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Breaking through the glass ceiling:
Women in management - Contents

Introduction

1.   Labour force participation: Women in professional and managerial jobs

  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Women in the labour force: The "flattening M"
  1.3 Women's jobs in flexible labour markets
  1.4 Women's jobs, men's jobs: Occupational segregation
  1.5 Closing the pay gap between men and women
  1.6 Difficulties in classifying professional and managerial employees for statistical purposes
  1.7 Women in professional and managerial jobs: The figures
  1.8 A steady but slow upward trend in women's achievement at higher levels
  1.9 Women at the top
  1.10 Women managers in the financial, business and banking sectors
  1.11 Women managers in the public service
  1.12 Occupational segregation in management
  1.13 "Glass walls"
  1.14 Women and decision-making
  1.15 Earnings gaps in management
  1.16 Career and family
  1.17 Gender equality in society: Social and economic indicators

2.   Improving women's qualifications and opportunities: Key to breaking through the glass ceiling

  2.1 Introduction
  2.2 Girls' improved educational achievement levels
  2.3 New gender choices in careers
  2.4 Strategies to widen educational choices of girls and women
   2.4.1 Eliminating sex-role stereotyping in educational curricula
   2.4.2 Awareness raising
   2.4.3 Promoting gender equality in the teaching profession
  2.5 Different educational choices for different occupational futures

3.   Enterprise practices and women's careers

  3.1 Introduction
  3.2 Gender differences in career paths
  3.3 Getting over the recruitment hurdle
  3.4 Getting started: initial placement
  3.5 Promotion opportunities
  3.6 The right training
  3.7 Working time
  3.8 Job design and work organization
  3.9 Balancing professional and family responsibilities
  3.10 Combating sexual harassment
  3.11 Human resource management to advance women
   3.11.1 Equal employment opportunity policies
   3.11.2 Achieving targets: positive action
   3.11.3 Diversity management
   3.11.4 Total E-Quality
   3.11.5 Human resources information: the need for benchmarking
  3.12 Key career-building strategies
   3.12.1 Networking
   3.12.2 Career tracking
   3.12.3 Mentoring
   3.12.4 Succession planning
   3.12.5 A comprehensive approach
  3.13 Ensuring effectiveness
   3.13.1 Sensitization
   3.13.2 Evaluation
   3.13.3 Commitment and accountability
  3.14 Shattering the glass ceiling

4.   Promoting women in management

  4.1 Introduction
  4.2 National policy and programmes
   4.2.1 Promoting positive action
   4.2.2 Programmes addressing the "glass ceiling"
  4.3 The role of the social partners
  4.4 Women networking
  4.5 Conclusion

5.   International action to promote equal employment opportunities

  5.1 Introduction
  5.2 ILO standards on women workers
  5.3 ILO standards on gender equality
   5.3.1 Discrimination in employment and occupation
   5.3.2 Equal remuneration
   5.3.3 Workers with family responsibilities
   5.3.4 Other instruments
  5.4 ILO standards on maternity protection
  5.5 From protection to equal treatment
  5.6 ILO programmes to promote equality in employment
   5.6.1 Women workers' rights
   5.6.2 Mainstreaming gender issues
   5.6.3 Women in management
   5.6.4 Gender issues in employers' organizations
   5.6.5 Gender issues in trade unions
  5.7 The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
  5.8 Follow-up to the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women
  5.9 Looking forward: The ILO's Internatioal Programme on More and Better Jobs for Women

6.   Summary and points for discussion

Tables

  1.1 Percentage of women economically active 1996-2010
  1.2 Vertical segregation in banking: Share of women by grade (%)
  1.3 Percentage of men in male-dominated managerial and professional occupations
  1.4 Women in decision-making positions in government ministries, 1994 (developed regions)
  1.5 Gender disparity: GDI and HDI ranks
  1.6 Gender disparity: GEM, GDI and HDI ranks
  2.1 Course of study of women and men in four-year colleges and universities (Japan, 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1990)

