Human resource implications of globalization and restructuring in commerce
Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on
Human Resource Implications of Globalization and
Restructuring in Commerce
Part 3
Copyright ® 1999 International Labour Organization (ILO)
Total employment and employment in wholesale and
retail trade by sex (selected countries and various years)
|
| |||||||||
|
Country or territory |
Year |
Total employment |
Employment in wholesale and retail trade1 | ||||||
|
Total
|
Women
|
Share of
|
Total
|
Women
|
Share of
|
As % of total employment | |||
|
Total |
Women | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
|
Developed (industrialized) countries | |||||||||
|
Australia |
1990 |
7 836.6 |
3 253.4 |
41.5 |
1 943.8 |
921.8 |
47.4 |
24.8 |
28.3 |
|
1995 |
8 217.1 |
3 612.1 |
44.0 |
2 095.1 |
1 016.6 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
28.1 | |
|
1997 |
8 394.1 |
3 631.7 |
43.3 |
2 125.8 |
1 003.5 |
47.2 |
25.3 |
27.6 | |
|
Austria |
1985 |
3 234.5 |
1 277.1 |
39.5 |
578.0 |
333.9 |
57.8 |
17.9 |
26.1 |
|
1990 |
3 421.1 |
1 396.3 |
40.8 |
633.9 |
370.8 |
58.5 |
18.5 |
26.6 | |
|
1995 |
3 758.8 |
1 596.0 |
42.5 |
781.4 |
441.0 |
56.4 |
20.8 |
27.6 | |
|
1997 |
3 719.4 |
1 590.3 |
42.8 |
795.9 |
445.2 |
55.9 |
21.4 |
28.0 | |
|
Belgium |
1990 |
3 636.7 |
1 364.6 |
37.5 |
668.0 |
297.2 |
44.5 |
18.4 |
21.8 |
|
Canada |
1985 |
11 221.0 |
4 794.0 |
42.7 |
2 613.0 |
1 241.0 |
47.5 |
23.3 |
25.9 |
|
1990 |
12 572.0 |
5 624.0 |
44.7 |
3 014.0 |
1 462.0 |
48.5 |
24.0 |
26.0 | |
|
1995 |
13 506.0 |
6 109.0 |
45.2 |
3 167.7 |
1 527.1 |
48.2 |
23.5 |
25.0 | |
|
1997 |
13 941.0 |
6 291.7 |
45.1 |
3 283.9 |
1 576.6 |
48.0 |
23.6 |
25.1 | |
|
Cyprus |
1985 |
221.8 |
82.3 |
37.1 |
47.3 |
19.3 |
40.8 |
21.3 |
23.5 |
|
1990 |
257.2 |
99.5 |
38.7 |
61.1 |
26.4 |
43.2 |
23.8 |
26.5 | |
|
1995 |
285.1 |
112.1 |
39.3 |
74.6 |
34.3 |
46.0 |
26.2 |
30.6 | |
|
Denmark |
1985 |
2 553.4 |
1 143.2 |
44.8 |
391.9 |
184.9 |
47.2 |
15.3 |
16.2 |
|
1990 |
2 670.0 |
1 221.7 |
45.8 |
390.8 |
185.4 |
47.4 |
14.6 |
15.2 | |
|
1993 |
2 609.7 |
1 161.1 |
44.5 |
433.2 |
190.9 |
44.1 |
16.6 |
16.4 | |
|
1997 |
