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Technology and employment in the food and drink industries
Report for discussion at the, Technology and Employment in the Food and Drink Industries
Copyright ® 1999 International Labour Organization (ILO)
3. Impacts
of new technology
on employment
Over the past 200 years millions of jobs have been replaced by machines. However, in industrialized countries primarily, there has also been a continuous increase in job numbers and in real incomes, not in spite of technological change, but because of it. New technology may reduce the number of existing jobs, but many studies show that it creates new demand, "either by increasing productivity and hence real incomes, or by creating new goods".(1)
Technological change is double-edged; it both destroys jobs and creates new ones. Economists have generally argued that in the long run new technology creates more jobs than it eliminates. However, compensation may not be automatic, painless or instantaneous; there may be lags between the time when jobs are replaced by machines and the time when new ones are created. Those who have been made redundant may not be qualified for the new jobs that are be created. Furthermore, new jobs may be created in locations to which it may not be practical for many people to move for various reasons.(2) This section will examine employment trends in the FD industries in general as well as in some specific cases against the backdrop of the rapid technological developments seen in recent years. It will also look into how new technology may have influenced both forms of employment and skill requirements.
Tables 3.1 and 3.2 present employment figures in the food and drink industries respectively for selected countries and territories for the period 1985-95. Although the data are incomplete, the tables show that employment has declined gradually in many high-income and upper middle-income countries in both the food and drink industries, while it has increased in many low-income and lower middle-income countries. Since high-income and upper middle-income countries are likely to have adopted more labour-saving technology than lower-income ones, their employment decline may have been largely due to this factor. However, other factors, such as the greater maturity of FD industries in high-income countries, were also at work. That the decline was not entirely determined by new technology is shown by the example of the United States where the food industry workforce grew continuously until 1993.
The rate of decline in the drink industry appears to have been greater than that in the food industry, particularly among high-income countries. As the drink industry lends itself more easily than the food industry to the substitution of capital for labour, this factor is likely to have been responsible for the higher decline in employment seen in this industry.
