly diagnosed. Contents of this information note on occupational allergy and dermatology: epidemiology; causative factors (occupational risk factors, endogenous factors); diagnosis at the place of work (clinical forms, differential diagnosis, inspection of the workplace, spot tests); confirmation of the diagnostic in a specialised facilities (allergy studies of eczema and contact urticaria); prognosis; prevention; workers' compensation. (77630)