2 682.0 |
1 217.3 |
45.4 |
439.8 |
195.4 |
44.4 |
16.4 |
16.1 | |
|
Finland |
1985 |
2 466.0 |
1 173.0 |
47.6 |
355.0 |
207.0 |
58.3 |
14.4 |
17.6 |
|
1990 |
2 488.0 |
1 179.0 |
47.4 |
392.0 |
221.0 |
56.4 |
15.8 |
18.7 | |
|
1995 |
2 092.0 |
988.0 |
47.2 |
301.0 |
160.0 |
53.2 |
14.4 |
16.2 | |
|
1997 |
2 195.0 |
1 028.0 |
46.8 |
329.0 |
173.0 |
52.6 |
15.0 |
16.8 | |
|
France |
1990 |
19 468.0 |
8 493.5 |
43.6 |
3 104.7 |
1 437.7 |
46.3 |
15.9 |
16.9 |
|
1995 |
19 635.0 |
8 894.4 |
45.3 |
3 089.2 |
1 445.0 |
46.8 |
15.7 |
16.2 | |
|
1997 |
19 847.0 |
9 063.9 |
45.7 |
3 160.0 |
1 472.3 |
46.6 |
15.9 |
16.2 | |
|
Germany |
1991 |
37 445.0 |
15 570.0 |
41.6 |
5 307.0 |
3 146.0 |
59.3 |
14.2 |
20.2 |
|
1995 |
36 048.0 |
15 109.0 |
41.9 |
6 188.0 |
3 306.0 |
53.4 |
17.2 |
21.9 | |
|
1997 |
35 805.0 |
15 256.0 |
42.6 |
6 244.0 |
3 379.0 |
54.1 |
17.4 |
22.1 | |
|
Greece |
1985 |
3 588.7 |
1 217.3 |
33.9 |
571.0 |
206.2 |
36.1 |
15.9 |
16.9 |
|
1990 |
3 719.1 |
1 309.7 |
35.2 |
653.9 |
248.8 |
38.0 |
17.6 |
19.0 | |
|
1995 |
3 823.8 |
1 371.6 |
35.9 |
848.7 |
313.5 |
36.9 |
22.2 |
22.9 | |
|
1997 |
3 854.1 |
1 415.1 |
36.7 |
872.5 |
333.5 |
38.2 |
22.6 |
23.6 | |
|
Iceland |
1991 |
136.9 |
62.4 |
45.6 |
25.2 |
11.4 |
45.2 |
18.4 |
18.3 |
|
1995 |
141.8 |
66.2 |
46.7 |
23.7 |
10.9 |
46.0 |
16.7 |
16.5 | |
|
1997 |
142.0 |
65.6 |
46.2 |
24.3 |
11.2 |
46.1 |
17.1 |
17.1 | |
|
Ireland |
1986 |
1 095.1 |
350.2 |
32.0 |
199.6 |
76.5 |
38.3 |
18.2 |
21.8 |
|
1990 |
1 159.7 |
400.4 |
34.5 |
212.9 |
88.2 |
41.4 |
18.4 |
22.0 | |
|
1995 |
1 281.7 |
482.9 |
37.7 |
247.8 |
114.4 |
46.2 |
19.3 |
23.7 | |
|
1997 |
1 379.9 |
539.7 |
39.1 |
269.7 |
128.2 |
47.5 |
19.5 |
23.8 | |
|
Israel |
1985 |
1 349.4 |
513.4 |
38.0 |
167.7 |
59.1 |
35.2 |
12.4 |
11.5 |
|
1990 |
1 491.5 |
593.8 |
39.8 |
216.4 |
78.0 |
36.0 |
14.5 |
13.1 | |
|
1995 |
1 965.0 |
834.4 |
42.5 |
329.6 |
128.9 |
39.1 |
16.8 |
15.4 | |
|
1997 |
2 040.2 |
884.8 |
43.4 |
338.6 |
135.9 |
40.1 |
16.6 |
15.4 | |
|
Italy |
1985 |
20 894.0 |
6 830.0 |
32.7 |
4 365.0 |
1 544.0 |
35.4 |
20.9 |
22.6 |
|
1990 |
21 454.0 |
7 427.0 |
34.6 |
4 537.0 |
1 681.0 |
37.1 |
21.1 |
22.6 | |
|
