Manufacturer

Ranking

Total
production

Passenger
cars

Commercial
 vehicles

Heavy trucks

Coaches
and buses

General Motors

1

7 582

5 090

2 418

70

4

Ford

2

6 556

3 600

2 884

72

0

Toyota-Daihatsu

3

5 210

4 200

731

245

34

Volkswagen

4

4 809

4 506

291

10

2

DaimlerChrysler

5

4 512

1 925

2 301

255

31

Fiat

6

2 696

2 303

275

97

21

Nissan

7

2 620

2 089

495

28

8

Honda

8

2 328

2 219

110

0

0

Renault

9

2 283

1 943

259

78

4

PSA Peugeot Citroën

10

2 247

1 830

418

0

0

Mitsubishi

11

1 591

1 085

347

151

8

Suzuki-Maruti

12

1 298

1 058

240

0

0

BMW Rover

13

1 209

1 175

34

0

0

Mazda

14

971

818

96

57

0

Hyundai

15

899

704

187

1

7

Daewoo

16

757

727

14

13

3

Avtovaz

17

600

600

0

0

0

Fuji

18

534

460

74

0

0

Isuzu

19

497

46

228

220

3

Volvo

20

493

399

0

85

10

Kia

21

365

282

77

6

0

Gaz

22

192

100

92

China First

23

168

0

168

0

0

Dongfeng

24

156

156

Navistar

25

128

0

0

107

21

Other

2 283

766

1 042

400

75

Total 1998

52 987

37 925

12 938

1 893

230

Total 1997

54 434

38 453

13 886

1 888

207

% 1998/97

-2.7

-1.4

-6.8

0.3

11.2

Source: Comité des Constructeurs Français d=Automobiles (CCFA):The French automotive industry (Paris, 1999), p. 7.

Economic area/
manufacturer

NAFTA

South
America

European
Union

Other Europe
and Turkey

Japan

Rep. of
Korea

Other Asia,
Pacific
 and Africa

Total

European
manufacturers

3 636

1 240

11 881

1 077

0

0

520

18 355

% of manufacturers’
production

20

7

65

6

0

0

3

100

% of area’s production

23

66

72

38

0

0

14

35

BMW Rover

57

1 135

2

15

1 209

Fiat

527

1 685

419

65

2 696

Man

53

1

1

54

DaimlerChrysler

3 166

66

1 247

7

25

4 512

PSA Peugeot Citroën

34

2 130

15

69

2 247

Renault

33

107

1 918

216

9

2 283

Scania

0

8

41

1

50

Volkswagen

339

491

3 227

417

334

4 809

Volvo

40

6

446

1

493

American
manufacturers

9 508

611

3 846

52

0

0

350

14 367

% of manufacturers’
production

66

4

27

0

0

0

2

100

% of area’s production

59

32

23

2

0

0

10

27

Ford

4 316

182

1 835

40

183

6 556

General Motors

5 006

429

1 968

12

167

7 582

Navistar

128

128

Paccar

58

43

101

Japanese
manufacturers

2 851

39

811

88

10 049

0

1 251

15 089

% of manufacturers’
production

19

0

5

1

67

0

8

100

% of area’s production

18

2

5

3

100

0

34

28

Daihatsu

543

543

Fuji

104

427

3

534

Hino

40

40

Honda

881

16

112

1 243

76

2 328

Isuzu

115

7

310

65

497

Mazda

94

838

39

971

Mitsubishi

157

101

1 081

252

1 591

Nissan

529

386

1 581

124

2 620

Suzuki-Maruti

6

33

66

807

385

1 298

Toyota

964

23

179

15

3 179

308

4 668

Rep. of Korea
manufacturers

0

0

0

150

0

1 954

28

2 131

% of manufacturers’
production

0

0

0

7

0

92

1

100

% of area’s production

0

0

0

5

0

100

1

4

Asia

25

25

Daewoo

117

633

7

757

Hyundai

33

845

21

899

Kia

365

365

Samsung

42

42

Ssangyong

44

44

Other manufacturers

13

2

75

1 564

0

0

1 482

3 136

% of manufacturers’
production

0

0

2

50

0

0

47

100

% of area’s production

0

0

0

55

0

0

41

6

Changan

115

115

China First

168

168

Dongfeng

156

156

Yuejin

103

103

Tata

118

118

Avtovaz

600

600

Gaz

192

192

Proton

96

96

Others

13

2

75

772

0

724

1 587

Total

16 008

1 892

16 613

2 839

10 049

1 954

3 630

52 987

% of manufacturers’
production

30

4

31

5

19

4

7

100

% of area’s production

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Source: CCFA, op. cit., p. 45.