Tables 3.3 and 3.4 present employment in the food and drink industries respectively as a percentage of employment in total manufacturing in selected countries and territories for the period 1985-95. Table 3.3 indicates that the proportion of the food-processing workforce within total manufacturing has been growing in many industrialized and upper middle-income countries. This suggests that the substitution of capital for labour has proceeded more rapidly in other manufacturing sectors than in the food industry, thus the employment decline has been greater in the former.
On the other hand, in many lower-income countries the percentage of food workers in total manufacturing has declined despite the fact that the absolute number of workers has increased (table 3.1). These countries are now experiencing relatively rapid economic growth, and other manufacturing sectors are experiencing faster employment growth than the food industry.
Table 3.1. Employment in
food products (ISIC 311), 1985-95
Country/territory |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
High-income non-OECD |
|||||||||||
Cyprus |
4 686 |
4 873 |
5 063 |
5 404 |
5 686 |
5 880 |
5 833 |
5 988 |
5 945 |
6 392 |
6 546 |
Hong Kong |
18 500 |
18 900 |
19 300 |
19 600 |
18 700 |
21 000 |
21 300 |
20 800 |
20 400 |
||
Israel |
41 700 |
43 640 |
48 500 |
48 600 |
44 600 |
42 000 |
43 600 |
43 300 |
45 300 |
48 941 |
|
Kuwait |
6 280 |
6 485 |
6 875 |
7 214 |
7 075 |
7 727 |
4 791 |
5 953 |
6 744 |
6 759 |
6 699 |
Singapore |
9 686 |
9 622 |
10 181 |
10 400 |
10 391 |
10 615 |
11 104 |
11 565 |
11 874 |
11 800 |
11 855 |
High-income OECD |
|||||||||||
Australia |
143 700 |
144 000 |
145 000 |
151 000 |
153 000 |
150 000 |
148 000 |
146 000 |
|||
Austria |
53 200 |
51 800 |
51 800 |
51 600 |
51 200 |
52 800 |
51 000 |
51 000 |
49 955 |
49 018 |
49 029 |
Belgium |
74 000 |
73 300 |
73 100 |
74 500 |
75 800 |
75 800 |
76 100 |
75 300 |
|||
Canada |
190 300 |
195 100 |
197 000 |
201 000 |
201 900 |
197 800 |
192 000 |
195 000 |
189 000 |
189 000 |
189 213 |
Denmark |
66 343 |
67 697 |
66 892 |
64 500 |
63 100 |
87 371 |
85 561 |
83 181 |
|||
Finland |
51 162 |
50 468 |
50 214 |
49 500 |
47 300 |
46 600 |
44 700 |
41 400 |
38 500 |
36 200 |
35 667 |
France |
461 400 |
462 400 |
463 100 |
463 100 |
463 700 |
462 500 |
459 100 |
454 100 |
449 500 |
||
Germany |
511 000 |
448 787 |
442 445 |
||||||||
Germany (former FRG) |
335 201 |
334 928 |
337 588 |
339 207 |
354 077 |
376 275 |
403 089 |
401 500 |
|||
Iceland |
13 399 |
13 773 |
14 270 |
12 528 |
11 921 |
11 200 |
10 891 |
9 982 |
9 982 |
10 399 |
|
Ireland |
38 900 |
38 000 |
37 312 |
37 300 |
36 600 |
36 700 |
37 500 |
36 227 |
35 534 |
34 581 |
33 266 |
Italy |
155 000 |
145 000 |
149 000 |
163 102 |
157 503 |
162 655 |
164 443 |
162 966 |
162 966 |
||
Japan |
1 030 000 |
1 066 000 |
1 077 000 |
1 095 000 |
1 101 000 |
1 138 000 |
1 153 000 |
1 165 000 |
1 185 000 |
1 147 000 |
1 145 000 |
Luxembourg |
2 203 |
2 248 |
2 283 |
2 272 |
2 440 |
2 472 |
2 722 |
2 799 |
2 974 |
2 868 |
|
Netherlands |
113 000 |
113 000 |
116 103 |
106 303 |
106 532 |
107 759 |
110 073 |
109 732 |
107 699 |
107 000 |
108 243 |
New Zealand |
67 124 |