1995 |
19 942.0 |
7 055.0 |
35.4 |
4 220.0 |
1 557.0 |
36.9 |
21.2 |
22.1 | |
|
Japan |
1985 |
58 070.0 |
23 040.0 |
39.7 |
13 180.0 |
6 250.0 |
47.4 |
22.7 |
27.1 |
|
1990 |
62 490.0 |
25 360.0 |
40.6 |
14 150.0 |
6 890.0 |
48.7 |
22.6 |
27.2 | |
|
1995 |
64 570.0 |
26 140.0 |
40.5 |
14 490.0 |
7 260.0 |
50.1 |
22.4 |
27.8 | |
|
1997 |
65 570.0 |
26 650.0 |
40.6 |
14 750.0 |
7 450.0 |
50.5 |
22.5 |
28.0 | |
|
Luxembourg |
1985 |
160.9 |
54.2 |
33.7 |
34.8 |
17.3 |
49.7 |
21.6 |
31.9 |
|
1990 |
189.6 |
64.6 |
34.1 |
40.2 |
19.3 |
48.0 |
21.2 |
29.9 | |
|
Malta |
1985 |
112.7 |
27.7 |
24.6 |
11.6 |
3.0 |
25.9 |
10.3 |
10.8 |
|
1990 |
127.2 |
32.9 |
25.9 |
12.9 |
3.4 |
26.4 |
10.1 |
10.3 | |
|
Netherlands |
1985 |
5 144.5 |
1 730.2 |
33.6 |
906.5 |
359.0 |
39.6 |
17.6 |
20.7 |
|
1990 |
6 356.0 |
2 405.0 |
37.8 |
1 104.0 |
495.0 |
44.8 |
17.4 |
20.6 | |
|
1995 |
6 835.0 |
2 787.0 |
40.8 |
1 342.0 |
600.0 |
44.7 |
19.6 |
21.5 | |
|
1997 |
7 194.0 |
3 000.0 |
41.7 |
1 462.0 |
676.0 |
46.2 |
20.3 |
22.5 | |
|
New Zealand |
1986 |
1 544.1 |
640.6 |
41.5 |
295.8 |
155.4 |
52.5 |
19.2 |
24.3 |
|
1990 |
1 481.4 |
646.4 |
43.6 |
312.0 |
157.6 |
50.5 |
21.1 |
24.4 | |
|
1995 |
1 632.6 |
719.9 |
44.1 |
349.0 |
172.0 |
49.3 |
21.4 |
23.9 | |
|
1997 |
1 693.3 |
754.0 |
44.5 |
366.0 |
184.9 |
50.5 |
21.6 |
24.5 | |
|
Norway |
1985 |
2 014.0 |
865.0 |
42.9 |
346.0 |
188.0 |
54.3 |
17.2 |
21.7 |
|
1990 |
2 030.0 |
915.0 |
45.1 |
358.0 |
193.0 |
53.9 |
17.6 |
21.1 | |
|
1995 |
2 079.0 |
980.0 |
47.1 |
374.0 |
195.0 |
52.1 |
18.0 |
19.9 | |
|
1997 |
2 192.0 |
1 009.0 |
46.0 |
399.0 |
201.0 |
50.4 |
18.2 |
19.9 | |
|
Portugal |
1985 |
4 279.2 |
1 724.8 |
40.3 |
591.6 |
240.6 |
40.7 |
13.8 |
13.9 |
|
1992 |
4 586.7 |
1 994.4 |
43.5 |
897.7 |
373.8 |
41.6 |
19.6 |
18.7 | |
|
1995 |
4 441.7 |
1 968.4 |
44.3 |
859.5 |
372.3 |
43.3 |
19.4 |
18.9 | |
|
1997 |
4 546.0 |
2 034.6 |
44.8 |
856.3 |
370.0 |
43.2 |
18.8 |
18.2 | |
|
San Marino |
1985 |
10.5 |
4.0 |
38.1 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
50.0 |
15.2 |
20.0 |
|
1990 |
12.1 |
4.8 |
39.7 |
2.1 |
1.1 |
52.4 |
17.4 |
22.9 | |
|
1995 |
16.3 |
6.2 |
38.0 |
2.7 |
1.4 |
51.9 |