Figures

  1.1 The glass ceiling in the organizational pyramid
  1.2 Changes in views on the traditional belief that men should hold jobs and women should stay home and do housework (Japan, 1987-90)
  1.3 Women's activity rates for the age group 20-54 years in 1950, 1970, 1990 and 2010 (world, more developed and less developed regions)
  1.4 Economic activity rates by sex and age group in 1950, 1970, 1990 and 2010
  1.5 Women's share in the labour force in 1970, 1990, 1996 and 2010 (world and regions)
  1.6 Employees working part time by country, 1993: Proportion (%) of all employees and sex distribution (%)
  1.7 Women's share of jobs in finance, real estate and business services from 1986-87 to 1994-95
  1.8 Female-male employees' wage ratios (as percentage of male earnings)
  1.9 Median annual income of year-round full-time workers aged 25 years and older, by years of school completed and sex (United States, 1993)
  1.10 Percentage of employees who are administrative/managerial and professional/technical workers (latest year 1991-95)
  1.11 Women's share of administrative and managerial jobs and share in total employment 1994-95
  1.12 Women's share of legislators, senior officials and managers and share in total employment in 1995
  1.13 Women's share of professional, technical and related work from 1986-88 to 1993-95
  1.14 Women's share of administrative and managerial work from 1985-87 to 1993-95
  1.15 Percentage of women managers (United States, 1900-92)
  1.16 Women's share of top executive positions in major corporations (Brazil, 1990)
  1.17 Women and men managers by function (France, 1989)
  1.18 Percentage of women directors of managers, selected occupations (Brazil, 1985, 1988, 1989)
  1.19 The glass ceiling and glass walls in the organizational pyramid
  1.20 Women in management and politics: The gap (former Federal Republic of Germany)
  1.21 Women in management and politics (Finland, 1988-91)
  1.22 Indicative survey of posts of president of parliamentary committees held by women, world overview (based on information for 97 countries)
  1.23 Use of time among parents with children aged 0-6 by country around 1990 (proportion (%) of time per week for some activities)
  1.24 Equal sharing of work by men and women: International comparison of wage differentials and share of housework by gender
  2.1 Results of standardized achievement tests in selected subjects for boys and girls (England, 1993) (%)
  2.2 Percentages of girls obtaining an upper secondary education qualification (European Union, 1991/92)
  2.3 Number of girls (per 100 boys) obtaining general upper secondary school leaving certificates (European Union, 1991/92)
  2.4 Number of girls (per 100 boys) obtaining vocational upper secondary school leaving certificates (European Union, 1991/92)
  2.5 Women's share of enrolments at the third level
  2.6 Percentage of male and female population aged 25-29 and 45-54 with a university-level education (European Union, 1991)
  2.7 Percentage of women's enrolment in four-year colleges and universities (Japan, 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1990)
  2.8 Earned degrees conferred by institutions of higher education by level of decree and sex of student (United States, 1994-95)
  2.9 Number of science graduates per 100 000 persons in the labour force aged 25-34, men and women (selected countries, 1994)
  2.10 University-level qualifications by subject category (percentages of total university-level qualifications), men and women (selected countries, 1994)
  2.11 Percentage of engineering students at the third level who are women (selected countries, 1985, 1992-95)
  2.12 Percentage of first university degrees in mathematics and computer science awarded to women (selected countries, 1994-95)
  2.13 Percentage of postgraduate degrees in mathematics and computer science awarded to women (selected countries, 1994-95)
  2.14 Percentage of business administration students at the third level who are women (selected countries, 1985, 1992-95)
  2.15 Female teachers and students in universities and equivalent institutions (selected countries, nearest year 1992-94)
  3.1 Distribution of men and women by career track, Japan (Survey of 40 firms with career tracking systems)
  3.2 Why is female representation so low?
  3.3 Executives' perception of women's opportunities in entry-level jobs in selected Asian countries
  3.4 Balancing career and personal life: How executive women do it
  3.5 To what extent is sexual harassment in the workplace a problem in your country?
  3.6 Workforce profile of a retail bank

Boxes

  1.1 ILO statistical classification and data collection
  1.2 Career and family: Can women have it all?
  2.1 Gender-based educational choices: Perceptions vs. reality
  2.2 Training -- a different perspective
  2.3 Gender bias in university appointments
  3.1 Why close the gender gap?
  3.2 Typical characteristics of the sexes
  3.3 Common reservations about hiring women managers
  3.4 Gender determines career experience
  3.5 Making procedures gender-neutral: Measures selected by Toronto Dominion Bank
  3.6 Sexual harassment policy statement of The Prudential Insurance Company of America
  3.7 An equal employment opportunity policy
  3.8 Affirmative action programmes
  3.9 Affirmative action is good for business
  3.10 Affirmative action is good for women
  3.11 Managing diversity and equal opportunities: two approaches
  3.12 Checklist for total E-Quality label
  3.13 Successful mentoring programmes: contributory factors
  3.14 Retaining women: Checklist
  3.15 Example of a comprehensive programme
  3.16 Key actions for genuine commitment
  4.1 Berlin Anti-Discrimination (Public Sector) Act, 1991
  4.2 Chicago Area Partnerships

 

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This page was created by BR/PL. It was approved by VM. It was last updated Wed, 27 May, 1998.