66 740 |
60 200 |
59 890 |
59 637 |
56 464 |
56 044 |
57 604 |
58 971 |
||
Norway |
47 233 |
47 610 |
47 500 |
46 000 |
44 800 |
43 906 |
43 580 |
39 967 |
40 063 |
40 986 |
41 163 |
Spain |
228 285 |
226 140 |
232 811 |
252 494 |
255 368 |
258 596 |
264 061 |
264 038 |
264 509 |
266 353 |
265 439 |
Sweden |
62 200 |
63 200 |
62 800 |
63 300 |
63 700 |
61 500 |
62 861 |
58 908 |
56 205 |
54 493 |
|
Switzerland |
71 600 |
72 000 |
72 800 |
73 700 |
75 100 |
74 300 |
70 800 |
69 100 |
70 700 |
||
United Kingdom |
487 000 |
487 000 |
499 000 |
498 000 |
504 000 |
503 000 |
490 000 |
482 000 |
479 480 |
477 000 |
474 560 |
United States |
1 249 000 |
1 248 000 |
1 300 000 |
1 314 000 |
1 315 000 |
1 333 000 |
1 339 000 |
1 369 000 |
1 385 000 |
1 383 000 |
1 382 520 |
Low-income |
|||||||||||
Bangladesh |
45 700 |
46 055 |
48 498 |
51 132 |
125 943 |
110 686 |
104 187 |
106 167 |
|||
Burundi |
631 |
1 068 |
1 068 |
1 068 |
1 411 |
1 620 |
|||||
Cambodia |
12 807 |
12 061 |
11 780 |
10 828 |
8 700 |
8 810 |
11 208 |
||||
Central African Republic |
663 |
576 |
488 |
464 |
428 |
558 |
532 |
472 |
|||
China |
2 319 000 |
2 475 000 |
2 593 000 |
2 750 000 |
2 720 000 |
3 050 000 |
3 210 000 |
3 270 000 |
3 130 000 |
3 180 000 |
|
Egypt |
148 216 |
151 236 |
173 692 |
175 656 |
188 933 |
204 200 |
243 000 |
193 000 |
210 242 |
216 391 |
|
Ghana |
7 295 |
7 606 |
12 264 |
7 418 |
7 627 |
||||||
Honduras |
16 626 |
17 478 |
18 596 |
18 827 |
18 949 |
19 289 |
22 552 |
24 711 |
27 071 |
29 661 |
|
India |
978 629 |
956 086 |
1 024 727 |
1 021 334 |
1 111 243 |
1 122 305 |
1 124 366 |
1 240 185 |
1 229 339 |
||
Indonesia |
300 200 |
306 100 |
325 700 |
356 600 |
358 700 |
392 875 |
438 564 |
466 709 |
512 741 |
496 479 |
586 167 |
Kenya |
41 897 |
45 023 |
46 063 |
49 177 |
49 765 |
51 511 |
53 561 |
53 757 |
55 429 |
||
Mozambique |
24 320 |
54 740 |
60 340 |
39 230 |
30 693 |
27 409 |
21 496 |
20 780 |
18 598 |
||
Nepal |
24 050 |
16 432 |
15 204 |
17 385 |
17 038 |
21 258 |
26 151 |
||||
Nigeria |
50 000 |
3 025 |
3 131 |
||||||||
Pakistan |
64 300 |
65 600 |
68 784 |
67 239 |
75 500 |
83 885 |
76 371 |
79 880 |
|||
Sri Lanka |
41 379 |
45 923 |
40 629 |
33 583 |
42 982 |
46 674 |
40 303 |
47 238 |
41 063 |
||
Yemen |
9 453 |
10 017 |
10 087 |
11 235 |
12 118 |
12 407 |
11 760 |
||||
Zimbabwe |
27 400 |
28 131 |
27 637 |
28 337 |
28 111 |
25 302 |
27 132 |
26 560 |
24 700 |
25 482 |
26 841 |
Middle-income (lower) |
|||||||||||
Algeria |
50 253 |
60 704 |
59 188 |
59 936 |
55 724 |
61 379 |
68 290 |
60 477 |
61 641 |
61 501 |
|
Armenia |
25 051 |
26 119 |
24 920 |
22 630 |
22 001 |
20 971 |
26 477 |
22 262 |
22 303 |
||
Azerbaijan |
37 347 |
38 608 |
38 773 |
37 755 |
37 138 |
||||||
Bolivia |
6 107 |
5 697 |
5 647 |
6 248 |
6 458 |
6 133 |
6 601 |
7 217 |
6 895 |
7 065 |
|
Bulgaria |
106 600 |
109 100 |
107 300 |
110 500 |
111 100 |
105 700 |
87 100 |
73 600 |
55 600 |
59 700 |
|
Cameroon |
16 972 |
14 618 |
16 658 |
14 318 |
15 565 |
12 969 |
|||||
Chile |
44 644 |
52 654 |
58 556 |
64 964 |
71 899 |
75 279 |