16.6 |
22.6 | |
|
1997 |
17.3 |
6.7 |
38.7 |
2.8 |
1.4 |
50.0 |
16.2 |
20.9 | |
|
Spain |
1985 |
10 641.0 |
3 087.9 |
29.0 |
1 952.2 |
767.2 |
39.3 |
18.3 |
24.8 |
|
1990 |
12 579.0 |
4 002.8 |
31.8 |
2 539.7 |
1 064.6 |
41.9 |
20.2 |
26.6 | |
|
1995 |
12 042.0 |
4 152.8 |
34.5 |
2 772.8 |
1 144.8 |
41.3 |
23.0 |
27.6 | |
|
1997 |
12 765.0 |
4 497.7 |
35.2 |
2 904.2 |
1 234.8 |
42.5 |
22.8 |
27.5 | |
|
Sweden |
1987 |
4 316.0 |
2 072.0 |
48.0 |
643.0 |
316.0 |
49.1 |
14.9 |
15.3 |
|
1990 |
4 485.0 |
2 152.0 |
48.0 |
685.0 |
327.0 |
47.7 |
15.3 |
15.2 | |
|
1995 |
3 986.0 |
1 925.0 |
48.3 |
609.0 |
284.0 |
46.6 |
15.3 |
14.8 | |
|
1997 |
3 922.0 |
1 880.0 |
47.9 |
602.0 |
278.0 |
46.2 |
15.3 |
14.8 | |
|
Switzerland |
1991 |
3 891.0 |
1 541.0 |
39.6 |
915.0 |
457.0 |
49.9 |
23.5 |
29.7 |
|
1995 |
3 800.0 |
1 542.0 |
40.6 |
872.0 |
441.0 |
50.6 |
22.9 |
28.6 | |
|
1997 |
3 803.0 |
1 584.0 |
41.7 |
881.0 |
448.0 |
50.9 |
23.2 |
28.3 | |
|
Turkey |
1985 |
16 162.0 |
4 881.0 |
30.2 |
1 855.0 |
86.0 |
4.6 |
11.5 |
1.8 |
|
1990 |
19 946.0 |
6 277.0 |
31.5 |
2 278.0 |
164.0 |
7.2 |
11.4 |
2.6 | |
|
1995 |
21 378.0 |
6 486.0 |
30.3 |
2 612.0 |
255.0 |
9.8 |
12.2 |
3.9 | |
|
1997 |
20 815.0 |
5 450.0 |
26.2 |
2 916.0 |
298.0 |
10.2 |
14.0 |
5.5 | |
|
United Kingdom |
1990 |
26 935.0 |
11 617.0 |
43.1 |
5 383.3 |
2 850.9 |
53.0 |
20.0 |
24.5 |
|
1995 |
25 973.0 |
11 599.0 |
44.7 |
5 232.5 |
2 721.1 |
52.0 |
20.1 |
23.5 | |
|
1997 |
26 682.0 |
11 962.0 |
44.8 |
5 385.0 |
2 767.8 |
51.4 |
20.2 |
23.1 | |
|
United States |
1985 |
107 150.0 |
47 259.0 |
44.1 |
22 296.0 |
10 554.0 |
47.3 |
20.8 |
22.3 |
|
1990 |
118 793.0 |
53 689.0 |
45.2 |
24 622.0 |
11 596.0 |
47.1 |
20.7 |
21.6 | |
|
1995 |
124 900.0 |
57 523.0 |
46.1 |
26 071.0 |
12 312.0 |
47.2 |
20.9 |
21.4 | |
|
1997 |
129 558.0 |
59 873.0 |
46.2 |
26 777.0 |
12 659.0 |
47.3 |
20.7 |
21.1 | |
|
Transition economies | |||||||||
|
Albania |
1985 |
775.7 |
313.4 |
40.4 |
55.8 |
28.9 |
51.8 |
7.2 |
9.2 |
|
1990 |
904.6 |
367.4 |
40.6 |
60.2 |
31.7 |
52.7 |
6.7 |
8.6 | |
|
Azerbaijan |
1985 |
2 619.2 |
… |
… |
171.7 |
… |
… |
6.6 |
|
|
1990 |
2 907.7 |
… |
… |
289.4 |
… |
… |
10.0 |