1000 units produced

Japanese-owned companies

Toyota

3 820

Nissan

2 113

Honda

1 929

Mitsubishi

1 082

Suzuki

1 061

Mazda

751

Isuzu

46

Fuji

416

Daihatsu

439

Total share: 32 per cent

11 657

American-owned companies

General Motors

5 110

Ford

3 739

Chrysler

1 017

Total share: 27 per cent

9 866

German-owned companies

Volkswagen

3 509

BMW Rover

1 113

Mercedes

657

Total share: 14 per cent

5 279

French-owned companies

PSA Peugeot

1 742

Renault

1 521

Total share: 9 per cent

3 263

Source: OECD: Market access issues in the automobile sector (Paris, 1997), p. 256.

Global
revenue
rank

Company

Revenues
($ million)

Profits
($ million)

Assets
($ million)

Stockholders’
equity
($ million)

Employees

1

General Motors

161 315.00

2 956.00

257 389.00

14 984.00

594 000

2

DaimlerChrysler

154 615.00

5 656.00

159 738.00

35 629.00

441 502

3

Ford Motor

144 416.00

22 071.00

237 545.00

23 409.00

345 175

17

Volkswagen

76 306.55

1 261.33

70 458.74

10 714.74

297 916

34

Fiat

50 998.95

692.29

76 256.62

15 251.81

220 549

105

Robert Bosch

28 610.34

445.64

21 820.34

6 788.72

189 537

10

Toyota Motor

99 740.07

2 786.52

124 562.20

52 143.44

183 879

59

Peugeot

37 539.80

538.76

40 276.43

9 982.47

156 500

49

Renault

41 353.30

1 499.80

44 765.39

9 229.60

138 321

33

Nissan Motor

51 477.71

-216.82

58 404.97

10 592.55

131 260

65

BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke)

35 886.70

513.28

35 978.37

7 491.19

119 913

38

Honda Motor

48 747.67

2 386.48

42 504.15

14 892.23

112 200

351

Johnson Controls

12 586.80

337.70

7 942.10

1 941.40

89 000

340

Dana

12 838.70

534.10

10 137.50

2 939.20

86 400

383

TRW

11 886.00

477.00

7 169.00

1 878.00

78 000

305

Denso

13 760.05

461.34

16 186.85

9 466.05

72 359

118

Volvo

26 773.16

1 086.08

25 205.73

8 391.30

70 330

489

Lear

9 059.40

115.50

5 677.30

1 300.00

65 466

302

MAN

13 826.69

318.95

8 366.76

2 291.61

64 054

247

Mazda Motor

16 093.41

302.82

12 487.47

3 190.74

31 851

348

Isuzu Motors

12 666.81

48.78

13 739.31

1 500.92

28 508

111

Mitsubishi Motors

27 480.38

44.34

25 838.84

2 985.55

26 749

420

Fuji Heavy Industries

10 581.25

263.69

8 284.74

1 690.46

19 882

399

Suzuki Motor

11 389.50

190.57

9 556.20

3 698.43

13 896

Source: 1999 Fortune Global 500. http://cgihttp://cgi.pathfinder.com/cgi-bin/fortune/global500/g500rank.cgi.

1998

1997

Aston Martin

630

640

BMW 8 series

660

1 360

Ferrari

3 600

3 500

Honda NSX

510

540

Maserati

700

600

Lamborghini

230

220

Mercedes SL

15 800

15 400

Porsche 911

21 600

12 800

Jaguar XK8

13 200

15 000

Lotus Esprit

300

280

Toyota Supra

2 100

3 300

Toyota Soarer

4 500

6 700

Source: Brian Coleman : “European automakers rally around supercars”, in Wall Street Journal, 21 Apr. 1999.

Name of joint venture

Foreign equity participation (%)

Annual
capacity

Implementation schedule

Birla Group of Companies (Hindustan
Motors) with General Motors of the US

50.00

25 000

Production already launched
(Opel Astra)

Premier Automobile Ltd. with Peugeot of France

50.00

60 000

Production already launched (Peugeot 309)

Telco with Mercedes-Benz of Germany

76.00

20 000

Production already launched (Mercedes E220)

DCM with Daewoo Motor Company of the Republic of Korea

91.23

160 000

Production already launched
(Cielo)

Mahindra and Mahindra with Ford Motor Company of the US

50.00

125 000

Production already launched (Escort)

Sriram Industrial Enterprises Ltd. with Honda Motor Company of Japan

90.00

30 000

1997-98 (City)

Hindustan Motors with Mitsubishi Motor Corporation of Japan

10.00

30 000

1997-98

Hyundai Motor Company, Republic of Korea

100.00

100 000-200 000

1997-98

Hero Cycles Ltd. Ludhiana with BMW, Germany

51.00

10 000

1997-98

Volvo AB, Sweden

100.00

Not indicated

1997-98 (commercial vehicles)

Kamal Sabre Motors Ltd. with JD Automotive Design of South America and Sabrae International Corporation, US

100.00

720

Not Indicated (sports car)

Premier Automobiles with Fiat, Italy

74.00

100 000

Over a period of seven years
from 1997

Maini Amerigon Car Company with Amerigon Inc., US and Asian Equity, UK

54.25

I-6 000
V-80 000

Bangalore (electric car)

M/S Overseas Concept Auto Ltd., Chandigarh with Concept Industrial Management Ltd., UK

2 200

1996 (not commenced)
Rajpura, Punjab

Source: Vineet Ohri: “Developments in India’s auto industry”, in OECD, op. cit., pp. 130-131.