80 636 |
84 603 |
83 365 |
97 256 |
103 403 |
Colombia |
67 394 |
69 078 |
72 994 |
74 301 |
76 590 |
79 300 |
81 191 |
102 999 |
104 962 |
103 985 |
105 446 |
Costa Rica |
28 605 |
28 933 |
29 683 |
30 726 |
30 208 |
31 040 |
30 691 |
33 770 |
34 882 |
||
Cuba |
237 100 |
234 600 |
235 000 |
240 500 |
247 500 |
||||||
Czechoslovakia (former) |
176 000 |
177 000 |
177 000 |
177 000 |
176 000 |
168 000 |
143 000 |
||||
Ecuador |
23 210 |
24 050 |
27 708 |
27 340 |
28 197 |
27 131 |
32 752 |
36 626 |
36 358 |
36 844 |
|
Fiji |
6 172 |
6 346 |
7 489 |
7 504 |
7 087 |
6 454 |
4 817 |
4 913 |
4 889 |
5 124 |
|
Iran, Islamic Republic of |
68 801 |
72 963 |
85 450 |
71 100 |
77 800 |
67 600 |
71 087 |
72 661 |
71 769 |
||
Jamaica |
18 219 |
17 906 |
19 088 |
22 676 |
25 006 |
24 980 |
25 204 |
||||
Jordan |
5 643 |
6 001 |
6 173 |
6 418 |
7 435 |
7 819 |
9 118 |
10 296 |
10 610 |
13 206 |
|
Kyrgyzstan |
29 338 |
29 226 |
27 573 |
27 635 |
27 250 |
25 678 |
24 597 |
21 417 |
|||
Latvia |
40 360 |
40 908 |
40 439 |
38 559 |
36 492 |
35 119 |
50 478 |
36 335 |
31 506 |
||
Malaysia |
61 400 |
63 600 |
67 500 |
70 100 |
72 400 |
73 300 |
78 500 |
77 600 |
81 100 |
84 263 |
86 920 |
Mauritius |
9 517 |
9 871 |
11 098 |
11 099 |
11 088 |
11 421 |
11 433 |
11 225 |
12 475 |
||
Moldova, Republic of |
63 223 |
63 470 |
61 231 |
58 518 |
58 986 |
58 197 |
67 009 |
52 157 |
48 636 |
||
Mongolia |
15 700 |
16 200 |
17 600 |
14 000 |
15 200 |
11 975 |
11 882 |
9 249 |
9 701 |
13 620 |
|
Morocco |
22 182 |
24 302 |
20 597 |
27 350 |
26 892 |
20 617 |
27 350 |
26 980 |
28 438 |
29 316 |
|
Panama |
12 485 |
12 436 |
12 388 |
11 633 |
12 824 |
12 980 |
13 574 |
14 661 |
15 585 |
17 286 |
19 431 |
Peru |
40 151 |
41 814 |
42 164 |
45 005 |
43 607 |
43 263 |
42 557 |
43 219 |
|||
Philippines |
125 800 |
120 800 |
131 100 |
156 600 |
164 300 |
266 500 |
256 500 |
158 600 |
159 491 |
162 627 |
164 286 |
Poland |
382 000 |
386 000 |
383 000 |
387 000 |
377 000 |
366 000 |
360 000 |
349 000 |
325 000 |
||
Romania |
132 000 |
126 000 |
119 000 |
119 000 |
127 000 |
259 300 |
255 700 |
243 100 |
255 200 |
243 900 |
|
Senegal |
15 000 |
15 000 |
15 000 |
14 000 |
21 094 |
18 311 |
19 045 |
14 072 |
13 557 |
15 505 |
|
Slovenia |
19 610 |
19 379 |
24 650 |
23 600 |
24 062 |
22 490 |
21 050 |
22 383 |
|||
Syrian Arab Republic |
30 384 |
31 128 |
31 337 |
31 200 |
32 700 |
32 800 |
34 300 |
34 300 |
33 000 |
||
Thailand |
109 362 |
234 624 |
256 927 |
204 396 |
219 269 |
||||||
Tonga |
350 |
418 |
558 |
473 |
290 |
259 |
287 |
447 |
392 |
376 |
|
Turkey |
117 631 |
124 634 |
127 053 |
127 654 |
133 487 |
129 451 |
124 498 |
124 421 |
121 001 |
121 508 |
|
Middle-income (upper) |
|||||||||||
Argentina |
251 378 |
230 341 |
227 692 |
221 704 |
196 984 |
197 220 |
190 215 |
198 670 |
|||
Barbados |
1 642 |
2 260 |
2 198 |
1 922 |
1 807 |
1 596 |
1 193 |
1 120 |
1 419 |
1 431 |
1 446 |
Botswana |
3 200 |
4 200 |
3 100 |
3 500 |
4 800 |
5 200 |
5 200 |
4 900 |
5 100 |
5 200 |
|
Brazil |
733 199 |
550 886 |
548 358 |
||||||||
Greece |