… | |
|
1995 |
2 837.3 |
… |
… |
396.2 |
… |
… |
14.0 |
… | |
|
1997 |
2 900.0 |
… |
… |
511.4 |
… |
… |
17.6 |
… | |
|
Belarus |
1987 |
5 144.0 |
… |
… |
341.1 |
… |
… |
6.6 |
… |
|
1990 |
5 150.8 |
… |
… |
349.1 |
… |
… |
6.8 |
… | |
|
1994 |
4 700.9 |
… |
… |
422.3 |
… |
… |
9.0 |
… | |
|
Bulgaria |
1985 |
4 459.5 |
… |
… |
393.8 |
… |
… |
8.8 |
… |
|
1990 |
4 096.8 |
… |
… |
393.4 |
… |
… |
9.6 |
… | |
|
1995 |
3 282.2 |
… |
… |
393.8 |
… |
… |
12.0 |
… | |
|
Croatia |
1985 |
1 508.6 |
620.5 |
41.1 |
235.2 |
132.7 |
56.4 |
15.6 |
21.4 |
|
1990 |
1 513.6 |
652.8 |
43.1 |
237.0 |
135.7 |
57.3 |
15.7 |
20.8 | |
|
1995 |
1 026.8 |
477.7 |
46.5 |
154.1 |
87.4 |
56.7 |
15.0 |
18.3 | |
|
1997 |
1 003.9 |
472.2 |
47.0 |
… |
103.0 |
… |
… |
21.8 | |
|
Czech Republic |
1995 |
5 102.0 |
2 346.0 |
46.0 |
807.0 |
464.0 |
57.5 |
15.8 |
19.8 |
|
1997 |
4 942.0 |
2 151.0 |
43.5 |
825.0 |
456.0 |
55.3 |
16.7 |
21.2 | |
|
Estonia |
1990 |
826.4 |
399.7 |
48.4 |
80.6 |
58.1 |
72.1 |
9.8 |
14.5 |
|
1995 |
656.1 |
313.8 |
47.8 |
100.7 |
60.1 |
59.7 |
15.3 |
19.2 | |
|
Hungary |
1992 |
4 082.7 |
… |
… |
596.0 |
… |
… |
14.6 |
… |
|
1995 |
3 678.8 |
1 629.2 |
44.3 |
576.5 |
316.1 |
54.8 |
15.7 |
19.4 | |
|
1997 |
3 646.3 |
1 602.8 |
44.0 |
617.7 |
316.7 |
51.3 |
16.9 |
19.8 | |
|
Kazakhstan |
1985 |
7 136.0 |
… |
… |
451.0 |
… |
… |
6.3 |
… |
|
1990 |
7 563.0 |
… |
… |
470.0 |
… |
… |
6.2 |
… | |
|
1995 |
5 329.0 |
… |
… |
280.0 |
… |
… |
5.3 |
… | |
|
Kyrgyzstan |
1986 |
1 651.1 |
… |
… |
82.4 |
… |
… |
5.0 |
… |
|
1990 |
1 747.9 |
… |
… |
87.1 |
… |
… |
5.0 |
… | |
|
1995 |
1 641.7 |
… |
… |
69.3 |
… |
… |
4.2 |
… | |
|
1997 |
1 689.3 |
781.4 |
46.3 |
172.4 |
87.3 |
50.6 |
10.2 |
11.2 | |
|
Latvia |
1992 |
1 294.0 |
618.0 |
47.8 |
180.0 |
120.0 |
66.7 |
13.9 |
19.4 |
|
1995 |
1 046.0 |
511.0 |
48.9 |
170.0 |
107.0 |
62.9 |
16.3 |
20.9 | |
|
Lithuania |
1985 |
1 859.7 |
970.8 |
52.2 |
153.6 |
121.2 |
78.9 |
8.3 |
12.5 |
|
1990 |
873.8 |
… |
… |
35.4 |
… |
… |
4.1 |
… | |
|
1995 |
1 643.6 |
825.1 |
50.2 |
229.6 |
171.5 |
74.7 |
14.0 |
20.8 | |
|
1997 |
1 669.2 |
821.2 |
49.2 |
273.5 |
180.9 |
66.1 |
16.4 |
22.0 | |
|
Macedonia, F.Y.R. of |