Industry

1996

1997

1997
TNIa average

Media

2

1

72.8

Food and beverages b

12

9

72.5

Construction

3

3

68.6

Chemicals and pharmaceuticals c

16

21

65.9

Other

4

5

57.4

Electronics/electrical equipment

17

18

55.9

Petroleum refining/distribution, mining

14

13

48.9

Automotive

14

14

46.7

Diversified

4

7

42.3

Telecommunication/utilities

5

4

40.7

Machinery and engineering

2

2

35.8

Trading

4

3

34.0

Total/average

100

100

55.4d

a Transnationality index (TNI): average of three ratios: foreign/total assets, foreign/total sales and foreign/total employment.   b Also includes British American Tobacco, Philip Morris and McDonalds.   ^c Includes Montedison.   ^d Average transnationality index for the world’s largest 100 MNEs. Source: Based on United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): World investment report 1999: Foreign direct investment and the challenge of development (Geneva, 1999), pp. 78-80.

Ranking amongst the top 100 MNEs by:

Assets (US$ billion)

Sales (US$ billion)

Employment
(number of employees)

TNI

Degree of internationalization

Network-spread
index

Foreign assets

TNI

MNE (assets rank)

Country

Foreign

Total

Foreign

Total

Foreign

Total

(%)

Number of
countries
present (1996)

% of countries
present (1996)

24

Honda Motor Co. Ltd. (8)

Japan

21.5

36.5

31.5

45.4

109 400

64.1

22

12

25

38

BMW AG (9)

Germany

20.3

31.8

26.4

35.9

52 149

117 624

60.7

22

12

62

40

Volvo AB (12)

Sweden

...

20.7

21.5

24.1

29 500

72 900

59.7

33

10

8

50

Volkswagen group (4)

Germany

57.0

42.7

65.0

133 906

279 892

56.8

23

13

72

53

Robert Bosch (14)

Germany

9.0

19.5

17.7

27.0

89 071

179 719

53.8

25

14

17

61

Nissan Motor Co. (7)

Japan

26.5

57.6

27.8

49.7

137 201

51.1

13

7

33

68

Renault SA (10)

France

18.3

34.9

18.5

35.6

45 860

141 315

45.7

29

16

10

71

Daimler-Benz AG (5)

Germany

30.9

76.2

46.1

69.0

74 802

300 068

44.1

38

21

12

74

Fiat Spa (6)

Italy

30.0

69.1

20.2

50.6

94 877

242 322

40.8

43

24

6

75

Toyota (3)

Japan

41.8

105.0

50.4

88.5

159 035

40.0

34

19

53

77

Peugeot SA (11)

France

12.9

30.9

16.1

31.2

32 100

140 200

38.7

2

80

Ford Motor Company (1)

United States

72.5

275.4

48.0

153.6

174 105

363 892

35.2

46

26

70

81

Mitsubishi Motors (13)

Japan

9.1

25.1

10.9

28.3

19 600

75 300

33.7

14

8

 4

91

General Motors (2)

United States

0

228.9

51.0

178.2

608 000

29.3

59

33

World investment report 1998: Trends and determinants (Geneva, 1998), pp. 321-322.

Industry

TNI

Assets

Sales

Employment

Foreign

Total

Foreign

Total

Foreign

Total

Petroleum

1990

57.7

15.1

10.6

15.8

11.9

5.5

4.2

1996

61.9

9.8

7.1

12.2

9.4

3.6

3.1

Chemicals

1990

51.6

5.3

4.2

5.9

4.5

4.8

5.4

996

60.8

6.0

3.8

4.7

3.9

4.8

4.5

Pharmaceuticals

1990

47.1

1.5

1.3

1.6

1.4

2.4

2.3

1996

47.8

2.7

2.9

2.7

2.4

3.5

3.1

Automotive

1990

34.7

11.9

15.3

10.4

11.8

9.7

14.2

1996

39.1

12.5

17.1

11.2

13.1

9.0

13.5

1990

1996

Trading

1990

28.3

5.0

9.1

14.7

22.2

0.4

0.6

1996

32.1

4.9

7.4

10.3

15.4

0.3

0.4

^a Only includes industries that have at least five entries and in which the same five top MNEs featured in the lists of the top 100 MNEs of 1990 and 1996. Source: UNCTAD: World investment report 1998, op cit., p. 318.