48 440 |
47 400 |
48 780 |
49 110 |
50 933 |
49 618 |
47 861 |
48 925 |
48 845 |
48 765 |
48 925 |
Hungary |
170 000 |
170 000 |
176 000 |
173 000 |
173 000 |
169 000 |
164 000 |
159 000 |
134 000 |
135 030 |
136 040 |
Korea, Republic of |
153 900 |
166 600 |
174 200 |
181 100 |
174 700 |
177 700 |
176 532 |
173 729 |
175 217 |
177 444 |
177 895 |
Malta |
1 845 |
2 069 |
2 211 |
2 285 |
2 772 |
2 327 |
2 330 |
2 345 |
2 286 |
||
Mexico |
97 190 |
97 960 |
95 380 |
92 880 |
96 340 |
96 980 |
97 113 |
97 540 |
92 029 |
89 194 |
90 055 |
Oman |
228 |
288 |
344 |
81 |
110 |
60 |
467 |
193 |
800 |
370 |
|
Portugal |
67 567 |
67 800 |
65 300 |
62 741 |
62 544 |
46 336 |
46 873 |
45 544 |
42 684 |
41 436 |
40 749 |
Puerto Rico |
19 140 |
19 220 |
20 630 |
20 600 |
21 040 |
16 420 |
13 350 |
14 420 |
14 130 |
13 880 |
|
Russian Federation |
1 533 300 |
1 475 200 |
|||||||||
Slovakia |
46 460 |
41 956 |
40 937 |
40 238 |
|||||||
South Africa |
185 000 |
182 000 |
189 000 |
193 000 |
195 000 |
199 000 |
194 000 |
194 000 |
195 000 |
176 000 |
176 000 |
Suriname |
3 330 |
3 177 |
3 574 |
2 927 |
2 873 |
2 740 |
2 782 |
2 689 |
2 451 |
||
Trinidad and Tobago |
6 800 |
6 600 |
6 100 |
6 100 |
14 034 |
12 775 |
12 851 |
13 258 |
14 700 |
||
USSR (former) |
2 760 000 |
2 780 000 |
2 801 000 |
2 783 000 |
2 765 000 |
2 753 000 |
|||||
Uruguay |
36 034 |
36 280 |
35 228 |
35 500 |
48 717 |
47 883 |
46 454 |
42 867 |
39 397 |
39 560 |
39 599 |
Venezuela |
72 700 |
74 700 |
83 400 |
85 100 |
81 900 |
82 300 |
88 300 |
89 000 |
82 742 |
||
Yugoslavia |
93 300 |
||||||||||
Yugoslavia (former) |
214 000 |
221 000 |
225 000 |
228 000 |
223 000 |
||||||
Others |
|||||||||||
Croatia |
50 580 |
50 964 |
51 367 |
51 373 |
56 380 |
52 570 |
48 310 |
45 420 |
45 470 |
||
Czech Republic |
122 000 |
122 000 |
121 000 |
116 000 |
99 000 |
94 000 |
92 000 |
||||
Taiwan, China |
124 432 |
125 676 |
126 990 |
119 090 |
115 383 |
116 333 |
115 800 |
118 477 |
119 503 |
117 315 |
115 616 |
Ukraine |
684 000 |
681 000 |
683 000 |
653 000 |
618 000 |
606 000 |
586 000 |
||||
Source: UNIDO: Industrial Statistics, 1997. |
|||||||||||
Table 3.2. Employment in
beverages (ISIC 313), 1985-95
Country/territory |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
High-income non-OECD |
|||||||||||
Bermuda |
104 |
108 |
108 |
105 |
129 |
||||||
Cyprus |
1 774 |
1 762 |
1 799 |
1 927 |
2 036 |
1 905 |
1 938 |
1 989 |
2 039 |
2 027 |
2 006 |
Germany (former GDR) |
46 700 |
46 900 |
47 200 |
48 000 |
48 000 |
||||||
Hong Kong |
4 800 |
4 700 |
4 700 |
4 800 |
4 900 |
5 000 |
4 500 |
4 100 |
4 100 |
||
Israel |
2 500 |
2 703 |
3 100 |
3 400 |
3 100 |
3 300 |
4 200 |
4 000 |
4 500 |
4 699 |
|
Kuwait |
1 835 |
1 893 |
1 893 |
2 012 |
2 230 |
1 812 |
290 |
1 761 |
2 204 |
1 503 |
1 489 |
Qatar |
262 |
317 |
306 |
338 |
419 |
370 |
368 |
425 |
|||
Singapore |
2 273 |
2 264 |
2 258 |
2 330 |
2 406 |
2 439 |
2 440 |
2 306 |
2 190 |
2 156 |
2 156 |
High-income OECD |
|||||||||||
Australia |
18 000 |
18 000 |
18 000 |
18 000 |
18 000 |
18 000 |
18 000 |
17 000 |