1985 |
491.0 |
168.0 |
34.2 |
61.0 |
26.0 |
42.6 |
12.4 |
15.5 |
|
1990 |
507.0 |
189.0 |
37.3 |
64.0 |
28.0 |
43.8 |
12.6 |
14.8 | |
|
1995 |
357.0 |
133.0 |
37.3 |
30.0 |
13.0 |
43.3 |
8.4 |
9.8 | |
|
1997 |
319.0 |
123.0 |
38.6 |
23.0 |
10.0 |
43.5 |
7.2 |
8.1 | |
|
Moldova, Rep. of |
1985 |
2 080.0 |
… |
… |
115.0 |
… |
… |
5.5 |
… |
|
1990 |
2 071.0 |
… |
… |
138.0 |
… |
… |
6.7 |
… | |
|
1994 |
1 681.0 |
… |
… |
97.0 |
… |
… |
5.8 |
… | |
|
Poland |
1995 |
14 791.0 |
6 696.0 |
45.3 |
2 005.0 |
1 108.0 |
55.3 |
13.6 |
16.5 |
|
1997 |
15 177.0 |
6 780.0 |
44.7 |
2 202.0 |
1 181.0 |
53.6 |
14.5 |
17.4 | |
|
Romania |
1995 |
11 152.0 |
5 125.7 |
46.0 |
855.2 |
468.8 |
54.8 |
7.7 |
9.1 |
|
1997 |
11 050.0 |
5 045.8 |
45.7 |
1 044.0 |
585.4 |
56.1 |
9.4 |
11.6 | |
|
Russian Federation |
1990 |
75 325.0 |
… |
… |
5 085.8 |
… |
… |
6.8 |
… |
|
1995 |
66 441.0 |
… |
… |
6 071.4 |
… |
… |
9.1 |
… | |
|
Slovakia |
1995 |
2 146.8 |
953.5 |
44.4 |
281.8 |
165.3 |
58.7 |
13.1 |
17.3 |
|
1997 |
2 194.0 |
987.0 |
45.0 |
314.3 |
185.2 |
58.9 |
14.3 |
18.8 | |
|
Slovenia |
1995 |
882.0 |
409.0 |
46.4 |
136.0 |
74.0 |
54.4 |
15.4 |
18.1 |
|
1997 |
898.0 |
416.0 |
46.3 |
145.0 |
81.0 |
55.9 |
16.1 |
19.5 | |
|
Tajikistan |
1990 |
1 400.0 |
… |
… |
... |
… |
… |
... |
… |
|
1995 |
1 853.0 |
… |
… |
87.0 |
… |
… |
4.7 |
… | |
|
1997 |
1 143.4 |
… |
… |
40.2 |
… |
… |
3.5 |
… | |
|
Ukraine |
1990 |
25 401.0 |
… |
… |
1 867.0 |
… |
… |
7.4 |
… |
|
1995 |
21 962.0 |
… |
… |
1 585.0 |
… |
… |
7.2 |
… | |
|
1997 |
19 835.0 |
… |
… |
1 589.0 |
… |
… |
8.0 |
… | |
|
Asia and the Pacific | |||||||||
|
Bangladesh |
1985 |
30 563.0 |
3 116.0 |
10.2 |
3 833.0 |
137.0 |
3.6 |
12.5 |
4.4 |
|
1990 |
50 159.0 |
19 716.0 |
39.3 |
4 285.0 |
123.0 |
2.9 |
8.5 |
0.6 | |
|
1996 |
54 597.0 |
20 832.0 |
38.2 |
6 060.0 |
488.0 |
8.1 |
11.1 |
2.3 | |
|
China |
1990 |
639 090.0 |
… |
… |
28 390.0 |
… |
… |
4.4 |
… |
|
1995 |
679 470.0 |
… |
… |
42 920.0 |
… |
… |
6.3 |
… | |
|
1997 |
696 000.0 |
… |
… |
47 943.0 |
… |
… |
6.9 |
… | |
|
Fiji |
1985 |
81.1 |
19.9 |
24.5 |
14.8 |
4.4 |
29.7 |
18.2 |
22.1 |
|
1990 |
92.1 |
27.1 |
29.4 |
14.8 |
4.8 |
32.4 |