|||
Austria |
13 000 |
13 100 |
13 000 |
12 800 |
12 400 |
12 700 |
13 000 |
13 000 |
12 345 |
11 947 |
11 902 |
Belgium |
14 700 |
14 100 |
13 700 |
13 300 |
13 100 |
12 800 |
12 600 |
12 300 |
|||
Canada |
31 000 |
31 000 |
31 200 |
31 000 |
27 000 |
24 000 |
22 000 |
27 000 |
27 000 |
26 000 |
26 000 |
Denmark |
9 822 |
9 112 |
8 672 |
8 100 |
7 100 |
7 015 |
6 932 |
6 832 |
|||
Finland |
5 000 |
5 100 |
4 900 |
4 800 |
4 800 |
5 500 |
5 400 |
4 900 |
4 200 |
4 200 |
4 150 |
France |
49 300 |
47 500 |
45 200 |
43 500 |
44 000 |
43 800 |
43 000 |
42 500 |
42 000 |
||
Germany |
112 000 |
96 761 |
89 430 |
||||||||
Germany (former FRG) |
91 555 |
89 558 |
87 674 |
85 713 |
84 614 |
86 510 |
90 041 |
89 212 |
|||
Iceland |
358 |
343 |
356 |
311 |
334 |
333 |
325 |
334 |
294 |
306 |
|
Ireland |
6 000 |
5 700 |
5 380 |
5 200 |
5 100 |
4 700 |
5 300 |
5 348 |
5 300 |
4 942 |
4 743 |
Italy |
43 000 |
43 000 |
44 000 |
26 504 |
25 883 |
25 238 |
24 093 |
24 179 |
24 266 |
||
Japan |
75 000 |
73 000 |
73 000 |
73 000 |
72 000 |
74 000 |
72 000 |
71 000 |
73 000 |
70 720 |
68 200 |
Luxembourg |
908 |
903 |
904 |
889 |
904 |
906 |
943 |
955 |
954 |
919 |
|
Netherlands |
12 000 |
12 000 |
11 937 |
11 563 |
11 384 |
11 229 |
11 611 |
11 403 |
11 217 |
10 897 |
10 897 |
New Zealand |
3 675 |
3 650 |
3 200 |
3 020 |
3 039 |
2 960 |
1 897 |
3 116 |
|||
Norway |
4 291 |
4 362 |
4 700 |
4 600 |
4 600 |
4 367 |
4 389 |
4 836 |
4 782 |
4 954 |
5 040 |
Spain |
54 488 |
55 373 |
54 872 |
50 764 |
52 574 |
52 464 |
47 176 |
45 508 |
45 619 |
46 053 |
45 838 |
Sweden |
4 400 |
4 600 |
5 000 |
5 100 |
5 000 |
4 800 |
4 827 |
4 575 |
4 348 |
4 141 |
|
United Kingdom |
73 000 |
74 000 |
70 000 |
72 000 |
73 000 |
69 000 |
69 000 |
65 000 |
62 870 |
60 840 |
52 930 |
United States |
171 000 |
16 000 |
152 000 |
151 000 |
143 000 |
137 000 |
137 000 |
134 000 |
136 000 |
128 000 |
127 200 |
Low-income |
|||||||||||
Bangladesh |
630 |
636 |
645 |
751 |
863 |
1 024 |
845 |
1 715 |
|||
Burundi |
872 |
898 |
835 |
776 |
722 |
654 |
|||||
Cambodia |
2 639 |
2 748 |
2 736 |
2 593 |
2 410 |
2 246 |
2 402 |
||||
Central African Republic |
331 |
287 |
244 |
232 |
214 |
278 |
265 |
235 |
|||
China |
582 000 |
613 000 |
643 000 |
677 000 |
669 000 |
1 100 000 |
1 160 000 |
1 180 000 |
1 130 000 |
1 170 000 |
|
Egypt |
21 081 |
18 497 |
21 568 |
22 102 |
19 345 |
18 300 |
12 100 |
21 300 |
21 300 |
21 135 |
|
Ethiopia and Eritrea |
7 859 |
8 261 |
8 746 |
8 863 |
9 149 |
||||||
Ghana |
4 238 |
3 792 |
5 303 |
3 418 |
3 514 |
||||||
Honduras |
4 099 |
6 416 |
6 788 |
6 911 |
7 064 |
4 265 |
4 181 |
4 336 |
4 750 |
5 205 |
|
India |
46 793 |
46 380 |
50 340 |
52 137 |
51 612 |
55 996 |
56 789 |
59 112 |
68 116 |
||
Indonesia |
11 300 |
11 700 |
11 700 |
13 000 |
12 300 |
12 550 |
16 491 |
16 738 |
21 127 |
22 168 |
23 723 |
Kenya |
6 399 |
6 328 |
5 782 |
6 505 |
6 597 |
6 733 |
6 956 |
7 029 |
7 232 |
||
Madagascar |
3 118 |
3 506 |
2 943 |
2 912 |
|||||||
Malawi |
1 876 |
1 773 |
1 304 |
1 257 |
1 812 |
||||||
Mozambique |
|||||||||||