16.1 |
17.7 | |
|
1996 |
110.1 |
34.3 |
31.2 |
20.7 |
7.1 |
34.3 |
18.8 |
20.7 | |
|
1997 |
111.9 |
… |
… |
20.9 |
… |
… |
18.7 |
… | |
|
Hong Kong, China |
1985 |
2 543.3 |
930.4 |
36.6 |
573.8 |
195.6 |
34.1 |
22.6 |
21.0 |
|
1990 |
2 711.5 |
986.9 |
36.4 |
703.2 |
277.0 |
39.4 |
25.9 |
28.1 | |
|
1995 |
2 905.1 |
1 126.9 |
38.8 |
824.9 |
361.5 |
43.8 |
28.4 |
32.1 | |
|
1997 |
3 144.7 |
1 228.6 |
39.1 |
952.2 |
421.4 |
44.3 |
30.3 |
34.3 | |
|
India |
1985 |
24 578.0 |
3 162.0 |
12.9 |
408.0 |
25.0 |
6.1 |
1.7 |
0.8 |
|
1990 |
26 353.0 |
3 646.0 |
13.8 |
441.0 |
32.0 |
7.3 |
1.7 |
0.9 | |
|
1995 |
27 987.0 |
4 304.0 |
15.4 |
476.0 |
40.0 |
8.4 |
1.7 |
0.9 | |
|
Indonesia |
1985 |
62 457.0 |
22 507.0 |
36.0 |
9 345.2 |
4 767.8 |
51.0 |
15.0 |
21.2 |
|
1990 |
75 851.0 |
29 423.0 |
38.8 |
11 067.0 |
5 777.1 |
52.2 |
14.6 |
19.6 | |
|
1995 |
82 038.0 |
31 729.0 |
38.7 |
13 967.0 |
7 273.0 |
52.1 |
17.0 |
22.9 | |
|
1997 |
87 050.0 |
33 079.0 |
38.0 |
17 221.0 |
8 817.0 |
51.2 |
19.8 |
26.7 | |
|
Korea, Republic of |
1985 |
14 970.0 |
5 833.0 |
39.0 |
3 377.0 |
1 750.0 |
51.8 |
22.6 |
30.0 |
|
1992 |
18 961.0 |
7 639.0 |
40.3 |
4 419.0 |
2 265.0 |
51.3 |
23.3 |
29.7 | |
|
1995 |
20 377.0 |
8 224.0 |
40.4 |
5 358.0 |
2 726.0 |
50.9 |
26.3 |
33.1 | |
|
1997 |
21 048.0 |
8 639.0 |
41.0 |
5 798.0 |
3 044.0 |
52.5 |
27.5 |
35.2 | |
|
Macau |
1990 |
163.3 |
66.9 |
41.0 |
35.2 |
11.8 |
33.5 |
21.6 |
17.6 |
|
1995 |
180.3 |
78.5 |
43.5 |
46.1 |
21.3 |
46.2 |
25.6 |
27.1 | |
|
1997 |
200.6 |
89.7 |
44.7 |
53.2 |
25.3 |
47.6 |
26.5 |
28.2 | |
|
Malaysia |
1985 |
5 653.3 |
1 952.8 |
34.5 |
994.3 |
373.6 |
37.6 |
17.6 |
19.1 |
|
1990 |
6 685.0 |
2 374.3 |
35.5 |
1 217.8 |
456.7 |
37.5 |
18.2 |
19.2 | |
|
1995 |
7 645.0 |
2 588.4 |
33.9 |
1 370.7 |
530.9 |
38.7 |
17.9 |
20.5 | |
|
1997 |
8 569.2 |
2 911.5 |
34.0 |
1 577.9 |
632.9 |
40.1 |
18.4 |
21.7 | |
|
Myanmar |
1985 |
14 792.0 |
… |
… |
1 444.0 |
… |
… |
9.8 |
… |
|
1990 |
15 221.0 |
… |
… |
1 409.0 |
… |
… |
9.3 |
… | |
|
1994 |
16 817.0 |
… |
… |
... |
… |
… |
... |
… | |
|
1997 |
17 964.0 |
… |
… |
1 746.0 |
… |
… |
9.7 |
… | |
|
Pakistan |
1985 |
26 961.0 |
2 601.0< | ||||||